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Rendell RA, Prout J, Costello JT, Massey HC, Tipton MJ, Young JS, Corbett J. Effects of 10 days of separate heat and hypoxic exposure on heat acclimation and temperate exercise performance. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2017; 313:R191-R201. [DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00103.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2017] [Revised: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 06/05/2017] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Adaptations to heat and hypoxia are typically studied in isolation but are often encountered in combination. Whether the adaptive response to multiple stressors affords the same response as when examined in isolation is unclear. We examined 1) the influence of overnight moderate normobaric hypoxia on the time course and magnitude of adaptation to daily heat exposure and 2) whether heat acclimation (HA) was ergogenic and whether this was influenced by an additional hypoxic stimulus. Eight males [V̇o2max = 58.5 (8.3) ml·kg−1·min−1] undertook two 11-day HA programs (balanced-crossover design), once with overnight normobaric hypoxia (HAHyp): 8 (1) h per night for 10 nights [[Formula: see text] = 0.156; SpO2 = 91 (2)%] and once without (HACon). Days 1, 6, and 11 were exercise-heat stress tests [HST (40°C, 50% relative humidity, RH)]; days 2–5 and 7–10 were isothermal strain [target rectal temperature (Tre) ~38.5°C], exercise-heat sessions. A graded exercise test and 30-min cycle trial were undertaken pre-, post-, and 14 days after HA in temperate normoxia (22°C, 55% RH; FIO2 = 0.209). HA was evident on day 6 (e.g., reduced Tre, mean skin temperature (T̄sk), heart rate, and sweat [Na+], P < 0.05) with additional adaptations on day 11 (further reduced T̄sk and heart rate). HA increased plasma volume [+5.9 (7.3)%] and erythropoietin concentration [+1.8 (2.4) mIU/ml]; total hemoglobin mass was unchanged. Peak power output [+12 (20) W], lactate threshold [+15 (18) W] and work done [+12 (20) kJ] increased following HA. The additional hypoxic stressor did not affect these adaptations. In conclusion, a separate moderate overnight normobaric hypoxic stimulus does not affect the time course or magnitude of HA. Performance may be improved in temperate normoxia following HA, but this is unaffected by an additional hypoxic stressor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecca A. Rendell
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jamie Prout
- School of Physical Education, Sport and Exercise Science, Division of Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand; and
| | - Joseph T. Costello
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Heather C. Massey
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Michael J. Tipton
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - John S. Young
- School of Pharmacy and Biomedical Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
| | - Jo Corbett
- Department of Sport and Exercise Science, Faculty of Science, University of Portsmouth, Portsmouth, United Kingdom
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Hypoxic dose, intensity distribution, and fatigue monitoring are paramount for "live high-train low". Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2121-2122. [PMID: 28664345 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3665-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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Hypoxic dose, intensity distribution, and fatigue monitoring are paramount for "live high-train low" effectiveness. Eur J Appl Physiol 2017; 117:2119-2120. [PMID: 28664344 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-017-3664-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2017] [Accepted: 06/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
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De Smet S, van Herpt P, D'Hulst G, Van Thienen R, Van Leemputte M, Hespel P. Physiological Adaptations to Hypoxic vs. Normoxic Training during Intermittent Living High. Front Physiol 2017; 8:347. [PMID: 28620311 PMCID: PMC5449743 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2017.00347] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
In the setting of “living high,” it is unclear whether high-intensity interval training (HIIT) should be performed “low” or “high” to stimulate muscular and performance adaptations. Therefore, 10 physically active males participated in a 5-week “live high-train low or high” program (TR), whilst eight subjects were not engaged in any altitude or training intervention (CON). Five days per week (~15.5 h per day), TR was exposed to normobaric hypoxia simulating progressively increasing altitude of ~2,000–3,250 m. Three times per week, TR performed HIIT, administered as unilateral knee-extension training, with one leg in normobaric hypoxia (~4,300 m; TRHYP) and with the other leg in normoxia (TRNOR). “Living high” elicited a consistent elevation in serum erythropoietin concentrations which adequately predicted the increase in hemoglobin mass (r = 0.78, P < 0.05; TR: +2.6%, P < 0.05; CON: −0.7%, P > 0.05). Muscle oxygenation during training was lower in TRHYP vs. TRNOR (P < 0.05). Muscle homogenate buffering capacity and pH-regulating protein abundance were similar between pretest and posttest. Oscillations in muscle blood volume during repeated sprints, as estimated by oscillations in NIRS-derived tHb, increased from pretest to posttest in TRHYP (~80%, P < 0.01) but not in TRNOR (~50%, P = 0.08). Muscle capillarity (~15%) as well as repeated-sprint ability (~8%) and 3-min maximal performance (~10–15%) increased similarly in both legs (P < 0.05). Maximal isometric strength increased in TRHYP (~8%, P < 0.05) but not in TRNOR (~4%, P > 0.05). In conclusion, muscular and performance adaptations were largely similar following normoxic vs. hypoxic HIIT. However, hypoxic HIIT stimulated adaptations in isometric strength and muscle perfusion during intermittent sprinting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefan De Smet
