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L'hadj I, Azzi R, Lahfa F, Koceir EA, Omari N. The nutraceutical potential of Lepidium sativum L. seed flavonoid-rich extract in managing metabolic syndrome components. J Food Biochem 2018; 43:e12725. [PMID: 31353542 DOI: 10.1111/jfbc.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 09/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the phytochemical and pharmacological identities of a Lepidium sativum L. (LS) flavonoid-rich extract and its beneficial effects on metabolic, hormonal, and histological status. Chemical screening, as well as high-performance liquid chromatography with diode-array detection (HPLC-DAD) identified high concentrations of the main flavonoid compounds in LS crude extract such as flavonols (quercetin, kaempferol), flavones (luteolin, apigenin), and especially flavanones (naringin, naringenin). Examinations of the biochemical and histopathological aspects showed the curative effects carried by LS flavonoid-rich extracts on high-fat diet-fed Wistar rats. In this study, we propose that these molecules probably exerted the bioactivity observed in the treated group through improving insulin sensitivity, dyslipidemia, inflammation, and pancreas β cell integrity. PRACTICAL APPLICATIONS: The LS seed is widely used in traditional medicine to treat hyperglycemia and inflammation. During the traditional mixture preparation, the thermal procedures could impair the bioactions of the most interesting group of LS phytoconstituants, flavonoids. In the present study, we propose an appropriate procedure to preserve those phytochemicals and suggest them as a substitute for the management of metabolic diseases. The dried LS extract showed an incredible set of effective flavonoids, which revealed hypoglycemic, hypolipidemic, anti-inflammatory, cytoprotective, and antidiabetic activities. Thus, LS flavonoids constitute a remarkable product to consider in pharmaceutical industry targeting diabetes and heart diseases. Due to their enormous antioxidant potential, the LS flavonoids could be also used in food engineering and cosmetic preparations. Their practical applications is however often limited by low solubility and stability in lipophilic media. Therefore, a modification of the flavonoid structure is possibly required.
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Affiliation(s)
- Imene L'hadj
- Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Bab-Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Rachid Azzi
- Department of Synthesis and Biological Activities, University of AbouBekrBelkaïd, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Farid Lahfa
- Department of Synthesis and Biological Activities, University of AbouBekrBelkaïd, Tlemcen, Algeria
| | - Elhadj Ahmed Koceir
- Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Bab-Ezzouar, Algeria
| | - Naima Omari
- Department of Biology and Physiology of Organisms, University of Sciences and Technology Houari Boumediene, Bab-Ezzouar, Algeria
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Kessler K, Hornemann S, Petzke KJ, Kemper M, Markova M, Rudovich N, Grune T, Kramer A, Pfeiffer AFH, Pivovarova-Ramich O. Diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat affects substrate oxidation and adipokine secretion in humans. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:1209-1219. [PMID: 30541098 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background A diet in which fat is mainly eaten in the morning and carbohydrates mainly in the evening (compared with the reverse order) was recently shown to worsen glycemic control in people with prediabetes. Objective We investigated the effects of these dietary patterns on energy metabolism, and on the daily profiles of circulating lipids, adipokines, and inflammatory markers. Design In a randomized controlled crossover trial, 29 nonobese men (with normal glucose tolerance, n = 18; or impaired fasting glucose/glucose tolerance, n = 11) underwent 2 isocaloric 4-wk diets: 1) carbohydrate-rich meals until 1330 and fat-rich meals between 1630 and 2200 (HC/HF); or 2) the inverse sequence of meals (HF/HC). During a 12-h clinical investigation day after each intervention period, 2 meal tolerance tests were performed, at 0900 and 1540, respectively. Substrate oxidation and concentrations of circulating lipids, adipokines, and cytokines were assessed pre- and postprandially. The postprandial inflammatory response in leukocytes was analyzed ex vivo. Results Fasting carbohydrate oxidation decreased (P = 0.004) and lipid oxidation increased (P = 0.012) after the HC/HF diet. Fasting concentrations of blood markers did not differ between diets. The diets modulated the daily profiles of carbohydrate oxidation, lipid oxidation, and β-hydroxybutyrate, although the average daily values of these parameters showed no difference between the diets, and no interaction between diet and glucose tolerance status. Diurnal patterns of triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol, leptin, visfatin, and of LPS-induced cytokine secretion in blood leukocytes were also modulated by the diets. Average daily concentrations of leptin (P = 0.017) and visfatin (P = 0.041) were lower on the HF/HC diet than on the HC/HF diet. Conclusions Diurnal distribution of carbohydrates and fat affects the daily profiles of substrate oxidation, circulating lipids, and cytokine secretion, and alters the average daily concentrations of adipokine secretion in nonobese nondiabetic humans. The study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT02487576.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katharina Kessler
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Veterinary Medicine, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Silke Hornemann
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Klaus J Petzke
- Research Group Physiology of Energy Metabolism, German Institute of Human Nutrition Potsdam-Rehbruecke, Nuthetal, Germany
| | - Margrit Kemper
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin
| | - Mariya Markova
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany
| | - Natalia Rudovich
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin.,Division of Endocrinology and Diabetology, Department of Internal Medicine, Spital Bülach, Bülach, Switzerland
| | - Tilman Grune
- Molecular Toxicology.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Berlin, Germany
| | - Achim Kramer
- Laboratory of Chronobiology, Institute for Medical Immunology, Charité University of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - Andreas F H Pfeiffer
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin
| | - Olga Pivovarova-Ramich
- Departments of Clinical Nutrition.,German Center for Diabetes Research (DZD), München-Neuherberg, Germany.,Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Nutrition, Campus Benjamin Franklin
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Adipocytokines in Rheumatoid Arthritis: The Hidden Link between Inflammation and Cardiometabolic Comorbidities. J Immunol Res 2018; 2018:8410182. [PMID: 30584543 PMCID: PMC6280248 DOI: 10.1155/2018/8410182] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Revised: 07/19/2018] [Accepted: 10/11/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Rheumatoid arthritis is a chronic autoimmune disease affecting typically synovial joints and leading to progressive articular damage, disability, and reduced quality of life. Despite better recent therapeutic strategies improving long-term outcomes, RA is associated with a high rate of comorbidities, infections, malignancies, and cardiovascular disease (CVD). Remarkably, some well-known pathogenic proinflammatory mediators in RA, such as interleukin-1β (IL-1β) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF), may play a pivotal role in the development of CVD. Interestingly, different preclinical and clinical studies have suggested that biologic agents commonly used to treat RA patients may be effective in improving CVD. In this context, the contribution of adipocytokines has been suggested. Adipocytokines are pleiotropic molecules, mainly released by white adipose tissue and immune cells. Adipocytokines modulate the function of different tissues and cells, and in addition to energy homeostasis and metabolism, amplify inflammation, immune response, and tissue damage. Adipocytokines may contribute to the proinflammatory state in RA patients and development of bone damage. Furthermore, they could be associated with the occurrence of CVD. In this study, we reviewed available evidence about adipocytokines in RA, because of their involvement in disease activity, associated CVD, and possible biomarkers of prognosis and treatment outcome and because of their potential as a possible new therapeutic target.
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Usefulness of the Adipokines as Biomarkers of Ischemic Cardiac Dysfunction. DISEASE MARKERS 2018; 2018:3406028. [PMID: 30405857 PMCID: PMC6199856 DOI: 10.1155/2018/3406028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease is the leading cause of death among both women and men, but there is still a great percentage of misdiagnosis and lack of clearly defined criteria. Advances in biomolecular science have proven the crucial role of inflammation and, more importantly, the role of adipokines in mediating all stages of coronary artery disease. It has also been suggested that regional fat deposits, more precisely from thoracic region, have a major influence on the development of coronary artery disease by creating a local proatherogenic environment. The immune system closely interacts with metabolic risk factors to initiate, promote, and further aggravate the atherosclerotic lesions on the arterial wall all with the "help" of adipokines. So nowadays, research extensively focuses on uncovering biomarkers that would provide an increased chance of detecting subclinical cardiac distress and also add a consistent value to current guideline-imposed risk criteria.
