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Park K, Li Q, Lynes MD, Yokomizo H, Maddaloni E, Shinjo T, St-Louis R, Li Q, Katagiri S, Fu J, Clermont A, Park H, Wu IH, Yu MG, Shah H, Tseng YH, King GL. Endothelial Cells Induced Progenitors Into Brown Fat to Reduce Atherosclerosis. Circ Res 2022; 131:168-183. [PMID: 35642564 PMCID: PMC9308716 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.121.319582] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Insulin resistance (IR) can increase atherosclerotic and cardiovascular risk by inducing endothelial dysfunction, decreasing nitric oxide (NO) production, and accelerating arterial inflammation. The aim is to determine the mechanism by which insulin action and NO production in endothelial cells can improve systemic bioenergetics and decrease atherosclerosis via differentiation of perivascular progenitor cells (PPCs) into brown adipocytes (BAT). METHODS Studies used various endothelial transgenic and deletion mutant ApoE-/- mice of insulin receptors, eNOS (endothelial NO synthase) and ETBR (endothelin receptor type B) receptors for assessments of atherosclerosis. Cells were isolated from perivascular fat and micro-vessels for studies on differentiation and signaling mechanisms in responses to NO, insulin, and lipokines from BAT. RESULTS Enhancing insulin's actions on endothelial cells and NO production in ECIRS1 transgenic mice reduced body weight and increased systemic energy expenditure and BAT mass and activity by inducing differentiation of PPCs into beige/BAT even with high-fat diet. However, positive changes in bioenergetics, BAT differentiation from PPCs and weight loss were inhibited by N(gamma)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME), an inhibitor of eNOS, in ECIRS1 mice and eNOSKO mice. The mechanism mediating NO's action on PPC differentiation into BAT was identified as the activation of solubilized guanylate cyclase/PKGIα (cGMP protein-dependent kinase Iα)/GSK3β (glycogen synthase kinase 3β) pathways. Plasma lipidomics from ECIRS1 mice with NO-induced increased BAT mass revealed elevated 12,13-diHOME production. Infusion of 12,13-diHOME improved endothelial dysfunction and decreased atherosclerosis, whereas its reduction had opposite effects in ApoE-/-mice. CONCLUSIONS Activation of eNOS and endothelial cells by insulin enhanced the differentiation of PPC to BAT and its lipokines and improved systemic bioenergetics and atherosclerosis, suggesting that endothelial dysfunction is a major contributor of energy disequilibrium in obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kyoungmin Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Qian Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Matthew D. Lynes
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hisashi Yokomizo
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ernesto Maddaloni
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Takanori Shinjo
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Ronald St-Louis
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Qin Li
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Sayaka Katagiri
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Jialin Fu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Allen Clermont
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hyunseok Park
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - I-Hsien Wu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Marc Gregory. Yu
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Hetal Shah
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - Yu-Hua Tseng
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
| | - George L. King
- Dianne Nunnally Hoppes Laboratory, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
- Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215
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Affiliation(s)
- Ileana Badi
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.A., I.B.)
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.A., I.B.)
- Acute Vascular Imaging Centre, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom (C.A.)
