51
|
Komarova Y, Malik AB. Regulation of endothelial permeability via paracellular and transcellular transport pathways. Annu Rev Physiol 2010; 72:463-93. [PMID: 20148685 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-021909-135833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 468] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
The endothelium functions as a semipermeable barrier regulating tissue fluid homeostasis and transmigration of leukocytes and providing essential nutrients across the vessel wall. Transport of plasma proteins and solutes across the endothelium involves two different routes: one transcellular, via caveolae-mediated vesicular transport, and the other paracellular, through interendothelial junctions. The permeability of the endothelial barrier is an exquisitely regulated process in the resting state and in response to extracellular stimuli and mediators. The focus of this review is to provide a comprehensive overview of molecular and signaling mechanisms regulating endothelial barrier permeability with emphasis on the cross-talk between paracellular and transcellular transport pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
52
|
The fibrin-derived peptide Bbeta(15-42) significantly attenuates ischemia-reperfusion injury in a cardiac transplant model. Transplantation 2010; 89:824-9. [PMID: 20405575 DOI: 10.1097/tp.0b013e3181ccd822] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The inflammatory response after prolonged ischemia and subsequent reperfusion leads to increased risk of primary organ dysfunction after cardiac transplantation. It has been demonstrated that the fibrin-derived peptide Bbeta(15-42) (also called FX06) reduces infarct size in coronary artery occlusion/reperfusion models by inhibition of leukocyte migration. Further, Bbeta(15-42) preserves endothelial barrier function. The purpose of this study was to investigate whether Bbeta(15-42) has a protective effect in cardiac allografts exposed to prolonged global ischemia and subsequent in vivo reperfusion. METHODS Hearts of male Lewis rats were flushed and stored in cold Bretschneider preservation solution for 4 or 8 hr. Bbeta(15-42) was administered before being transplanted into syngeneic recipients. Serum samples were collected for troponin-T measurements. Hemodynamic performance was evaluated after a reperfusion period of 24 hr. Morphologic quantification of myocardial necrosis was performed in hearts exposed to 24 hr or 10 days of reperfusion. RESULTS Allografts from Bbeta(15-42) treated animals showed less myocardial necrosis (2.5% +/- 2.5% vs. 18.4% +/- 9.2%, P=0.0019) and decreased values of cardiac troponin-T (1.1 +/- 0.6 ng/mL vs. 2.7+/-2.3 ng/mL, P=0.0045), reduced number of infiltrating leukocytes (7.2 +/- 13.6 vs. 49.2 +/- 34.9 per high powerfield, P=0.0045), and superior cardiac output (78.1 +/- 1.8 mL/min vs. 21.7 +/- 4 mL/min, P = 0.0034). Hearts exposed to 0 and 4 hr of ischemia showed no severe signs of myocardial damage. CONCLUSION Bbeta(15-42) ameliorates the ischemia-reperfusion injury in transplanted hearts during extended cold ischemia by reduction of infiltrating leukocytes. This experimental protocol provides evidence that Bbeta(15-42) may play a useful role in organ preservation, but clinical evaluation is warranted.