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55
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Serum C1q/TNF-related protein 9 is not related to nonalcoholic fatty liver disease. Cytokine 2018; 110:52-57. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2018.04.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 04/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Nomani H, Hesami O, Vaisi‐Raygani A, Tanhapour M, Bahrehmand F, Rahimi Z, Kiani A, Shakiba E, Pourmotabbed T. Association between the −11377 C/G and −11391 G/A polymorphisms of adiponectin gene and adiponectin levels with susceptibility to type 1 and type 2 diabetes mellitus in population from the west of Iran, correlation with lipid profile. J Cell Biochem 2018; 120:3574-3582. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.27634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Hamid Nomani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Osman Hesami
- Medical Biology Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Asad Vaisi‐Raygani
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Maryam Tanhapour
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Fariborz Bahrehmand
- Medical Biology Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Zohreh Rahimi
- Medical Biology Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Amir Kiani
- Tissue Engineering and Regenerative Medicine (TERM) Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Ebrahim Shakiba
- Fertility and Infertility Research Center Kermanshah University of Medical Sciences Kermanshah Iran
| | - Tayebeh Pourmotabbed
- Department of Microbiology, Immunology, and Biochemistry University of Tennessee Health Science Center Memphis Tennessee
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Li X, Jiang L, Yang M, Wu YW, Sun JZ. Impact of weight cycling on CTRP3 expression, adipose tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity in C57BL/6J mice. Exp Ther Med 2018; 16:2052-2059. [PMID: 30186439 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2018.6399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Accepted: 05/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Impacts of weight cycling on C1q/tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-related protein-3 (CTRP3) expression, adipose tissue inflammation and insulin sensitivity in C57BL/6J mice were evaluated in the current study. A total of 30 male C57Bl/6J mice were divided randomly into three groups; normal control (n=10), high-fat diet (OB, n=10) and weight cycling (WC, n=10), which were fed with high-fat diet in the first and last 8 weeks and regular chow in between. Systemic glucose metabolic status and insulin sensitivity were detected by intraperitoneal glucose tolerance test and hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic clamp, respectively. Blood levels of interleukin (IL)-6 and TNF-α were determined using ELISA. Relative CTRP3, IL-6, TNF-α and glucose transporter (GLUT)4 mRNA expression in adipose tissue was detected using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction assays. Relative CTRP3, phosphatidylinositide 3-kinases (PI3K) and protein kinase B (PKB; Ser473) protein expression were detected by western blot analysis. Area under the curve of glucose and glucose infusion rate of the WC group were significantly increased compared with the OB group (P<0.01). CTRP3 mRNA and protein levels of the WC group were significantly decreased by 20.3 and 23.1%, respectively, compared with the OB group (P<0.01). IL-6 and TNF-α protein plasma levels and gene expression in adipose tissue of the WC group were significantly increased compared with the OB group (P<0.01). Expression and phosphorylation of insulin signaling molecules PI3K and PKB (Ser473), respectively and GLUT4 gene expression in adipose tissue of the WC group were significantly decreased compared with the OB group (P<0.01). In conclusion, weight cycling impaired glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity by decreasing CTRP3, PI3K, phosphorylated-PKB (Ser473) and GLUT4 expression, and increasing IL-6 and TNF-α levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Miao Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Yu-Wen Wu
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jia-Zhong Sun
- Department of Endocrinology, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Katsiki N, Mikhailidis DP, Banach M. Leptin, cardiovascular diseases and type 2 diabetes mellitus. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2018; 39:1176-1188. [PMID: 29877321 PMCID: PMC6289384 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2018.40] [Citation(s) in RCA: 168] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Leptin, an adipokine that is implicated in the control of food intake via appetite suppression, may also stimulate oxidative stress, inflammation, thrombosis, arterial stiffness, angiogenesis and atherogenesis. These leptin-induced effects may predispose to the development of cardiovascular diseases. In the present review we discuss the evidence linking leptin levels with the presence, severity and/or prognosis of both coronary artery disease and non-cardiac vascular diseases such as stroke, carotid artery disease, peripheral artery disease (PAD) and abdominal aortic aneurysms (AAA) as well as with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Leptin levels have been positively associated with the presence, severity, extent and lesion complexity of coronary atherosclerosis as well as with the presence, severity and poor clinical outcomes of both ischemic and hemorrhagic strokes. But conflicting results also exist. Furthermore, leptin was reported to independently predict common carotid intima-media thickness and carotid plaque instability. A link between hyperleptinemia and PAD has been reported, whereas limited data were available on the potential association between leptin and AAA. Elevated leptin concentrations have also been related to CKD incidence and progression as well as with insulin resistance, T2DM, micro- and macrovascular diabetic complications. Statins and antidiabetic drugs (including sitagliptin, metformin, pioglitazone, liraglutide and empagliflozin) may affect leptin levels. Further research is needed to establish the potential use (if any) of leptin as a therapeutic target in these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Katsiki
- Second Propedeutic Department of Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Dimitri P Mikhailidis
- Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK.
| | - Maciej Banach
- Department of Hypertension, Medical University of Lodz, Lodz, Poland
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Wang W, Zhang D, Yang R, Xia W, Qian K, Shi Z, Brown R, Zhou H, Xi Y, Shi L, Chen L, Xu F, Sun X, Zhu D, Gong DW. Hepatic and cardiac beneficial effects of a long-acting Fc-apelin fusion protein in diet-induced obese mice. Diabetes Metab Res Rev 2018; 34:e2997. [PMID: 29577579 DOI: 10.1002/dmrr.2997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2017] [Revised: 02/10/2018] [Accepted: 02/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Apelin is a peptide ligand of the G-protein-coupled receptor APJ and exhibits anti-diabetes and anti-heart failure activities. However, short serum half-life of the apelin peptide limits its potential clinical applications. This study aimed to develop a long-acting apelin analog. METHODS To extend apelin's in vivo half-life, we made a recombinant protein by fusing the IgG Fc fragment to apelin-13 (Fc-apelin-13), conducted pharmacokinetics studies in mice, and determined in vitro biological activities in suppressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate and activating extracellular signal-regulated kinase signalling by reporter assays. We investigated the effects of Fc-apelin-13 on food intake, body weight, fasting blood glucose and insulin levels, glucose tolerance test, hepatic steatosis, and cardiac function and fibrosis by subcutaneous administration of Fc-apelin-13 in diet-induced obese mice for 4 weeks. RESULTS The estimated half-life of Fc-apelin-13 in blood was approximately 33 hours. Reporter assays showed that Fc-apelin-13 was active in suppressing cyclic adenosine monophosphate response element and activating serum response element activities. Four weeks of Fc-apelin-13 treatment in obese mice did not affect food intake and body weight, but resulted in a significant improvement of glucose tolerance, and a decrease in hepatic steatosis and fibrosis, as well as in serum alanine transaminase levels. Moreover, cardiac stroke volume and output were increased and cardiac fibrosis was decreased in the treated mice. CONCLUSIONS Fc-apelin-13 fusion protein has an extended in vivo half-life and exerts multiple benefits on obese mice with respect to the improvement of glucose disposal, amelioration of liver steatosis and heart fibrosis, and increase of cardiac output. Hence, Fc-apelin-13 is potentially a therapeutic for obesity-associated disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weimin Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dongming Zhang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Rongze Yang
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Wei Xia
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Kun Qian
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Zhengrong Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Robert Brown
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Huifen Zhou
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Yue Xi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Lin Shi
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Ling Chen
- Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Feng Xu
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xiaojian Sun
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dalong Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Drum Tower Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Da-Wei Gong
- Division of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine and Physiology, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA
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Maurizi G, Babini L, Della Guardia L. Potential role of microRNAs in the regulation of adipocytes liposecretion and adipose tissue physiology. J Cell Physiol 2018; 233:9077-9086. [PMID: 29932216 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.26523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue is a dynamic endocrine organ playing a pivotal role in metabolism modulation. Adipocytes differentiation requires a highly orchestrated series of changes of gene expression in precursor cells. At the same time, white mature adipocytes are plastic cells able to reversibly transdifferentiate toward fibroblast-like cells via the liposecretion process, returning back to a non-committed status of the cells. In particular, adipose tissue microenvironment along with external signaling molecules such as adipokines, cytokines and growth factors can regulate adipocytes physiology through complex molecular networks. MicroRNAs (miRNAs), a type of non-coding RNA, acting as fine regulators of biological processes and their expression is sensible to the environment and cellular status changes. MiRNAs are thought to play a pivotal role in regulating the physiology of adipose tissue as well as in the development of obesity and associated metabolic disturbances, although the underlying mechanisms have not been identified so far. Elucidating the molecular mechanisms orchestrating adipose tissue biology is required to better characterize obesity and its associated diseases. In this respect, the review aims to analyze the microRNAs potentially involved in adipogenesis highlighting their role in the process of liposecretion, adipocyte proliferation, and adipokines secretion. The role of microRNAs in the development of obesity and obesity-associated disorders is also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lucia Babini
- Università Politecnica delle Marche, Ancona, Italy
| | - Lucio Della Guardia
- Dipartimento di Sanità Pubblica, Medicina Sperimentale e Forense, Unità di Scienza dell'Alimentazione, Università degli studi di Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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Discovery of potential visfatin activators using in silico docking and ADME predictions as therapy for type 2 diabetes. BENI-SUEF UNIVERSITY JOURNAL OF BASIC AND APPLIED SCIENCES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bjbas.2018.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
