51
|
Wu R, Fan X, Wang Y, Shen M, Zheng Y, Zhao S, Yang L. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles in Liver Immunity and Therapy. Front Immunol 2022; 13:833878. [PMID: 35309311 PMCID: PMC8930843 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2022.833878] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 02/15/2022] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), as the most common cell source for stem cell therapy, play an important role in the modulation of innate and adaptive immune responses and have been widely used in clinical trials to treat autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Recent experimental and clinical studies have shown that MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) can inhibit the activation and proliferation of a variety of proinflammatory cells, such as Th1, Th17 and M1 macrophages, reducing the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines, while promoting the proliferation of anti-inflammatory cells, such as M2 macrophages and Tregs, and increasing the secretion of anti-inflammatory cytokines, thus playing a role in immune regulation and exhibiting immunomodulatory functions. Besides MSC-EVs are more convenient and less immunogenic than MSCs. There is growing interest in the role of MSC-EVs in liver diseases owing to the intrinsic liver tropism of MSC-EVs. In this review, we focus on the immunomodulatory effects of MSC-EVs and summarize the pivotal roles of MSC-EVs as a cell-free therapy in liver diseases, including NAFLD, AIH, acute liver failure, liver fibrosis and hepatic ischemia–reperfusion injury. Moreover, we provide a concise overview of the potential use and limits of MSC-EVs in clinical application.
Collapse
|
52
|
Bone Marrow Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Their Derived Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Non-Alcoholic Steatohepatitis-Induced Cardiotoxicity via Modulating Cardiac Mechanisms. Life (Basel) 2022; 12:life12030355. [PMID: 35330106 PMCID: PMC8952775 DOI: 10.3390/life12030355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Revised: 02/22/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cardiovascular-disease (CVD)-related mortality has been fueled by the upsurge of non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH). Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) were extensively studied for their reparative power in ameliorating different CVDs via direct and paracrine effects. Several reports pointed to the importance of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) as a reliable therapeutic approach for several CVDs. Nevertheless, their therapeutic potential has not yet been investigated in the cardiotoxic state that is induced by NASH. Thus, this study sought to investigate the molecular mechanisms associated with cardiotoxicity that accompany NASH. Besides, we aimed to comparatively study the therapeutic effects of bone-marrow mesenchymal-stem-cell-derived extracellular vesicles (BM-MSCs-EV) and BM-MSCs in a cardiotoxic model that is induced by NASH in rats. Rats were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) for 12 weeks. At the seventh week, BM-MSCs-EV were given a dose of 120 µg/kg i.v., twice a week for six weeks (12 doses per 6 weeks). Another group was treated with BM-MSCs at a dose of 1 × 106 cell i.v., per rat once every 2 weeks for 6 weeks (3 doses per 6 weeks). BM-MSCs-EV demonstrated superior cardioprotective effects through decreasing serum cardiotoxic markers, cardiac hypoxic state (HIF-1) and cardiac inflammation (NF-κB p65, TNF-α, IL-6). This was accompanied by increased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and improved cardiac histopathological alterations. Both BM-MSCs-EV and BM-MSCs restored the mitochondrial antioxidant state through the upregulation of UCP2 and MnSOD genes. Besides, mitochondrial Parkin-dependent and -independent mitophagies were regained through the upregulation of (Parkin, PINK1, ULK1, BNIP3L, FUNDC1) and (LC3B). These effects were mediated through the regulation of pAKT, PI3K, Hypoxia, VEGF and NF-κB signaling pathways by an array of secreted microRNAs (miRNAs). Our findings unravel the potential ameliorative effects of BM-MSCs-EV as a comparable new avenue for BM-MSCs for modulating cardiotoxicity that is induced by NASH.
Collapse
|
53
|
Ma L, Ma Y, Ma BX, Ma M. Rosiglitazone ameliorates acute hepatic injury via activating the Nrf2 signaling pathway and inhibiting activation of the NLRP3 inflammasome. Exp Ther Med 2022; 23:300. [PMID: 35340872 PMCID: PMC8931635 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2022.11229] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2021] [Accepted: 11/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Ling Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830049, P.R. China
| | - Ying Ma
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830054, P.R. China
| | - Bin-Xi Ma
- Department of Pharmacy, The Eighth Affiliated Hospital of Xinjiang Medical University, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830049, P.R. China
| | - Ming Ma
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, People's Hospital of Xinjiang Uygur Autonomous Region, Urumqi, Xinjiang 830000, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Nazarie (Ignat) SR, Gharbia S, Hermenean A, Dinescu S, Costache M. Regenerative Potential of Mesenchymal Stem Cells' (MSCs) Secretome for Liver Fibrosis Therapies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms222413292. [PMID: 34948088 PMCID: PMC8705326 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222413292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2021] [Revised: 12/07/2021] [Accepted: 12/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic liver injuries lead to liver fibrosis and then to end-stage liver cirrhosis. Liver transplantation is often needed as a course of treatment for patients in critical conditions, but limitations associated with transplantation prompted the continuous search for alternative therapeutic strategies. Cell therapy with stem cells has emerged as an attractive option in order to stimulate tissue regeneration and liver repair. Transplanted mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could trans-differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells and, moreover, show anti-fibrotic and immunomodulatory effects. However, cell transplantation may lead to some uncontrolled side effects, risks associated with tumorigenesis, and cell rejection. MSCs' secretome includes a large number of soluble factors and extracellular vesicles (EVs), through which they exert their therapeutic role. This could represent a cell-free strategy, which is safer and more effective than MSC transplantation. In this review, we focus on cell therapies based on MSCs and how the MSCs' secretome impacts the mechanisms associated with liver diseases. Moreover, we discuss the important therapeutic role of EVs and how their properties could be further used in liver regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona-Rebeca Nazarie (Ignat)
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (S.-R.N.); (S.G.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
| | - Sami Gharbia
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (S.-R.N.); (S.G.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, “Vasile Goldiș” Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Anca Hermenean
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (S.-R.N.); (S.G.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
- “Aurel Ardelean” Institute of Life Sciences, “Vasile Goldiș” Western University of Arad, 310025 Arad, Romania
| | - Sorina Dinescu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (S.-R.N.); (S.G.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
- Correspondence:
| | - Marieta Costache
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania; (S.-R.N.); (S.G.); (A.H.); (M.C.)