Collapse
|
53
|
Millán J, Cain RJ, Reglero-Real N, Bigarella C, Marcos-Ramiro B, Fernández-Martín L, Correas I, Ridley AJ. Adherens junctions connect stress fibres between adjacent endothelial cells. BMC Biol 2010; 8:11. [PMID: 20122254 PMCID: PMC2845098 DOI: 10.1186/1741-7007-8-11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 150] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2009] [Accepted: 02/02/2010] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Endothelial cell-cell junctions maintain endothelial integrity and regulate vascular morphogenesis and homeostasis. Cell-cell junctions are usually depicted with a linear morphology along the boundaries between adjacent cells and in contact with cortical F-actin. However, in the endothelium, cell-cell junctions are highly dynamic and morphologically heterogeneous. Results We report that endothelial cell-cell junctions can attach to the ends of stress fibres instead of to cortical F-actin, forming structures that we name discontinuous adherens junctions (AJ). Discontinuous AJ are highly dynamic and are increased in response to tumour necrosis factor (TNF)-α, correlating with the appearance of stress fibres. We show that vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin/β-catenin/α-catenin complexes in discontinuous AJ are linked to stress fibres. Moreover, discontinuous AJ connect stress fibres from adjacent cells independently of focal adhesions, of which there are very few in confluent endothelial cells, even in TNF-α-stimulated cells. RNAi-mediated knockdown of VE-cadherin, but not zonula occludens-1, reduces the linkage of stress fibres to cell-cell junctions, increases focal adhesions, and dramatically alters the distribution of these actin cables in confluent endothelial cells. Conclusions Our results indicate that stress fibres from neighbouring cells are physically connected through discontinuous AJ, and that stress fibres can be stabilized by AJ-associated multi-protein complexes distinct from focal adhesions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaime Millán
- University College London, Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, London WC1E6BT, UK.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
54
|
Matt U, Warszawska JM, Bauer M, Dietl W, Mesteri I, Doninger B, Haslinger I, Schabbauer G, Perkmann T, Binder CJ, Reingruber S, Petzelbauer P, Knapp S. Bβ15–42Protects against Acid-induced Acute Lung Injury and SecondaryPseudomonasPneumoniaIn Vivo. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2009; 180:1208-17. [DOI: 10.1164/rccm.200904-0626oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
|
55
|
Kondo N, Ogawa M, Wada H, Nishikawa SI. Thrombin induces rapid disassembly of claudin-5 from the tight junction of endothelial cells. Exp Cell Res 2009; 315:2879-87. [PMID: 19665016 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2009.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2008] [Revised: 03/25/2009] [Accepted: 07/24/2009] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
The cell-to-cell junction of endothelial cells (ECs) regulates the fence function of the vascular system. Previously we showed that ECs derived from embryonic stem cells (i.e., EECs) develop to form stable endothelial sheets in monolayer cultures. Immunohistochemical analysis revealed that these EECs formed intercellular junctions with the help of vascular endothelial cadherin (VECD) and claudin-5. In this study, we investigated the response of EC sheets to stimuli that are known to increase vascular permeability. While vascular endothelial growth factor A and histamine disrupted the EC junction by enhancing contraction of EECs, thrombin affected specifically the localization of claudin-5 at this junction. We could not detect any significant effect of thrombin on the localization of VECD. Concerning thrombin receptors, EECs expressed protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) but not PAR4. Consistent with this expression pattern, PAR1 agonists eliminated claudin-5 as effectively as thrombin itself. This is the first report to show that claudin-5 can be disassembled from the EC junction in a signal-dependent manner and to suggest that claudin-5 mobilization is a cause of PAR1-induced increase in vascular permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nobuyuki Kondo
- Stem Cell Biology Laboratory, Center for Developmental Biology, Riken, Kobe, Japan.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
56
|