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Toan NL, Van Hoan N, Cuong DV, Dung NV, Dung PT, Hang NT, Dieu DTH, Chung DT, Son HA, Phong PX, Lenon GB, Van De D, Van Tong H. Adipose tissue-derived cytokines and their correlations with clinical characteristics in Vietnamese patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Diabetol Metab Syndr 2018; 10:41. [PMID: 29785210 PMCID: PMC5952428 DOI: 10.1186/s13098-018-0343-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2018] [Accepted: 05/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adipokines are involved in the pathogenesis of metabolic disorders including obesity and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). This study investigates the levels of leptin, resistin, visfatin, secreted frizzled-related protein 5 (SFRP5), monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and retinol-binding protein 4 (RBP4) and their correlations with clinical parameters of overweight and T2DM. METHODS We recruited overweight 50 patients with T2DM, 88 non-overweight patients with T2DM, 29 overweight and 100 non-overweight individuals devoid of T2DM for this study. The levels of studied adipokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay and correlated with clinical parameters. RESULTS The levels of MCP-1 and SFRP5 were decreased while visfatin and RBP4 levels were increased in patients with T2DM compared to those in the control individuals (P < 0.01). Among patients with T2DM, leptin and resistin levels were higher while RBP4 levels were lower in patients with overweight T2DM compared to those in patients with non-overweight T2DM (P < 0.0001, 0.019 and 0.05, respectively). Leptin and MCP-1 levels were correlated with HOMA-IR, QUICKI and HOMA-β. Leptin/MCP-1 ratio was correlated with insulin levels, HOMA-IR and HOMA-β indexes. Resistin/RBP4, visfatin/MCP-1 and MCP-1/RBP4 ratios were strongly correlated with the levels of fasting glucose, HbA1c and HOMA-β. In addition, ROC curve analyses indicated a diagnostic potential of resistin/RBP4 and MCP-1/RBP4 indexes for T2DM (AUC = 0.81 and 0.83, respectively) and β-cell function (AUC = 0.76 and 0.74, respectively). CONCLUSIONS Adipokines (leptin, resistin, visfatin, SFRP5, MCP-1, and RBP4) are associated with overweight and T2DM and may serve as a potential prognostic marker and therapeutic intervention for overweight-related T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nguyen Linh Toan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Van Hoan
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Endocrine, Vietnam Military Medical University, 103 Military Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Nghe An Endocrine Hospital, Nghe An, Vietnam
| | - Doan Viet Cuong
- Department of Endocrine, Vietnam Military Medical University, 103 Military Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Nguyen Viet Dung
- Department of Endocrine, Vietnam Military Medical University, 103 Military Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Phan The Dung
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Department of Endocrine, Vietnam Military Medical University, 103 Military Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Nghe An Endocrine Hospital, Nghe An, Vietnam
| | - Ngo Thu Hang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Do Thi Huyen Dieu
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Binh Dinh Medical School, Qui Nhon, Binh Dinh Vietnam
| | - Dang Thanh Chung
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Ho Anh Son
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | | | - George Binh Lenon
- Discipline of Chinese Medicine, School of Health & Biomedical Sciences, RMIT University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Doan Van De
- Department of Endocrine, Vietnam Military Medical University, 103 Military Hospital, Hanoi, Vietnam
| | - Hoang Van Tong
- Department of Pathophysiology, Vietnam Military Medical University, 160 Phung Hung, Ha Dong, Hanoi, Vietnam
- Institute of Biomedicine and Pharmacy, Vietnam Military Medical University, Hanoi, Vietnam
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Kocot J, Dziemidok P, Kiełczykowska M, Kurzepa J, Szcześniak G, Musik I. Is There Any Relationship between Plasma 25-Hydroxyvitamin D₃, Adipokine Profiles and Excessive Body Weight in Type 2 Diabetic Patients? INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 15:E19. [PMID: 29295491 PMCID: PMC5800119 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph15010019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2017] [Accepted: 12/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
A growing interest in the role of vitamin D in metabolic diseases led us to study the relationships between 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ (25(OH)D₃) and the profiles of selected adipokines in type 2 diabetic (T2DM) patients. The study comprised 92 type 2 diabetics divided into quartiles regarding 25(OH)D₃ concentration. Each group was divided into male and female subgroups. All the studied patients had their anthropometric and biochemical parameters determined. Plasma 25-hydroxyvitamin D₃ concentration was determined by HPLC, while the selected adipokines (leptin, adiponectin, resistin and visfatin) by ELISA methods. The ratio of leptin to adiponectin (L/A) was calculated for all the patients. In 85.3% of diabetics a full (<20 ng/mL) or moderate (20-30 ng/mL) vitamin D deficit was found. Irrespective of sex, plasma leptin concentration decreased across increasing quartiles of 25(OH)D₃ level. In women, 25(OH)D₃ was negatively correlated with BMI, leptin level as well as L/A ratio, and positively with adiponectin concentration. In men, 25(OH)D₃ was positively correlated with HDL and negatively with systolic blood pressure (SBP), leptin level and L/A ratio. Considering all the patients, there ocurred a significant negative correlation between 25(OH)D₃ and SBP, BMI, WHR, TG, leptin and L/A ratio and positive ones between 25(OH)D₃ and both adiponectin and HDL. The results of the study support the existence of the relationship among vitamin D, obesity and leptin in type 2 diabetic patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Kocot
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.K.); (I.M.)
| | - Piotr Dziemidok
- Diabetology Ward, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.D.); (G.S.)
- Institute of Public Health, Pope John Paul II State School of Higher Education, Sidorska 95/97, 21-500 Biała Podlaska, Poland
| | - Małgorzata Kiełczykowska
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.K.); (I.M.)
| | - Jacek Kurzepa
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.K.); (I.M.)
| | - Grzegorz Szcześniak
- Diabetology Ward, Institute of Rural Health, Jaczewskiego 2, 20-090 Lublin, Poland; (P.D.); (G.S.)
| | - Irena Musik
- Chair and Department of Medical Chemistry, Medical University of Lublin, Chodźki 4A, 20-093 Lublin, Poland; (M.K.); (J.K.); (I.M.)
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Lunyak VV, Amaro-Ortiz A, Gaur M. Mesenchymal Stem Cells Secretory Responses: Senescence Messaging Secretome and Immunomodulation Perspective. Front Genet 2017; 8:220. [PMID: 29312442 PMCID: PMC5742268 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2017.00220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Accepted: 12/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) have been tested in a significant number of clinical trials, where they exhibit regenerative and repair properties directly through their differentiation into the cells of the mesenchymal origin or by modulation of the tissue/organ microenvironment. Despite various clinical effects upon transplantation, the functional properties of these cells in natural settings and their role in tissue regeneration in vivo is not yet fully understood. The omnipresence of MSC throughout vascularized organs equates to a reservoir of potentially therapeutic regenerative depots throughout the body. However, these reservoirs could be subjected to cellular senescence. In this review, we will discuss current progress and challenges in the understanding of different biological pathways leading to senescence. We set out to highlight the seemingly paradoxical property of cellular senescence: its beneficial role in the development and tissue repair and detrimental impact of this process on tissue homeostasis in aging and disease. Taking into account the lessons from the different cell systems, this review elucidates how autocrine and paracrine properties of senescent MSC might impose an additional layer of complexity on the regulation of the immune system in development and disease. New findings that have emerged in the last few years could shed light on sometimes seemingly controversial results obtained from MSC therapeutic applications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Meenakshi Gaur
- Aelan Cell Technologies, San Francisco, CA, United States
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Francisqueti FV, Chiaverini LCT, Santos KCD, Minatel IO, Ronchi CB, Ferron AJT, Ferreira ALA, Corrêa CR. The role of oxidative stress on the pathophysiology of metabolic syndrome. Rev Assoc Med Bras (1992) 2017; 63:85-91. [PMID: 28225880 DOI: 10.1590/1806-9282.63.01.85] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2016] [Accepted: 06/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic syndrome (MetS) has a high prevalence around the world. Considering the components used to classify MetS, it is clear that it is closely related to obesity. These two conditions begin with an increase in abdominal adipose tissue, which is metabolically more active, containing a greater amount of resident macrophages compared to other fat deposits. Abdominal adiposity promotes inflammation and oxidative stress, which are precursors of various complications involving MetS components, namely insulin resistance, hypertension and hyperlipidemia. One way to block the effects of oxidative stress would be through the antioxidant defense system, which offsets the excess free radicals. It is known that individuals with metabolic syndrome and obesity have high consumption of fats and sugars originated from processed foods containing high levels of sodium as well as low intake of fruits and vegetables, thus maintaining a state of oxidative stress, that can speed up the onset of MetS. Healthy eating habits could prevent or delay MetS by adding antioxidant-rich foods into the diet.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabiane Valentini Francisqueti
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | - Klinsmann Carolo Dos Santos
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Universidade Estadual Paulista "Júlio de Mesquita Filho", Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Igor Otávio Minatel
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Instituto de Biociências de Botucatu, Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | | | | | - Ana Lúcia A Ferreira
- Department of Internal Medicine, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
| | - Camila Renata Corrêa
- Department of Pathology, Faculdade de Medicina de Botucatu, Unesp, Botucatu, SP, Brazil
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MicroRNAs and adipocytokines: Promising biomarkers for pharmacological targets in diabetes mellitus and its complications. Biomed Pharmacother 2017; 93:1326-1336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2017.07.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2017] [Revised: 07/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/11/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Adiponectin is an adipokine with anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, antiatherogenic, pro-angiogenic, vasoprotective and insulin-sensitizing properties. Several factors may influence adiponectin levels, such as genetic polymorphisms, obesity / body fat distribution, diet and exercise as well as cardiovascular risk factors such as sleep deprivation and smoking as well as medications. Adiponectin has been proposed as a potential prognostic biomarker and a therapeutic target in patients with cardiometabolic diseases. RECENT FINDINGS This narrative review discusses the associations of adiponectin with obesity-related metabolic disorders (metabolic syndrome, nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, hyperuricaemia and type 2 diabetes mellitus). We also focus on the links between adiponectin and lipid disorders and with coronary heart disease and noncardiac vascular diseases (i.e. stroke, peripheral artery disease, carotid artery disease, atherosclerotic renal artery stenosis, abdominal aortic aneurysms and chronic kidney disease). Further, the effects of lifestyle interventions and drug therapy on adiponectin levels are briefly reviewed. SUMMARY Based on available data, adiponectin represents a multifaceted biomarker that may beneficially affect atherosclerosis, inflammation and insulin resistance pathways. However, there are conflicting results with regard to the associations between adiponectin levels and the prevalence and outcomes of cardiometabolic diseases. Further research on the potential clinical implications of adiponectin in the diagnosis and treatment of such diseases is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Niki Katsiki
- aSecond Department of Propaedeutic Internal Medicine, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Hippocration Hospital, Thessaloniki, Greece bDivision of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA cDepartment of Clinical Biochemistry, Royal Free Hospital Campus, University College London Medical School, University College London (UCL), London, UK
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Elekofehinti OO, Ejelonu OC, Kamdem JP, Akinlosotu OB, Adanlawo IG. Saponins as adipokines modulator: A possible therapeutic intervention for type 2 diabetes. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:337-345. [PMID: 28751956 PMCID: PMC5507830 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i7.337] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2017] [Revised: 03/03/2017] [Accepted: 04/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Development of type 2 diabetes has been linked to β-cell failure coupled with insulin resistance and obesity. Adipose tissue, known as the fat store, secretes a number of hormones and proteins collectively termed adipokines some of which regulate insulin sensitivity. Dysregulation in the secretion of adipokines has been linked to insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes. In this review, we summarized evidence of the role of adipokines with focus on leptin, adiponectin, adipsin, visfatin and apelin in the pathogenesis of type 2 diabetes and discussed the potential of saponins to modify the ill-regulated adipokines secretions, which could promote the use of this class of phytochemicals as potential antidiabetics agents.
