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Peak Age and Performance Progression in World-Class Weightlifting and Powerlifting Athletes. Int J Sports Physiol Perform 2019; 14:1357-1363. [DOI: 10.1123/ijspp.2019-0093] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2019] [Revised: 03/08/2019] [Accepted: 03/13/2019] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Purpose:To quantify age of peak performance and performance improvements in the years preceding peak age in elite weightlifting and powerlifting athletes using results from powerlifting World Championships in 2003–2017 and weightlifting World Championships and Olympic Games in 1998–2017.Methods:Individual performance trends were derived by fitting a quadratic curve separately to each athlete’s performance and age data. Effects were evaluated using magnitude-based inferences.Results:Peak age (mean [SD]) was 35 (7) y for powerlifters and 26 (3) y for weightlifters, a large most likely substantial difference of 9, ±1 y (mean, 90% confidence limit). Men showed possibly higher peak age than women in weightlifting (0.8, ±0.7 y; small) and a possibly lower peak age in powerlifting (1.3, ±1.8 y; trivial). Peak age of athletes who ever won a medal was very likely less than that of nonmedalists in weightlifting (1.3, ±0.6 y; small), while the difference in powerlifters was trivial but unclear. Five-year improvements prior to peak age were 12% (10%) for powerlifters and 9% (7%) for weightlifters, a small possibly substantial difference (2.9, ±2.1%). Women exhibited possibly greater improvements than men in powerlifting (2.7, ±3.8%; small) and very likely greater in weightlifting (3.5, ±1.6%; small). Medalists possibly improved less than nonmedalists among powerlifters (−1.7, ±2.3%; small), while the difference was likely trivial for weightlifters (2.3, ±1.8%).Conclusion:These novel insights on performance development will be useful for practitioners evaluating strategies for achieving success.
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Shimose R, Shimizu S, Onodera A, Shibata K, Ichinosawa Y, Enoki I, Tsunoda S, Miura H, Watanabe H, Matsunaga A. Decreased rate of leg extensor force development in independently ambulant patients with acute stroke with mild paresis. J Biomech 2019; 96:109345. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jbiomech.2019.109345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2019] [Revised: 09/12/2019] [Accepted: 09/14/2019] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Machek SB, Lorenz KA, Kern M, Galpin AJ, Bagley JR. Skeletal Muscle Fiber Type and Morphology in a Middle-Aged Elite Male Powerlifter Using Anabolic Steroids. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-019-00039-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Kornhauser CL, Holmes RJ. Cross-Sectional and Retrospective Cohort Analysis of the Effects of Age on Flexibility, Strength Endurance, Lower-Body Power, and Aerobic Fitness in Law Enforcement Officers. J Strength Cond Res 2019; 33:451-458. [PMID: 28445229 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Lockie, RG, Dawes, JJ, Kornhauser, CL, and Holmes, RJ. Cross-sectional and retrospective cohort analysis of the effects of age on flexibility, strength endurance, lower-body power, and aerobic fitness in law enforcement officers. J Strength Cond Res 33(2): 451-458, 2019-There can be a great age range in cohorts of law enforcement officers. As the tasks required of officers generally do not change with advancing age, it is important to understand how physical performance in tests that assess job-specific characteristics may be altered. Retrospective analysis of performance test data of 383 officers (362 men and 21 women) was conducted. The tests included the following: sit-and-reach to determine hamstring and lower back flexibility; maximal push-up and sit-up repetitions in 60 seconds to measure muscle endurance; vertical jump (VJ) to assess lower-body power; and 2.4-km run to ascertain aerobic capacity. Data were stratified by age into 20-29, 30-39, 40-49, and 50-59 year groups, and analyzed by sex. A 1-way analysis of variance with the Bonferroni post hoc test was used to calculate the differences between the groups. Considering the male subjects, the 40-49 and 50-59 year groups performed poorer in the VJ, sit-up test, and 2.4-km run compared with the 20-29 year group (p ≤ 0.001-0.045). For the female subjects, the 20-29 year group was superior to the 30-39 (p = 0.013) and 40-49 (p = 0.025) year groups in the push-up test. To ensure that an older officer can successfully complete occupation-specific tasks, lower-body power, abdominal strength, and aerobic training should be completed. Female officers should also attempt to maintain relative upper-body strength. Practitioners must attempt to design training programs that fit within the context of the occupational demands, and potentially using a nontraditional training design as law enforcement officers may not have the time to follow a traditional periodization model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, California State University, Fullerton, Fullerton, California
| | - J Jay Dawes
- College of Nursing and Health Sciences, University of Colorado-Colorado Springs, Colorado Springs, Colorado
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Santos PA, Sousa CV, da Silva Aguiar S, Knechtle B, Nikolaidis PT, Sales MM, dos Santos Rosa T, de Deus LA, Campbell CSG, de Sousa HG, Barbosa LD, Simões HG. Human Development Index and the frequency of nations in Athletics World Rankings. SPORT SCIENCES FOR HEALTH 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s11332-019-00529-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
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de Lemos Muller CH, de Matos JR, Grigolo GB, Schroeder HT, Rodrigues-Krause J, Krause M. Exercise Training for the Elderly: Inflammaging and the Central Role for HSP70. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/s42978-019-0015-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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57
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Unhjem R, van den Hoven LT, Nygård M, Hoff J, Wang E. Functional Performance With Age: The Role of Long-Term Strength Training. J Geriatr Phys Ther 2019; 42:115-122. [DOI: 10.1519/jpt.0000000000000141] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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58
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Varesco G, Espeit L, Feasson L, Lapole T, Rozand V. Rate of force development and rapid muscle activation characteristics of knee extensors in very old men. Exp Gerontol 2019; 124:110640. [PMID: 31252160 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2019.110640] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
The age-related decrease in neuromuscular performance is usually accentuated in very old age (>80 yr) as evidenced by a marked reduction in maximal force production. However, little is known about the ability to rapidly produce force, which limits daily activities and increase the risk of falling. We aimed to assess rapid force production characteristics and rate of muscle activation of the knee extensors in 15 very old (82 ± 1 yr) vs 12 young (24 ± 4 yr) men. Maximal force (Fmax) and maximal rate of force development (RFDmax) were determined during separated specific isometric contractions. EMG from the vastus lateralis was analyzed to assess the rate of EMG rise (RER). Finally, RFD and RER were examined at time intervals of 0-50, 50-100, 100-200, 0-200 ms and 0-30, 0-50, 0-75 ms, respectively. We reported lower Fmax (414 ± 91 N vs. 661 ± 139 N) and absolute RFDmax (8720 ± 2056 N*s-1vs. 5700 ± 2474 N*s-1) in the very old men compared to young men (P < 0.01). When normalized to Fmax, RFDmax was similar between groups. Normalized RFD at 0-50 and 0-200 ms were lower (-34% and - 46%, P = 0.04) for the very old men, while no difference was observed at 50-100 ms and 100-200 ms. RER values were higher (~346%, P < 0.01) for the young men at every time interval. These data suggest that the decline in RFDmax is associated with the decrease in Fmax. Impairments in RFD were accentuated in the first phase of the contraction, which has been associated in the literature with impairments in neural factors associated with aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgio Varesco
- Univ Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Loïc Espeit
- Univ Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Léonard Feasson
- Univ Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France; Unité de Myologie, Service de Physiologie Clinique et de l'Exercice, Centre Référent Maladies Neuromusculaires Rares - Euro-NmD, CHU de Saint-Etienne, F-42055 Saint Etienne, France.
| | - Thomas Lapole
- Univ Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
| | - Vianney Rozand
- Univ Lyon, UJM Saint-Etienne, Laboratoire Interuniversitaire de Biologie de la Motricité, EA 7424, F-42023 Saint-Etienne, France.
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Sousa CV, da Silva Aguiar S, Rosemann T, Nikolaidis PT, Knechtle B. American Masters Road Running Records-The Performance Gap Between Female and Male Age Group Runners from 5 Km to 6 Days Running. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16132310. [PMID: 31261850 PMCID: PMC6651451 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16132310] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2019] [Revised: 06/21/2019] [Accepted: 06/27/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies investigating elite and master athletes in pool- and long-distance open-water swimming showed for elite swimmers that the fastest women were able to outperform the fastest men, and for master athletes that elderly women were able to achieve a similar performance to elderly men. The present study investigating age group records in runners from 5 km to 6 days aimed to test this hypothesis for master runners. Data from the American Master Road Running Records were analyzed, for 5 km, 8 km, 10 km, 10 miles, 20 km, half-marathon, 25 km, 30 km, marathon, 50 km, 50 miles, 100 km, 100 miles, 12 h, 24 h, 48 h and 144 h, for athletes in age groups ranging from 40 to 99 years old. The performance gap between men and women showed higher effects in events lengthening from 5 km to 10 miles (d = 0.617) and lower effects in events lengthening from 12 to 144 h (d = 0.304) running. Both other groups showed similar effects, being 20 km to the marathon (d = 0.607) and 50 km to 100 miles (d = 0.563). The performance gap between men and women showed higher effects in the age groups 85 years and above (d = 0.953) followed by 55 to 69 years (d = 0.633), and lower effects for the age groups 40 to 54 years (d = 0.558) and 70 to 84 years (d = 0.508). In summary, men are faster than women in American road running events, however, the sex gap decreases with increasing age but not with increasing event length.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caio Victor Sousa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, 71966-700 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Miller School of Medicine, University of Miami, Miami, FL 33136, USA
| | - Samuel da Silva Aguiar
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, 71966-700 Brasília, DF, Brazil
- Physical Education Department, University Center-UDF, 71966-700 Brasilia, DF, Brazil
| | - Thomas Rosemann
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Beat Knechtle
- Institute of Primary Care, University of Zurich, 8091 Zurich, Switzerland.
- Medbase St. Gallen Am Vadianplatz, 9001 St. Gallen, Switzerland.