- The Research Institute of the University of Bucharest (ICUB), University of Bucharest, 050663 Bucharest, Romania
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Tang R, Li R, Li H, Ma XL, Du P, Yu XY, Ren L, Wang LL, Zheng WS. Design of Hepatic Targeted Drug Delivery Systems for Natural Products: Insights into Nomenclature Revision of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. ACS NANO 2021; 15:17016-17046. [PMID: 34705426 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.1c02158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/13/2023]
Abstract
Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), recently renamed metabolic-dysfunction-associated fatty liver disease (MAFLD), affects a quarter of the worldwide population. Natural products have been extensively utilized in treating NAFLD because of their distinctive advantages over chemotherapeutic drugs, despite the fact that there are no approved drugs for therapy. Notably, the limitations of many natural products, such as poor water solubility, low bioavailability in vivo, low hepatic distribution, and lack of targeted effects, have severely restricted their clinical application. These issues could be resolved via hepatic targeted drug delivery systems (HTDDS) that boost clinical efficacy in treating NAFLD and decrease the adverse effects on other organs. Herein an overview of natural products comprising formulas, single medicinal plants, and their crude extracts has been presented to treat NAFLD. Also, the clinical efficacy and molecular mechanism of active monomer compounds against NAFLD are systematically discussed. The targeted delivery of natural products via HTDDS has been explored to provide a different nanotechnology-based NAFLD treatment strategy and to make suggestions for natural-product-based targeted nanocarrier design. Finally, the challenges and opportunities put forth by the nomenclature update of NAFLD are outlined along with insights into how to improve the NAFLD therapy and how to design more rigorous nanocarriers for the HTDDS. In brief, we summarize the up-to-date developments of the NAFLD-HTDDS based on natural products and provide viewpoints for the establishment of more stringent anti-NAFLD natural-product-targeted nanoformulations.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Rou Tang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Rui Li
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - He Li
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-Lei Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Peng Du
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Xiao-You Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Ling Ren
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Lu-Lu Wang
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioactive Substance and Function of Natural Medicines, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| | - Wen-Sheng Zheng
- Beijing City Key Laboratory of Drug Delivery Technology and Novel Formulation, Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences & Peking Union Medical College, Beijing 100050, China
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Chiabotto G, Ceccotti E, Tapparo M, Camussi G, Bruno S. Human Liver Stem Cell-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Target Hepatic Stellate Cells and Attenuate Their Pro-fibrotic Phenotype. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:777462. [PMID: 34796180 PMCID: PMC8593217 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.777462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2021] [Accepted: 10/13/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis occurs in response to chronic liver injury and is characterized by an excessive deposition of extracellular matrix. Activated hepatic stellate cells are primarily responsible for this process. A possible strategy to counteract the development of hepatic fibrosis could be the reversion of the activated phenotype of hepatic stellate cells. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nanosized membrane vesicles involved in intercellular communication. Our previous studies have demonstrated that EVs derived from human liver stem cells (HLSCs), a multipotent population of adult stem cells of the liver with mesenchymal-like phenotype, exert in vivo anti-fibrotic activity in the liver. However, the mechanism of action of these EVs remains to be determined. We set up an in vitro model of hepatic fibrosis using a human hepatic stellate cell line (LX-2) activated by transforming growth factor-beta 1 (TGF-β1). Then, we investigated the effect of EVs obtained from HLSCs and from human bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) on activated LX-2. The incubation of activated LX-2 with HLSC-EVs reduced the expression level of alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA). Conversely, MSC-derived EVs induced an increase in the expression of pro-fibrotic markers in activated LX-2. The analysis of the RNA cargo of HLSC-EVs revealed the presence of several miRNAs involved in the regulation of fibrosis and inflammation. Predictive target analysis indicated that several microRNAs (miRNAs) contained into HLSC-EVs could possibly target pro-fibrotic transcripts. In particular, we demonstrated that HLSC-EVs shuttled miR-146a-5p and that treatment with HLSC-EVs increased miR-146a-5p expression in LX-2. In conclusion, this study demonstrates that HLSC-EVs can attenuate the activated phenotype of hepatic stellate cells and that their biological effect may be mediated by the delivery of anti-fibrotic miRNAs, such as miR-146a-5p.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Ceccotti
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Torino, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Cargo proteins in extracellular vesicles: potential for novel therapeutics in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. J Nanobiotechnology 2021; 19:372. [PMID: 34789265 PMCID: PMC8600817 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-021-01120-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2021] [Accepted: 11/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are recognized as novel cell-free therapeutics. Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) remains a critical health problem. Herein, we show that EVs from pan peroxisome proliferator-activated receptor agonist-primed induced mesenchymal stem cell (pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs) has unique cargo protein signatures, and demonstrate its therapeutic function in NASH. RESULTS A unique protein signatures were identified in pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs against those from non-stimulated iMSC-EVs. NASH mice receiving pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs showed reduced steatotic changes and ameliorated ER stress and mitochondiral oxidative stress induced by inflammation. Moreover, pan PPAR-iMSC-EVs promoted liver regeneration via inhibiting apoptosis and enhancing proliferation. CONCLUSIONS We conclude that our strategy for enriching unique cargo proteins in EVs may facilitate the development of novel therapeutic option for NASH.
Collapse
|
58
|
Karn V, Ahmed S, Tsai LW, Dubey R, Ojha S, Singh HN, Kumar M, Gupta PK, Sadhu S, Jha NK, Kumar A, Pandit S, Kumar S. Extracellular Vesicle-Based Therapy for COVID-19: Promises, Challenges and Future Prospects. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9101373. [PMID: 34680490 PMCID: PMC8533559 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9101373] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2021] [Revised: 09/19/2021] [Accepted: 09/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The COVID-19 pandemic has become a serious concern and has negatively impacted public health and the economy. It primarily targets the lungs, causing acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS); however, it may also lead to multiple organ failure (MOF) and enhanced mortality rates. Hence, there is an urgent need to develop potential effective therapeutic strategies for COVID-19 patients. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released from various types of cells that participate in intercellular communication to maintain physiological and pathological processes. EVs derived from various cellular origins have revealed suppressive effects on the cytokine storm during systemic hyper-inflammatory states of severe COVID-19, leading to enhanced alveolar fluid clearance, promoted epithelial and endothelial recovery, and cell proliferation. Being the smallest subclass of EVs, exosomes offer striking characteristics such as cell targeting, being nano-carriers for drug delivery, high biocompatibility, safety, and low-immunogenicity, thus rendering them a potential cell-free therapeutic candidate against the pathogeneses of various diseases. Due to these properties, numerous studies and clinical trials have been performed to assess their safety and therapeutic efficacy against COVID-19. Hence, in this review, we have comprehensively described current updates on progress and challenges for EVs as a potential therapeutic agent for the management of COVID-19.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vamika Karn
- Department of Biotechnology, Amity University, Mumbai 410221, India;
| | - Shaista Ahmed
- Faculty of Medical and Paramedical Sciences, Aix-Marseille University, 13005 Marseille, France;
| | - Lung-Wen Tsai
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-W.T.); (R.D.)