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Paul van Herpt
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Gommaar D'Hulst
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Ruud Van Thienen
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Marc Van Leemputte
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Hespel
- Department of Kinesiology, Exercise Physiology Research Group, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium.,Athletic Performance Center, Bakala Academy, KU LeuvenLeuven, Belgium
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Constantini K, Wilhite DP, Chapman RF. A Clinician Guide to Altitude Training for Optimal Endurance Exercise Performance at Sea Level. High Alt Med Biol 2017; 18:93-101. [PMID: 28453305 DOI: 10.1089/ham.2017.0020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Constantini, Keren, Daniel P. Wilhite, and Robert F. Chapman. A clinician guide to altitude training for optimal endurance exercise performance at sea level. High Alt Med Biol. 18:93-101, 2017.-For well over 50 years, endurance athletes have been utilizing altitude training in an effort to enhance performance in sea level competition. This brief review will offer the clinician a series of evidence-based best-practice guidelines on prealtitude and altitude training considerations, which can ultimately maximize performance improvement outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Keren Constantini
- HH Morris Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Daniel P Wilhite
- HH Morris Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana
| | - Robert F Chapman
- HH Morris Human Performance Laboratory, Department of Kinesiology, Indiana University , Bloomington, Indiana
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Intermittent hypoxia revisited: a promising non-pharmaceutical strategy to reduce cardio-metabolic risk factors? Sleep Breath 2017; 22:267-271. [DOI: 10.1007/s11325-017-1459-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2016] [Revised: 12/06/2016] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Abstract
CONTEXT Athletes at different skill levels perform strenuous physical activity at high altitude for a variety of reasons. Multiple team and endurance events are held at high altitude and may place athletes at increased risk for developing acute high altitude illness (AHAI). Training at high altitude has been a routine part of preparation for some of the high level athletes for a long time. There is a general belief that altitude training improves athletic performance for competitive and recreational athletes. EVIDENCE ACQUISITION A review of relevant publications between 1980 and 2015 was completed using PubMed and Google Scholar. STUDY DESIGN Clinical review. LEVEL OF EVIDENCE Level 3. RESULTS AHAI is a relatively uncommon and potentially serious condition among travelers to altitudes above 2500 m. The broad term AHAI includes several syndromes such as acute mountain sickness (AMS), high altitude pulmonary edema (HAPE), and high altitude cerebral edema (HACE). Athletes may be at higher risk for developing AHAI due to faster ascent and more vigorous exertion compared with nonathletes. Evidence regarding the effects of altitude training on athletic performance is weak. The natural live high, train low altitude training strategy may provide the best protocol for enhancing endurance performance in elite and subelite athletes. High altitude sports are generally safe for recreational athletes, but they should be aware of their individual risks. CONCLUSION Individualized and appropriate acclimatization is an essential component of injury and illness prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Morteza Khodaee
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
- Morteza Khodaee, MD, MPH, Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, AFW Clinic, 3055 Roslyn Street, Denver, CO 80238 ()
| | - Heather L. Grothe
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Jonathan H. Seyfert
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
| | - Karin VanBaak
- Department of Family Medicine, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Denver, Colorado
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Bădău D, Bacârea A, Ungur RN, Bădău A, Martoma AM. Biochemical and functional modifications in biathlon athletes at medium altitude training / Modificările biochimice și funcționale ale atleților biatloniști după antrenament la altitudine medie. REV ROMANA MED LAB 2016. [DOI: 10.1515/rrlm-2016-0008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Abstract
Objective: The aim of our research was to identify physiological and biochemical changes induced by training at medium altitude.