Gröger M, Pasteiner W, Ignatyev G, Matt U, Knapp S, Atrasheuskaya A, Bukin E, Friedl P, Zinkl D, Hofer-Warbinek R, Zacharowski K, Petzelbauer P, Reingruber S. Peptide Bbeta(15-42) preserves endothelial barrier function in shock. PLoS One 2009; 4:e5391. [PMID: 19401765 PMCID: PMC2670535 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0005391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2009] [Accepted: 04/03/2009] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Loss of vascular barrier function causes leak of fluid and proteins into tissues, extensive leak leads to shock and death. Barriers are largely formed by endothelial cell-cell contacts built up by VE-cadherin and are under the control of RhoGTPases. Here we show that a natural plasmin digest product of fibrin, peptide Bß15-42 (also called FX06), significantly reduces vascular leak and mortality in animal models for Dengue shock syndrome. The ability of Bß15-42 to preserve endothelial barriers is confirmed in rats i.v.-injected with LPS. In endothelial cells, Bß15-42 prevents thrombin-induced stress fiber formation, myosin light chain phosphorylation and RhoA activation. The molecular key for the protective effect of Bß15-42 is the src kinase Fyn, which associates with VE-cadherin-containing junctions. Following exposure to Bß15-42 Fyn dissociates from VE-cadherin and associates with p190RhoGAP, a known antagonists of RhoA activation. The role of Fyn in transducing effects of Bß15-42 is confirmed in Fyn−/− mice, where the peptide is unable to reduce LPS-induced lung edema, whereas in wild type littermates the peptide significantly reduces leak. Our results demonstrate a novel function for Bß15-42. Formerly mainly considered as a degradation product occurring after fibrin inactivation, it has now to be considered as a signaling molecule. It stabilizes endothelial barriers and thus could be an attractive adjuvant in the treatment of shock.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marion Gröger
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | | | - George Ignatyev
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Ulrich Matt
- Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
- Department of Medicine 1, Division of Infectious Diseases and Tropical Medicine, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Sylvia Knapp
- Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alena Atrasheuskaya
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Eugenij Bukin
- State Research Center of Virology and Biotechnology “Vector”, Koltsovo, Russia
| | - Peter Friedl
- Fibrex Medical Research & Development GmbH., Vienna, Austria
| | - Daniela Zinkl
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Renate Hofer-Warbinek
- Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Kai Zacharowski
- Molecular Cardioprotection & Inflammation Group, Department of Anesthesia, University Hospitals Bristol NHS Foundation Trust, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Petzelbauer
- Department of Dermatology, Medical University Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PP); (SR)
| | - Sonja Reingruber
- Fibrex Medical Research & Development GmbH., Vienna, Austria
- * E-mail: (PP); (SR)
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Beckers CML, García-Vallejo JJ, van Hinsbergh VWM, van Nieuw Amerongen GP. Nuclear targeting of beta-catenin and p120ctn during thrombin-induced endothelial barrier dysfunction. Cardiovasc Res 2008; 79:679-88. [PMID: 18490349 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvn127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Cytosolic and nuclear localization of beta-catenin was observed in leaky vessels and in tumours. Several lines of evidence indicate that nuclear beta-catenin facilitates angiogenesis. We hypothesized that nuclear beta-catenin liberated from endothelial junctional complexes marks the transition from hyperpermeability to angiogenesis. The aim of this study was, therefore, to investigate the fate of beta-catenin and the related catenin p120catenin (p120ctn), during disruption of the endothelial barrier function in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (ECs). METHODS AND RESULTS The hyperpermeability-inducer thrombin caused a Rho kinase-dependent redistribution of beta-catenin from the membrane to the cytosol as evidenced by the western blot analysis of membrane and cytosol fractions and by immunohistochemistry. Glycogen synthase kinase 3beta, which phosphorylates cytosolic beta-catenin and thereby facilitates its proteasomal degradation, was inhibited by thrombin. The analysis of nuclear extracts demonstrated a thrombin-induced nuclear accumulation of beta-catenin as well as p120ctn. Thrombin stimulation activated beta-catenin-mediated transcriptional activity as evidenced by reporter assays. Finally, real-time-PCR revealed increased mRNA levels of several beta-catenin target genes. CONCLUSION Thrombin induced a cytosolic stabilization of membrane-liberated beta-catenin, which, together with p120ctn, subsequently translocated to the nucleus where it induces several beta-catenin target genes. This supports the suggestion that membrane-liberated beta-catenin and p120ctn contribute to angiogenic responses of ECs following episodes of vascular leakage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cora M L Beckers
- Department for Physiology, VU University Medical Center, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, van der Boechorststraat 7, 1081 BT Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Vandenbroucke E, Mehta D, Minshall R, Malik AB. Regulation of endothelial junctional permeability. Ann N Y Acad Sci 2008; 1123:134-45. [PMID: 18375586 DOI: 10.1196/annals.1420.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 432] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Abstract