- Department of Information Technology Office, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan
| | - Rajni Dubey
- Department of Medicine Research, Taipei Medical University Hospital, Taipei 11031, Taiwan; (L.-W.T.); (R.D.)
| | - Shreesh Ojha
- Department of Pharmacology and Therapeutics, College of Medicine and Health Sciences, UAE University, Al Ain, Abu Dhabi P.O. Box 17666, United Arab Emirates;
| | - Himanshu Naryan Singh
- Department of System Biology, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA;
| | - Mukesh Kumar
- Department of Biophysics, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, New Delhi 110029, India;
| | - Piyush Kumar Gupta
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (P.K.G.); (S.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Soumi Sadhu
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (P.K.G.); (S.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Niraj Kumar Jha
- Department of Biotechnology, School of Engineering & Technology (SET), Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India;
| | - Ashutosh Kumar
- Department of Anatomy, All India Institute of Medical Sciences, Patna 801507, India;
| | - Soumya Pandit
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (P.K.G.); (S.S.); (S.P.)
| | - Sanjay Kumar
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Basic Sciences and Research, Sharda University, Greater Noida 201310, India; (P.K.G.); (S.S.); (S.P.)
- Correspondence: or ; Tel.: +91-120-4570-000
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Extracellular vesicles in acute respiratory distress syndrome: Recent developments from bench to bedside. Int Immunopharmacol 2021; 100:108118. [PMID: 34492532 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2021.108118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2021] [Revised: 08/26/2021] [Accepted: 08/29/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Acute lung injury (ALI) and acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS), characterized by a large number of inflammatory cell aggregation and alveolar cell damage in pathophysiology, have extremely high morbidity and mortality in critically ill patients. In recent years, more and more studies have found that there are abundant extracellular vesicles (EVs) in animal models and patients with ALI/ARDS, and they play a critical role in the pathogenesis of lung injury. Clarifying the mechanisms of EVs in lung injury is of great significance in the diagnosis and treatment of ALI/ARDS. In this review, we will summarize the recent findings on the roles of EVs derived from different cells in ALI/ARDS, along with the formation, function, and related effects of EVs, and explore their potential clinical application for the diagnosis and treatment of ALI/ARDS.
Collapse
|
60
|
Huang Y, Yang L. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles in therapy against fibrotic diseases. Stem Cell Res Ther 2021; 12:435. [PMID: 34348793 PMCID: PMC8334330 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-021-02524-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is likely to occur in many tissues and organs to induce cicatrisation and dysfunction. The therapeutic regimens for delaying and even reversing fibrosis are quite limited at present. In nearly a decade, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been widely acknowledged as useful in treating fibrotic diseases in preclinical and clinical trials. Further preclinical studies indicated that the effects of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are probably superior to that of MSCs. At present, MSC-EVs have attracted much attention in treating fibrosis of lung, liver, kidney, skin, and heart. By contrast, a significant knowledge-gap remains in treating fibrosis of other tissues and organs (including uterus, gastrointestinal tract, and peritoneum) with the aid of MSC-EVs. This review summarises the preclinical research status of MSC-EVs in treating fibrotic diseases and proposes solutions to existing problems, which contribute to further clinical research on the treatment of fibrotic diseases with MSC-EVs in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yuling Huang
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155th Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China
| | - Lina Yang
- Departments of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital of China Medical University, 155th Nanjing North Street, Shenyang, 110001, Liaoning, People's Republic of China.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Kostallari E, Valainathan S, Biquard L, Shah VH, Rautou PE. Role of extracellular vesicles in liver diseases and their therapeutic potential. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2021; 175:113816. [PMID: 34087329 PMCID: PMC10798367 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2021.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2021] [Revised: 05/17/2021] [Accepted: 05/29/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
More than eight hundred million people worldwide have chronic liver disease, with two million deaths per year. Recurring liver injury results in fibrogenesis, progressing towards cirrhosis, for which there doesn't exists any cure except liver transplantation. Better understanding of the mechanisms leading to cirrhosis and its complications is needed to develop effective therapies. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are released by cells and are important for cell-to-cell communication. EVs have been reported to be involved in homeostasis maintenance, as well as in liver diseases. In this review, we present current knowledge on the role of EVs in non-alcoholic fatty liver disease and non-alcoholic steatohepatitis, alcohol-associated liver disease, chronic viral hepatitis, primary liver cancers, acute liver injury and liver regeneration. Moreover, therapeutic strategies involving EVs as targets or as tools to treat liver diseases are summarized.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Enis Kostallari
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Shantha Valainathan
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service d'Hépatologie, DMU DIGEST, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, FILFOIE, ERN RARE-LIVER, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Paris, France
| | - Louise Biquard
- Université de Paris, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Paris, France.
| | - Vijay H Shah
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, United States.