Methods: Ten biathlon athletes underwent 28-day training camp at medium altitude in order to improve their aerobic effort, following the living high-base train high-interval train low (Hi-Hi-Lo) protocol. There were investigated three categories of functional and biochemical parameters, targeting the hematological changes (RBC, HCT, HGB), the oxidative (lipoperoxid, free malondialdehyde and total malondialdehyde) and antioxidative balance (the hydrogen donor capacity, ceruloplasmin and uric acid) and the capacity of effort (the maximum aerobic power, the cardiovascular economy in effort, the maximum O2 consumption).
Results: All the biochemical and functional evaluated parameters showed significant increases between the pre-training testing and post-training testing (5.13 ± 0.11 vs. 6.50 ± 0.09, p < 0.0001 for RBC; 44.80 ± 1.22 vs. 51.31 ± 2.31, p < 0.0001 for HCT; 15.06 ± 0.33 vs. 17.14 ± 0.25, p < 0.0001 for HGB; 1.32 ± 0.04 vs.1.62 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001 for LPx; 1.61 ± 0.01 vs. 1.73 ± 0.01, p < 0.0001 for free MDA; 2.98 ± 0.08 vs. 3.37 ± 0.03, p < 0.0001 for total MDA; 45.92 ± 0.13 vs. 57.98 ± 0.12, p < 0.0001 for HD; 25.95 ± 0.13 vs. 31.04 ± 0.06, p < 0.0001 for Crp; 3.47 ± 0.03 vs.7.69 ± 0.02, p < 0.0001 for UA; 63.91 ± 1.00 vs. 81.53 ± 1.97, p < 0.0001 for MAP; 33.13 ± 0.57 vs. 57.41 ± 0.63, p < 0.0001 for CVEE; 4190 ± 50.45 vs. 5945 ± 46.48, p < 0.0001 for VO2max).
Conclusions: Aerobic effort capacity of biathlon athletes has increased in the post-training period, using Hi-Hi-Lo protocol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Bădău
- Department of Human Movement Sciences, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Anca Bacârea
- Department of Pathophysiology, Univeristy of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mureș, Str. Gh. Marinescu, Nr. 5, Tîrgu Mureș, Romania
| | - Ramona Natalia Ungur
- Department of Physical Education, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Adela Bădău
- Department of Physical Education, University of Medicine and Pharmacy Tîrgu Mures, Romania
| | - Alina Mirela Martoma
- Department of Physical Education and Special Motricity, Transilvania University of Brasov, Romania
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Richardson AJ, Relf RL, Saunders A, Gibson OR. Similar Inflammatory Responses following Sprint Interval Training Performed in Hypoxia and Normoxia. Front Physiol 2016; 7:332. [PMID: 27536249 PMCID: PMC4971433 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00332] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sprint interval training (SIT) is an efficient intervention capable of improving aerobic capacity and exercise performance. This experiment aimed to determine differences in training adaptations and the inflammatory responses following 2 weeks of SIT (30 s maximal work, 4 min recovery; 4-7 repetitions) performed in normoxia or hypoxia. Forty-two untrained participants [(mean ± SD), age 21 ±1 years, body mass 72.1 ±11.4 kg, and height 173 ±10 cm] were equally and randomly assigned to one of three groups; control (CONT; no training, n = 14), normoxic (NORM; SIT in FiO2: 0.21, n = 14), and normobaric hypoxic (HYP; SIT in FiO2: 0.15, n = 14). Participants completed a [Formula: see text] test, a time to exhaustion (TTE) trial (power = 80% [Formula: see text]) and had hematological [hemoglobin (Hb), haematocrit (Hct)] and inflammatory markers [interleukin-6 (IL-6), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNFα)] measured in a resting state, pre and post SIT. [Formula: see text] (mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) improved in HYP (+11.9%) and NORM (+9.8%), but not CON (+0.9%). Similarly TTE improved in HYP (+32.2%) and NORM (+33.0%), but not CON (+3.4%) whilst the power at the anaerobic threshold (AT; W.kg(-1)) also improved in HYP (+13.3%) and NORM (+8.0%), but not CON (-0.3%). AT (mL.kg(-1).min(-1)) improved in HYP (+9.5%), but not NORM (+5%) or CON (-0.3%). No between group change occurred in 30 s sprint performance or Hb and Hct. IL-6 increased in HYP (+17.4%) and NORM (+20.1%), but not CON (+1.2%), respectively. TNF-α increased in HYP (+10.8%) NORM (+12.9%) and CON (+3.4%). SIT in HYP and NORM increased [Formula: see text], power at AT and TTE performance in untrained individuals, improvements in AT occurred only when SIT was performed in HYP. Increases in IL-6 and TNFα reflect a training induced inflammatory response to SIT; hypoxic conditions do not exacerbate this.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan J Richardson
- Environmental Extremes Lab, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton Eastbourne, UK
| | - Rebecca L Relf
- Environmental Extremes Lab, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton Eastbourne, UK
| | - Arron Saunders
- Environmental Extremes Lab, Centre for Sport and Exercise Science and Medicine, University of Brighton Eastbourne, UK
| | - Oliver R Gibson
- Centre for Human Performance, Exercise, and Rehabilitation, Brunel University London Uxbridge, UK