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Dahl J, Degens H, Hildebrand F, Ganse B. Age-Related Changes of Sprint Kinematics. Front Physiol 2019; 10:613. [PMID: 31249532 PMCID: PMC6583002 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.00613] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
The sprint performance of master athletes decreases with age, but little is known about possible contributions of changes in sprint kinematics. The aim of this study was to assess the influence of age, sex and sprinting kinematics on sprint performance. To investigate this, in 199 men (30–89 years) and 81 women (33–76 years), bending over, brake, propulsion, leg stiffness and hip flexion angles were assessed during a sprint stride using high-resolution video analyses. Propulsion angle (men 25 ± 4.2, women 23.7 ± 4) was larger and hip flexion angle (men 25.3 ± 7.3, women 28 ± 5.7) was smaller in men than in women (both p < 0.001). Bending over angle (p = 0.004), brake angle (p = 0.004) and hip flexion angle (p < 0.001) increased, whereas propulsion angle (p < 0.001) and leg stiffness angle (p = 0.001) decreased with age, irrespective of sex. While performance was mainly determined by age (R2 = 0.501, p < 0.001) and sex (adjusted R2 = 0.642), hip flexion angle (adjusted R2 = 0.686) and bending over angle (adjusted R2 = 0.705) contributed also to performance in 60-m sprint. In 200-m sprint, in addition to age and sex, only hip flexion angle (age: R2 = 0.506; age + sex adjusted: R2 = 641; age + sex + hip flexion adjusted: R2 = 0.655) contributed to performance. In conclusion, the kinematics of sprinting differ between sexes and change with age. The aging-related changes of sprinting kinematics have a minor contribution to the aging-related decline in performance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Dahl
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Research Center for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania.,University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Târgu Mureș, Târgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Frank Hildebrand
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Bergita Ganse
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany.,School of Healthcare Science, Research Center for Musculoskeletal Science and Sports Medicine, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, United Kingdom
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The Effect of Exercise on Glucoregulatory Hormones: A Countermeasure to Human Aging: Insights from a Comprehensive Review of the Literature. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2019; 16:ijerph16101709. [PMID: 31096708 PMCID: PMC6572009 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph16101709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2019] [Revised: 04/25/2019] [Accepted: 05/11/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Hormones are secreted in a circadian rhythm, but also follow larger-scale timetables, such as monthly (hormones of the menstrual cycle), seasonal (i.e., winter, summer), and, ultimately, lifespan-related patterns. Several contexts modulate their secretion, such as genetics, lifestyle, environment, diet, and exercise. They play significant roles in human physiology, influencing growth of muscle, bone, and regulating metabolism. Exercise training alters hormone secretion, depending on the frequency, duration, intensity, and mode of training which has an impact on the magnitude of the secretion. However, there remains ambiguity over the effects of exercise training on certain hormones such as glucoregulatory hormones in aging adults. With advancing age, there are many alterations with the endocrine system, which may ultimately alter human physiology. Some recent studies have reported an anti-aging effect of exercise training on the endocrine system and especially cortisol, growth hormone and insulin. As such, this review examines the effects of endurance, interval, resistance and combined training on hormones (i.e., at rest and after) exercise in older individuals. We summarize the influence of age on glucoregulatory hormones, the influence of exercise training, and where possible, examine masters' athletes' endocrinological profile.
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Bagley L, McPhee JS, Ganse B, Müller K, Korhonen MT, Rittweger J, Degens H. Similar relative decline in aerobic and anaerobic power with age in endurance and power master athletes of both sexes. Scand J Med Sci Sports 2019; 29:791-799. [DOI: 10.1111/sms.13404] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2018] [Accepted: 02/06/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Liam Bagley
- School of Healthcare Science Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Jamie S. McPhee
- Department of Sport and Exercise Sciences Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
| | - Bergita Ganse
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma RWTH Aachen University Hospital Aachen Germany
| | - Klaus Müller
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center Cologne Germany
| | - Marko T. Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences University of Jyväskylä Jyväskylä Finland
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine German Aerospace Center Cologne Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine University of Cologne Cologne Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science Manchester Metropolitan University Manchester UK
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations Lithuanian Sports University Kaunas Lithuania
- University of Medicine and Pharmacy of Targu Mures Mureș Rumania
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63
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Larsson L, Degens H, Li M, Salviati L, Lee YI, Thompson W, Kirkland JL, Sandri M. Sarcopenia: Aging-Related Loss of Muscle Mass and Function. Physiol Rev 2019; 99:427-511. [PMID: 30427277 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00061.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 719] [Impact Index Per Article: 143.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Sarcopenia is a loss of muscle mass and function in the elderly that reduces mobility, diminishes quality of life, and can lead to fall-related injuries, which require costly hospitalization and extended rehabilitation. This review focuses on the aging-related structural changes and mechanisms at cellular and subcellular levels underlying changes in the individual motor unit: specifically, the perikaryon of the α-motoneuron, its neuromuscular junction(s), and the muscle fibers that it innervates. Loss of muscle mass with aging, which is largely due to the progressive loss of motoneurons, is associated with reduced muscle fiber number and size. Muscle function progressively declines because motoneuron loss is not adequately compensated by reinnervation of muscle fibers by the remaining motoneurons. At the intracellular level, key factors are qualitative changes in posttranslational modifications of muscle proteins and the loss of coordinated control between contractile, mitochondrial, and sarcoplasmic reticulum protein expression. Quantitative and qualitative changes in skeletal muscle during the process of aging also have been implicated in the pathogenesis of acquired and hereditary neuromuscular disorders. In experimental models, specific intervention strategies have shown encouraging results on limiting deterioration of motor unit structure and function under conditions of impaired innervation. Translated to the clinic, if these or similar interventions, by saving muscle and improving mobility, could help alleviate sarcopenia in the elderly, there would be both great humanitarian benefits and large cost savings for health care systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars Larsson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Hans Degens
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Meishan Li
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Leonardo Salviati
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Young Il Lee
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Wesley Thompson
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - James L Kirkland
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
| | - Marco Sandri
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Basic and Clinical Muscle Biology Group, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Section of Clinical Neurophysiology, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet , Stockholm , Sweden ; Department of Biobehavioral Health, The Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania ; School of Healthcare Science, Metropolitan University , Manchester , United Kingdom ; Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University , Kaunas , Lithuania ; Clinical Genetics Unit, Department of Woman and Child Health, University of Padova , Padova , Italy ; IRP Città della Speranza, Padova , Italy ; Department of Biology, Texas A&M University , College Station, Texas ; Robert and Arlene Kogod Center on Aging, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota ; Department of Biomedical Science, Venetian Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Padova , Padova , Italy
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Measuring Both Glucose Uptake and Myosin Heavy Chain Isoform Expression in Single Rat Skeletal Muscle Fibers. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 1889:283-300. [PMID: 30367421 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-8897-6_17] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Glucose uptake by skeletal muscle is important for metabolic health. Because skeletal muscle is composed of multiple fiber types that have differing metabolic and contractile properties, studying glucose uptake in whole muscle tissue does not elucidate differences at the cellular level. Here, we describe a procedure that enables the measurement of both glucose uptake and fiber type (by myosin heavy chain isoform expression) in individual rat epitrochlearis muscle fibers.
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65
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Krause M, Crognale D, Cogan K, Contarelli S, Egan B, Newsholme P, De Vito G. The effects of a combined bodyweight-based and elastic bands resistance training, with or without protein supplementation, on muscle mass, signaling and heat shock response in healthy older people. Exp Gerontol 2018; 115:104-113. [PMID: 30529477 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2018] [Revised: 11/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
This investigation sought to determine the effects of twelve weeks of resistance exercise training in addition to protein supplementation on body composition, markers of muscle atrophy/hypertrophy and heat shock response (HSR) in healthy older adults. Thirty-eight healthy sedentary participants (M/F, 18/20; age, 63.5 ± 4.4 y) were randomly assigned to four groups: I) PLACEBO: no training, receiving placebo sachets; II) NUTRITION: no training, receiving protein supplementation sachets; III) EXERCISE PLACEBO: training, placebo sachets and IV) EXERCISE NUTRITION: training, receiving protein sachets. The resistance training (using bodyweight and elastic bands) consisted of 45 min supervised training sessions, 3×/week. Participants from both exercise groups increased their total lean body mass (from 48.4 ± 8.7 to 49.2 ± 8.7 kg and from 44.9 ± 7.8 to 45.9 ± 8.1 kg, average of gain ~0.8 and 1 kg, placebo and nutrition respectively) and improved results in physical tests. Exercise nutrition group also reduced their body fat (from 34.8 ± 7.3 to 32.9 ± 7.4%), increased the expression of proteins/gene involved on the HSR, S6 and eEF2, while FOXO3 and Murf1 were reduced. Expression of MHC-I was reduced in both exercise groups while MHC-IIa increased, with no effect of protein supplementation alone. Body-weight and elastic bands based resistance exercise prompted, in healthy older people, improvements in body composition and muscle function. When protein supplementation was added to the people engaged in resistance training, improvements in fat mass and changes in skeletal muscle signaling were detected, favoring protein synthesis pathways and the protective heat shock response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mauricio Krause
- Institute for Sport & Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland; Laboratory of Inflammation, Metabolism and Exercise Research (LAPIMEX) and Laboratory of Cellular Physiology, Department of Physiology, Institute of Basic Health Sciences, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, RS, Brazil; Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland.
| | - Domenico Crognale
- Institute for Sport & Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland; Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Karl Cogan
- Institute for Sport & Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland
| | - Serena Contarelli
- Department of Biomolecular Sciences, University of Urbino Carlo Bo, Urbino, Italy
| | - Brendan Egan
- Institute for Sport & Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland; School of Health & Human Performance, Dublin City University, Ireland
| | - Philip Newsholme
- CHIRI Biosciences Research Precinct, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin University, Australia
| | - Giuseppe De Vito
- Institute for Sport & Health, School of Public Health, Physiotherapy and Sports Science, University College Dublin, Ireland; Food for Health Ireland, University College Dublin, Ireland.