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Concurrent Aerobic and Resistance Training Has Anti-Inflammatory Effects and Increases Both Plasma and Leukocyte Levels of IGF-1 in Late Middle-Aged Type 2 Diabetic Patients. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2017; 2017:3937842. [PMID: 28713486 PMCID: PMC5497609 DOI: 10.1155/2017/3937842] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes (T2D) is an age-related chronic disease associated with metabolic dysregulation, chronic inflammation, and activation of peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMC). The aim of this study was to assess the effects of a concurrent exercise training program on inflammatory status and metabolic parameters of T2D patients. Sixteen male patients (age range 55–70) were randomly assigned to an intervention group (n = 8), which underwent a concurrent aerobic and resistance training program (3 times a week; 16 weeks), or to a control group, which followed physicians' usual diabetes care advices. Training intervention significantly improved patients' body composition, blood pressure, total cholesterol, and overall fitness level. After training, plasma levels of adipokines leptin (−33.9%) and RBP4 (−21.3%), and proinflammatory markers IL-6 (−25.3%), TNF-α (−19.8%) and MCP-1 (−15.3%) decreased, whereas anabolic hormone IGF-1 level increased (+16.4%). All improvements were significantly greater than those of control patients. Plasma proteomic profile of exercised patients showed a reduction of immunoglobulin K light chain and fibrinogen as well. Training also induced a modulation of IL-6, IGF-1, and IGFBP-3 mRNAs in the PBMCs. These findings confirm that concurrent aerobic and resistance training improves T2D-related metabolic abnormalities and has the potential to reduce the deleterious health effects of diabetes-related inflammation.
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70
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Discovery of Novel Insulin Sensitizers: Promising Approaches and Targets. PPAR Res 2017; 2017:8360919. [PMID: 28659972 PMCID: PMC5474250 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8360919] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2017] [Accepted: 04/23/2017] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Insulin resistance is the undisputed root cause of type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). There is currently an unmet demand for safe and effective insulin sensitizers, owing to the restricted prescription or removal from market of certain approved insulin sensitizers, such as thiazolidinediones (TZDs), because of safety concerns. Effective insulin sensitizers without TZD-like side effects will therefore be invaluable to diabetic patients. The specific focus on peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor γ- (PPARγ-) based agents in the past decades may have impeded the search for novel and safer insulin sensitizers. This review discusses possible directions and promising strategies for future research and development of novel insulin sensitizers and describes the potential targets of these agents. Direct PPARγ agonists, selective PPARγ modulators (sPPARγMs), PPARγ-sparing compounds (including ligands of the mitochondrial target of TZDs), agents that target the downstream effectors of PPARγ, along with agents, such as heat shock protein (HSP) inducers, 5'-adenosine monophosphate-activated protein kinase (AMPK) activators, 11β-hydroxysteroid dehydrogenase type 1 (11β-HSD1) selective inhibitors, biguanides, and chloroquines, which may be safer than traditional TZDs, have been described. This minireview thus aims to provide fresh perspectives for the development of a new generation of safe insulin sensitizers.
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Lutfi E, Babin PJ, Gutiérrez J, Capilla E, Navarro I. Caffeic acid and hydroxytyrosol have anti-obesogenic properties in zebrafish and rainbow trout models. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0178833. [PMID: 28570659 PMCID: PMC5453583 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0178833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2016] [Accepted: 05/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Some natural products, known sources of bioactive compounds with a wide range of properties, may have therapeutic values in human health and diseases, as well as agronomic applications. The effect of three compounds of plant origin with well-known dietary antioxidant properties, astaxanthin (ATX), caffeic acid (CA) and hydroxytyrosol (HT), on zebrafish (Danio rerio) larval adiposity and rainbow trout (Onchorynchus mykiss) adipocytes was assessed. The zebrafish obesogenic test (ZOT) demonstrated the anti-obesogenic activity of CA and HT. These compounds were able to counteract the obesogenic effect produced by the peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ) agonist, rosiglitazone (RGZ). CA and HT suppressed RGZ-increased PPARγ protein expression and lipid accumulation in primary-cultured rainbow trout adipocytes. HT also significantly reduced plasma triacylglycerol concentrations, as well as mRNA levels of the fasn adipogenic gene in the adipose tissue of HT-injected rainbow trout. In conclusion, in vitro and in vivo approaches demonstrated the anti-obesogenic potential of CA and HT on teleost fish models that may be relevant for studying their molecular mode of action. Further studies are required to evaluate the effect of these bioactive components as food supplements for modulating adiposity in farmed fish.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esmail Lutfi
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Patrick J. Babin
- Maladies Rares: Génétique et Métabolisme (MRGM), University of Bordeaux, INSERM, U12211, Pessac, France
- * E-mail: (IN); (PJB)
| | - Joaquim Gutiérrez
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Encarnación Capilla
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Isabel Navarro
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Faculty of Biology, University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain
- * E-mail: (IN); (PJB)
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Reichert CO, da Cunha J, Levy D, Maselli LMF, Bydlowski SP, Spada C. Hepcidin: Homeostasis and Diseases Related to Iron Metabolism. Acta Haematol 2017; 137:220-236. [PMID: 28514781 DOI: 10.1159/000471838] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Iron is an essential metal for cell survival that is regulated by the peptide hormone hepcidin. However, its influence on certain diseases is directly related to iron metabolism or secondary to underlying diseases. Genetic alterations influence the serum hepcidin concentration, which can lead to an iron overload in tissues, as observed in haemochromatosis, in which serum hepcidin or defective hepcidin synthesis is observed. Another genetic imbalance of iron is iron-refractory anaemia, in which serum concentrations of hepcidin are increased, precluding the flow and efflux of extra- and intracellular iron. During the pathogenesis of certain diseases, the resulting oxidative stress, as well as the increase in inflammatory cytokines, influences the transcription of the HAMP gene to generate a secondary anaemia due to the increase in the serum concentration of hepcidin. To date, there is no available drug to inhibit or enhance hepcidin transcription, mostly due to the cytotoxicity described in the in vitro models. The proposed therapeutic targets are still in the early stages of clinical trials. Some candidates are promising, such as heparin derivatives and minihepcidins. This review describes the main pathways of systemic and genetic regulation of hepcidin, as well as its influence on the disorders related to iron metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cadiele Oliana Reichert
- Clinical Analysis Department, Health Sciences Center, Federal University of Santa Catarina (UFSC), Florianópolis, Brazil
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Yao Q, Yu C, Zhang X, Zhang K, Guo J, Song L. Wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteoblasts regulates global energy metabolism. Bone 2017; 97:175-183. [PMID: 28126632 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2017.01.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/12/2016] [Revised: 01/19/2017] [Accepted: 01/21/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Obesity, diabetes and osteoporosis have become a major public heath burden, and understanding the underlying mechanisms of these pathophysiological process will benefit their treatment. Osteoblast lineage cells in charge of the bone formation have been showed to participate in the whole-body energy metabolism. In this study, we identify that wnt/β-catenin signaling in osteoblasts could regulate global energy metabolism, including glucose homeostasis, fat accumulation and energy expenditure. Mice lacking β-catenin specifically in osteoblasts postnatally exhibit decreased bone mass, increased glucose level, decreased insulin production, decreased fat accumulation and increased energy expenditure. Osteocalcin supplement can rescue the impaired glucose balance by improving insulin production but cannot influence the abnormal fat accumulation and energy expenditure. Osteoprotegerin (OPG) overexpression exclusively in osteoblasts in β-catenin deletion mice can normalize not only the decreased bone mass but also the decreased fat accumulation and increased energy expenditure. The effect of β-catenin deletion and OPG overexpression in osteoblasts on global energy metabolism had no relation with inguinal fat browning. These results suggest that the regulation of bone on energy metabolism and fat accumulation is not mediated exclusively by osteocalcin. Our findings may provide a new insight into the regulation of bone on fat accumulation and energy metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianqian Yao
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Caixia Yu
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Xiuzhen Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Keqin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China
| | - Jun Guo
- Endocrine Unit, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Lige Song
- Department of Endocrinology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200065, China.