| | - Pierre-Emmanuel Rautou
- Université de Paris, AP-HP, Hôpital Beaujon, Service d'Hépatologie, DMU DIGEST, Centre de Référence des Maladies Vasculaires du Foie, FILFOIE, ERN RARE-LIVER, Centre de recherche sur l'inflammation, Inserm, UMR 1149, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Wu D, Zhu H, Wang H. Extracellular Vesicles in Non-alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease and Alcoholic Liver Disease. Front Physiol 2021; 12:707429. [PMID: 34335310 PMCID: PMC8316622 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2021.707429] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2021] [Accepted: 06/22/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
As the largest vital solid organ in the body, liver is consisting of multiple types of cells including hepatocytes, Kupffer cell, hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), liver sinusoidal endothelial cells (LSECs), and other immune cells. The communication between these cells is critical in maintaining liver function homeostasis, and dysregulation of such communication contributes to the pathogenesis of various liver diseases. Extracellular vesicles (EVs), including exosomes and ectosomes, act as important mediators of cell-to-cell communication. EVs can be produced and uptaken by a wide range of cells including all types of cells in the liver. Growing evidences show that EVs are involved in the development of liver diseases, especially non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD). In this review, we will summarize recent advance in how EVs production are altered in NAFLD and ALD and how the changes of EVs quantity and cargos influence the progression of these diseases. The therapeutic and diagnostic potential of EVs in NAFLD and ALD will be also discussed in this review.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dongqing Wu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Huaqing Zhu
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Department of Biochemistry, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| | - Hua Wang
- Department of Oncology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China.,Inflammation and Immune Mediated Diseases Laboratory of Anhui Province, Anhui Medical University, Hefei, China
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Extracellular Vesicles in Organ Fibrosis: Mechanisms, Therapies, and Diagnostics. Cells 2021; 10:cells10071596. [PMID: 34202136 PMCID: PMC8305303 DOI: 10.3390/cells10071596] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2021] [Revised: 06/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Fibrosis is the unrelenting deposition of excessively large amounts of insoluble interstitial collagen due to profound matrigenic activities of wound-associated myofibroblasts during chronic injury in diverse tissues and organs. It is a highly debilitating pathology that affects millions of people globally and leads to decreased function of vital organs and increased risk of cancer and end-stage organ disease. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) produced within the chronic wound environment have emerged as important vehicles for conveying pro-fibrotic signals between many of the cell types involved in driving the fibrotic response. On the other hand, EVs from sources such as stem cells, uninjured parenchymal cells, and circulation have in vitro and in vivo anti-fibrotic activities that have provided novel and much-needed therapeutic options. Finally, EVs in body fluids of fibrotic individuals contain cargo components that may have utility as fibrosis biomarkers, which could circumvent current obstacles to fibrosis measurement in the clinic, allowing fibrosis stage, progression, or regression to be determined in a manner that is accurate, safe, minimally-invasive, and conducive to repetitive testing. This review highlights the rapid and recent progress in our understanding of EV-mediated fibrotic pathogenesis, anti-fibrotic therapy, and fibrosis staging in the lung, kidney, heart, liver, pancreas, and skin.
Collapse
|
64
|
Lu D, Xu Y, Liu Q, Zhang Q. Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Macrophage Crosstalk and Maintenance of Inflammatory Microenvironment Homeostasis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:681171. [PMID: 34249933 PMCID: PMC8267370 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.681171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Accepted: 05/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Macrophages are involved in almost every aspect of biological systems and include development, homeostasis and repair. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have good clinical application prospects due to their ability to regulate adaptive and innate immune cells, particularly macrophages, and they have been used successfully for many immune disorders, including inflammatory bowel disease (IBD), acute lung injury, and wound healing, which have been reported as macrophage-mediated disorders. In the present review, we focus on the interaction between MSCs and macrophages and summarize their methods of interaction and communication, such as cell-to-cell contact, soluble factor secretion, and organelle transfer. In addition, we discuss the roles of MSC-macrophage crosstalk in the development of disease and maintenance of homeostasis of inflammatory microenvironments. Finally, we provide optimal strategies for applications in immune-related disease treatments.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Di Lu
- The Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yan Xu
- The Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiuli Liu
- The Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qi Zhang
- The Biotherapy Center, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Yang Y, Zhao Y, Zhang L, Zhang F, Li L. The Application of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in the Treatment of Liver Diseases: Mechanism, Efficacy, and Safety Issues. Front Med (Lausanne) 2021; 8:655268. [PMID: 34136500 PMCID: PMC8200416 DOI: 10.3389/fmed.2021.655268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) transplantation is a novel treatment for liver diseases due to the roles of MSCs in regeneration, fibrosis inhibition and immune regulation. However, the mechanisms are still not completely understood. Despite the significant efficacy of MSC therapy in animal models and preliminary clinical trials, issues remain. The efficacy and safety of MSC-based therapy in the treatment of liver diseases remains a challenging issue that requires more investigation. This article reviews recent studies on the mechanisms of MSCs in liver diseases and the associated challenges and suggests potential future applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ya Yang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yalei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lingjian Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Fen Zhang
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lanjuan Li
- State Key Laboratory for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Infectious Diseases, Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, College of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
El-Derany MO, AbdelHamid SG. Upregulation of miR-96-5p by bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes alleviate non-alcoholic steatohepatitis: Emphasis on caspase-2 signaling inhibition. Biochem Pharmacol 2021; 190:114624. [PMID: 34052187 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2021.114624] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2021] [Revised: 05/23/2021] [Accepted: 05/25/2021] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) has evolved as the most common and devastating chronic liver disease. This study aimed to explore the underlined mechanism for the therapeutic potentials of bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) and their derived exosomes (BM-MSCs-Exo) in an experimental model of high fat diet (HFD) induced NASH. Rats were fed with HFD for 12 weeks. At the seventh week, BM-MSCs were given at a dose of 1x106 cell i.v., per rat. A total of three doses of BM-MSCs were given per each rat in six weeks. BM-MSCs-Exo were given at a dose of 15, 30 and 120 µg/kg i.v., twice per week for six weeks. Perfect homing to the liver was detected. Beneficial effects were reported to BM-MSCs or BM-MSCs-Exo cotreatment; where the highest anti-steatotic effects were attributed to BM-MSCs-Exo (120 µg/kg) showing significant downregulation of fatty acid synthesis (SREB1, 2, ACC), downregulation in lipid uptake (CD36); accompanied by significant upregulation in fatty acid oxidation (PPARα, CPT1). These events were associated with abrogation of hepatic steatosis and ballooning in HFD-induced NASH. BM-MSCs or BM-MSCs-Exo cotreatment exerted significant anti-apoptotic effects mediated by significant decrease in Bax/Bcl2 ratio. Besides, significant increase in mitochondrial mitophagy genes (Parkin, PINK1, ULK1, BNIP3L, ATG5, ATG7, ATG12) were detected in BM-MSCs or BM-MSCs-Exo cotreated groups. These findings are thought to be modulated through upregulation of miRNA-96-5p which leads to downregulation of its downstream target caspase-2. Being a critical player in NASH development, caspase-2 targeting by miRNA-96-5p could be a promising therapeutic modality to treat NASH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marwa O El-Derany
- Department of Biochemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Cairo, Egypt.
| | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Exosomes Secreted from Amniotic Membrane Contribute to Its Anti-Fibrotic Activity. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22042055. [PMID: 33669673 PMCID: PMC7922650 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22042055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2021] [Revised: 02/16/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Amniotic membranes (AM) have anti-fibrotic activity. Exosomes (nano-sized vesicles) function as conduits for intercellular transfer and contain all the necessary components to induce the resolution of fibrosis. In this study, we tested the hypothesis that the anti-fibrotic activity of AM is mediated by exosomes. AM-derived exosomes or amniotic stromal cell-derived exosomes were isolated and characterized. Anti-fibrotic activity of exosomes was evaluated using human hepatic stellate cells (LX-2), an in vitro model of fibrosis. Exosomes isolated from AM tissue-conditioned media had an average size of 75 nm. Exosomes significantly inhibited the proliferation of TGFβ1-activated LX-2 but had no effect on the proliferation of non-activated LX-2 cells. Exosomes also reduced the migration of LX-2 in a scratch wound assay. Furthermore, exosomes reduced the gene expression of pro-fibrotic markers such as COL1A1, ACTA, and TGFβ1 in LX-2 cells. Interestingly, exosomes isolated from AM tissue under hypoxic conditions seemed to show a stronger anti-fibrotic activity than exosomes isolated from tissue under normoxic conditions. Exosomes released by in vitro cultured AM stromal cells were smaller in size compared with tissue exosomes and also showed anti-fibrotic activity on LX-2 cells. In conclusion, AM-tissue-released exosomes contribute to the anti-fibrotic activity of AM. This is the first report of isolation, characterization, and functional evaluation of exosomes derived from amniotic tissues with the direct comparison between tissue-derived exosomes and cultured cell-derived exosomes.
Collapse
|
68
|
Li J, Zhu Y, Li N, Wu T, Zheng X, Heng BC, Zou D, Xu J. Upregulation of ETV2 Expression Promotes Endothelial Differentiation of Human Dental Pulp Stem Cells. Cell Transplant 2021; 30:963689720978739. [PMID: 33522307 PMCID: PMC7863555 DOI: 10.1177/0963689720978739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The lack of vasculogenesis often hampers the survivability and integration of newly engineered tissue grafts within the host. Autologous endothelial cells (ECs) are an ideal cell source for neovascularization, but they are limited by their scarcity, lack of proliferative capacity, and donor site morbidity upon isolation. The objective of this study was to determine whether differentiation of human dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs) into the endothelial lineage can be enhanced by recombinant ETV2 overexpression. DPSCs were extracted from fresh dental pulp tissues. ETV2 overexpression in DPSCs was achieved by lentiviral infection and cellular morphological changes were evaluated. The mRNA and protein expression levels of endothelial-specific markers were assessed through quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction, western blot, immunofluorescence staining, and flow cytometry. The tube formation assay and Matrigel plug assay were also performed to evaluate the angiogenic potential of the ETV2-transduced cells in vitro and in vivo, respectively. Additionally, proteomic analysis was performed to analyze global changes in protein expression following ETV2 overexpression. After lentiviral infection, ETV2-overexpressing DPSCs showed endothelial-like morphology. Compared with control DPSCs, significantly higher mRNA and protein expression levels of endothelial-specific genes, including CD31, VE-Cadherin, VEGFR1, and VEGFR2, were detected in ETV2-overexpressing DPSCs. Moreover, ETV2 overexpression enhanced capillary-like tube formation on Matrigel in vitro, as well as neovascularization in vivo. In addition, comparative proteomic profiling showed that ETV2 overexpression upregulated the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) receptors, which was indicative of increased VEGF signaling. Taken together, our results indicate that ETV2 overexpression significantly enhanced the endothelial differentiation of DPSCs. Thus, this study shows that DPSCs can be a promising candidate cell source for tissue engineering applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jing Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, 12589Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Youming Zhu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatologic Hospital & College, 12485Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Orthodontics, Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Oral Tissue Regeneration, School of Stomatology, 12589Shandong University, Jinan, P. R. China
| | - Tao Wu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatologic Hospital & College, 12485Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Xianyu Zheng
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatologic Hospital & College, 12485Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, P. R. China
| | - Boon Chin Heng
- Central Laboratories, School of Stomatology, 12465Peking University, Beijing, P. R. China
| | - Duohong Zou
- Department of Oral Surgery, Shanghai Key Laboratory of Stomatology, National Clinical Research Center of Stomatology, Ninth People's Hospital, 56694Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P. R. China
| | - Jianguang Xu
- Department of Orthodontics, Stomatologic Hospital & College, 12485Anhui Medical University, Key Lab of Oral Diseases Research of Anhui Province, Hefei, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Therapeutic Application of Exosomes in Inflammatory Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22031144. [PMID: 33498928 PMCID: PMC7865921 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22031144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2021] [Accepted: 01/22/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Immunomodulation is on the cusp of being an important therapy for treating many diseases, due to the significant role of the immune system in defending the human body. Although the immune system is an essential defense system, overactivity can result in diverse sicknesses such as inflammation and autoimmune disease. Exosomes are emerging as a state-of-the-art therapeutic strategy for treating an overactive immune system. Thus, in this review, we will thoroughly review therapeutic applications of exosomes in various inflammatory and autoimmune diseases. Finally, issues for an outlook to the future of exosomal therapy will be introduced.