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66
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Deus LA, Sousa CV, Rosa TS, Filho JMS, Santos PA, Barbosa LD, Silva Aguiar S, Souza LHR, Simões HG. Heart rate variability in middle-aged sprint and endurance athletes. Physiol Behav 2018; 205:39-43. [PMID: 30389479 DOI: 10.1016/j.physbeh.2018.10.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Revised: 10/02/2018] [Accepted: 10/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging is associated with decreased autonomic balance which could be assessed by Heart Rate Variability (HRV). Exercise training improves autonomic balance, but there is a lack in the literature regarding the heart rate variability (HRV) of master sprinters and endurance athletes. PURPOSE The effects of lifelong endurance and sprint training on cardiac autonomic balance were assessed in master athletes and compared with age-matched controls and young untrained controls. METHODS Participants (n = 81) were 8 master sprinters (MS; 51.8 ± 11.1 yrs), 8 master endurance athletes (EN, n = 8, 53.6 ± 8.6 yrs), 17 age-matched untrained (CON, 47.47 ± 6.00 yrs) and 48 young controls (YC, 25.40 ± 3.87 yrs). For the acquisition of RR intervals (iRR) (Polar RS800X Heart Rate Monitor®) the participants remained seated for 15-min with the final 10-min being considered for analysis. HRV was measured using Kubios software. A one-way ANOVA with repeated measures was applied. RESULTS All studied parameters did not differ between MS and EN {Time Domain [HR (bpm) 59.00 ± 6.13 vs. 58.94 ± 12.75], [R-R (ms) 1030.45 ± 107.45 vs. 1068.77 ± 206.17], [SDNN (ms) 57.35 ± 20.07 vs. 80.66 ± 71.07], [RMSSD (ms) 40.88 ± 20.07 vs. 38.93 ± 20.44]; Non-linear domain [SD1 (ms) 28.93 ± 14.20 vs. 27.56 ± 14.46]}, whose demonstrated a reduced HR and elevated mean R-R intervals in comparison to both YC {[HR (bpm) 69.64 ± 9.81]; [R-R (ms) 883.93 ± 124.11]} and age-matched controls {[HR (bpm) 70.06 ± 6.63]; [R-R (ms) 865.11 ± 78.39]}. It was observed a lower HRV for middle-aged CON {[RMSSD (ms) 20.23 ± 5.87], [SDNN (ms) 37.79 ± 10.15] and [SD1 (ms) 14.31 ± 4.15]} compared to YC {[RMSSD (ms) 43.33 ± 26.41], [SDNN (ms) 67.07 ± 28.77] and [SD1 (ms) 30.66 ± 18.69; p < .05]}. These last age-related differences were not observed for MS and EN. CONCLUSION For master athletes, regardless of whether they are trained in endurance or sprinters, both training modes revealed to be equally beneficial in attenuating the effects of aging on the autonomic balance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lysleine Alves Deus
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, DF, Brazil.
| | - Caio Victor Sousa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Thiago Santos Rosa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | | | | | - Lucas Duarte Barbosa
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Samuel Silva Aguiar
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, DF, Brazil
| | - Luiz Humberto Rodrigues Souza
- Graduate Program in Physical Education, Catholic University of Brasília, DF, Brazil; Physical Education Department, Bahia State University, Bahia, Brazil
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König M, Hemmers S, Epro G, McCrum C, Ackermans TMA, Hartmann U, Karamanidis K. Matching Participants for Triceps Surae Muscle Strength and Tendon Stiffness Does Not Eliminate Age-Related Differences in Mechanical Power Output During Jumping. Front Physiol 2018; 9:1345. [PMID: 30356888 PMCID: PMC6190886 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2018.01345] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2018] [Accepted: 09/06/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Reductions in muscular power output and performance during multi-joint motor tasks with aging have often been associated with muscle weakness. This study aimed to examine if matching younger and middle-aged adults for triceps surae (TS) muscle strength and tendon stiffness eliminates age-related differences in muscular power production during drop jump. The maximal ankle plantar flexion moment and gastrocnemius medialis tendon stiffness of 29 middle-aged (40-67 years) and 26 younger (18-30 years) healthy physically active male adults were assessed during isometric voluntary ankle plantar flexion contractions using simultaneous dynamometry and ultrasonography. The elongation of the tendon during the loading phase was assessed by digitizing the myotendinous junction of the gastrocnemius medialis muscle. Eight younger (23 ± 3 years) and eight middle-aged (54 ± 7 years) adults from the larger subject pool were matched for TS muscle strength and tendon stiffness (plantar flexion moment young: 3.1 ± 0.4 Nm/kg; middle-aged: 3.2 ± 0.5 Nm/kg; tendon stiffness: 553 ± 97 vs. 572 ± 100 N/mm) and then performed series of drop jumps from different box heights (13, 23, 33, and 39 cm) onto a force plate (sampling frequency 1000 Hz). The matched young and middle-aged adults showed similar drop jump heights for all conditions (from lowest to highest box height: 18.0 ± 3.7 vs. 19.7 ± 4.8 cm; 22.6 ± 4.2 vs. 22.9 ± 4.9 cm; 24.8 ± 3.8 vs. 23.5 ± 4.9 cm; 25.2 ± 6.2 vs. 22.7 ± 5.0 cm). However, middle-aged adults showed longer ground contact times (on average 36%), lower vertical ground reaction forces (36%) and hence lower average mechanical power (from lowest to highest box height: 2266 ± 563 vs. 1498 ± 545 W; 3563 ± 774 vs. 2222 ± 320 W; 4360 ± 658 vs. 2475 ± 528 W; 5008 ± 919 vs. 3034 ± 435 W) independent of box height. Further, leg stiffness was lower (48%) in middle-aged compared to younger adults for all jumping conditions and we found significant correlations between average mechanical power and leg stiffness (0.70 ≤ r ≤ 0.83; p < 0.01). Thus, while jumping performance appears to be unaffected when leg extensor muscle strength and tendon stiffness are maintained, the reduced muscular power output during lower limb multi-joint tasks seen with aging may be due to age-related changes in motor task execution strategy rather than due to muscle weakness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias König
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Svenja Hemmers
- Department of Mathematics and Technology, RheinAhrCampus Remagen, Koblenz University of Applied Sciences, Remagen, Germany
| | - Gaspar Epro
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
| | - Christopher McCrum
- NUTRIM School of Nutrition and Translational Research in Metabolism, Department of Nutrition and Movement Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, Netherlands
- Institute of Movement and Sport Gerontology, German Sport University Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | | | - Ulrich Hartmann
- Department of Mathematics and Technology, RheinAhrCampus Remagen, Koblenz University of Applied Sciences, Remagen, Germany
| | - Kiros Karamanidis
- School of Applied Sciences, Sport and Exercise Science Research Centre, London South Bank University, London, United Kingdom
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Sundberg CW, Hunter SK, Trappe SW, Smith CS, Fitts RH. Effects of elevated H + and P i on the contractile mechanics of skeletal muscle fibres from young and old men: implications for muscle fatigue in humans. J Physiol 2018; 596:3993-4015. [PMID: 29806714 PMCID: PMC6117549 DOI: 10.1113/jp276018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2018] [Accepted: 04/27/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
KEY POINTS The mechanisms responsible for the loss in muscle power and increased fatigability with ageing are unresolved. We show that the contractile mechanics of fibres from the vastus lateralis of old men were well-preserved compared to those of young men, but the selective loss of fast myosin heavy chain II muscle was strongly associated with age-related decrements in whole-muscle strength and power. We reveal that the combination of acidosis (H+ ) and inorganic phosphate (Pi ) is an important mediator of muscle fatigue in humans by inhibiting the low- to high-force state of the cross-bridge cycle and peak power, but the depressive effects of these ions on cross-bridge function were similar in fibres from young and old men. These findings suggest that the age-related loss in muscle power is primarily determined by the atrophy of fast fibres, but the age-related increased fatigability cannot be explained by an increased sensitivity of the cross-bridge to H+ and Pi . ABSTRACT The present study aimed to identify the mechanisms responsible for the loss in muscle power and increased fatigability with ageing by integrating measures of whole-muscle function with single fibre contractile mechanics. After adjusting for the 22% smaller muscle mass in old (73-89 years, n = 6) compared to young men (20-29 years, n = 6), isometric torque and power output of the knee extensors were, respectively, 38% and 53% lower with age. Fatigability was ∼2.7-fold greater with age and strongly associated with reductions in the electrically-evoked contractile properties. To test whether cross-bridge mechanisms could explain age-related decrements in knee extensor function, we exposed myofibres (n = 254) from the vastus lateralis to conditions mimicking quiescent muscle and fatiguing levels of acidosis (H+ ) (pH 6.2) and inorganic phosphate (Pi ) (30 mm). The fatigue-mimicking condition caused marked reductions in force, shortening velocity and power and inhibited the low- to high-force state of the cross-bridge cycle, confirming findings from non-human studies that these ions act synergistically to impair cross-bridge function. Other than severe age-related atrophy of fast fibres (-55%), contractile function and the depressive effects of the fatigue-mimicking condition did not differ in fibres from young and old men. The selective loss of fast myosin heavy chain II muscle was strongly associated with the age-related decrease in isometric torque (r = 0.785) and power (r = 0.861). These data suggest that the age-related loss in muscle strength and power are primarily determined by the atrophy of fast fibres, but the age-related increased fatigability cannot be explained by an increased sensitivity of the cross-bridge to H+ and Pi .