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Wehrlin JP, Hauser A, Schmitt L, Troesch S, Saugy JJ, Cejula-Anta R, Faiss R, Robinson N, Millet GP. Response. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2016; 48:1426-7. [DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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61
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Lundby C, Robach P. Does ‘altitude training’ increase exercise performance in elite athletes? Exp Physiol 2016; 101:783-8. [DOI: 10.1113/ep085579] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Accepted: 05/10/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Lundby
- Institute of Physiology; University of Zürich; Zürich Switzerland
| | - Paul Robach
- Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne; site de l'Ecole Nationale de Ski et d'Alpinisme Chamonix France
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Miller DJ, Blum AB, Levine WN, Ahmad CS, Popkin CA. Preparticipation Evaluation of the Young Athlete: What an Orthopaedic Surgeon Needs to Know. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:1605-15. [PMID: 26330569 DOI: 10.1177/0363546515598994] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The preparticipation evaluation (PPE) is a widely used tool for detecting health conditions that may delay or disqualify athletic participation. The medical interview is the most valuable tool for identifying athletes who may be at increased risk for injury. Physical examination is tailored to identifying cardiac abnormalities or factors that may place an athlete at increased risk for injury. Although practiced in Europe, universal cardiac screening with electrocardiography is not currently recommended in the United States largely due to the high rate of false-positive results. Neuropsychological testing for management of concussion and laboratory testing for sickle cell trait may be indicated in select groups of athletes. Health care providers should view the PPE as a chance for anticipatory guidance and athlete-directed health counseling. Despite widespread acceptance of the PPE, the quality of such examinations varies significantly, which is an area for possible improvement and further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel J Miller
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | | | - William N Levine
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Christopher S Ahmad
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
| | - Charles A Popkin
- Center for Shoulder, Elbow and Sports Medicine, Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Columbia University, New York, New York, USA
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63
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Chapman RF, Karlsen T, Ge RL, Stray-Gundersen J, Levine BD. Living altitude influences endurance exercise performance change over time at altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2016; 120:1151-8. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00909.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
For sea level based endurance athletes who compete at low and moderate altitudes, adequate time for acclimatization to altitude can mitigate performance declines. We asked whether it is better for the acclimatizing athlete to live at the specific altitude of competition or at a higher altitude, perhaps for an increased rate of physiological adaptation. After 4 wk of supervised sea level training and testing, 48 collegiate distance runners (32 men, 16 women) were randomly assigned to one of four living altitudes (1,780, 2,085, 2,454, or 2,800 m) where they resided for 4 wk. Daily training for all subjects was completed at a common altitude from 1,250 to 3,000 m. Subjects completed 3,000-m performance trials on the track at sea level, 28 and 6 days before departure, and at 1,780 m on days 5, 12, 19, and 26 of the altitude camp. Groups living at 2,454 and 2,800 m had a significantly larger slowing of performance vs. the 1,780-m group on day 5 at altitude. The 1,780-m group showed no significant change in performance across the 26 days at altitude, while the groups living at 2,085, 2,454, and 2,800 m showed improvements in performance from day 5 to day 19 at altitude but no further improvement at day 26. The data suggest that an endurance athlete competing acutely at 1,780 m should live at the altitude of the competition and not higher. Living ∼300-1,000 m higher than the competition altitude, acute altitude performance may be significantly worse and may require up to 19 days of acclimatization to minimize performance decrements.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Trine Karlsen
- K. G. Jebsen Center of Exercise in Medicine, Department of Circulation and Medical Imaging, Norweigan University of Science and Technology, Trondheim, Norway
| | - R.-L. Ge
- Research Center for High Altitude Medicine, Qinghai University, Qinghai, China