The endothelium is a semi-permeable barrier that regulates the flux of liquid and solutes, including plasma proteins, between the blood and surrounding tissue. The permeability of the vascular barrier can be modified in response to specific stimuli acting on endothelial cells. Transport across the endothelium can occur via two different pathways: through the endothelial cell (transcellular) or between adjacent cells, through interendothelial junctions (paracellular). This review focuses on the regulation of the paracellular pathway. The paracellular pathway is composed of adhesive junctions between endothelial cells, both tight junctions and adherens junctions. The actin cytoskeleton is bound to each junction and controls the integrity of each through actin remodeling. These interendothelial junctions can be disassembled or assembled to either increase or decrease paracellular permeability. Mediators, such as thrombin, TNF-alpha, and LPS, stimulate their respective receptor on endothelial cells to initiate signaling that increases cytosolic Ca2+ and activates myosin light chain kinase (MLCK), as well as monomeric GTPases RhoA, Rac1, and Cdc42. Ca2+ activation of MLCK and RhoA disrupts junctions, whereas Rac1 and Cdc42 promote junctional assembly. Increased endothelial permeability can be reversed with "barrier stabilizing agents," such as sphingosine-1-phosphate and cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP). This review provides an overview of the mechanisms that regulate paracellular permeability.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Emily Vandenbroucke
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illonois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
59
|
Vestweber D. VE-cadherin: the major endothelial adhesion molecule controlling cellular junctions and blood vessel formation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2007; 28:223-32. [PMID: 18162609 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.107.158014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 572] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin is a strictly endothelial specific adhesion molecule located at junctions between endothelial cells. In analogy of the role of E-cadherin as major determinant for epithelial cell contact integrity, VE-cadherin is of vital importance for the maintenance and control of endothelial cell contacts. Mechanisms that regulate VE-cadherin-mediated adhesion are important for the control of vascular permeability and leukocyte extravasation. In addition to its adhesive functions, VE-cadherin regulates various cellular processes such as cell proliferation and apoptosis and modulates vascular endothelial growth factor receptor functions. Consequently, VE-cadherin is essential during embryonic angiogenesis. This review will focus on recent new developments in understanding the role of VE-cadherin in controlling endothelial cell contacts and influencing endothelial cell behavior by various outside-in signaling processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dietmar Vestweber
- Max-Planck-Institute of Molecular Biomedicine, Röntgenstr. 20, D-48149 Münster, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Böckeler M, Ströher U, Seebach J, Afanasieva T, Suttorp N, Feldmann H, Schnittler H. Breakdown of Paraendothelial Barrier Function during Marburg Virus Infection Is Associated with Early Tyrosine Phosphorylation of Platelet Endothelial Cell Adhesion Molecule–1. J Infect Dis 2007; 196 Suppl 2:S337-46. [DOI: 10.1086/520606] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
|
61
|
Komarova YA, Mehta D, Malik AB. Dual regulation of endothelial junctional permeability. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2007; 2007:re8. [PMID: 18000237 DOI: 10.1126/stke.4122007re8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/02/2022]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) of endothelial cells transmit diverse intracellular signals that regulate adherens junction (AJ) permeability. Increased endothelial permeability contributes to pathological processes such as inflammation, atherogenesis, and acute lung injury. Thrombin, a serine protease, and sphingosine-1-phosphate (S1P), a bioactive lipid, regulate endothelial barrier function by activating their respective GPCRs-the protease-activated receptor PAR(1) and the S1P receptor S1P(1)-which initiate intracellular signals that regulate AJ integrity and cytoskeleton organization. The distinct patterns of PAR(1) and S1P(1) signal transduction underlie the functional antagonism between thrombin and S1P. Evidence points to a role for activation of the S1P(1) receptor that is induced by PAR(1)-mediated signaling in the mechanism of AJ reannealing and endothelial barrier repair. Understanding the molecular basis of AJ integrity in the context of inflammation is important in developing novel anti-inflammatory therapeutics. This Review provides a working model for molecular mechanisms for the dual regulation of endothelial barrier function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yulia A Komarova
- Department of Pharmacology and Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
62
|