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Klimontov VV, Tyan NV, Fazullina ON, Myakina NE, Orlov NB, Konenkov VI. [Acute-phase serum proteins and adipocytokines in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus: Relationships with body composition and blood glucose fluctuations]. TERAPEVT ARKH 2017; 88:35-41. [PMID: 27801417 DOI: 10.17116/terarkh2016881035-41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
AIM To estimate the relationships between the serum concentrations of acute-phase proteins (APPs) and adipocytokines, body composition (BC), and blood glucose (BG) fluctuations in women with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 165 women with T2DM and 22 with a normal body mass index (BMI) at the age of 40 to 70 years were examined. The concentrations of high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and acid α1-glycoprotein (α1-AGP) were determined by ELISA. The levels of interleukins 6, 8, and 18 (IL-6, IL-8, IL-18), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), and plasminogen activator inhibitor type 1 (PAI-1) were measured by a multiplex analysis. Dual energy X-ray absorptiometry was used to estimate BC parameters. BG fluctuations were estimated via continuous glucose monitoring. RESULTS The levels of hs-CRP, α1-AGP, IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, TNF-α, and PAI-1 were significantly higher in the obese women with T2DM than those in the control group. In the diabetic normal weight women, only hs-CRP, α1-AGP, and IL-8 concentrations exceeded those in the controls. The level of hs-CRP (other than α1-AGP) correlated positively with BMI, the mass of adipose tissue, body trunk (android), and gynoid fats. A multivariate regression analysis showed that adipose tissue mass and trunk fat proportion were independent predictors of hs-CRP levels. The concentrations of IL-6, IL-8, IL-18, PAI-1, and TNF-α correlated positively with waist-to-hip ratio, but demonstrated no associations with BMI and BC. Only the serum α1-AGP level showed a positive association with mean BG and its variability parameters. CONCLUSION In the women with T2DM, the serum concentrations of APPs and adipocytokines correlate differently with the mass of adipose tissue, its distribution, and BG fluctuations. The findings indicate the multifactorial genesis of chronic inflammation in these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- V V Klimontov
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N V Tyan
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - O N Fazullina
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N E Myakina
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - N B Orlov
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - V I Konenkov
- Research Institute of Clinical and Experimental Lymphology, Novosibirsk, Russia
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Connelly MA, Wolak-Dinsmore J, Dullaart RPF. Branched Chain Amino Acids Are Associated with Insulin Resistance Independent of Leptin and Adiponectin in Subjects with Varying Degrees of Glucose Tolerance. Metab Syndr Relat Disord 2017; 15:183-186. [PMID: 28437198 DOI: 10.1089/met.2016.0145] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Branched chain amino acids (BCAA) may be involved in the pathogenesis of insulin resistance and are associated with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) development. Adipokines such as leptin and adiponectin influence insulin resistance and reflect adipocyte dysfunction. We examined the extent to which the association of BCAA with insulin resistance is attributable to altered leptin and adiponectin levels in individuals with varying degrees of glucose tolerance. METHODS BCAA were measured by nuclear magnetic resonance, whereas leptin and adiponectin were measured by immunoassay, in subjects with normal fasting glucose (n = 30), impaired fasting glucose (n = 25), and T2DM (n = 15). Insulin resistance was estimated by homeostasis model assessment (HOMAir). RESULTS BCAA were higher in men than in women (P < 0.001) and tended to be higher in T2DM subjects (P = 0.10) compared to subjects with normal or impaired fasting glucose. In univariate regression analysis, BCAA were correlated with HOMAir (r = 0.46; P < 0.001) and inversely with adiponectin (r = -0.53; P < 0.001) but not with leptin (r = -0.08; P > 0.05). Multivariable linear regression analysis, adjusting for age, sex, T2DM, and body mass index (BMI), demonstrated that BCAA were positively associated with HOMAir (β = 0.242, P = 0.023). When BCAA, leptin, and adiponectin were included together, the positive relationship of HOMAir with BCAA (β = 0.275, P = 0.012) remained significant. CONCLUSIONS Insulin resistance was associated with BCAA. This association remained after adjusting for age, sex, T2DM, BMI, as well as leptin and adiponectin. It is unlikely that the relationship of insulin resistance with BCAA is to a major extent attributable to effects of leptin and adiponectin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Margery A Connelly
- 1 LipoScience, Laboratory Corporation of America® Holdings , Raleigh, North Carolina
| | | | - Robin P F Dullaart
- 2 Department of Endocrinology, University Medical Center Groningen, University of Groningen , Groningen, the Netherlands
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El husseny MWA, Mamdouh M, Shaban S, Ibrahim Abushouk A, Zaki MMM, Ahmed OM, Abdel-Daim MM. Adipokines: Potential Therapeutic Targets for Vascular Dysfunction in Type II Diabetes Mellitus and Obesity. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:8095926. [PMID: 28286779 PMCID: PMC5327767 DOI: 10.1155/2017/8095926] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipokines are bioactive molecules that regulate several physiological functions such as energy balance, insulin sensitization, appetite regulation, inflammatory response, and vascular homeostasis. They include proinflammatory cytokines such as adipocyte fatty acid binding protein (A-FABP) and anti-inflammatory cytokines such as adiponectin, as well as vasodilator and vasoconstrictor molecules. In obesity and type II diabetes mellitus (DM), insulin resistance causes impairment of the endocrine function of the perivascular adipose tissue, an imbalance in the secretion of vasoconstrictor and vasodilator molecules, and an increased production of reactive oxygen species. Recent studies have shown that targeting plasma levels of adipokines or the expression of their receptors can increase insulin sensitivity, improve vascular function, and reduce the risk of cardiovascular morbidity and mortality. Several reviews have discussed the potential of adipokines as therapeutic targets for type II DM and obesity; however, this review is the first to focus on their therapeutic potential for vascular dysfunction in type II DM and obesity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mostafa Wanees Ahmed El husseny
- Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
- NovaMed Medical Research Association, Cairo, Egypt
- Fayoum Medical Student Association, Fayoum, Egypt
| | | | - Sara Shaban
- Faculty of Medicine, Fayoum University, Fayoum, Egypt
| | | | | | - Osama M. Ahmed
- Physiology Division, Zoology Department, Faculty of Science, Beni-Suef University, Beni-Suef, Egypt
| | - Mohamed M. Abdel-Daim
- Pharmacology Department, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Suez Canal University, Ismailia, 41522, Egypt
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Hsieh CC, Chou MJ, Wang CH. Lunasin attenuates obesity-related inflammation in RAW264.7 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes by inhibiting inflammatory cytokine production. PLoS One 2017; 12:e0171969. [PMID: 28182687 PMCID: PMC5300240 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0171969] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has become a major threat to public health and is accompanied by chronic low-grade inflammation, which leads to various pathological developments. Lunasin, a natural seed peptide, exhibits several biological activities, such as anti-carcinogenesis, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant activities. However, the mechanism of action of lunasin in obesity-related inflammation has not been investigated. The aim of this study was to explore whether lunasin could reduce the inflammation induced by obesity-related mediators in RAW264.7 cells and 3T3-L1 adipocytes and whether it could attenuate the crosstalk between the two cell lines. RAW264.7 cells were cultured in leptin-containing medium, adipocyte-conditioned medium (Ad-CM), or co-cultured with 3T3-L1 cells to mimic the physiology of obesity. The data showed that the secretion of pro-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-1β (IL-1β) was inhibited by lunasin after leptin activation of RAW264.7 cells. In addition, lunasin decreased monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) and IL-1β secretions in the Ad-CM model. Cytokine MCP-1, IL-6, tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α, and IL-1β secretions were significantly decreased by leptin or Ad-CM plus lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Subsequently, the co-culture of the two cells refined the direct relation between them, resulting in apparently increased MCP-1, and decreased IL-6 levels after lunasin treatment. In 3T3-L1 adipocytes, lunasin also exhibited anti-inflammatory property by inhibiting MCP-1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1, and leptin productions stimulated by (TNF)-α, lipopolysaccharide, or RAW264.7 cell-conditioned medium. This result revealed that lunasin acts as a potential anti-inflammatory agent not only in macrophages but also in adipocytes, disrupting the crosstalk between these two cells. Therefore, this study suggests the intake of lunasin from diet or as a supplement, for auxiliary prevention or therapy in obesity-related inflammatory applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Chien Hsieh
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| | - Mei-Jia Chou
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Hsuan Wang
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, National Taiwan Normal University, Taipei, Taiwan
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Pereira JADS, da Silva FC, de Moraes-Vieira PMM. The Impact of Ghrelin in Metabolic Diseases: An Immune Perspective. J Diabetes Res 2017; 2017:4527980. [PMID: 29082258 PMCID: PMC5610818 DOI: 10.1155/2017/4527980] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2017] [Revised: 07/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity and insulin resistance have reached epidemic proportions. Obesogenic conditions are associated with increased risk for the development of other comorbidities and obesity-related diseases. In metabolic disorders, there is chronic low-grade inflammation induced by the activation of immune cells, especially in metabolic relevant organs such as white adipose tissue (WAT). These immune cells are regulated by environmental and systemic cues. Ghrelin is a peptide secreted mainly by X/A-like gastric cells and acts through the growth hormone secretagogue receptor (GHS-R). This receptor is broadly expressed in the central nervous system (CNS) and in several cell types, including immune cells. Studies show that ghrelin induces an orexigenic state, and there is increasing evidence implicating an immunoregulatory role for ghrelin. Ghrelin mainly acts on the innate and adaptive immune systems to suppress inflammation and induce an anti-inflammatory profile. In this review, we discuss the immunoregulatory roles of ghrelin, the mechanisms by which ghrelin acts and potential pharmacological applications for ghrelin in the treatment of obesity-associated inflammatory diseases, such as type 2 diabetes (T2D).