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Alemán JO. Can Brown Fat Activity Improve Cardiovascular Function and Atherosclerosis Risk in Humans? Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2020; 40:1020-1021. [PMID: 32320294 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.120.313978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- José O Alemán
- From the Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, NYU Grossman School of Medicine, New York
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Xiong W, Zhao X, Villacorta L, Rom O, Garcia-Barrio MT, Guo Y, Fan Y, Zhu T, Zhang J, Zeng R, Chen YE, Jiang Z, Chang L. Brown Adipocyte-Specific PPARγ (Peroxisome Proliferator-Activated Receptor γ) Deletion Impairs Perivascular Adipose Tissue Development and Enhances Atherosclerosis in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2019; 38:1738-1747. [PMID: 29954752 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Objective- Perivascular adipose tissue (PVAT) contributes to vascular homeostasis by producing paracrine factors. Previously, we reported that selective deletion of PPARγ (peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ) in vascular smooth muscle cells resulted in concurrent loss of PVAT and enhanced atherosclerosis in mice. To address the causal relationship between loss of PVAT and atherosclerosis, we used BA-PPARγ-KO (brown adipocyte-specific PPARγ knockout) mice. Approach and Results- Deletion of PPARγ in brown adipocytes did not affect PPARγ in white adipocytes or vascular smooth muscle cells or PPARα and PPARδ expression in brown adipocytes. However, development of PVAT and interscapular brown adipose tissue was remarkably impaired, associated with reduced expression of genes encoding lipogenic enzymes in the BA-PPARγ-KO mice. Thermogenesis in brown adipose tissue was significantly impaired with reduced expression of thermogenesis genes in brown adipose tissue and compensatory increase in subcutaneous and gonadal white adipose tissues. Remarkably, basal expression of inflammatory genes and macrophage infiltration in PVAT and brown adipose tissue were significantly increased in the BA-PPARγ-KO mice. BA-PPARγ-KO mice were crossbred with ApoE KO (apolipoprotein E knockout) mice to investigate the development of atherosclerosis. Flow cytometry analysis confirmed increased systemic and PVAT inflammation. Consequently, atherosclerotic lesions were significantly increased in mice with impaired PVAT development, thus indicating that the lack of normal PVAT is sufficient to drive increased atherosclerosis. Conclusions- PPARγ is required for functional PVAT development. PPARγ deficiency in PVAT, while still expressed in vascular smooth muscle cell, enhances atherosclerosis and results in vascular and systemic inflammation, providing new insights on the specific roles of PVAT in atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease at large.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Xiong
- From the Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang (W.X., Z.J.).,Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Xiangjie Zhao
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Luis Villacorta
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Oren Rom
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Minerva T Garcia-Barrio
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Yanhong Guo
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Yanbo Fan
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Tianqing Zhu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Jifeng Zhang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
| | - Rong Zeng
- University of Michigan, Ann Arbor; and Institute of Biochemistry and Cell Biology, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences (R.Z.)
| | | | - Zhisheng Jiang
- From the Key Laboratory for Arteriosclerology of Hunan Province, Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, University of South China, Hengyang (W.X., Z.J.)
| | - Lin Chang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Frankel Cardiovascular Center (W.X., X.Z., L.V., O.R., M.T.G.-B., Y.G., Y.F., T.Z., J.Z., L.C.)
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van Loon NM, Ottenhoff R, Kooijman S, Moeton M, Scheij S, Roscam Abbing RL, Gijbels MJ, Levels JH, Sorrentino V, Berbée JF, Rensen PC, Zelcer N. Inactivation of the E3 Ubiquitin Ligase IDOL Attenuates Diet-Induced Obesity and Metabolic Dysfunction in Mice. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2018; 38:1785-1795. [PMID: 29903737 PMCID: PMC6092113 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.118.311168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 05/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Objective- The E3 ubiquitin ligase IDOL (inducible degrader of the LDLR [LDL (low-density lipoprotein) receptor]) is a post-transcriptional regulator of LDLR abundance. Model systems and human genetics support a role for IDOL in regulating circulating LDL levels. Whether IDOL plays a broader metabolic role and affects development of metabolic syndrome-associated comorbidities is unknown. Approach and Results- We studied WT (wild type) and Idol(-/-) (Idol-KO) mice in 2 models: physiological aging and diet-induced obesity. In both models, deletion of Idol protected mice from metabolic dysfunction. On a Western-type diet, Idol loss resulted in decreased circulating levels of cholesterol, triglycerides, glucose, and insulin. This was accompanied by protection from weight gain in short- and long-term dietary challenges, which could be attributed to reduced hepatosteatosis and fat mass in Idol-KO mice. Although feeding and intestinal fat uptake were unchanged in Idol-KO mice, their brown adipose tissue was protected from lipid accumulation and had elevated expression of UCP1 (uncoupling protein 1) and TH (tyrosine hydroxylase). Indirect calorimetry indicated a marked increase in locomotion and suggested a trend toward increased cumulative energy expenditure and fat oxidation. An increase in in vivo clearance of reconstituted lipoprotein particles in Idol-KO mice may sustain this energetic demand. In the BXD mouse genetic reference population, hepatic Idol expression correlates with multiple metabolic parameters, thus providing support for findings in the Idol-KO mice. Conclusions- Our study uncovers an unrecognized role for Idol in regulation of whole body metabolism in physiological aging and on a Western-type diet. These findings support Idol inhibition as a therapeutic strategy to target multiple metabolic syndrome-associated comorbidities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke M. van Loon
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
| | - Roelof Ottenhoff
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
| | - Sander Kooijman
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (S.K., J.F.P.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Martina Moeton
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
| | - Saskia Scheij
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
| | | | - Marion J.J. Gijbels
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
- Department of Molecular Genetics (M.J.J.G.)