Broman MT, Mehta D, Malik AB. Cdc42 regulates the restoration of endothelial adherens junctions and permeability. Trends Cardiovasc Med 2007; 17:151-6. [PMID: 17574122 DOI: 10.1016/j.tcm.2007.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2007] [Accepted: 03/20/2007] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial adherens junction (AJ) complex consisting of VE-cadherin and its associated catenins is a major determinant of fluid, solute, and plasma protein permeability of the vessel wall endothelial barrier. Impairment of endothelial barrier function contributes to cardiovascular diseases such as vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Adherens junctions disassemble in response to proinflammatory mediators, producing an increase in endothelial permeability; however, AJs also have the capacity to reassemble, leading to restoration of endothelial barrier function. Activation of Cdc42, a member of the Rho family of monomeric GTPases, is an essential signal regulating reannealing of AJs and reversal of the increase in endothelial permeability. The possibility of activating Cdc42 therapeutically represents a novel approach to prevent inflammatory diseases resulting from breakdown of the endothelial barrier. This review summarizes recent findings concerning the role of Cdc42 in restoring endothelial barrier integrity.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Broman
- Department of Pharmacology and the Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
63
|
Siddharthan V, V. Kim Y, Liu S, Kim KS. Human astrocytes/astrocyte-conditioned medium and shear stress enhance the barrier properties of human brain microvascular endothelial cells. Brain Res 2007; 1147:39-50. [PMID: 17368578 PMCID: PMC2691862 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2007.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2005] [Revised: 01/12/2007] [Accepted: 02/02/2007] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The blood-brain barrier (BBB) is a structural and functional barrier that regulates the passage of molecules into and out of the brain to maintain the neural microenvironment. We have previously developed the in vitro BBB model with human brain microvascular endothelial cells (HBMEC). However, in vivo HBMEC are shown to interact with astrocytes and also exposed to shear stress through blood flow. In an attempt to develop the BBB model to mimic the in vivo condition we constructed the flow-based in vitro BBB model using HBMEC and human fetal astrocytes (HFA). We also examined the effect of astrocyte-conditioned medium (ACM) in lieu of HFA to study the role of secreted factor(s) on the BBB properties. The tightness of HBMEC monolayer was assessed by the permeability of dextran and propidium iodide as well as by measuring the transendothelial electrical resistance (TEER). We showed that the HBMEC permeability was reduced and TEER was increased by non-contact, co-cultivation with HFA and ACM. The exposure of HBMEC to shear stress also exhibited decreased permeability. Moreover, HFA/ACM and shear flow exhibited additive effect of decreasing the permeability of HBMEC monolayer. In addition, we showed that the HBMEC expression of ZO-1 (tight junction protein) was increased by co-cultivation with ACM and in response to shear stress. These findings suggest that the non-contact co-cultivation with HFA helps maintain the barrier properties of HBMEC by secreting factor(s) into the medium. Our in vitro flow model system with the cells of human origin should be useful for studying the interactions between endothelial cells, glial cells, and secreted factor(s) as well as the role of shear stress in the barrier property of HBMEC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Venkatraman Siddharthan
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Yuri V. Kim
- Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21287
| | - Suyi Liu
- World Precision Instruments Inc., 175 Sarasota Center Blvd, Sarasota FL 34240 U.S.A
| | - Kwang Sik Kim
- Correspondence: Prof. Kwang Sik Kim, Division of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, 600 North Wolfe Street, Park 256, Baltimore, MD 21287. , Phone: 410-614-3917, Fax: 410-614-1491
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Su G, Hodnett M, Wu N, Atakilit A, Kosinski C, Godzich M, Huang XZ, Kim JK, Frank JA, Matthay MA, Sheppard D, Pittet JF. Integrin alphavbeta5 regulates lung vascular permeability and pulmonary endothelial barrier function. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2006; 36:377-86. [PMID: 17079779 PMCID: PMC1899321 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2006-0238oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased lung vascular permeability is an important contributor to respiratory failure in acute lung injury (ALI). We found that a function-blocking antibody against the integrin alphavbeta5 prevented development of lung vascular permeability in two different models of ALI: ischemia-reperfusion in rats (mediated by vascular endothelial growth factor [VEGF]) and ventilation-induced lung injury (VILI) in mice (mediated, at least in part, by transforming growth factor-beta [TGF-beta]). Knockout mice homozygous for a null mutation of the integrin beta5 subunit were also protected from lung vascular permeability in VILI. In pulmonary endothelial cells, both the genetic absence and blocking of alphavbeta5 prevented increases in monolayer permeability induced by VEGF, TGF-beta, and thrombin. Furthermore, actin stress fiber formation induced by each of these agonists was attenuated by blocking alphavbeta5, suggesting that alphavbeta5 regulates induced pulmonary endothelial permeability by facilitating interactions with the actin cytoskeleton. These results identify integrin alphavbeta5 as a central regulator of increased pulmonary vascular permeability and a potentially attractive therapeutic target in ALI.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- George Su