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Affiliation(s)
- Jéssica Aparecida da Silva Pereira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Felipe Corrêa da Silva
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Pedro Manoel Mendes de Moraes-Vieira
- Laboratory of Immunometabolism, Department of Genetics, Evolution and Bioagents, Institute of Biology, University of Campinas, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Akoumianakis I, Tarun A, Antoniades C. Perivascular adipose tissue as a regulator of vascular disease pathogenesis: identifying novel therapeutic targets. Br J Pharmacol 2016; 174:3411-3424. [PMID: 27976387 DOI: 10.1111/bph.13666] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2016] [Revised: 10/04/2016] [Accepted: 10/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) is an active endocrine organ with the ability to dynamically secrete a wide range of adipocytokines. Importantly, its secretory profile is altered in various cardiovascular disease states. AT surrounding vessels, or perivascular AT (PVAT), is recognized in particular as an important local regulator of vascular function and dysfunction. Specifically, PVAT has the ability to sense vascular paracrine signals and respond by secreting a variety of vasoactive adipocytokines. Due to the crucial role of PVAT in regulating many aspects of vascular biology, it may constitute a novel therapeutic target for the prevention and treatment of vascular disease pathogenesis. Signalling pathways in PVAT, such as those using adiponectin, H2 S, glucagon-like peptide 1 or pro-inflammatory cytokines, are among the potential novel pharmacological therapeutic targets of PVAT. LINKED ARTICLES This article is part of a themed section on Molecular Mechanisms Regulating Perivascular Adipose Tissue - Potential Pharmacological Targets? To view the other articles in this section visit http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/bph.v174.20/issuetoc.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Akoumianakis
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
| | - Akansha Tarun
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
| | - Charalambos Antoniades
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford
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Abstract
Adipose tissue plays a central role in regulating whole-body energy and glucose homeostasis through its subtle functions at both organ and systemic levels. On one hand, adipose tissue stores energy in the form of lipid and controls the lipid mobilization and distribution in the body. On the other hand, adipose tissue acts as an endocrine organ and produces numerous bioactive factors such as adipokines that communicate with other organs and modulate a range of metabolic pathways. Moreover, brown and beige adipose tissue burn lipid by dissipating energy in the form of heat to maintain euthermia, and have been considered as a new way to counteract obesity. Therefore, adipose tissue dysfunction plays a prominent role in the development of obesity and its related disorders such as insulin resistance, cardiovascular disease, diabetes, depression and cancer. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings of adipose tissue in the control of metabolism, focusing on its endocrine and thermogenic function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liping Luo
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyMetabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Meilian Liu
- Department of Metabolism and EndocrinologyMetabolic Syndrome Research Center, Key Laboratory of Diabetes Immunology, National Clinical Research Center for Metabolic Diseases, The Second Xiangya Hospital,
Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular BiologyUniversity of New Mexico Health Sciences Center,
Albuquerque, New Mexico, USA
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Ilan Y, Ben Ya'acov A, Shabbat Y, Gingis-Velitski S, Almon E, Shaaltiel Y. Oral administration of a non-absorbable plant cell-expressed recombinant anti-TNF fusion protein induces immunomodulatory effects and alleviates nonalcoholic steatohepatitis. World J Gastroenterol 2016; 22:8760-8769. [PMID: 27818591 PMCID: PMC5075550 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v22.i39.8760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 08/05/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To evaluate the immunomodulatory effect of oral administration of PRX-106 in the high-fat diet model. METHODS For 22 wk, C57BL/6 HFD-fed mice received daily oral treatments with BY-2 cells expressing recombinant anti-tumor necrosis factor alpha fusion protein (PRX-106). Mice were followed for serum liver enzyme and triglyceride levels, liver histology and intrahepatic and systemic FACS. RESULTS The orally administered non-absorbable PRX-106 was biologically active. Altered distribution of CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ between the liver and spleen and an increase in the intrasplenic-to-intrahepatic CD4+CD25+FoxP3+ ratio and a decrease in the intrasplenic-to-intrahepatic CD8+CD25+FoxP3+ ratio were observed. An increase in intrahepatic NKT cells and a decrease in the intrasplenic-to-intrahepatic NKT ratio were noted. Assessment of the CD4-to-CD8 ratios showed sequestration of CD8+ lymphocytes in the liver. These effects were associated with a decrease in serum triglyceride levels, decrease in the aspartate aminotransferase levels, serum glucose levels, and HOMA-IR score. A decrease in hepatic triglycerides content was observed in the high dose-treated mice. CONCLUSION Orally administered PRX-106 shows biological activity and exerts an immunomodulatory effect, alleviating liver damage. The data suggest that PRX-106 may provide an oral immunotherapy for nonalcoholic steatohepatitis.
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Berezin AE, Samura TA, Kremzer AA, Berezina TA, Martovitskaya YV, Gromenko EA. An association of serum vistafin level and number of circulating endothelial progenitor cells in type 2 diabetes mellitus patients. Diabetes Metab Syndr 2016; 10:205-212. [PMID: 27377688 DOI: 10.1016/j.dsx.2016.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 06/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The decreased number and impaired functions of endothelial progenitor cells (EPCs) may associate with cardiovascular disease (CV) including atherosclerosis. However, the role of vistafin in regulation of angiogenic EPC subset maturation in T2DM patients without known atherosclerosis is still not fully understood. THE AIM OF THE STUDY To investigate an association of serum vistafin level and number of circulating EPCs in T2DM patients beyond known CV disease. METHODS This case-control observational investigation was evolved 54 subjects with T2DM and 35 healthy volunteers. The flow cytometry was used for predictably distinguishing cell subsets, which depend on expression of CD45, CD34, CD14, Tie-2, and VEGFR2. Biomarkers were measured at baseline of the study. RESULTS All T2DM patients were divided depending median of vistafin level (5.88ng/mL) in to two cohorts with low vistafin level (<5.88ng/mL; n=29) and high vistafin level (≥5.88ng/mL; n=25) respectively. Logistic regression analysis has shown that visfatin, hs-CRP, age and BMI were the best variables in the prediction of EPC number labeled as CD14+CD309+ and CD14+CD309+Tie2+ cells. After adjustment of the model to age and BMI elevated visfatin level remained the best predictor for both CD14+CD309+ and CD14+CD309+Tie2+ EPCs (OR 0.92, 95% CI: 0.88-0.95; P=0.001 and OR 0.90, 95% CI: 0.87-0.96; P=0.001 respectively). CONCLUSION We found that elevated level of vistafin was an independent predictor for declined numerous of non-classical EPCs labeled as CD14+CD309+ and CD14+CD309+Tie2+, whereas CD34+ subsets of EPCs did not associate with vistafin level in T2DM individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander E Berezin
- Internal Medicine Department, State Medical University, 26, Mayakovsky Av., Zaporozhye, Postcode 69035, Ukraine.