| | | | - Benjamin D. Levine
- Institute for Exercise and Environmental Medicine, Texas Health Presbyterian Dallas, The University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas
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Saugy JJ, Schmitt L, Hauser A, Constantin G, Cejuela R, Faiss R, Wehrlin JP, Rosset J, Robinson N, Millet GP. Same Performance Changes after Live High-Train Low in Normobaric vs. Hypobaric Hypoxia. Front Physiol 2016; 7:138. [PMID: 27148076 PMCID: PMC4835493 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2016.00138] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE We investigated the changes in physiological and performance parameters after a Live High-Train Low (LHTL) altitude camp in normobaric (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) to reproduce the actual training practices of endurance athletes using a crossover-designed study. METHODS Well-trained triathletes (n = 16) were split into two groups and completed two 18-day LTHL camps during which they trained at 1100-1200 m and lived at 2250 m (P i O2 = 111.9 ± 0.6 vs. 111.6 ± 0.6 mmHg) under NH (hypoxic chamber; FiO2 18.05 ± 0.03%) or HH (real altitude; barometric pressure 580.2 ± 2.9 mmHg) conditions. The subjects completed the NH and HH camps with a 1-year washout period. Measurements and protocol were identical for both phases of the crossover study. Oxygen saturation (S p O2) was constantly recorded nightly. P i O2 and training loads were matched daily. Blood samples and VO2max were measured before (Pre-) and 1 day after (Post-1) LHTL. A 3-km running-test was performed near sea level before and 1, 7, and 21 days after training camps. RESULTS Total hypoxic exposure was lower for NH than for HH during LHTL (230 vs. 310 h; P < 0.001). Nocturnal S p O2 was higher in NH than in HH (92.4 ± 1.2 vs. 91.3 ± 1.0%, P < 0.001). VO2max increased to the same extent for NH and HH (4.9 ± 5.6 vs. 3.2 ± 5.1%). No difference was found in hematological parameters. The 3-km run time was significantly faster in both conditions 21 days after LHTL (4.5 ± 5.0 vs. 6.2 ± 6.4% for NH and HH), and no difference between conditions was found at any time. CONCLUSION Increases in VO2max and performance enhancement were similar between NH and HH conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J Saugy
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic CentrePrémanon, France
| | - Anna Hauser
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of SportMagglingen, Switzerland
| | - Guillaume Constantin
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Roberto Cejuela
- Departmental Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante Alicante, Spain
| | - Raphael Faiss
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of SportMagglingen, Switzerland
| | - Jon P Wehrlin
- Section for Elite Sport, Swiss Federal Institute of Sport Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Jérémie Rosset
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University of Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P Millet
- Faculty of Biology and Medicine, Institute of Sport Sciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
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Flaherty G, O'Connor R, Johnston N. Altitude training for elite endurance athletes: A review for the travel medicine practitioner. Travel Med Infect Dis 2016; 14:200-11. [PMID: 27040934 DOI: 10.1016/j.tmaid.2016.03.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 03/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
High altitude training is regarded as an integral component of modern athletic preparation, especially for endurance sports such as middle and long distance running. It has rapidly achieved popularity among elite endurance athletes and their coaches. Increased hypoxic stress at altitude facilitates key physiological adaptations within the athlete, which in turn may lead to improvements in sea-level athletic performance. Despite much research in this area to date, the exact mechanisms which underlie such improvements remain to be fully elucidated. This review describes the current understanding of physiological adaptation to high altitude training and its implications for athletic performance. It also discusses the rationale and main effects of different training models currently employed to maximise performance. Athletes who travel to altitude for training purposes are at risk of suffering the detrimental effects of altitude. Altitude illness, weight loss, immune suppression and sleep disturbance may serve to limit athletic performance. This review provides an overview of potential problems which an athlete may experience at altitude, and offers specific training recommendations so that these detrimental effects are minimised.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gerard Flaherty
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland; School of Medicine, International Medical University, Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia.