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher W. Sundberg
- Exercise Science ProgramMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Clinical & Translational Rehabilitation Health Sciences ProgramDepartment of Physical TherapyMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Sandra K. Hunter
- Exercise Science ProgramMilwaukeeWIUSA
- Clinical & Translational Rehabilitation Health Sciences ProgramDepartment of Physical TherapyMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWIUSA
| | - Scott W. Trappe
- Human Performance LaboratoryBall State UniversityMuncieINUSA
| | | | - Robert H. Fitts
- Department of Biological SciencesMarquette UniversityMilwaukeeWIUSA
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69
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Ganse B, Degens H. Accelerated Decline in Javelin Throwing Performance in Master Athletes 70 Years and Older - Do Changes in Technique Play a Role? Sports Med Int Open 2018; 2:E79-E83. [PMID: 30539122 PMCID: PMC6225964 DOI: 10.1055/a-0635-0584] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 05/14/2018] [Accepted: 05/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
While many older adults are immobile and frail, others still participate in competitive sports. World records of javelin throw decrease with increasing age. It is, however, unknown 1) whether the decline is linear or, as in sprint performance, accelerates beyond the age of 69; and 2) to what extent frailty-related changes in throwing technique contribute to decreasing performance. We plotted current world records against age and assessed the performance of 27 male javelin throwers 69 years and older during three master athletics championships. Three to six throws were filmed, and the best throw of each athlete selected. A step-wise linear regression was applied to assess contributions of age, angle of release, angle of attitude, angle of attack and elbow angle just before the pull to performance. The ageing-related decline in javelin-throw performance accelerated after age 69. Age was the main predictor of performance (adjusted R
2
=0.68), with a small contribution of elbow angle (adjusted R
2
increased to 0.76) and angle of attack (R
2
=0.82; all P<0.001) in the older athletes. None of the technique-related parameters correlated with age. Although the technique had some influence on javelin-throwing performance, the accelerated decline was not associated with a characteristic ageing-related change in technique.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bergita Ganse
- Department of Orthopaedic Trauma Surgery, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- Manchester Metropolitan University, School of Healthcare Science, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Lin IH, Chang JL, Hua K, Huang WC, Hsu MT, Chen YF. Skeletal muscle in aged mice reveals extensive transformation of muscle gene expression. BMC Genet 2018; 19:55. [PMID: 30089464 PMCID: PMC6083496 DOI: 10.1186/s12863-018-0660-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2018] [Accepted: 07/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Aging leads to decreased skeletal muscle function in mammals and is associated with a progressive loss of muscle mass, quality and strength. Age-related muscle loss (sarcopenia) is an important health problem associated with the aged population. RESULTS We investigated the alteration of genome-wide transcription in mouse skeletal muscle tissue (rectus femoris muscle) during aging using a high-throughput sequencing technique. Analysis revealed significant transcriptional changes between skeletal muscles of mice at 3 (young group) and 24 (old group) months of age. Specifically, genes associated with energy metabolism, cell proliferation, muscle myosin isoforms, as well as immune functions were found to be altered. We observed several interesting gene expression changes in the elderly, many of which have not been reported before. CONCLUSIONS Those data expand our understanding of the various compensatory mechanisms that can occur with age, and further will assist in the development of methods to prevent and attenuate adverse outcomes of aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- I-Hsuan Lin
- VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Junn-Liang Chang
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Taoyuan Armed Forces General Hospital, Taoyuan, 325, Taiwan
| | - Kate Hua
- VYM Genome Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Wan-Chen Huang
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No.250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Ta Hsu
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 112, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Fan Chen
- The Ph.D. Program for Translational Medicine, College of Medical Science and Technology, Taipei Medical University, No.250, Wu-Hsing Street, Taipei, 11031, Taiwan.
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Muscle morphology and performance in master athletes: A systematic review and meta-analyses. Ageing Res Rev 2018; 45:62-82. [PMID: 29715523 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2018.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2018] [Revised: 03/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/24/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The extent to which chronic exercise training preserves age-related decrements in physical function, muscle strength, mass and morphology is unclear. Our aim was to conduct a systematic review of the literature to determine to what extent chronically trained master athletes (strength/power and endurance) preserve levels of physical function, muscle strength, muscle mass and morphology in older age, compared with older and younger controls and young trained individuals. METHODS The systematic data search included Medline, EMBASE, SPORTDiscus, CINAHL and Web of Science databases. INCLUSION CRITERIA i) master athletes mean exercise training duration ≥20 years ii) master athletes mean age of cohort >59 years) iii) at least one measurement of muscle mass/volume/fibre-type morphology and/or strength/physical function. RESULTS Fifty-five eligible studies were identified. Meta-analyses were carried out on maximal aerobic capacity, maximal voluntary contraction and body composition. Master endurance athletes (42.0 ± 6.6 ml kg-1 min-1) exhibited VO2max values comparable with young healthy controls (43.1 ± 6.8 ml kg-1 min-1, P = .84), greater than older controls (27.1 ± 4.3 ml kg-1 min-1, P < 0.01) and master strength/power athletes (26.5 ± 2.3 mlkg-1 min-1, P < 0.01), and lower than young endurance trained individuals (60.0 ± 5.4 ml kg-1 min-1, P < 0.01). Master strength/power athletes (0.60 (0.28-0.93) P < 0.01) and young controls (0.71 (0.06-1.36) P < 0.05) were significantly stronger compared with the other groups. Body fat% was greater in master endurance athletes than young endurance trained (-4.44% (-8.44 to -0.43) P < 0.05) but lower compared with older controls (7.11% (5.70-8.52) P < 0.01). CONCLUSION Despite advancing age, this review suggests that chronic exercise training preserves physical function, muscular strength and body fat levels similar to that of young, healthy individuals in an exercise mode-specific manner.
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72
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Venturelli M, Reggiani C, Richardson RS, Schena F. Skeletal Muscle Function in the Oldest-Old: The Role of Intrinsic and Extrinsic Factors. Exerc Sport Sci Rev 2018; 46:188-194. [PMID: 29672349 PMCID: PMC6005743 DOI: 10.1249/jes.0000000000000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Although skeletal muscle function is diminished with advanced age, single muscle fiber function seems to be preserved. Therefore, this review examines the hypothesis that the skeletal muscle fiber, per se, is not the predominant factor responsible for the reduction in force-generating capacity in the oldest-old, but, rather, is attributable to a combination of factors external to the muscle fibers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Massimo Venturelli
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences. University of Verona, Italy
| | - Carlo Reggiani
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Padua, Padua, Italy
- Institute for Kinesiology Research, Science and Research Center of Koper, Koper, Slovenia
| | - Russell S. Richardson
- Division of Geriatrics, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Geriatric Research, Education, and Clinical Center, George E. Wahlen Department of Veterans Affairs Medical Center, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
- Department of Nutrition and Integrative Physiology, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, Utah, USA
| | - Federico Schena
- Department of Neurosciences, Biomedicine and Movement Sciences. University of Verona, Italy
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Lockie RG, Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Stierli M, Dulla JM, Orjalo AJ. Analysis of the Effects of Sex and Age on Upper- and Lower-Body Power for Law Enforcement Agency Recruits Before Academy Training. J Strength Cond Res 2018; 32:1968-1974. [DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000002469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Hughes DC, Ellefsen S, Baar K. Adaptations to Endurance and Strength Training. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2018; 8:cshperspect.a029769. [PMID: 28490537 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a029769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
The capacity for human exercise performance can be enhanced with prolonged exercise training, whether it is endurance- or strength-based. The ability to adapt through exercise training allows individuals to perform at the height of their sporting event and/or maintain peak physical condition throughout the life span. Our continued drive to understand how to prescribe exercise to maximize health and/or performance outcomes means that our knowledge of the adaptations that occur as a result of exercise continues to evolve. This review will focus on current and new insights into endurance and strength-training adaptations and will highlight important questions that remain as far as how we adapt to training.
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Affiliation(s)
- David C Hughes
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, Functional Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
| | - Stian Ellefsen
- Section of Sports Sciences, Lillehammer University College, 2604 Lillehammer, Norway.,Innlandet Hospital Trust, 2380 Brumunddal, Norway
| | - Keith Baar
- Department of Neurobiology, Physiology and Behavior, Functional Molecular Biology Laboratory, University of California Davis, Davis, California 95616
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Osawa Y, Studenski SA, Ferrucci L. Knee extension rate of torque development and peak torque: associations with lower extremity function. J Cachexia Sarcopenia Muscle 2018; 9:530-539. [PMID: 29569834 PMCID: PMC5989739 DOI: 10.1002/jcsm.12285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND With aging, the ability to generate muscle force decreases, contributing to declines in physical functions such as walking. While most studies assess muscle force by peak torque, the rate of torque development (RTD) reflects a dynamic component of muscle performance that is important for physical function. Using data from the Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging, we assessed whether RTD adds significantly to peak torque in associations with lower extremity performance. If so, RTD may help identify weak older adults for screening and intervention. METHODS We assessed associations of RTD and peak torque with physical performance independent of demographics, BMI, body composition, and each other in 1089 Baltimore Longitudinal Study of Aging participants (49.7% women; aged 26 to 96 years; women, 64.0 ± 13.8 years; men, 68.4 ± 14.4 years). Peak torque was assessed by isometric and 30 deg/s isokinetic knee extension tests. Peak RTD was operationalized as the maximum torque-time slope among successive 50 ms epochs over the first 3 s of a test of knee extension isometric strength, with the knee joint positioned at 120 deg of flexion. A battery of lower extremity performance tests included gait speed during a 6 m walk at usual and fast pace (6 m usual and fast), time to complete a 400 m walk at fast pace (400 m), distance covered in a 2.5 min walk at normal pace (2.5 min), time to complete 5 and 10 chair stands, and two summary tests of lower extremity performance. Sex-stratified generalized linear regression models were adjusted for age, race, BMI, appendicular lean mass, and whole body fat mass. RESULTS In men, independent of either measure of peak torque and cofactors, RTD was a significant (P < 0.05) predictor of all lower extremity performance tests except the 400 m and 2.5 min walks. In women, independent of peak torque, RTD was only a significant independent correlate of the 6 m fast walk (P < 0.001). CONCLUSIONS RTD independently contributes to physical functions in men but less in women. The mechanisms underlying the sex difference are unclear and require further study.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yusuke Osawa
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Stephanie A Studenski
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Luigi Ferrucci
- Longitudinal Studies Section, Translational Gerontology Branch, National Institute on Aging, National Institutes of Health, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Šimunič B, Pišot R, Rittweger J, Degens H. Age-Related Slowing of Contractile Properties Differs Between Power, Endurance, and Nonathletes: A Tensiomyographic Assessment. J Gerontol A Biol Sci Med Sci 2018; 73:1602-1608. [DOI: 10.1093/gerona/gly069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Boštjan Šimunič
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Slovenia
| | - Rado Pišot
- Science and Research Centre Koper, Institute for Kinesiology Research, Slovenia
| | - Jörn Rittweger
- Institute of Aerospace Medicine, German Aerospace Center, Cologne, Germany
- Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Hans Degens
- School of Healthcare Science, Manchester Metropolitan University, UK
- Institute of Sport Science and Innovations, Lithuanian Sports University, Kaunas, Lithuania
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Grosicki GJ, Fielding RA, Lustgarten MS. Gut Microbiota Contribute to Age-Related Changes in Skeletal Muscle Size, Composition, and Function: Biological Basis for a Gut-Muscle Axis. Calcif Tissue Int 2018; 102:433-442. [PMID: 29058056 PMCID: PMC5858871 DOI: 10.1007/s00223-017-0345-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 186] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Skeletal muscle is a highly plastic tissue that plays a central role in human health and disease. Aging is associated with a decrease in muscle mass and function (sarcopenia) that is associated with a loss of independence and reduced quality of life. Gut microbiota, the bacteria, archaea, viruses, and eukaryotic microbes residing in the gastrointestinal tract are emerging as a potential contributor to age-associated muscle decline. Specifically, advancing age is characterized by a dysbiosis of gut microbiota that is associated with increased intestinal permeability, facilitating the passage of endotoxin and other microbial products (e.g., indoxyl sulfate) into the circulation. Upon entering the circulation, LPS and other microbial factors promote inflammatory signaling and skeletal muscle changes that are hallmarks of the aging muscle phenotype. This review will summarize existing literature suggesting cross-talk between gut microbiota and skeletal muscle health, with emphasis on the significance of this axis for mediating changes in aging skeletal muscle size, composition, and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gregory J Grosicki
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Roger A Fielding
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Michael S Lustgarten
- Nutrition, Exercise Physiology, and Sarcopenia Laboratory, Jean Mayer USDA Human Nutrition Research Center on Aging, Tufts University, Boston, MA, USA.