- Lung Biology Center, Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Laboratory of Surgical Research, Department of Anesthesia, and Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, California 94158, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Nierodzik ML, Karpatkin S. Thrombin induces tumor growth, metastasis, and angiogenesis: Evidence for a thrombin-regulated dormant tumor phenotype. Cancer Cell 2006; 10:355-62. [PMID: 17097558 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2006.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 365] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2006] [Revised: 09/09/2006] [Accepted: 10/04/2006] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
The association of idiopathic venous thrombosis with occult cancer is generally recognized. However, it has not been fully appreciated that thrombin generated during thrombosis can augment the malignant phenotype. Thrombin activates tumor cell adhesion to platelets, endothelial cells, and subendothelial matrix proteins; enhances tumor cell growth; increases tumor cell seeding and spontaneous metastasis; and stimulates tumor cell angiogenesis. These mechanisms are reviewed. Evidence is also presented to support the hypothesis that thrombin serves to preserve dormant tumor cells in individuals, preventing host eradication. It is proposed that tumor malignancy may be regulated by a procoagulant/anticoagulant axis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mary Lynn Nierodzik
- New York University School of Medicine, Department of Medicine/Hematology, 550 First Avenue, New York, New York 10016, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Abstract
The microvascular endothelial cell monolayer localized at the critical interface between the blood and vessel wall has the vital functions of regulating tissue fluid balance and supplying the essential nutrients needed for the survival of the organism. The endothelial cell is an exquisite “sensor” that responds to diverse signals generated in the blood, subendothelium, and interacting cells. The endothelial cell is able to dynamically regulate its paracellular and transcellular pathways for transport of plasma proteins, solutes, and liquid. The semipermeable characteristic of the endothelium (which distinguishes it from the epithelium) is crucial for establishing the transendothelial protein gradient (the colloid osmotic gradient) required for tissue fluid homeostasis. Interendothelial junctions comprise a complex array of proteins in series with the extracellular matrix constituents and serve to limit the transport of albumin and other plasma proteins by the paracellular pathway. This pathway is highly regulated by the activation of specific extrinsic and intrinsic signaling pathways. Recent evidence has also highlighted the importance of the heretofore enigmatic transcellular pathway in mediating albumin transport via transcytosis. Caveolae, the vesicular carriers filled with receptor-bound and unbound free solutes, have been shown to shuttle between the vascular and extravascular spaces depositing their contents outside the cell. This review summarizes and analyzes the recent data from genetic, physiological, cellular, and morphological studies that have addressed the signaling mechanisms involved in the regulation of both the paracellular and transcellular transport pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dolly Mehta
- Center of Lung and Vascular Biology, Dept. of Pharmacology (M/C 868), University of Illinois, 835 S. Wolcott Avenue, Chicago, IL 60612, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Broman MT, Kouklis P, Gao X, Ramchandran R, Neamu RF, Minshall RD, Malik AB. Cdc42 regulates adherens junction stability and endothelial permeability by inducing alpha-catenin interaction with the vascular endothelial cadherin complex. Circ Res 2005; 98:73-80. [PMID: 16322481 DOI: 10.1161/01.res.0000198387.44395.e9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The endothelial adherens junctions (AJs) consist of trans-oligomers of membrane spanning vascular endothelial (VE)-cadherin proteins, which bind beta-catenin through their cytoplasmic domain. beta-Catenin in turn binds alpha-catenin and connects the AJ complex with the actin cytoskeleton. We addressed the in vivo effects of loss of VE-cadherin interactions on lung vascular endothelial permeability and the role of specific Rho GTPase effectors in regulating the increase in permeability induced by AJ destabilization. We used cationic liposomes