| | - Rory O'Connor
- School of Biomedical Science, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Niall Johnston
- School of Medicine, National University of Ireland, Galway, Ireland.
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Siebenmann C, Cathomen A, Hug M, Keiser S, Lundby AK, Hilty MP, Goetze JP, Rasmussen P, Lundby C. Hemoglobin mass and intravascular volume kinetics during and after exposure to 3,454-m altitude. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2015; 119:1194-201. [DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.01121.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
High altitude (HA) exposure facilitates a rapid contraction of plasma volume (PV) and a slower occurring expansion of hemoglobin mass (Hbmass). The kinetics of the Hbmass expansion has never been examined by multiple repeated measurements, and this was our primary study aim. The second aim was to investigate the mechanisms mediating the PV contraction. Nine healthy, normally trained sea-level (SL) residents (8 males, 1 female) sojourned for 28 days at 3,454 m. Hbmass was measured and PV was estimated by carbon monoxide rebreathing at SL, on every 4th day at HA, and 1 and 2 wk upon return to SL. Four weeks at HA increased Hbmass by 5.26% (range 2.5-11.1%; P < 0.001). The individual Hbmass increases commenced with up to 12 days of delay and reached a maximal rate of 4.04 ± 1.02 g/day after 14.9 ± 5.2 days. The probability for Hbmass to plateau increased steeply after 20–24 days. Upon return to SL Hbmass decayed by −2.46 ± 2.3 g/day, reaching values similar to baseline after 2 wk. PV, aldosterone concentration, and renin activity were reduced at HA ( P < 0.001) while the total circulating protein mass remained unaffected. In summary, the Hbmass response to HA exposure followed a sigmoidal pattern with a delayed onset and a plateau after ∼3 wk. The decay rate of Hbmass upon descent to SL did not indicate major changes in the rate of erythrolysis. Moreover, our data support that PV contraction at HA is regulated by the renin-angiotensin-aldosterone axis and not by changes in oncotic pressure.
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Affiliation(s)
- C. Siebenmann
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Department of Environmental Physiology, School of Technology and Health, Royal Institute of Technology, Solna, Sweden
| | - A. Cathomen
- Institute of Human Movement Sciences and Sport, ETH Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M. Hug
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - S. Keiser
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - A. K. Lundby
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - M. P. Hilty
- Intensive Care Unit, University Hospital of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
| | - J. P. Goetze
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Copenhagen, and Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | | | - C. Lundby
- Center for Integrative Human Physiology, Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, Switzerland
- Food and Nutrition and Sport Science, Gothenburg University, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Debevec T, Pialoux V, Saugy J, Schmitt L, Cejuela R, Mury P, Ehrström S, Faiss R, Millet GP. Prooxidant/Antioxidant Balance in Hypoxia: A Cross-Over Study on Normobaric vs. Hypobaric "Live High-Train Low". PLoS One 2015; 10:e0137957. [PMID: 26368280 PMCID: PMC4569469 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0137957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2015] [Accepted: 08/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
"Live High-Train Low" (LHTL) training can alter oxidative status of athletes. This study compared prooxidant/antioxidant balance responses following two LHTL protocols of the same duration and at the same living altitude of 2250 m in either normobaric (NH) or hypobaric (HH) hypoxia. Twenty-four well-trained triathletes underwent the following two 18-day LHTL protocols in a cross-over and randomized manner: Living altitude (PIO2 = 111.9 ± 0.6 vs. 111.6 ± 0.6 mmHg in NH and HH, respectively); training "natural" altitude (~1000-1100 m) and training loads were precisely matched between both LHTL protocols. Plasma levels of oxidative stress [advanced oxidation protein products (AOPP) and nitrotyrosine] and antioxidant markers [ferric-reducing antioxidant power (FRAP), superoxide dismutase (SOD) and catalase], NO metabolism end-products (NOx) and uric acid (UA) were determined before (Pre) and after (Post) the LHTL. Cumulative hypoxic exposure was lower during the NH (229 ± 6 hrs.) compared to the HH (310 ± 4 hrs.; P<0.01) protocol. Following the LHTL, the concentration of AOPP decreased (-27%; P<0.01) and nitrotyrosine increased (+67%; P<0.05) in HH only. FRAP was decreased (-27%; P<0.05) after the NH while was SOD and UA were only increased following the HH (SOD: +54%; P<0.01 and UA: +15%; P<0.01). Catalase activity was increased in the NH only (+20%; P<0.05). These data suggest that 18-days of LHTL performed in either NH or HH differentially affect oxidative status of athletes. Higher oxidative stress levels following the HH LHTL might be explained by the higher overall hypoxic dose and different physiological responses between the NH and HH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tadej Debevec