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Yoon MA, Hong SJ, Ku MC, Kang CH, Ahn KS, Kim BH. Multiparametric MR Imaging of Age-related Changes in Healthy Thigh Muscles. Radiology 2018; 287:235-246. [DOI: 10.1148/radiol.2017171316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Min A Yoon
- From the Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea (M.A.Y., S.J.H., M.C.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.H.K., K.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (B.H.K.)
| | - Suk-Joo Hong
- From the Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea (M.A.Y., S.J.H., M.C.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.H.K., K.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (B.H.K.)
| | - Min Cheol Ku
- From the Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea (M.A.Y., S.J.H., M.C.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.H.K., K.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (B.H.K.)
| | - Chang Ho Kang
- From the Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea (M.A.Y., S.J.H., M.C.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.H.K., K.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (B.H.K.)
| | - Kyung-Sik Ahn
- From the Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea (M.A.Y., S.J.H., M.C.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.H.K., K.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (B.H.K.)
| | - Baek Hyun Kim
- From the Department of Radiology, Korea University Guro Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, 148 Gurodong-ro, Guro-gu, Seoul 08308, Republic of Korea (M.A.Y., S.J.H., M.C.K.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Anam Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea (C.H.K., K.S.A.); Department of Radiology, Korea University Ansan Hospital, Korea University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea (B.H.K.)
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Pollock RD, O'Brien KA, Daniels LJ, Nielsen KB, Rowlerson A, Duggal NA, Lazarus NR, Lord JM, Philp A, Harridge SDR. Properties of the vastus lateralis muscle in relation to age and physiological function in master cyclists aged 55-79 years. Aging Cell 2018. [PMID: 29517834 PMCID: PMC5847860 DOI: 10.1111/acel.12735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
In this study, results are reported from the analyses of vastus lateralis muscle biopsy samples obtained from a subset (n = 90) of 125 previously phenotyped, highly active male and female cyclists aged 55–79 years in regard to age. We then subsequently attempted to uncover associations between the findings in muscle and in vivo physiological functions. Muscle fibre type and composition (ATPase histochemistry), size (morphometry), capillary density (immunohistochemistry) and mitochondrial protein content (Western blot) in relation to age were determined in the biopsy specimens. Aside from an age‐related change in capillary density in males (r = −.299; p = .02), no other parameter measured in the muscle samples showed an association with age. However, in males type I fibres and capillarity (p < .05) were significantly associated with training volume, maximal oxygen uptake, oxygen uptake kinetics and ventilatory threshold. In females, the only association observed was between capillarity and training volume (p < .05). In males, both type II fibre proportion and area (p < .05) were associated with peak power during sprint cycling and with maximal rate of torque development during a maximal voluntary isometric contraction. Mitochondrial protein content was not associated with any cardiorespiratory parameter in either males or females (p > .05). We conclude in this highly active cohort, selected to mitigate most of the effects of inactivity, that there is little evidence of age‐related changes in the properties of VL muscle across the age range studied. By contrast, some of these muscle characteristics were correlated with in vivo physiological indices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ross D. Pollock
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Katie A. O'Brien
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Lorna J. Daniels
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Kathrine B. Nielsen
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Anthea Rowlerson
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Niharika A. Duggal
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Norman R. Lazarus
- Centre of Human and Aerospace Physiological Sciences; King's College London; London UK
| | - Janet M. Lord
- MRC-Arthritis Research UK Centre for Musculoskeletal Ageing Research; Institute of Inflammation and Ageing; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
| | - Andrew Philp
- School of Sport, Exercise and Rehabilitation Sciences; University of Birmingham; Birmingham UK
- Diabetes and Metabolism Division; Garvan Institute of Medical Research; Darlinghurst Australia
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Tobias IS, Lazauskas KK, Arevalo JA, Bagley JR, Brown LE, Galpin AJ. Fiber type-specific analysis of AMPK isoforms in human skeletal muscle: advancement in methods via capillary nanoimmunoassay. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2018; 124:840-849. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00894.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Human skeletal muscle is a heterogeneous mixture of multiple fiber types (FT). Unfortunately, present methods for FT-specific study are constrained by limits of protein detection in single-fiber samples. These limitations beget compensatory resource-intensive procedures, ultimately dissuading investigators from pursuing FT-specific research. Additionally, previous studies neglected hybrid FT, confining their analyses to only pure FT. Here we present novel methods of protein detection across a wider spectrum of human skeletal muscle FT using fully automated capillary nanoimmunoassay (CNIA) technology. CNIA allowed a ~20-fold-lower limit of 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) detection compared with Western blotting. We then performed FT-specific assessment of AMPK expression as a proof of concept. Individual human muscle fibers were mechanically isolated, dissolved, and myosin heavy chain (MHC) fiber typed via SDS-PAGE. Single-fiber samples were combined in pairs and grouped into MHC I, MHC I/IIa, MHC IIa, and MHC IIa/IIx for expression analysis of AMPK isoforms α1, α2, β1, β2, γ2, and γ3 with a tubulin loading control. Significant FT-specific differences were found for α2 (1.7-fold higher in MHC IIa and MHC IIa/IIx vs. others), γ2 (2.5-fold higher in MHC IIa vs. others), and γ3 (2-fold higher in MHC IIa and 4-fold higher in MHC IIa/IIx vs. others). Development of a protocol that combines the efficient and sensitive CNIA technology with comprehensive SDS-PAGE fiber typing marks an important advancement in FT-specific research because it allows more precise study of the molecular mechanisms governing metabolism, adaptation, and regulation in human muscle. NEW & NOTEWORTHY We demonstrate the viability of applying capillary nanoimmunoassay technology to the study of fiber type-specific protein analysis in human muscle fibers. This novel technique enables a ~20-fold-lower limit of protein detection compared with traditional Western blotting methods. Combined with SDS-PAGE methods of fiber typing, we apply this technique to compare 5′-AMP-activated protein kinase isoform expression in myosin heavy chain (MHC) I, MHC I/IIa, MHC IIa, and MHC IIa/IIx fiber types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irene S. Tobias
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - Kara K. Lazauskas
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - Jose A. Arevalo
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - James R. Bagley
- Muscle Physiology Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, San Francisco State University, San Francisco, California
| | - Lee E. Brown
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
| | - Andrew J. Galpin
- Biochemistry and Molecular Exercise Physiology Laboratory, Center for Sport Performance, California State University, Fullerton, California
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81
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Carvalho do Nascimento PR, Poitras S, Bilodeau M. How do we define and measure sarcopenia? Protocol for a systematic review. Syst Rev 2018; 7:51. [PMID: 29587829 PMCID: PMC5870090 DOI: 10.1186/s13643-018-0712-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 03/12/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The loss of muscle mass is a natural aging consequence. A reduction of muscle mass that surpasses the physiological rate is considered the key factor responsible for the development of a geriatric syndrome called sarcopenia. However, a new understanding of the importance of muscle quality over quantity is rising; as a result, different definitions for sarcopenia has been used. Due to the negative impact on elder's health and quality of life, the number of research investigating the causes, prevalence, and management of sarcopenia is increasing, although a consensus on sarcopenia definition is still missing. This systematic review will assess observational studies reporting the presence of sarcopenia aiming to verify how sarcopenia is defined, the diagnosis criteria, and the tools used for assessment. In addition, we will investigate the influence of the definition and diagnostic tools on the prevalence rate. METHODS Keywords related to the condition, population, and type of study will be combined to build a search strategy for each of the following databases MEDLINE, EMBASE, CINAHL (Cumulative Index to Nursing and Allied Health Literature), Web of Science, and Google Scholar. Two independent reviewers will analyze the retrieved papers for eligibility and the methodological quality of eligible studies. The definition of sarcopenia and diagnostic tools used in each study and the prevalence estimates will be extracted. Descriptive statistics will be used to report the definitions of sarcopenia, diagnostic tools, and whether these influence or not, the prevalence rates. DISCUSSION Sarcopenia is receiving greater attention in geriatrics research in recent years. Therefore, it is important to investigate how this condition is defined in the literature and whether these definitions can interfere with the reported estimates devoting more efforts on the topic. The results of this study can help to determine the most used definitions of sarcopenia reported in the literature, its strengths and limitations, and open a discussion about a need for a more valid, easy, and suitable one. SYSTEMATIC REVIEW REGISTRATION PROSPERO CRD42015020832.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paulo Roberto Carvalho do Nascimento
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 43 Bruyère Street, Ottawa, ON K1N5C8 Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
| | - Stéphane Poitras
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 43 Bruyère Street, Ottawa, ON K1N5C8 Canada
| | - Martin Bilodeau
- School of Rehabilitation Sciences, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, 43 Bruyère Street, Ottawa, ON K1N5C8 Canada
- Bruyère Research Institute, Ottawa, ON Canada
- School of Human Kinetics, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON Canada
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82
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Relationship between Joint Position Sense, Force Sense, and Muscle Strength and the Impact of Gymnastic Training on Proprioception. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2018; 2018:5353242. [PMID: 29670901 PMCID: PMC5835294 DOI: 10.1155/2018/5353242] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 01/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
The aims of this study were (1) to assess the relationship between joint position (JPS) and force sense (FS) and muscle strength (MS) and (2) to evaluate the impact of long-term gymnastic training on particular proprioception aspects and their correlations. 17 elite adult gymnasts and 24 untrained, matched controls performed an active reproduction (AR) and passive reproduction (PR) task and a force reproduction (FR) task at the elbow joint. Intergroup differences and the relationship between JPS, FS, and MS were evaluated. While there was no difference in AR or PR between groups, absolute error in the control group was higher during the PR task (7.15 ± 2.72°) than during the AR task (3.1 ± 1.93°). Mean relative error in the control group was 61% higher in the elbow extensors than in the elbow flexors during 50% FR, while the gymnast group had similar results in both reciprocal muscles. There was no linear correlation between JPS and FS in either group; however, FR was negatively correlated with antagonist MS. In conclusion, this study found no evidence for a relationship between the accuracy of FS and JPS at the elbow joint. Long-term gymnastic training improves the JPS and FS of the elbow extensors.