encapsulating the mutant of VE-cadherin lacking the extracellular domain (DeltaEXD) to interfere with AJ assembly in mouse lung endothelial cells. We observed that lung vascular permeability (quantified as microvessel filtration coefficient [K(f,c)]) was increased 5-fold in lungs expressing DeltaEXD. This did not occur to the same degree on expression of the VE-cadherin mutant, DeltaEXDDeltabeta, lacking the beta-catenin-binding site. The increased vascular permeability was the result of destabilization of VE-cadherin homotypic interaction induced by a shift in the binding of beta-catenin from wild-type VE-cadherin to the expressed DeltaEXD mutant. Because DeltaEXD expression in endothelial cells activated the Rho GTPase Cdc42, we addressed its role in the mechanism of increased endothelial permeability induced by AJ destabilization. Coexpression of dominant-negative Cdc42 (N17Cdc42) prevented the increase in K(f,c) induced by DeltaEXD. This was attributed to inhibition of the association of alpha-catenin with the DeltaEXD-beta-catenin complex. The results demonstrate that Cdc42 regulates AJ permeability by controlling the binding of alpha-catenin with beta-catenin and the consequent interaction of the VE-cadherin/catenin complex with the actin cytoskeleton.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Broman
- Department of Pharmacology, Center for Lung and Vascular Biology, The University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
68
|
Miao H, Hu YL, Shiu YT, Yuan S, Zhao Y, Kaunas R, Wang Y, Jin G, Usami S, Chien S. Effects of flow patterns on the localization and expression of VE-cadherin at vascular endothelial cell junctions: in vivo and in vitro investigations. J Vasc Res 2005; 42:77-89. [PMID: 15637443 DOI: 10.1159/000083094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 114] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2004] [Accepted: 10/07/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis occurs preferentially at vascular curvature and branch sites where the vessel walls are exposed to fluctuating shear stress and have high endothelial permeability. Endothelial permeability is modulated by intercellular adhesion molecules such as VE-cadherin. This study was designed to elucidate the effects of different flow patterns on the localization and expression of VE-cadherin in endothelial cells (ECs) both in vivo and in vitro. VE-cadherin staining at EC borders was much stronger in the descending thoracic aorta and abdominal aorta, where the pulsatile flow has a strong net forward component than in the aortic arch and the poststenotic dilatation site beyond an experimental constriction, where the flow near the wall is complex and reciprocating with little net flow. With the use of flow chambers the effects of pulsatile flow (12 +/- 4 dyn/cm2 at 1 Hz) and reciprocating flow (0.5 +/- 4 dyn/cm2 at 1 Hz) on VE-cadherin organization in endothelial monolayers were studied in vitro. VE-cadherin staining was continuous along cell borders in static controls. Following 6 h of either pulsatile or reciprocating flow, the VE-cadherin staining at cell borders became intermittent. When the pulsatile flow was extended to 24, 48 or 72 h the staining around the cell borders became continuous again, but the staining was still intermittent when the reciprocating flow was similarly extended. Exposure to pulsatile or reciprocating flow for 6 and 24 h neither change the expression level of VE-cadherin nor its distribution between membrane and cytosol fractions as determined by Western blot and compared with static controls. These findings suggest that the cell junction remodeling induced by different flow patterns may result from a redistribution of VE-cadherin within the cell membrane. Both the in vivo and in vitro data indicate that pulsatile and reciprocating flow patterns have different effects on cell junction remodeling. The lack of junction reorganization in regions of reciprocating flow in vivo and in vitro may provide a mechanistic basis for the high permeability and the preferential localization of atherosclerosis in regions of the arterial stress with complex flow patterns and fluctuating shear stress.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hui Miao
- Department of Bioengineering, The Whitaker Institute of Biomedical Engineering, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093-0412, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
69
|
Reynolds AB, Roczniak-Ferguson A. Emerging roles for p120-catenin in cell adhesion and cancer. Oncogene 2004; 23:7947-56. [PMID: 15489912 DOI: 10.1038/sj.onc.1208161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 208] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Although originally identified as a Src substrate, p120-catenin (p120) is now known to regulate cell-cell adhesion through its interaction with the cytoplasmic tail of classical and type II cadherins. New evidence indicates that p120 regulates cadherin turnover at the cell surface, thereby controlling the amount of cadherin available for cell-cell adhesion. This function is necessary but not sufficient to promote strong adhesion, which is further controlled by signals acting on the amino-terminal p120 regulatory domain. p120 also modulates the activities of RhoA, Rac, and Cdc42, suggesting that along with other Src substrates, p120 regulates actin dynamics. Thus, p120 is a master regulator of cadherin abundance and activity, and likely participates in regulating the balance between adhesive and motile cellular phenotypes. This review summarizes recent progress in understanding mechanisms of p120 action, and discusses new implications with respect to roles for p120 in disease and cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Albert B Reynolds