- Department of Automation, Biocybernetics and Robotics, “Jozef Stefan” Institute, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vincent Pialoux
- Center of Research and Innovation on Sports, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
- Institut Universitaire de France, Paris, France
| | - Jonas Saugy
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic Centre, Prémanon, France
| | - Roberto Cejuela
- Departmental Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Pauline Mury
- Center of Research and Innovation on Sports, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Sabine Ehrström
- Center of Research and Innovation on Sports, University Claude Bernard Lyon 1, Villeurbanne, France
| | - Raphael Faiss
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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68
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Robach P, Bonne T, Flück D, Bürgi S, Toigo M, Jacobs RA, Lundby C. Hypoxic training: effect on mitochondrial function and aerobic performance in hypoxia. Med Sci Sports Exerc 2015; 46:1936-45. [PMID: 24674976 DOI: 10.1249/mss.0000000000000321] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE The effects of hypoxic training on exercise performance remain controversial. Here, we tested the hypotheses that i) hypoxic training possesses ergogenic effects at sea level and altitude and ii) the benefits are primarily mediated by improved mitochondrial function of the skeletal muscle. METHODS We determined aerobic performance (incremental test to exhaustion and time trial for a set amount of work) in moderately trained subjects undergoing 6 wk of endurance training (3-4 times per week, 60 min per session) in normoxia (placebo, n = 8) or normobaric hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.15, n = 9) using a double-blind and randomized design. Exercise tests were performed in normoxia and acute hypoxia (FIO2 = 0.15). Skeletal muscle mitochondrial respiratory capacities and electron coupling efficiencies were measured via high-resolution respirometry. Total hemoglobin mass was assessed by carbon monoxide rebreathing. RESULTS Skeletal muscle respiratory capacity was not altered by training or hypoxia; however, electron coupling control respective to fat oxidation slightly diminished with hypoxic training. Hypoxic training did increase total hemoglobin mass more than the placebo (8.4% vs 3.3%, P = 0.02). In normoxia, hypoxic training had no additive effect on maximal measures of oxygen uptake or time trial performance. In acute hypoxia, hypoxic training conferred no advantage on maximal oxygen uptake but tended to enhance time trial performance more than normoxic training (52% vs 32%, P = 0.09). CONCLUSIONS Our data suggest that, in moderately trained subjects, 6 wk of hypoxic training possesses no ergogenic effect at sea level. It is not excluded that hypoxic training might facilitate endurance capacity at moderate altitude; however, this issue is still open and needs to be further examined.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul Robach
- 1Ecole Nationale des Sports de Montagne, site de l'Ecole Nationale de Ski et d'Alpinisme, Chamonix, FRANCE; 2Department of Exercise and Sport Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, DENMARK; 3Zürich Center for Integrative Human Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, SWITZERLAND; 4Institute of Physiology, University of Zürich, Zürich, SWITZERLAND; and 5Exercise Physiology, Institute of Human Movement Sciences, Eidgenössische Technische Hochschule Zürich, Zürich, SWITZERLAND
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69
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Birzniece V. Doping in sport: effects, harm and misconceptions. Intern Med J 2015; 45:239-48. [DOI: 10.1111/imj.12629] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/26/2014] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. Birzniece
- School of Medicine; University of Western Sydney; Sydney New South Wales Australia
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70