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83
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van der Zwaard S, van der Laarse WJ, Weide G, Bloemers FW, Hofmijster MJ, Levels K, Noordhof DA, de Koning JJ, de Ruiter CJ, Jaspers RT. Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: an integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body. FASEB J 2018; 32:2110-2123. [PMID: 29217665 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201700827r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Optimizing physical performance is a major goal in current physiology. However, basic understanding of combining high sprint and endurance performance is currently lacking. This study identifies critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance using multiple regression analyses of physiologic determinants at different biologic levels. Cyclists, including 6 international sprint, 8 team pursuit, and 14 road cyclists, completed a Wingate test and 15-km time trial to obtain sprint and endurance performance results, respectively. Performance was normalized to lean body mass2/3 to eliminate the influence of body size. Performance determinants were obtained from whole-body oxygen consumption, blood sampling, knee-extensor maximal force, muscle oxygenation, whole-muscle morphology, and muscle fiber histochemistry of musculus vastus lateralis. Normalized sprint performance was explained by percentage of fast-type fibers and muscle volume ( R2 = 0.65; P < 0.001) and normalized endurance performance by performance oxygen consumption ( V̇o2), mean corpuscular hemoglobin concentration, and muscle oxygenation ( R2 = 0.92; P < 0.001). Combined sprint and endurance performance was explained by gross efficiency, performance V̇o2, and likely by muscle volume and fascicle length ( P = 0.056; P = 0.059). High performance V̇o2 related to a high oxidative capacity, high capillarization × myoglobin, and small physiologic cross-sectional area ( R2 = 0.67; P < 0.001). Results suggest that fascicle length and capillarization are important targets for training to optimize sprint and endurance performance simultaneously.-Van der Zwaard, S., van der Laarse, W. J., Weide, G., Bloemers, F. W., Hofmijster, M. J., Levels, K., Noordhof, D. A., de Koning, J. J., de Ruiter, C. J., Jaspers, R. T. Critical determinants of combined sprint and endurance performance: an integrative analysis from muscle fiber to the human body.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephan van der Zwaard
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Willem J van der Laarse
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and VU University Medical Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Guido Weide
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Frank W Bloemers
- Department of Physiology, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands; and
| | - Mathijs J Hofmijster
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Koen Levels
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dionne A Noordhof
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jos J de Koning
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Cornelis J de Ruiter
- Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Richard T Jaspers
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Laboratory for Myology, Faculty of Behavioural and Movement Sciences, Vrije Universiteit, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
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85
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Rodríguez-Rosell D, Pareja-Blanco F, Aagaard P, González-Badillo JJ. Physiological and methodological aspects of rate of force development assessment in human skeletal muscle. Clin Physiol Funct Imaging 2017; 38:743-762. [DOI: 10.1111/cpf.12495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- David Rodríguez-Rosell
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Fernando Pareja-Blanco
- Centro de Investigación en Rendimiento Físico y Deportivo, Universidad Pablo de Olavide, Seville, Spain
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, SDU Muscle Research Cluster (SMRC), University of Southern Denmark, Odense, Denmark
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86
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Pantoja PD, Saez DE Villarreal E, Brisswalter J, Peyré-Tartaruga LA, Morin JB. Sprint Acceleration Mechanics in Masters Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:2469-2476. [PMID: 27414690 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The best sprint performances are usually reached between the ages of 20 and 30 yr; however, even in well-trained individuals, performance continues to decrease with age. Although this inevitable decrease in performance has been related to reductions in muscular force, velocity, and power capabilities, these measures have not been assessed in the specific context of sprinting. The aim of this study was to investigate the mechanical outputs of sprinting acceleration among masters sprinters to better understand the mechanical underpinnings of the age-related decrease in sprint performance. METHODS The study took place during an international masters competition, with testing performed at the end of the warm-up for official sprint races. Horizontal ground reaction force, velocity, mechanical power outputs, and mechanical effectiveness of force application were estimated from running velocity-time data during a 30-m sprint acceleration in 27 male sprinters (39-96 yr). Data were presented in the form of age-related changes and compared with elite young sprinters data. RESULTS Maximal force, velocity, and power outputs decreased linearly with age (all r > 0.84, P < 0.001), at a rate of ~1% per year. Maximal power of the oldest subject tested was approximately one-ninth of that of younger world-class sprinters (3.57 vs 32.1 W·kg). Although the maximal effectiveness of horizontal force application also decreased with age, its decrease with increasing velocity within the sprint acceleration was not age dependent. CONCLUSIONS In addition to lower neuromuscular force, velocity, and power outputs, masters sprinters had a comparatively lower effectiveness of force application, especially at the beginning of the sprint.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patricia D Pantoja
- 1Exercise Research Laboratory, School of Physical Education, Physical Therapy and Dance, Federal University of Rio Grande do Sul, Porto Alegre, BRAZIL; 2Faculty of Sport Sciences, University Pablo de Olavide, Sevilla, SPAIN; and 3Laboratory of Human Motricity, Education Sport and Health, University of Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, FRANCE
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Suominen TH, Korhonen MT, Alén M, Heinonen A, Mero A, Törmäkangas T, Suominen H. Effects of a 20-week high-intensity strength and sprint training program on tibial bone structure and strength in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes: a randomized controlled trial. Osteoporos Int 2017. [PMID: 28623425 DOI: 10.1007/s00198-017-4107-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED This randomized, controlled, high-intensity strength and sprint training trial in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes showed significant improvements in mid-tibial structure and strength. The study reveals the adaptability of aging bone, suggesting that through a novel, intensive training stimulus it is possible to strengthen bones during aging. INTRODUCTION High-load, high-speed and impact-type exercise may be an efficient way of improving bone strength even in old age. We evaluated the effects of combined strength and sprint training on indices of bone health in competitive masters athletes, who serve as a group of older people who are likely to be able to participate in vigorous exercise of this kind. METHODS Seventy-two men (age 40-85) were randomized into an experimental (EX, n = 40) and a control (CTRL, n = 32) group. EX participated in a 20-week program combining heavy and explosive strength exercises with sprint training. CTRL maintained their usual, run-based sprint training schedules. Bone structural, strength and densitometric parameters were assessed by peripheral QCT at the distal tibia and tibial midshaft. RESULTS The intervention had no effects on distal tibia bone traits. At the mid-tibia, the mean difference in the change in cortical thickness (ThCO) in EX compared to CTRL was 2.0% (p = 0.007). The changes in structure and strength were more pronounced in the most compliant athletes (training adherence >75%). Compared to CTRL, total and cortical cross-sectional area, ThCO, and the area and density-weighted moments of inertia for the direction of the smallest flexural rigidity (I minA , I minD ) increased in EX by 1.6-3.2% (p = 0.023-0.006). Polar mass distribution analysis revealed increased BMC at the anteromedial site, whereas vBMD decreased (p = 0.035-0.043). CONCLUSIONS Intensive strength and sprint training improves mid-tibia structure and strength in middle-aged and older male sprint athletes, suggesting that in the presence of high-intensity loading exercise, the adaptability of the bone structure is maintained during aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- T H Suominen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland.
| | - M T Korhonen
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - M Alén
- Department of Medical Rehabilitation, Oulu University Hospital and Center for Life Course Health Research, University of Oulu, Oulu, Finland
| | - A Heinonen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - A Mero
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - T Törmäkangas
- Gerontology Research Center, Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - H Suominen
- Faculty of Sport and Health Sciences, University of Jyväskylä, Jyväskylä, Finland
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Muscular fatigue in response to different modalities of CrossFit sessions. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0181855. [PMID: 28753624 PMCID: PMC5533437 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0181855] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2016] [Accepted: 07/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
Background CrossFit is a new strength and conditioning regimen involving short intense daily workouts called workouts of the day (WOD). This study assesses muscular fatigue levels induced by the three modalities of CrossFit WOD; gymnastics (G), metabolic conditioning (M) and weightlifting (W). Material and methods 34 healthy subjects undertook three WOD (one per week): a G WOD consisting of completing the highest number of sets of 5 pull-ups, 10 push-ups and 15 air squats in 20 min; an M WOD, in which the maximum number of double skipping rope jumps was executed in 8 sets (20 s), resting (10 s) between sets; and finally, a W WOD in which the maximum number of power cleans was executed in 5 min, lifting a load equivalent to 40% of the individual's 1RM. Before and after each WOD, blood lactate concentrations were measured. Also, before, during, and after each WOD, muscular fatigue was assessed in a countermovement jump test (CMJ). Results Significant reductions were produced in the mechanical variables jump height, average power and maximum velocity in response to G; and in jump height, mean and peak power, maximum velocity and maximum force in response to W (P<0.01). However, in M, significant reductions in mechanical variables were observed between pre- and mid session (after sets 2, 4, 6 and 8), but not between pre- and post session. Conclusions Muscular fatigue, reflected by reduced CMJ variables, was produced following the G and W sessions, while recovery of this fatigue was observed at the end of M, likely attributable to rest intervals allowing for the recovery of phosphocreatine stores. Our findings also suggest that the high intensity and volume of exercise in G and W WODs could lead to reduced muscular-tendon stiffness causing a loss of jump ability, related here to a longer isometric phase during the CMJ.
