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Abstract
BACKGROUND Recent evidence highlights the reality of unprecedented human exposure to toxic chemical agents found throughout our environment - in our food and water supply, in the air we breathe, in the products we apply to our skin, in the medical and dental materials placed into our bodies, and even within the confines of the womb. With biomonitoring confirming the widespread bioaccumulation of myriad toxicants among population groups, expanding research continues to explore the pathobiological impact of these agents on human metabolism. METHODS This review was prepared by assessing available medical and scientific literature from Medline as well as by reviewing several books, toxicology journals, government publications, and conference proceedings. The format of a traditional integrated review was chosen. RESULTS Toxicant exposure and accrual has been linked to numerous biochemical and pathophysiological mechanisms of harm. Some toxicants effect metabolic disruption via multiple mechanisms. CONCLUSIONS As a primary causative determinant of chronic disease, toxicant exposures induce metabolic disruption in myriad ways, which consequently result in varied clinical manifestations, which are then categorized by health providers into innumerable diagnoses. Chemical disruption of human metabolism has become an etiological determinant of much illness throughout the lifecycle, from neurodevelopmental abnormalities in-utero to dementia in the elderly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stephen J Genuis
- a Faculty of Medicine, University of Alberta , Edmonton , Alberta , Canada
| | - Edmond Kyrillos
- b Department of Family Medicine , Faculty of Medicine, University of Ottawa , Ottawa , Ontario , Canada
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Yoo JM, Yang JH, Kim YS, Yang HJ, Cho WK, Ma JY. Inhibitory Effects of Viscum coloratum Extract on IgE/Antigen-Activated Mast Cells and Mast Cell-Derived Inflammatory Mediator-Activated Chondrocytes. Molecules 2016; 22:molecules22010037. [PMID: 28036032 PMCID: PMC6155826 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22010037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
The accumulation and infiltration of mast cells are found in osteoarthritic lesions in humans and rodents. Nonetheless, the roles of mast cells in osteoarthritis are almost unknown. Although Viscum coloratum has various beneficial actions, its effect on allergic and osteoarthritic responses is unknown. In this study, we established an in vitro model of mast cell-mediated osteoarthritis and investigated the effect of the ethanol extract of Viscum coloratum (VEE) on IgE/antigen (IgE/Ag)-activated mast cells and mast cell-derived inflammatory mediator (MDIM)-stimulated chondrocytes. The anti-allergic effect of VEE was evaluated by degranulation, inflammatory mediators, and the FcεRI signaling cascade in IgE/Ag-activated RBL-2H3 cells. The anti-osteoarthritic action of VEE was evaluated by cell migration, and the expression, secretion, and activity of MMPs in MDIM-stimulated SW1353 cells. VEE significantly inhibited degranulation (IC50: 93.04 μg/mL), the production of IL-4 (IC50: 73.28 μg/mL), TNF-α (IC50: 50.59 μg/mL), PGD2 and LTC4, and activation of the FcεRI signaling cascade in IgE/Ag-activated RBL-2H3 cells. Moreover, VEE not only reduced cell migration but also inhibited the expression, secretion, and/or activity of MMP-1, MMP-3, or MMP-13 in MDIM-stimulated SW1353 cells. In conclusion, VEE possesses both anti-allergic and anti-osteoarthritic properties. Therefore, VEE could possibly be considered a new herbal drug for anti-allergic and anti-osteoarthritic therapy. Moreover, the in vitro model may be useful for the development of anti-osteoarthritic drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jae-Myung Yoo
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Ju-Hye Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Young Soo Kim
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Hye Jin Yang
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Won-Kyung Cho
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
| | - Jin Yeul Ma
- Korean Medicine (KM)-Application Center, Korea Institute of Oriental Medicine (KIOM), 70 Cheomdan-ro, Dong-gu, Daegu 41062, Korea.