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Saugy JJ, Schmitt L, Cejuela R, Faiss R, Hauser A, Wehrlin JP, Rudaz B, Delessert A, Robinson N, Millet GP. Comparison of "Live High-Train Low" in normobaric versus hypobaric hypoxia. PLoS One 2014; 9:e114418. [PMID: 25517507 PMCID: PMC4269399 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0114418] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2014] [Accepted: 11/10/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
We investigated the changes in both performance and selected physiological parameters following a Live High-Train Low (LHTL) altitude camp in either normobaric hypoxia (NH) or hypobaric hypoxia (HH) replicating current "real" practices of endurance athletes. Well-trained triathletes were split into two groups (NH, n = 14 and HH, n = 13) and completed an 18-d LHTL camp during which they trained at 1100-1200 m and resided at an altitude of 2250 m (PiO2 = 121.7±1.2 vs. 121.4±0.9 mmHg) under either NH (hypoxic chamber; FiO2 15.8±0.8%) or HH (real altitude; barometric pressure 580±23 mmHg) conditions. Oxygen saturations (SpO2) were recorded continuously daily overnight. PiO2 and training loads were matched daily. Before (Pre-) and 1 day after (Post-) LHTL, blood samples, VO2max, and total haemoglobin mass (Hb(mass)) were measured. A 3-km running test was performed near sea level twice before, and 1, 7, and 21 days following LHTL. During LHTL, hypoxic exposure was lower for the NH group than for the HH group (220 vs. 300 h; P<0.001). Night SpO2 was higher (92.1±0.3 vs. 90.9±0.3%, P<0.001), and breathing frequency was lower in the NH group compared with the HH group (13.9±2.1 vs. 15.5±1.5 breath.min(-1), P<0.05). Immediately following LHTL, similar increases in VO2max (6.1±6.8 vs. 5.2±4.8%) and Hb(mass) (2.6±1.9 vs. 3.4±2.1%) were observed in NH and HH groups, respectively, while 3-km performance was not improved. However, 21 days following the LHTL intervention, 3-km run time was significantly faster in the HH (3.3±3.6%; P<0.05) versus the NH (1.2±2.9%; ns) group. In conclusion, the greater degree of race performance enhancement by day 21 after an 18-d LHTL camp in the HH group was likely induced by a larger hypoxic dose. However, one cannot rule out other factors including differences in sleeping desaturations and breathing patterns, thus suggesting higher hypoxic stimuli in the HH group.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonas J. Saugy
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Laurent Schmitt
- National School of Mountain Sports/National Ski-Nordic Centre, Prémanon, France
| | - Roberto Cejuela
- Departmental Section of Physical Education and Sports, University of Alicante, Alicante, Spain
| | - Raphael Faiss
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anna Hauser
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Jon P. Wehrlin
- Swiss Federal Institute of Sport, Magglingen, Switzerland
| | - Benjamin Rudaz
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Audric Delessert
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Neil Robinson
- Swiss Laboratory for Doping Analyses, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Grégoire P. Millet
- ISSUL, Institute of Sport Sciences, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Biology and Medicine, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
- * E-mail:
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71
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Scott BR, Slattery KM, Dascombe BJ. Intermittent hypoxic resistance training: does it provide added benefit? Front Physiol 2014; 5:397. [PMID: 25352810 PMCID: PMC4195285 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2014.00397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Brendan R Scott
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
| | - Katie M Slattery
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle Ourimbah, NSW, Australia ; New South Wales Institute of Sport Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Ben J Dascombe
- Applied Sports Science and Exercise Testing Laboratory, Faculty of Science and Information Technology, University of Newcastle Ourimbah, NSW, Australia
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72
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Gore CJ. The challenge of assessing athlete performance after altitude training. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2014; 116:593-4. [PMID: 24436300 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00029.2014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Gore
- Department of Physiology, Australian Institute of Sport, Bruce, Australian Capital Territory, Australia
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