| | - Tatyana A Samura
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, State Medical University, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
| | - Alexander A Kremzer
- Clinical Pharmacology Department, State Medical University, Zaporozhye, Ukraine
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Moraes-Vieira PM, Saghatelian A, Kahn BB. GLUT4 Expression in Adipocytes Regulates De Novo Lipogenesis and Levels of a Novel Class of Lipids With Antidiabetic and Anti-inflammatory Effects. Diabetes 2016; 65:1808-15. [PMID: 27288004 PMCID: PMC4915575 DOI: 10.2337/db16-0221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Accepted: 03/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) regulates systemic insulin sensitivity through multiple mechanisms, and alterations in de novo lipogenesis appear to contribute. Mice overexpressing GLUT4 in adipocytes (AG4OX) have elevated AT lipogenesis and enhanced glucose tolerance despite being obese and having elevated circulating fatty acids. Lipidomic analysis of AT identified a structurally unique class of lipids, branched fatty acid esters of hydroxy-fatty acids (FAHFAs), which were elevated in AT and serum of AG4OX mice. Palmitic acid esters of hydroxy-stearic acids (PAHSAs) are among the most upregulated FAHFA families in AG4OX mice. Eight PAHSA isomers are present in mouse and human tissues. PAHSA levels are reduced in insulin resistant people, and levels correlate highly with insulin sensitivity. PAHSAs have beneficial metabolic effects. Treatment of obese mice with PAHSAs lowers glycemia and improves glucose tolerance while stimulating glucagon-like peptide 1 and insulin secretion. PAHSAs also reduce inflammatory cytokine production from immune cells and ameliorate adipose inflammation in obesity. PAHSA isomer concentrations are altered in physiological and pathophysiological conditions in a tissue- and isomer-specific manner. The mechanisms most likely involve changes in PAHSA biosynthesis, degradation, and secretion. The discovery of PAHSAs reveals the existence of previously unknown endogenous lipids and biochemical pathways involved in metabolism and inflammation, two fundamental physiological processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Alan Saghatelian
- Clayton Foundation Laboratories for Peptide Biology, Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, CA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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85
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Ilan Y. Compounds of the sphingomyelin-ceramide-glycosphingolipid pathways as secondary messenger molecules: new targets for novel therapies for fatty liver disease and insulin resistance. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G1102-17. [PMID: 27173510 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00095.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The compounds of sphingomyelin-ceramide-glycosphingolipid pathways have been studied as potential secondary messenger molecules in various systems, along with liver function and insulin resistance. Secondary messenger molecules act directly or indirectly to affect cell organelles and intercellular interactions. Their potential role in the pathogenesis of steatohepatitis and diabetes has been suggested. Data samples collected from patients with Gaucher's disease, who had high levels of glucocerebroside, support a role for compounds from these pathways as a messenger molecules in the pathogenesis of fatty liver disease and diabetes. The present review summarizes some of the recent data on the role of glycosphingolipid molecules as messenger molecules in various physiological and pathological conditions, more specifically including insulin resistance and fatty liver disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaron Ilan
- Gastroenterology and Liver Units, Department of Medicine, Hadassah Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
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86
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Obesity and Cardiovascular Risk: Variations in Visfatin Gene Can Modify the Obesity Associated Cardiovascular Risk. Results from the Segovia Population Based-Study. Spain. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153976. [PMID: 27166797 PMCID: PMC4864316 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153976] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Objectives Our aim was to investigate if genetic variations in the visfatin gene (SNPs rs7789066/ rs11977021/rs4730153) could modify the cardiovascular-risk (CV-risk) despite the metabolic phenotype (obesity and glucose tolerance). In addition, we investigated the relationship between insulin sensitivity and variations in visfatin gene. Material and Methods A population-based study in rural and urban areas of the Province of Segovia, Spain, was carried out in the period of 2001–2003 years. A total of 587 individuals were included, 25.4% subjects were defined as obese (BMI ≥30 Kg/m2). Results Plasma visfatin levels were significantly higher in obese subjects with DM2 than in other categories of glucose tolerance. The genotype AA of the rs4730153 SNP was significantly associated with fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR (Homeostasis model assessment-insulin resistance) after adjustment for gender, age, BMI and waist circumference. The obese individuals carrying the CC genotype of the rs11977021 SNP showed higher circulating levels of fasting proinsulin after adjustment for the same variables. The genotype AA of the rs4730153 SNP seems to be protective from CV-risk either estimated by Framingham or SCORE charts in general population; and in obese and non-obese individuals. No associations with CV-risk were observed for other studied SNPs (rs11977021/rs7789066). Conclusions In summary, this is the first study which concludes that the genotype AA of the rs4730153 SNP appear to protect against CV-risk in obese and non–obese individuals, estimated by Framingham and SCORE charts. Our results confirm that the different polymorphisms in the visfatin gene might be influencing the glucose homeostasis in obese individuals.
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Moraes-Vieira PM, Castoldi A, Aryal P, Wellenstein K, Peroni OD, Kahn BB. Antigen Presentation and T-Cell Activation Are Critical for RBP4-Induced Insulin Resistance. Diabetes 2016; 65:1317-27. [PMID: 26936962 PMCID: PMC4839203 DOI: 10.2337/db15-1696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 02/20/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Adipose tissue (AT) inflammation contributes to impaired insulin action, which is a major cause of type 2 diabetes. RBP4 is an adipocyte- and liver-derived protein with an important role in insulin resistance, metabolic syndrome, and AT inflammation. RBP4 elevation causes AT inflammation by activating innate immunity, which elicits an adaptive immune response. RBP4-overexpressing mice (RBP4-Ox) are insulin resistant and glucose intolerant and have increased AT macrophages and T-helper 1 cells. We show that high-fat diet-fed RBP4(-/-) mice have reduced AT inflammation and improved insulin sensitivity versus wild type. We also elucidate the mechanism for RBP4-induced macrophage antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation. In RBP4-Ox, AT macrophages display enhanced c-Jun N-terminal kinase, extracellular signal-related kinase, and p38 phosphorylation. Inhibition of these pathways and of NF-κB reduces activation of macrophages and CD4 T cells. MyD88 is an adaptor protein involved in proinflammatory signaling. In macrophages from MyD88(-/-) mice, RBP4 fails to stimulate secretion of tumor necrosis factor, IL-12, and IL-6 and CD4 T-cell activation. In vivo blockade of antigen presentation by treating RBP4-Ox mice with CTLA4-Ig, which blocks costimulation of T cells, is sufficient to reduce AT inflammation and improve insulin resistance. Thus, MyD88 and downstream mitogen-activated protein kinase and NF-κB pathways are necessary for RBP4-induced macrophage antigen presentation and subsequent T-cell activation. Also, blocking antigen presentation with CTLA4-Ig improves RBP4-induced insulin resistance and macrophage-induced T-cell activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro M Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Angela Castoldi
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Pratik Aryal
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Kerry Wellenstein
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Odile D Peroni
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
| | - Barbara B Kahn
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA
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Impact of anti-inflammatory nutrients on obesity-associated metabolic-inflammation from childhood through to adulthood. Proc Nutr Soc 2016; 75:115-24. [DOI: 10.1017/s0029665116000070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Obesity-related metabolic conditions such as insulin resistance (IR), type 2 diabetes and CVD share a number of pathological features, one of which is metabolic-inflammation. Metabolic-inflammation results from the infiltration of immune cells into the adipose tissue, driving a pro-inflammatory environment, which can induce IR. Furthermore, resolution of inflammation, an active process wherein the immune system counteracts pro-inflammatory states, may be dysregulated in obesity. Anti-inflammatory nutritional interventions have focused on attenuating this pro-inflammatory environment. Furthermore, with inherent variability among individuals, establishing at-risk populations who respond favourably to nutritional intervention strategies is important. This review will focus on chronic low-grade metabolic-inflammation, resolution of inflammation and the putative role anti-inflammatory nutrients have as a potential therapy. Finally, in the context of personalised nutrition, the approaches used in defining individuals who respond favourably to nutritional interventions will be highlighted. With increasing prevalence of obesity in younger people, age-dependent biological processes, preventative strategies and therapeutic options are important to help protect against development of obesity-associated co-morbidities.