Collapse
|
70
|
|
71
|
Zhu M, Hua T, Ouyang T, Qian H, Yu B. Applications of Mesenchymal Stem Cells in Liver Fibrosis: Novel Strategies, Mechanisms, and Clinical Practice. Stem Cells Int 2021; 2021:6546780. [PMID: 34434239 PMCID: PMC8380491 DOI: 10.1155/2021/6546780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2021] [Revised: 06/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver fibrosis is a common result of most chronic liver diseases, and advanced fibrosis often leads to cirrhosis. Currently, there is no effective treatment for liver cirrhosis except liver transplantation. Therefore, it is important to carry out antifibrosis treatment to reverse liver damage in the early stage of liver fibrosis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are the most widely used stem cells in the field of regenerative medicine. The preclinical and clinical research results of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis and cirrhosis show that MSC administration is a promising treatment for liver fibrosis and cirrhosis. MSCs reverse liver fibrosis and increase liver function mainly through differentiation into hepatocytes, immune regulation, secretion of cytokines and other nutritional factors, reduction of hepatocyte apoptosis, and promotion of hepatocyte regeneration. Recently, many studies provided a variety of new methods and strategies to improve the effect of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis. In this review, we summarized the current effective methods and strategies and their potential mechanisms of MSCs in the treatment of liver fibrosis, as well as the current research progress in clinical practice. We expect to achieve complete reversal of liver injury with MSC-based therapy in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mengmei Zhu
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tianzhen Hua
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Tao Ouyang
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Huofu Qian
- 2Department of Gastroenterology, The Second People's Hospital of Taizhou, China
| | - Bing Yu
- 1Department of Cell Biology, Center for Stem Cell and Medicine, Naval Medical University (Second Military Medical University), Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Chiabotto G, Pasquino C, Camussi G, Bruno S. Molecular Pathways Modulated by Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Their Extracellular Vesicles in Experimental Models of Liver Fibrosis. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:594794. [PMID: 33425900 PMCID: PMC7794013 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.594794] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
End-stage liver fibrosis is common to all chronic liver diseases. Since liver transplantation has several limitations, including lack of donors, immunological rejection, and high medical costs, therapeutic alternatives are needed. The administration of mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) has been proven effective in tissue regeneration after damage. However, the risk of uncontrolled side effects, such as cellular rejection and tumorigenesis, should be taken into consideration. A safer alternative to MSC transplantation is represented by the MSC secretome, which retains the same beneficial effect of the cell of origin, without showing any considerable side effect. The paracrine effect of MSCs is mainly carried out by secreted particles in the nanometer range, known as extracellular vesicles (EVs) that play a fundamental role in intercellular communication. In this review, we discuss the current literature on MSCs and MSC-EVs, focusing on their potential therapeutic action in liver fibrosis and on their molecular content (proteins and RNA), which contributes in reverting fibrosis and prompting tissue regeneration.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Pasquino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Turin, Turin, Italy.,Molecular Biotechnology Center, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Jiao Y, Xu P, Shi H, Chen D, Shi H. Advances on liver cell-derived exosomes in liver diseases. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 25:15-26. [PMID: 33247543 PMCID: PMC7810930 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.16123] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 11/02/2020] [Accepted: 11/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Exosomes are extracellular vesicles with diameters ranging from 30 to 150 nm, which contain several donor cell‐associated proteins as well as mRNA, miRNA, and lipids and coordinate multiple physiological and pathological functions through horizontal communication between cells. Almost all types of liver cells, such as hepatocytes and Kupffer cells, are exosome‐releasing and/or exosome‐targeted cells. Exosomes secreted by liver cells play an important role in regulating general physiological functions and also participate in the onset and development of liver diseases, including liver cancer, liver injury, liver fibrosis and viral hepatitis. Liver cell‐derived exosomes carry liver cell‐specific proteins and miRNAs, which can be used as diagnostic biomarkers and treatment targets of liver disease. This review discusses the functions of exosomes derived from different liver cells and provides novel insights based on the latest developments regarding the roles of exosomes in the diagnosis and treatment of liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Jiao
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
| | - Ping Xu
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
| | - Honglin Shi
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
| | - Dexi Chen
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
| | - Hongbo Shi
- Beijing Institute of Hepatology, Beijing Youan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China.,Beijing Engineering Research Center for Precision Medicine and Transformation of Hepatitis and Liver Cancer, Beijing, China
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Human mesenchymal stem cells treatment improved hepatic lesions and reversed gut microbiome disorder in non-alcoholic steatohepatitis. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:21660-21673. [PMID: 33168782 PMCID: PMC7695425 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103962] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Effective therapies for non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) are urgently needed. We investigated the effect of human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) on the intestinal flora in NASH treatment. We isolated the hMSCs from the umbilical cords and divided male C57BL/6 mice into three groups, namely, chow, methionine-choline-deficient (MCD), and MCD+hMSCs. After collecting the feces and liver of the mice, we evaluated the histological changes in the liver and measured the inflammatory and fibrogenesis cytokines. Fecal microbiome and metabolome were analyzed using 16S rRNA gene sequencing analyses. The hMSCs treatment could alleviate hepatic steatosis, inflammation and fibrosis induced by MCD diet. It could also reverse the microbiome and metabolome disorders in the NASH model. Correlation analysis of the interaction among bacteria amplified the effects of the bacteria in host. In conclusion, hMSCs treatment could improve NASH-related lesions and reverse gut microbiome and metabolome disorder in NASH.
Collapse
|
75
|
Dorairaj V, Sulaiman SA, Abu N, Abdul Murad NA. Extracellular Vesicles in the Development of the Non-Alcoholic Fatty Liver Disease: An Update. Biomolecules 2020; 10:biom10111494. [PMID: 33143043 PMCID: PMC7693409 DOI: 10.3390/biom10111494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2020] [Revised: 10/22/2020] [Accepted: 10/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is a broad spectrum of liver damage disease from a simple fatty liver (steatosis) to more severe liver conditions such as non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), fibrosis, and cirrhosis. Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous group of small membrane vesicles released by various cells in normal or diseased conditions. The EVs carry bioactive components in their cargos and can mediate the metabolic changes in recipient cells. In the context of NAFLD, EVs derived from adipocytes are implicated in the development of whole-body insulin resistance (IR), the hepatic IR, and fatty liver (steatosis). Excessive fatty acid accumulation is toxic to the hepatocytes, and this lipotoxicity can induce the release of EVs (hepatocyte-EVs), which can mediate the progression of fibrosis via the activation of nearby macrophages and hepatic stellate cells (HSCs). In this review, we summarized the recent findings of adipocyte- and hepatocyte-EVs on NAFLD disease development and progression. We also discussed previous studies on mesenchymal stem cell (MSC) EVs that have garnered attention due to their effects on preventing liver fibrosis and increasing liver regeneration and proliferation.