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Renke J, Lange M, Dawicka J, Adamkiewicz-Drożyńska E. Transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infants in children with mastocytosis - strengthened indications for vaccinations. Cent Eur J Immunol 2016; 41:282-286. [PMID: 27833446 PMCID: PMC5099385 DOI: 10.5114/ceji.2016.63128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mastocytosis is a disease caused by the accumulation of mast cells (MC) in the skin and/or in other tissues. Both the cutaneous form of the disease (CM) predominating in children and the systemic form (SM) typical for adults are associated with the occurrence of MC mediator-related symptoms. The release of mediators can be induced by physical stimuli and/or specific triggering factors. The routine vaccination program performed in the majority of children in infancy can be considered as an additional factor provoking exacerbation of CM. Conscious of the important role of MC in the innate immunity, we have analysed retrospective data concerning the levels of immunoglobulins, an adaptive factor, in a group of 74 infants and toddlers with CM. The values corresponding to transient hypogammaglobulinaemia of infants (THI) were found in 8 (10.81%) of cases. Classification of the antibody deficiency was done according to the working definitions for clinical diagnosis of primary immunodeficiency of the European Society of Immunodeficiencies (ESID) Registry - version May 11, 2015. Following the retrospective data, the final diagnosis of THI cannot be made due to the young age of the study group. The percentage may significantly exceed the published incidence of THI, i.e. about 0.11%. The results of our study may indicate, importantly, a higher incidence of THI in childhood-onset mastocytosis than in the general paediatric population and strengthen indications for vaccinations. In conclusion, we suggest that THI may be considered as a new aspect of paediatric mastocytosis that requires further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Renke
- Department of General and Medical Biochemistry, University of Gdansk, Poland
- Outdoor Clinic of Immunological Diseases for Children, Department of Paediatrics, Haematology, and Oncology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Magdalena Lange
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
| | - Joanna Dawicka
- Department of Dermatology, Venerology, and Allergology, Medical University of Gdansk, Poland
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Vukman KV, Lalor R, Aldridge A, O'Neill SM. Mast cells: new therapeutic target in helminth immune modulation. Parasite Immunol 2016; 38:45-52. [PMID: 26577605 DOI: 10.1111/pim.12295] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 11/02/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Helminth infection and their secreted antigens have a protective role in many immune-mediated inflammatory disorders such as inflammatory bowel disease, rheumatoid arthritis and multiple sclerosis. However, studies have focused primarily on identifying immune protective mechanisms of helminth infection and their secreted molecules on dendritic cells and macrophages. Given that mast cells have been shown to be implicated in the pathogenesis and progression of many inflammatory disorders, their role should also be examined and considered as cellular target for helminth-based therapies. As there is a dearth of studies examining the interaction of helminth-derived antigens and mast cells, this review will focus on the role of mast cells during helminth infection and examine our current understanding of the involvement of mast cells in TH 1/TH 17-mediated immune disorders. In this context, potential mechanisms by which helminths could target the TH 1/TH 17 promoting properties of mast cells can be identified to unveil novel therapeutic mast cell driven targets in combating these inflammatory disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- K V Vukman
- Department of Genetics, Cell- and Immunobiology, Semmelweis University, Nagyvarad ter 4., H-1089, Budapest, Hungry.,Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - R Lalor
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - A Aldridge
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
| | - S M O'Neill
- Parasite Immune Modulation Group, School of Biotechnology, Faculty of Science and Health, Dublin City University, Glasnevin, Dublin, Ireland
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Huang Q, Xiao B, Ma X, Qu M, Li Y, Nagarkatti P, Nagarkatti M, Zhou J. MicroRNAs associated with the pathogenesis of multiple sclerosis. J Neuroimmunol 2016; 295-296:148-61. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2016.04.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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Aich A, Afrin LB, Gupta K. Mast Cell-Mediated Mechanisms of Nociception. Int J Mol Sci 2015; 16:29069-92. [PMID: 26690128 PMCID: PMC4691098 DOI: 10.3390/ijms161226151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2015] [Revised: 11/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mast cells are tissue-resident immune cells that release immuno-modulators, chemo-attractants, vasoactive compounds, neuropeptides and growth factors in response to allergens and pathogens constituting a first line of host defense. The neuroimmune interface of immune cells modulating synaptic responses has been of increasing interest, and mast cells have been proposed as key players in orchestrating inflammation-associated pain pathobiology due to their proximity to both vasculature and nerve fibers. Molecular underpinnings of mast cell-mediated pain can be disease-specific. Understanding such mechanisms is critical for developing disease-specific targeted therapeutics to improve analgesic outcomes. We review molecular mechanisms that may contribute to nociception in a disease-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Aich
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Lawrence B Afrin
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
| | - Kalpna Gupta
- Vascular Biology Center, Division of Hematology, Oncology and Transplantation, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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Guo H, Cheng Y, Shapiro J, McElwee K. The role of lymphocytes in the development and treatment of alopecia areata. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2015; 11:1335-51. [PMID: 26548356 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2015.1085306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Alopecia areata (AA) development is associated with both innate and adaptive immune cell activation, migration to peri- and intra-follicular regions, and hair follicle disruption. Both CD4(+) and CD8(+) lymphocytes are abundant in AA lesions; however, CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are more likely to enter inside hair follicles, circumstantially suggesting that they have a significant role to play in AA development. Several rodent models recapitulate important features of the human autoimmune disease and demonstrate that CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes are fundamentally required for AA induction and perpetuation. However, the initiating events, the self-antigens involved, and the molecular signaling pathways, all need further exploration. Studying CD8(+) cytotoxic T lymphocytes and their fate decisions in AA development may reveal new and improved treatment approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Guo
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,b 2 Department of Dermatology, Affiliated Hospital of Guangdong Medical College, Zhanjiang, Guangdong, China
| | - Yabin Cheng
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Jerry Shapiro
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,c 3 Department of Dermatology, New York University, Langone Medical Center, New York, USA
| | - Kevin McElwee
- a 1 Department of Dermatology and Skin Science, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada.,d 4 Vancouver Coastal Health Research Institute, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
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