- Department of Cancer Biology, Vanderbilt University, 771PRB, 2220 Pierce Ave, Nashville, TN 37232-6840, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
70
|
Kolosova IA, Ma SF, Adyshev DM, Wang P, Ohba M, Natarajan V, Garcia JGN, Verin AD. Role of CPI-17 in the regulation of endothelial cytoskeleton. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 287:L970-80. [PMID: 15234908 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00398.2003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
We have previously shown that myosin light chain (MLC) phosphatase (MLCP) is critically involved in the regulation of agonist-mediated endothelial permeability and cytoskeletal organization (Verin AD, Patterson CE, Day MA, and Garcia JG. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 269: L99–L108, 1995). The molecular mechanisms of endothelial MLCP regulation, however, are not completely understood. In this study we found that, similar to smooth muscle, lung microvascular endothelial cells expressed specific endogenous inhibitor of MLCP, CPI-17. To elucidate the role of CPI-17 in the regulation of endothelial cytoskeleton, full-length CPI-17 plasmid was transiently transfected into pulmonary artery endothelial cells, where the background of endogenous protein is low. CPI-17 had no effect on cytoskeleton under nonstimulating conditions. However, stimulation of transfected cells with direct PKC activator PMA caused a dramatic increase in F-actin stress fibers, focal adhesions, and MLC phosphorylation compared with untransfected cells. Inflammatory agonist histamine and, to a much lesser extent, thrombin were capable of activating CPI-17. Histamine caused stronger CPI-17 phosphorylation than thrombin. Inhibitory analysis revealed that PKC more significantly contributes to agonist-induced CPI-17 phosphorylation than Rho-kinase. Dominant-negative PKC-α abolished the effect of CPI-17 on actin cytoskeleton, suggesting that the PKC-α isoform is most likely responsible for CPI-17 activation in the endothelium. Depletion of endogenous CPI-17 in lung microvascular endothelial cell significantly attenuated histamine-induced increase in endothelial permeability. Together these data suggest the potential importance of PKC/CPI-17-mediated pathway in histamine-triggered cytoskeletal rearrangements leading to lung microvascular barrier compromise.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Irina A Kolosova
- Department of Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21224, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
71
|
Mehta D. p120: the guardian of endothelial junctional integrity. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2004; 286:L1140-2. [PMID: 15136294 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00008.2004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
|
72
|
Abstract
The mechanisms involved in the restoration of endothelial cell junctions subsequent to barrier disruption remain unclear. It is known that formation of adherens junctions (AJs) affects cytoskeletal actin arrangement and that Rho GTPases regulate the state of actin polymerization. In the present study, we examined the role of the Rho GTPases, Rho, Rac, and Cdc42 in the reannealing of AJs. We studied the response to thrombin, which increases endothelial permeability through disassembly of AJs, followed by recovery of barrier function through junctional reannealing within 2 hours. Cdc42 was activated late, at ≈1 hour after thrombin exposure, concurrent with its translocation from the cytoplasm to the membrane. Activation and translocation of Cdc42 preceded the reformation of AJs. Expression of the dnCdc42 mutant (N17Cdc42) significantly delayed the reformation of the VE-cadherin-containing AJs and restoration of endothelial barrier function. We also studied the lung microcirculation to address the in vivo relevance of Cdc42 signaling in barrier restoration. N17Cdc42 expression in the mouse lung endothelium markedly attenuated the endothelial barrier recovery after the permeability increase induced by activation of the thrombin receptor protease-activated receptor-1. These findings demonstrate the critical function of Cdc42 in restoring AJ-dependent, endothelial cell homotypic adhesion and barrier function. The delayed activation of Cdc42 represents a negative-feedback mechanism that signals AJ reassembly after the increase in endothelial permeability induced by inflammatory mediators such as thrombin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Panos Kouklis
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Ill, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|