Collapse
|
76
|
Wang J, Xia J, Huang R, Hu Y, Fan J, Shu Q, Xu J. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles alter disease outcomes via endorsement of macrophage polarization. Stem Cell Res Ther 2020; 11:424. [PMID: 32993783 PMCID: PMC7522905 DOI: 10.1186/s13287-020-01937-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are adult stromal cells that reside in virtually all postnatal tissues. Due to their regenerative and immunomodulatory capacities, MSCs have attracted growing attention during the past two decades. MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs) are able to duplicate the effects of their parental cells by transferring functional proteins and genetic materials to recipient cells without cell-to-cell contact. MSC-EVs also target macrophages, which play an essential role in innate immunity, adaptive immunity, and homeostasis. Recent studies have demonstrated that MSC-EVs reduce M1 polarization and/or promote M2 polarization in a variety of settings. In this review, we discuss the mechanisms of macrophage polarization and roles of MSC-EV-induced macrophage polarization in the outcomes of cardiovascular, pulmonary, digestive, renal, and central nervous system diseases. In conclusion, MSC-EVs may become a viable alternative to MSCs for the treatment of diseases in which inflammation and immunity play a critical role.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiangmei Wang
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Jie Xia
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Ruoqiong Huang
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Yaoqin Hu
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Jiajie Fan
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Qiang Shu
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| | - Jianguo Xu
- The Children’s Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine and National Clinical Research Center for Child Health, 3333 Binsheng Road, Hangzhou, 310051 Zhejiang China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Kao YH, Lin YC, Lee PH, Lin CW, Chen PH, Tai TS, Chang YC, Chou MH, Chang CY, Sun CK. Infusion of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells Improves Regenerative Niche in Thioacetamide-Injured Mouse Liver. Tissue Eng Regen Med 2020; 17:671-682. [PMID: 32880852 DOI: 10.1007/s13770-020-00274-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2020] [Revised: 05/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study investigated whether xenotransplantation of human Wharton's jelly-derived mesenchymal stem cells (WJ-MSCs) reduces thioacetamide (TAA)-induced mouse liver fibrosis and the underlying molecular mechanism. METHODS Recipient NOD/SCID mice were injected intraperitoneally with TAA twice weekly for 6 weeks before initial administration of WJ-MSCs. Expression of regenerative and pro-fibrogenic markers in mouse fibrotic livers were monitored post cytotherapy. A hepatic stallate cell line HSC-T6 and isolated WJ-MSCs were used for in vitro adhesion, migration and mechanistic studies. RESULTS WJ-MSCs were isolated from human umbilical cords by an explant method and characterized by flow cytometry. A single infusion of WJ-MSCs to TAA-treated mice significantly reduced collagen deposition and ameliorated liver fibrosis after 2-week therapy. In addition to enhanced expression of hepatic regenerative factor, hepatocyte growth factor, and PCNA proliferative marker, WJ-MSC therapy significantly blunted pro-fibrogenic signals, including Smad2, RhoA, ERK. Intriguingly, reduction of plasma fibronectin (pFN) in fibrotic livers was noted in MSC-treated mice. In vitro studies further demonstrated that suspending MSCs triggered pFN degradation, soluble pFN conversely retarded adhesion of suspending MSCs onto type I collagen-coated surface, whereas pFN coating enhanced WJ-MSC migration across mimicked wound bed. Moreover, pretreatment with soluble pFN and conditioned medium from MSCs with pFN strikingly attenuated the response of HSC-T6 cells to TGF-β1-stimulation in Smad2 phosphorylation and RhoA upregulation. CONCLUSION These findings suggest that cytotherapy using WJ-MSCs may modulate hepatic pFN deposition for a better regenerative niche in the fibrotic livers and may constitute a useful anti-fibrogenic intervention in chronic liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ying-Hsien Kao
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yu-Chun Lin
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Huang Lee
- Department of Surgery, E-Da Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Committee for Integration and Promotion of Advanced Medicine and Biotechnology, E-Da Healthcare Group, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Wei Lin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Po-Han Chen
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Tzong-Shyuan Tai
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan
| | - Yo-Chen Chang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Kaohsiung Medical University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Ming-Huei Chou
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medical Sciences, Chang Gung University College Medicine, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.,Center for General Education, Cheng-Shiu University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yang Chang
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, E-Da Hospital, I-Shou University, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan.
| | - Cheuk-Kwan Sun
- Department of Medical Research, E-Da Hospital, No. 1, Yida Rd., Yanchau District, Kaohsiung, 82445, Taiwan. .,The School of Medicine for International Students, I-Shou University, Kaohsiung, Taiwan.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
He D, Zhao F, Jiang H, Kang Y, Song Y, Lin X, Shi P, Zhang T, Pang X. LOXL2 from human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells accelerates wound epithelialization by promoting differentiation and migration of keratinocytes. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 12:12960-12986. [PMID: 32621591 PMCID: PMC7377892 DOI: 10.18632/aging.103384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2019] [Accepted: 05/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we identified wound healing-related proteins secreted by human amniotic epithelial cells (hAECs) and human amniotic mesenchymal stem cells (hAMSCs). We observed increased migration and reduced proliferation and differentiation when keratinocytes were co-cultured in media conditioned by hAECs (hAECs-CM) and hAMSCs (hAMSCs-CM). Label-free mass spectrometry and bioinformatic analyses of the hAECs-CM and hAMSCs-CM proteome revealed several proteins associated with wound healing, angiogenesis, cellular differentiation, immune response and cell motility. The levels of the proteins related to wound healing, including CTHRC1, LOXL2 and LGALS1, were significantly higher in hAMSCs-CM than hAECs-CM. LOXL2 significantly enhanced in vitro keratinocyte migration and differentiation compared to CTHRC1 and LGALS1. Moreover, LOXL2 enhanced keratinocyte migration and differentiation by activating the JNK signaling pathway. We observed significant reduction in the in vitro migration and differentiation of keratinocytes when co-cultured with medium conditioned by LOXL2-silenced hAMSCs and when treated with 10 μM SP600125, a specific JNK inhibitor. Treatment with hAMSCs-CM and LOXL2 significantly accelerated wound healing in the murine skin wound model. These findings show that LOXL2 promotes wound healing by inducing keratinocyte migration and differentiation via a JNK signaling pathway.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dan He
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China
| | - Feng Zhao
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China
| | - Han Jiang
- Department of Psychiatry, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yue Kang
- Department of Plastic Surgery, The First Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Yang Song
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China.,Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang 110001, Liaoning, China
| | - Xuewen Lin
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China
| | - Ping Shi
- Shenyang Amnion Bioengineering and Technology R & D Center, Shenyang Liaoning Amnion Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Professional Technology Innovation Platform, Liaoning Human Amniotic Membrane Biological Dressing Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Engineering Research Center, Shenyang 110015, Liaoning, China
| | - Tao Zhang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China
| | - Xining Pang
- Department of Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine, Shenyang Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang 110013, Liaoning, China.,Shenyang Amnion Bioengineering and Technology R & D Center, Shenyang Liaoning Amnion Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Professional Technology Innovation Platform, Liaoning Human Amniotic Membrane Biological Dressing Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine Engineering Research Center, Shenyang 110015, Liaoning, China
| |
Collapse
|
79
|
Extracellular Vesicles: A Therapeutic Option for Liver Fibrosis. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124255. [PMID: 32549355 PMCID: PMC7352992 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124255] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2020] [Revised: 06/02/2020] [Accepted: 06/11/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are a heterogeneous population of small membrane vesicles released by all types of cells in both physiological and pathological conditions. EVs shuttle different types of molecules and are able to modify the behavior of target cells by various mechanisms of action. In this review, we have summarized the papers present in the literature, to our acknowledge, that reported the EV effects on liver diseases. EVs purified from serum, stem cells, and hepatocytes were investigated in different experimental in vivo models of liver injury and in particular of liver fibrosis. Despite the different EV origin and the different types of injury (toxic, ischemic, diet induced, and so on), EVs showed an anti-fibrotic effect. In particular, EVs had the capacities to inhibit activation of hepatic stellate cells, one of the major players of liver fibrosis development; to reduce inflammation and apoptosis; to counteract the oxidative stress; and to increase hepatocyte proliferation, contributing to reducing fibrosis and ameliorating liver function and morphology.