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GERSTNER GENAR, THOMPSON BRENNANJ, ROSENBERG JOSEPHG, SOBOLEWSKI ERICJ, SCHARVILLE MICHAELJ, RYAN ERICD. Neural and Muscular Contributions to the Age-Related Reductions in Rapid Strength. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 49:1331-1339. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000001231] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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90
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Dawes JJ, Orr RM, Flores RR, Lockie RG, Kornhauser C, Holmes R. A physical fitness profile of state highway patrol officers by gender and age. Ann Occup Environ Med 2017; 29:16. [PMID: 28588897 PMCID: PMC5455072 DOI: 10.1186/s40557-017-0173-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Accepted: 05/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Law enforcement officers perform physically demanding tasks that generally remain constant as they age. However, there is limited population-specific research on age, gender and normative fitness values for law enforcement officers as opposed to those of the general population. The purpose of this study was to profile the current level of fitness for highway patrol officers based on age and gender and provide percentile ranking charts unique to this population. METHODS Retrospective data for six-hundred and thirty-one state troopers (♂ = 597; mean age = 39.52 ± 8.09 yrs; mean height = 180.72 ± 7.06 cm; mean weight = 93.66 ± 15.72 kg: ♀ = 34; mean age = 36.20 ± 8.45 years; mean height = 169.62 ± 6.65 cm; mean weight = 74.02 ± 14.91 kg) collected in 2014-2015 were provided for analysis. Data included demographic (age), anthropometric (height and weight), and select fitness (VJ, push-ups, sit ups, isometric leg/back strength, isometric grip strength and 20 m shuttle run test) information. RESULTS There were generally significant differences between genders for all anthropometric and fitness measures, most consistently in the 30-39 age groups. While there was a general decline in push-up and shuttle run performance in female officers, these results did not reach significance. For male officers, there were significant differences between the 20-29 year-old age group and the 30-39, 40-49 and 50-59 year-old groups with the younger group performing better in VJ, push-ups, sit ups and number of shuttle runs than the older groups. There were no differences in isometric grip strength and leg back dynamometer measures between age groups. CONCLUSION Male officers tended to be heavier, taller and perform significantly better than female officers in all measures bar sit-ups. While there appeared to be a general decline in certain physical characteristics across genders with increasing age the notable differences were between the youngest male age group (20-29 years) and all other male age groups with a potential reason being the lack of fitness requirements once typically younger cadets leave the academy. Percentile rankings for the assessed measures were found to have elements very specific to this population when compared to the general population and those provided in this paper can be used to inform future profiling and research in this population.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Jay Dawes
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA.,Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, 4226 QLD Australia
| | - Robin M Orr
- Tactical Research Unit, Bond University, Robina, Gold Coast, 4226 QLD Australia
| | - Richard R Flores
- Department of Health Sciences, University of Colorado Colorado Springs, 1420 Austin Bluffs Pkwy, Colorado Springs, CO 80918 USA
| | - Robert G Lockie
- Department of Kinesiology, Cal State Fullerton University, 800 N. State College Blvd., Fullerton, CA 92834 USA
| | - Charlie Kornhauser
- Colorado State Highway Patrol, Training Academy, 700 Kipling Street, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA
| | - Ryan Holmes
- Colorado State Highway Patrol, Training Academy, 700 Kipling Street, Lakewood, CO 80215 USA
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91
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Nikolaidou ME, Marzilger R, Bohm S, Mersmann F, Arampatzis A. Operating length and velocity of human M. vastus lateralis fascicles during vertical jumping. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2017; 4:170185. [PMID: 28573027 PMCID: PMC5451828 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.170185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Accepted: 03/28/2017] [Indexed: 06/01/2023]
Abstract
Humans achieve greater jump height during a counter-movement jump (CMJ) than in a squat jump (SJ). However, the crucial difference is the mean mechanical power output during the propulsion phase, which could be determined by intrinsic neuro-muscular mechanisms for power production. We measured M. vastus lateralis (VL) fascicle length changes and activation patterns and assessed the force-length, force-velocity and power-velocity potentials during the jumps. Compared with the SJ, the VL fascicles operated on a more favourable portion of the force-length curve (7% greater force potential, i.e. fraction of VL maximum force according to the force-length relationship) and more disadvantageous portion of the force-velocity curve (11% lower force potential, i.e. fraction of VL maximum force according to the force-velocity relationship) in the CMJ, indicating a reciprocal effect of force-length and force-velocity potentials for force generation. The higher muscle activation (15%) could therefore explain the moderately greater jump height (5%) in the CMJ. The mean fascicle-shortening velocity in the CMJ was closer to the plateau of the power-velocity curve, which resulted in a greater (15%) power-velocity potential (i.e. fraction of VL maximum power according to the power-velocity relationship). Our findings provide evidence for a cumulative effect of three different mechanisms-i.e. greater force-length potential, greater power-velocity potential and greater muscle activity-for an advantaged power production in the CMJ contributing to the marked difference in mean mechanical power (56%) compared with SJ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Elissavet Nikolaidou
- School of Physical Education and Sport Science, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Robert Marzilger
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sebastian Bohm
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Falk Mersmann
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
| | - Adamantios Arampatzis
- Department of Training and Movement Sciences, Humboldt-Universität zu Berlin, Berlin, Germany
- Berlin School of Movement Science, Berlin, Germany
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92
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Palmer TB, Thiele RM, Thompson BJ. Age-Related Differences in Maximal and Rapid Torque Characteristics of the Hip Extensors and Dynamic Postural Balance in Healthy, Young and Old Females. J Strength Cond Res 2017; 31:480-488. [PMID: 27227788 DOI: 10.1519/jsc.0000000000001503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Palmer, TB, Thiele, RM, and Thompson, BJ. Age-related differences in maximal and rapid torque characteristics of the hip extensors and dynamic postural balance in healthy, young and old females. J Strength Cond Res 31(2): 480-488, 2017-The purpose of this study was to examine age-related differences in maximal and rapid torque characteristics of the hip extensor muscles and dynamic postural balance in healthy, young and older females. Eleven younger (age, 26 ± 8 years) and 11 older (age, 67 ± 8 years) females performed 2 isometric maximal voluntary contractions (MVCs) of the hip extensor muscles. Absolute and relative peak torque (PT) and rate of torque development (RTD) at early (0-50 ms) and late (0-200 ms) phases of muscle contraction were examined during each MVC. Dynamic postural balance was assessed using a commercially designed balance testing device, which provides a measurement of dynamic stability based on the overall stability index (OSI). Results indicated that absolute PT and early (RTD50) and late (RTD200) RTD variables were lower (p = 0.009-0.050), and postural OSI was higher (p = 0.011) in the old compared with the younger females; however, no differences were observed for relative PT or RTD variables (p = 0.113-0.895). A significant relationship was also observed in the older (r = -0.601; p = 0.050) but not the younger (r = -0.132; p = 0.698) females between RTD50 and OSI. The lower absolute PT and RTD and higher OSI values for the old females may contribute to the increased functional limitations often observed in older adults. The significant relationship observed in the older females between OSI and RTD50 perhaps suggests that these age-related declines in explosive strength may be an important characteristic relevant to dynamic balance scores, especially in older populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ty B Palmer
- 1Department of Kinesiology and Sport Management, Texas Tech University, Lubbock, Texas; 2Department of Food, Nutrition, Dietetics and Health, Kansas Sate University, Manhattan, Kansas; and 3Department of Kinesiology and Health Science, Utah State University, Logan, Utah
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93
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Gacesa J. Anaerobic Strength and Power in Master Athletes. Sports Med Int Open 2017; 1:E30-E36. [PMID: 30539083 DOI: 10.1055/s-0042-123695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 11/29/2016] [Accepted: 12/01/2016] [Indexed: 10/20/2022] Open
Abstract
AbstractThe study compared anaerobic capacity and power in master athletes of different ages, and correlated 2 different anaerobic tests. The study was conducted on 60 male athletes: group I 30–35 years (n1=35, age 32.23±1.53 y), group II 35–45 years (n2=15, age 39.17±3.60 y), group III above 46 years (n3=10, age 52.13±4.50 y). The Wingate anaerobic test and ergometry of elbow flexors, elbow extensors, and knee extensors were performed. Average peak anaerobic power (PP) in group I was 692.94±216.53 W, in group II 593.40±185.91 W, non-significantly lower by 14.4% (p>0.05). In group III, PP was 381.50±117.62 W, significantly lower by 44.9% when compared with group I (p≤0.001). Ergometry parameter of muscle strength and power showed greater decline with age (up to 32.3%) in comparison with contraction velocity (up to 14.1%). Significant correlation was registered between PP and ergometric parameter power for knee extensors (KE) (PP/KE power: r was 0.59 in group I, 0.85 in group II, and 0.90 in group III, p≤0.05). Master athletes represent an interesting population for studying the chronic effects of physical activity on functional capacity changes during ageing. Strength parameters “age” in different fashion, because the contraction velocity parameter is less influenced than strength by the muscle alterations with increasing age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jelena Gacesa
- Laboratory for functional diagnostics, Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Faculty of Sport and Physical Education, University of Novi Sad
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94
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Dubé JJ, Broskey NT, Despines AA, Stefanovic-Racic M, Toledo FGS, Goodpaster BH, Amati F. Muscle Characteristics and Substrate Energetics in Lifelong Endurance Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2017; 48:472-80. [PMID: 26460630 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000789] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The goal of this study was to explore the effect of lifelong aerobic exercise (i.e., chronic training) on skeletal muscle substrate stores (intramyocellular triglyceride [IMTG] and glycogen), skeletal muscle phenotypes, and oxidative capacity (ox), in older endurance-trained master athletes (OA) compared with noncompetitive recreational younger (YA) athletes matched by frequency and mode of training. METHODS Thirteen OA (64.8 ± 4.9 yr) exercising 5 times per week or more were compared with 14 YA (27.8 ± 4.9 yr) males and females. IMTG, glycogen, fiber types, succinate dehydrogenase, and capillarization were measured by immunohistochemistry in vastus lateralis biopsies. Fat-ox and carbohydrate (CHO)-ox were measured by indirect calorimetry before and after an insulin clamp and during a cycle ergometer graded maximal test. RESULTS V˙O2peak was lower in OA than YA. The OA had greater IMTG in all fiber types and lower glycogen stores than YA. This was reflected in greater proportion of type I and less type II fibers in OA. Type I fibers were similar in size, whereas type II fibers were smaller in OA compared with YA. Both groups had similar succinate dehydrogenase content. Numbers of capillaries per fiber were reduced in OA but with a higher number of capillaries per area. Metabolic flexibility and insulin sensitivity were similar in both groups. Exercise metabolic efficiency was higher in OA. At moderate exercise intensities, carbohydrate-ox was lower in OA but with similar Fat-ox. CONCLUSIONS Lifelong exercise is associated with higher IMTG content in all muscle fibers and higher metabolic efficiency during exercise that are not explained by differences in muscle fibers types and other muscle characteristics when comparing older with younger athletes matched by exercise mode and frequency.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Dubé
- 1Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA; and 2Department of Physiology & Institute of Sport Sciences, School of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, SWITZERLAND
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Declining Physical Performance Associates with Serum FasL, miR-21, and miR-146a in Aging Sprinters. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:8468469. [PMID: 28127562 PMCID: PMC5239835 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8468469] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2016] [Revised: 11/02/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Aging is associated with systemic inflammation and cellular apoptosis accelerating physiological dysfunctions. Whether physically active way of life affects these associations is unclear. This study measured the levels of serum inflammatory and apoptotic molecules, their change over 10 years, and their associations with physical performance in sprint-trained male athletes. HsCRP, cell counts, HGB, FasL, miR-21, and miR-146a were measured cross-sectionally (n = 67, 18–90 yrs) and serum FasL, miR-21, and miR-146a and their aging-related associations with physical performance were assessed over a 10-year follow-up (n = 49, 50–90 yrs). The cross-sectional study showed positive age correlations for neutrophils and negative for lymphocytes, red blood cells, HGB, FasL, and miR-146a. During the 10-year follow-up, FasL decreased (P = 0.017) and miR-21 (P < 0.001) and miR-146a (P = 0.005) levels increased. When combining the molecule levels, aging, and physical performance, FasL associated with countermovement jump and bench press (P < 0.001), miR-21 and miR-146a with knee flexion (P = 0.023; P < 0.001), and bench press (P = 0.004; P < 0.001) and miR-146a with sprint performance (P < 0.001). The studied serum molecules changed in an age-dependent manner and were associated with declining physical performance. They have potential as biomarkers of aging-related processes influencing the development of physiological dysfunctions. Further research is needed focusing on the origins and targets of circulating microRNAs to clarify their function in various tissues with aging.