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Kacso AC, Bondor CI, Coman AL, Potra AR, Georgescu CE. Determinants of visfatin in type 2 diabetes patients with diabetic kidney disease: Relationship to inflammation, adiposity and undercarboxylated osteocalcin. Scandinavian Journal of Clinical and Laboratory Investigation 2016; 76:217-25. [PMID: 26922969 DOI: 10.3109/00365513.2015.1137349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Visfatin is a proinflammatory molecule with possible actions on glucose metabolism. Interactions to bone metabolism and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (uOC) in diabetic patients (T2DP) with diabetic kidney disease (DKD) have not been reported. MATERIALS AND METHODS We included 51 incident T2DP with DKD. History, laboratory evaluation, anthropometry, visfatin, uOC were obtained. Fifteen T2DP without DKD were used as controls. RESULTS Visfatin was similar in DKD patients and controls: 1.56(0.97-3.03) versus 2.04(1.08-3.21) ng/mL, p = 0.51. In controls, visfatin positively correlated with diabetes duration (r = 0.63, p = 0.01) and negatively with uOC (r = -0.57, p = 0.03). In multivariate regression, diabetes duration remained significant (p = 0.01). In patients with DKD, visfatin was positively linked to C reactive protein (r = 0.27, p = 0.05), tricipital skin fold (TSF) (r = 0.41, p = 0.004) and leukocytes (r = 0.37, p = 0.01); the latter two parameters predicted visfatin in multivariate model (p = 0.001). In normoalbuminuric patients, visfatin was linked to body mass index (r = 0.32, p = 0.04), waist circumference (r = 0.42, p < 0.0001), LDL cholesterol (r = 0.33, p = 0.03), serum glucose (r = 0.36, p = 0.03) and glycated hemoglobin (r = 0.41, p = 0.007); there was a trend towards negative correlation to uOC (r = -0.28, p = 0.07); only glycaemia remained significant in multivariate analysis (p = 0.04). Albuminuric patients displayed a positive correlation of visfatin to waist to hip ratio (r = 0.41, p = 0.04) and leukocytes (r = 0.56, p = 0.04); the latter remained significant in multivariate regression (p = 0.005). CONCLUSION The main determinant of visfatin in T2D patients with DKD is inflammation; in normoalbuminuric patients, a positive link to adiposity and altered glycemic control and a trend towards a negative correlation to uOC was observable; the latter relationship was evident in patients without DKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alex C Kacso
- a University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" Cluj , Cluj Napoca
| | - Cosmina I Bondor
- b Department of Informatics and Biostatistics , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" Cluj , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Anca L Coman
- c Department of Nephrology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" Cluj , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Alina R Potra
- c Department of Nephrology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" Cluj , Cluj Napoca , Romania
| | - Carmen E Georgescu
- d Department of Endocrinology , University of Medicine and Pharmacy "Iuliu Hatieganu" Cluj , Cluj Napoca , Romania
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Miele L, Gasbarrini G, Giorgio V, Gasbarrini A, Grieco A. Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease as trigger of cardiovascular and metabolic complication in metabolic syndrome. Intern Emerg Med 2016; 11:3-10. [PMID: 26602387 DOI: 10.1007/s11739-015-1346-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 10/22/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Luca Miele
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy.
| | - Giovanni Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Valentina Giorgio
- Pediatric Department, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli University Hospital, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Gasbarrini
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Grieco
- Internal Medicine, Gastroenterology and Liver Unit, Fondazione Policlinico Gemelli, Catholic University of Sacred Heart, Largo Gemelli 8, 00168, Rome, Italy
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Schleinitz D. Genetic Determination of Serum Levels of Diabetes-Associated Adipokines. Rev Diabet Stud 2016; 12:277-98. [PMID: 26859657 PMCID: PMC5275755 DOI: 10.1900/rds.2015.12.277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Adipose tissue secretes an abundance of proteins. Some of these proteins are known as adipokines and adipose-derived hormones which have been linked with metabolic disorders, including type 2 diabetes, and even with cancer. Variance in serum adipokine concentration is often closely associated with an increase (obesity) or decrease (lipodystrophy) in fat tissue mass, and it is affected by age, gender, and localization of the adipose tissue. However, there may be genetic variants which, in consequence, influence the serum concentration of a certain adipokine, and thereby promote metabolic disturbances or, with regard to the "protective" allele, exert beneficial effects. This review focuses on the genetic determination of serum levels of the following adipokines: adiponectin, chemerin, leptin, progranulin, resistin, retinol binding protein 4, vaspin, adipsin, apelin, and omentin. The article reports on the latest findings from genome-wide association studies (GWAS) and candidate gene studies, showing variants located in/nearby the adipokine genes and other (non-receptor) genes. An extra chapter highlights adipokine-receptor variants. Epigenetic studies on adipokines are also addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dorit Schleinitz
- Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, University of Leipzig, Liebigstr. 21, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester Regulates PPAR's Levels in Stem Cells-Derived Adipocytes. PPAR Res 2016; 2016:7359521. [PMID: 26904104 PMCID: PMC4745343 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7359521] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 12/30/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypertrophic obesity inhibits activation of peroxisome proliferators-activated receptor gamma (PPARγ), considered the key mediator of the fully differentiated and insulin sensitive adipocyte phenotype. We examined the effects of Caffeic Acid Phenethyl Ester (Cape), isolated from propolis, a honeybee hive product, on Adipose Stem Cells (ASCs) differentiation to the adipocyte lineage. Finally we tested the effects of Cape on insulin-resistant adipocytes. Quantification of Oil Red O-stained cells showed that lipid droplets decreased following Cape treatment as well as radical oxygen species formation. Additionally, exposure of ASC to high glucose levels decreased adiponectin and increased proinflammatory cytokines mRNA levels, which were reversed by Cape-mediated increase of insulin sensitivity. Cape treatment resulted in decreased triglycerides synthesis and increased beta-oxidation. Exposure of ASCs to Lipopolysaccharide (LPS) induced a reduction of PPARγ, an increase of IL-6 levels associated with a well-known stimulation of lipolysis; Cape partially attenuated the LPS-mediated effects. These observations reveal the main role of PPARγ in the adipocyte function and during ASC differentiation. As there is now substantial interest in functional food and nutraceutical products, the observed therapeutic value of Cape in insulin-resistance related diseases should be taken into consideration.
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93
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Exercise Modulates Oxidative Stress and Inflammation in Aging and Cardiovascular Diseases. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2015; 2016:7239639. [PMID: 26823952 PMCID: PMC4707375 DOI: 10.1155/2016/7239639] [Citation(s) in RCA: 207] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2015] [Accepted: 09/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Despite the wealth of epidemiological and experimental studies indicating the protective role of regular physical activity/exercise training against the sequels of aging and cardiovascular diseases, the molecular transducers of exercise/physical activity benefits are not fully identified but should be further investigated in more integrative and innovative approaches, as they bear the potential for transformative discoveries of novel therapeutic targets. As aging and cardiovascular diseases are associated with a chronic state of oxidative stress and inflammation mediated via complex and interconnected pathways, we will focus in this review on the antioxidant and anti-inflammatory actions of exercise, mainly exerted on adipose tissue, skeletal muscles, immune system, and cardiovascular system by modulating anti-inflammatory/proinflammatory cytokines profile, redox-sensitive transcription factors such as nuclear factor kappa B, activator protein-1, and peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor gamma coactivator 1-alpha, antioxidant and prooxidant enzymes, and repair proteins such as heat shock proteins, proteasome complex, oxoguanine DNA glycosylase, uracil DNA glycosylase, and telomerase. It is important to note that the effects of exercise vary depending on the type, intensity, frequency, and duration of exercise as well as on the individual's characteristics; therefore, the development of personalized exercise programs is essential.
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94
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Non-invasive Assessments of Adipose Tissue Metabolism In Vitro. Ann Biomed Eng 2015; 44:725-32. [PMID: 26399988 DOI: 10.1007/s10439-015-1438-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Adipose tissue engineering is a diverse area of research where the developed tissues can be used to study normal adipose tissue functions, create disease models in vitro, and replace soft tissue defects in vivo. Increasing attention has been focused on the highly specialized metabolic pathways that regulate energy storage and release in adipose tissues which affect local and systemic outcomes. Non-invasive, dynamic measurement systems are useful to track these metabolic pathways in the same tissue model over time to evaluate long term cell growth, differentiation, and development within tissue engineering constructs. This approach reduces costs and time in comparison to more traditional destructive methods such as biochemical and immunochemistry assays and proteomics assessments. Towards this goal, this review will focus on important metabolic functions of adipose tissues and strategies to evaluate them with non-invasive in vitro methods. Current non-invasive methods, such as measuring key metabolic markers and endogenous contrast imaging will be explored.
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95
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Castoldi A, Naffah de Souza C, Câmara NOS, Moraes-Vieira PM. The Macrophage Switch in Obesity Development. Front Immunol 2015; 6:637. [PMID: 26779183 PMCID: PMC4700258 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2015.00637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 269] [Impact Index Per Article: 29.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2015] [Accepted: 12/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune cell infiltration in (white) adipose tissue (AT) during obesity is associated with the development of insulin resistance. In AT, the main population of leukocytes are macrophages. Macrophages can be classified into two major populations: M1, classically activated macrophages, and M2, alternatively activated macrophages, although recent studies have identified a broad range of macrophage subsets. During obesity, AT M1 macrophage numbers increase and correlate with AT inflammation and insulin resistance. Upon activation, pro-inflammatory M1 macrophages induce aerobic glycolysis. By contrast, in lean humans and mice, the number of M2 macrophages predominates. M2 macrophages secrete anti-inflammatory cytokines and utilize oxidative metabolism to maintain AT homeostasis. Here, we review the immunologic and metabolic functions of AT macrophages and their different facets in obesity and the metabolic syndrome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Castoldi
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Cristiane Naffah de Souza
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Niels Olsen Saraiva Câmara
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Science, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Federal University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
- Laboratory of Renal Physiology (LIM 16), Department of Medicine, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- *Correspondence: Pedro M. Moraes-Vieira,
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