| | | | - Vincenzo Sorrentino
- CARIM, Maastricht University, The Netherlands; and Laboratory for Integrative and Systems Physiology, EPFL, Lausanne, Switzerland (V.S.)
| | - Jimmy F.P. Berbée
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (S.K., J.F.P.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Patrick C.N. Rensen
- Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, The Netherlands; Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine, Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, The Netherlands (S.K., J.F.P.B., P.C.N.R.)
| | - Noam Zelcer
- From the Department of Medical Biochemistry (N.M.v.L., R.O., M.M., S.S., M.J.J.G., N.Z.)
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Abstract
Atherosclerosis, for which hyperlipidemia is a major risk factor, is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality in Western society, and new therapeutic strategies are highly warranted. Brown adipose tissue (BAT) is metabolically active in human adults. Although positron emission tomography-computed tomography using a glucose tracer is the golden standard to visualize and quantify the volume and activity of BAT, it has become clear that activated BAT combusts fatty acids rather than glucose. Here, we review the role of brown and beige adipocytes in lipoprotein metabolism and atherosclerosis, with evidence derived from both animal and human studies. On the basis of mainly data from animal models, we propose a model in which activated brown adipocytes use their intracellular triglyceride stores to generate fatty acids for combustion. BAT rapidly replenishes these stores by internalizing primarily lipoprotein triglyceride-derived fatty acids, generated by lipoprotein lipase-mediated hydrolysis of triglycerides, rather than by holoparticle uptake. As a consequence, BAT activation leads to the generation of lipoprotein remnants that are subsequently cleared via the liver provided that an intact apoE-low-density lipoprotein receptor pathway is present. Through these mechanisms, BAT activation reduces plasma triglyceride and cholesterol levels and attenuates diet-induced atherosclerosis development. Initial studies suggest that BAT activation in humans may also reduce triglyceride and cholesterol levels, but potential antiatherogenic effects should be assessed in future studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geerte Hoeke
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Sander Kooijman
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Mariëtte R Boon
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Patrick C N Rensen
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Jimmy F P Berbée
- From the Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Einthoven Laboratory for Experimental Vascular Medicine, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands
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Abstract
OBJECTIVE Chronic hypercortisolemia due to Cushing's disease (CD) results in abnormal adipose tissue (AT) distribution. Whole-body magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) was used to examine lean and AT distribution in female patients with CD to further understand the role of glucocorticoid excess in the development of abnormal AT distribution and obesity. DESIGN Cross-sectional and case-control study. PATIENTS Fifteen women with CD and 12 healthy controls. MEASUREMENTS Mass of skeletal muscle (SM) and AT in the visceral (VAT), subcutaneous (SAT), and intermuscular (IMAT) compartments from whole-body MRI and serum levels of insulin, glucose, and leptin were measured. RESULTS CD patients had leptin values that correlated to total AT (TAT) and SAT (P < 0.05) but not to VAT. CD patients had higher VAT/TAT ratios (P < 0.01) and lower SAT/TAT ratios (P < 0.05) compared to controls. TAT, VAT, and trunk SAT (TrSAT) were greater in CD patients (P < 0.01). SM was less in CD (P < 0.001) but IMAT was not different. CONCLUSIONS TAT, VAT, trSAT, and the proportion of AT in the visceral depot were greater in CD although the proportion in the subcutaneous depot was less. SM was less but IMAT was not different. These findings have implications for understanding the role of cortisol in the abnormal AT distribution and metabolic risk seen in patients exposed to chronic excess glucocorticoids.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eliza B. Geer
- Department of Medicine, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, NY
| | - Wei Shen
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | - Dympna Gallagher
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | - Mark Punyanitya
- New York Obesity Nutrition Research Center, St. Luke’s-Roosevelt Hospital, Columbia University, NY, NY
| | | | - Kalmon D. Post
- Department of Neurosurgery, Mount Sinai Medical Center, NY, NY
| | - Pamela U. Freda
- Department of Medicine, Columbia University College of Physicians and Surgeons, NY, NY
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