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96
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Discrepancies between Skinned Single Muscle Fibres and Whole Thigh Muscle Function Characteristics in Young and Elderly Human Subjects. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2016; 2016:6206959. [PMID: 28070513 PMCID: PMC5192307 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6206959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2016] [Revised: 09/19/2016] [Accepted: 11/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
We aimed to analyse the mechanical properties of skinned single muscle fibres derived from the vastus lateralis (VL) muscle in relation to those of the whole intact thigh muscle and to compare any difference between young and older adults. Sixteen young men (29.25 ± 4.65 years), 11 older men (71.45 ± 2.94 years), 11 young women (29.64 ± 4.88 years), and 7 older women (67.29 ± 1.70 years) were recruited. In vivo analyses were performed for mechanical properties such as isokinetic performance, isometric torque, and power. Specific force and maximum shortening velocity (Vo) were measured with single muscle fibres. Sex difference showed greater impact on the functional properties of both the whole muscle (p < 0.01) and single muscle fibres than aging (p < 0.05). Sex difference, rather than aging, yielded more remarkable differences in gross mechanical properties in the single muscle fibre study in which significant differences between young men and young women were found only in the cross-sectional area and Vo (p < 0.05). Age and sex differences reflect the mechanical properties of both single muscle fibres and whole thigh muscle, with the whole muscle yielding more prominent functional properties.
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97
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An Age-Related Morphometric Profile of Skeletal Muscle in Healthy Untrained Women. J Clin Med 2016; 5:jcm5110097. [PMID: 27827979 PMCID: PMC5126794 DOI: 10.3390/jcm5110097] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a paucity of data on muscle biopsies in females of mixed ages in terms of age-related changes. Cross sections of autopsy material including the quadriceps femoris and biceps brachii muscles were obtained from 23 healthy women, aged 24–82 years, who had suffered sudden death. We calculated the percentage of the number, and the mean diameter, of type I and type II muscle fibers within the fascicles as well as in their peripheral parts. The number of type II fibers were shown to reduce significantly with age (p < 0.005), especially in the fascicle periphery, but the percentage of type 1 fibers did not alter significantly. It was noted that type II fibers diminished in size with age, indicating a relationship between fiber size and age. This result became more apparent in the fascicle periphery (p < 0.05). In women, type II muscle fibers were seen to reduce in size and number with advancing age. We postulate that regular physical activity can increase the size of type II muscle fibers, thus helping to both prevent and treat age-related muscle loss.
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98
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Hvid LG, Brocca L, Ørtenblad N, Suetta C, Aagaard P, Kjaer M, Bottinelli R, Pellegrino MA. Myosin content of single muscle fibers following short-term disuse and active recovery in young and old healthy men. Exp Gerontol 2016; 87:100-107. [PMID: 27794458 DOI: 10.1016/j.exger.2016.10.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2016] [Revised: 10/05/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Short-term disuse and subsequent recovery affect whole muscle and single myofiber contractile function in young and old. While the loss and recovery of single myofiber specific force (SF) following disuse and rehabilitation has been shown to correlate with alterations in myosin concentrations in young, it is unknown whether similar relationships exist in old. Therefore, the purpose of the present study was to examine the effect of 14days lower limb disuse followed by 28days of active recovery on single muscle fiber myosin content in old (68yrs) and young (24yrs) recreationally physically active healthy men. Following disuse, myosin content decreased (p<0.05) in MHC 1 (young -28%, old -19%) and 2a fibers (young -23%, old -32%). In old, myosin content decreased more (p<0.05) in MHC 2a vs 1 fibers. Following recovery, myosin content increased (p<0.05) and returned to pre-disuse levels for both young and old in both fiber types, with MHC 2a fibers demonstrating an overshooting in young (+31%, p<0.05) but not old. Strong correlations were observed between myosin content and single fiber SF in both young and old, with greater slope steepness in MHC 2a vs 1 fibers indicating an enhanced intrinsic contractile capacity of MHC 2a fibers. In conclusion, adaptive changes in myofiber myosin content appear to occur rapidly following brief periods of disuse (2wks) and after subsequent active recovery (4wks) in young and old, which contribute to alterations in contractile function at the single muscle fiber level. Changes in myosin content appear to occur independently of age, while influenced by fiber type (MHC isoform) in young but not old.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lars G Hvid
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark.
| | - Lorenza Brocca
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Italy
| | - Niels Ørtenblad
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark; Swedish Winter Sports Research Centre, Department of Health Sciences, Mid Sweden University, Sweden
| | - Charlotte Suetta
- Department of Clinical Physiology, Nuclear Medicine and PET, Rigshospitalet Glostrup, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Per Aagaard
- Department of Sports Science and Clinical Biomechanics, University of Southern Denmark (SDU), Denmark
| | - Michael Kjaer
- Institute of Sports Medicine, Copenhagen and Center of Healthy Aging, Bispebjerg Hospital, University of Copenhagen, Denmark
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PANTOJA PATRÍCIADIAS, MORIN JEANBENOIT, PEYRÉ-TARTARUGA LEONARDOALEXANDRE, BRISSWALTER JEANICK. Running Energy Cost and Spring-Mass Behavior in Young versus Older Trained Athletes. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1779-86. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000959] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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100
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Grosicki GJ, Standley RA, Murach KA, Raue U, Minchev K, Coen PM, Newman AB, Cummings S, Harris T, Kritchevsky S, Goodpaster BH, Trappe S. Improved single muscle fiber quality in the oldest-old. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 121:878-884. [PMID: 27516537 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00479.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Accepted: 08/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
We examined single muscle fiber contractile function of the oldest-old (3F/2M, 89 ± 1 yr old) enrolled in The Health, Aging, and Body Composition Study (The Health ABC Study). Vastus lateralis muscle biopsies were obtained and single muscle fiber function was determined (n = 105) prior to myosin heavy chain (MHC) isoform identification with sodium dodecyl sulfate-polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis. Cross-sectional area of MHC I muscle fibers (5,576 ± 333 μm2; n = 58) was 21% larger (P < 0.05) than MHC IIa fibers (4,518 ± 386 μm2; n = 47). Normalized power (an indicator of muscle fiber quality incorporating size, strength, and speed) of MHC I and IIa muscle fibers was 2.3 ± 0.1 and 17.4 ± 0.8 W/l, respectively. Compared with previous research from our lab using identical procedures, MHC I normalized power was 28% higher than healthy 20 yr olds and similar to younger octogenarians (∼80 yr old). Normalized power of MHC IIa fibers was 63% greater than 20 yr olds and 39% greater than younger octogenarians. These comparative data suggest that power output per unit size (i.e., muscle quality) of remaining muscle fibers improves with age, a phenomenon more pronounced in MHC IIa fibers. Age-related single muscle fiber quality improvements may be a compensatory mechanism to help offset decrements in whole muscle function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Greg J Grosicki
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Robert A Standley
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, Florida
| | - Kevin A Murach
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Ulrika Raue
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Kiril Minchev
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana
| | - Paul M Coen
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, Florida
| | - Anne B Newman
- Center for Aging and Population Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - Steven Cummings
- California Pacific Medical Center Research Institute, San Francisco, California
| | - Tamara Harris
- Laboratory of Epidemiology and Population Sciences, National Institute on Aging, Bethesda, Maryland; and
| | - Stephen Kritchevsky
- Sticht Center on Aging, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Bret H Goodpaster
- Translational Research Institute for Metabolism and Diabetes, Orlando, Florida
| | - Scott Trappe
- Human Performance Laboratory, Ball State University, Muncie, Indiana;
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