Collapse
|
80
|
Hernández A, Arab JP, Reyes D, Lapitz A, Moshage H, Bañales JM, Arrese M. Extracellular Vesicles in NAFLD/ALD: From Pathobiology to Therapy. Cells 2020; 9:cells9040817. [PMID: 32231001 PMCID: PMC7226735 DOI: 10.3390/cells9040817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Revised: 03/23/2020] [Accepted: 03/24/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
In recent years, knowledge on the biology and pathobiology of extracellular vesicles (EVs) has exploded. EVs are submicron membrane-bound structures secreted from different cell types containing a wide variety of bioactive molecules (e.g., proteins, lipids, and nucleic acids (coding and non-coding RNA) and mitochondrial DNA). EVs have important functions in cell-to-cell communication and are found in a wide variety of tissues and body fluids. Better delineation of EV structures and advances in the isolation and characterization of their cargo have allowed the diagnostic and therapeutic implications of these particles to be explored. In the field of liver diseases, EVs are emerging as key players in the pathogenesis of both nonalcoholic liver disease (NAFLD) and alcoholic liver disease (ALD), the most prevalent liver diseases worldwide, and their complications, including development of hepatocellular carcinoma. In these diseases, stressed/damaged hepatocytes release large quantities of EVs that contribute to the occurrence of inflammation, fibrogenesis, and angiogenesis, which are key pathobiological processes in liver disease progression. Moreover, the specific molecular signatures of released EVs in biofluids have allowed EVs to be considered as promising candidates to serve as disease biomarkers. Additionally, different experimental studies have shown that EVs may have potential for therapeutic use as a liver-specific delivery method of different agents, taking advantage of their hepatocellular uptake through interactions with specific receptors. In this review, we focused on the most recent findings concerning the role of EVs as new structures mediating autocrine and paracrine intercellular communication in both ALD and NAFLD, as well as their potential use as biomarkers of disease severity and progression. Emerging therapeutic applications of EVs in these liver diseases were also examined, along with the potential for successful transition from bench to clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alejandra Hernández
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Santiago, Chile 8330077; (A.H.); (J.P.A.); (D.R.)
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Juan Pablo Arab
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Santiago, Chile 8330077; (A.H.); (J.P.A.); (D.R.)
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneracion (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
| | - Daniela Reyes
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Santiago, Chile 8330077; (A.H.); (J.P.A.); (D.R.)
| | - Ainhoa Lapitz
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.B.)
| | - Han Moshage
- Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands;
| | - Jesús M. Bañales
- Biodonostia Health Research Institute, Donostia University Hospital, 20014 San Sebastian, Spain; (A.L.); (J.M.B.)
- National Institute for the Study of Liver and Gastrointestinal Diseases (CIBERehd), Carlos III National Institute of Health, 28029 Madrid, Spain
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48013 Bilbao, Spain
| | - Marco Arrese
- Departamento de Gastroenterologia, Escuela de Medicina, Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile. Santiago, Chile 8330077; (A.H.); (J.P.A.); (D.R.)
- Centro de Envejecimiento y Regeneracion (CARE), Departamento de Biología Celular y Molecular, Facultad de Ciencias Biológicas Pontificia Universidad Catolica de Chile, Santiago 8331010, Chile
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +56-2-3543822
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Zhang T, Hao H, Zhou ZQ, Zeng T, Zhang JM, Zhou XY. Lipoxin A4 inhibited the activation of hepatic stellate cells -T6 cells by modulating profibrotic cytokines and NF-κB signaling pathway. Prostaglandins Other Lipid Mediat 2020; 146:106380. [DOI: 10.1016/j.prostaglandins.2019.106380] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2019] [Revised: 07/17/2019] [Accepted: 08/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
|
82
|
Li X, Chen R, Kemper S, Brigstock DR. Dynamic Changes in Function and Proteomic Composition of Extracellular Vesicles from Hepatic Stellate Cells during Cellular Activation. Cells 2020; 9:cells9020290. [PMID: 31991791 PMCID: PMC7072607 DOI: 10.3390/cells9020290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 01/20/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
During chronic liver injury, hepatic stellate cells (HSC) undergo activation and are the principal cellular source of collagenous scar. In this study, we found that activation of mouse HSC (mHSC) was associated with a 4.5-fold increase in extracellular vesicle (EV) production and that fibrogenic gene expression (CCN2, Col1a1) was suppressed in Passage 1 (P1; activated) mHSC exposed to EVs from Day 4 (D4; relatively quiescent) mHSC but not to EVs from P1 mHSC. Conversely, gene expression (CCN2, Col1a1, αSMA) in D4 mHSC was stimulated by EVs from P1 mHSC but not by EVs from D4 mHSC. EVs from Day 4 mHSC contained only 46 proteins in which histones and keratins predominated, while EVs from P1 mHSC contained 337 proteins and these were principally associated with extracellular spaces or matrix, proteasome, collagens, vesicular transport, metabolic enzymes, ribosomes and chaperones. EVs from the activated LX-2 human HSC (hHSC) line also promoted fibrogenic gene expression in D4 mHSC in vitro and contained 524 proteins, many of which shared identity or had functional overlap with those in P1 mHSC EVs. The activation-associated changes in production, function and protein content of EVs from HSC likely contribute to the regulation of HSC function in vivo and to the fine-tuning of fibrogenic pathways in the liver.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (X.L.); (R.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Ruju Chen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (X.L.); (R.C.); (S.K.)
| | - Sherri Kemper
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (X.L.); (R.C.); (S.K.)
| | - David R Brigstock
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Abigail Wexner Research Institute, Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA; (X.L.); (R.C.); (S.K.)
- Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +1-614-355-2824; Fax: +1-614-722-5892
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Li X, Chen R, Kemper S, Brigstock DR. Extracellular Vesicles From Hepatocytes Are Therapeutic for Toxin-Mediated Fibrosis and Gene Expression in the Liver. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 7:368. [PMID: 31998720 PMCID: PMC6966099 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00368] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/16/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are nano-sized membrane-limited organelles that are liberated from their producer cells, traverse the intercellular space, and may interact with other cells resulting in the uptake of the EV molecular payload by the recipient cells which may become functionally reprogramed as a result. Previous in vitro studies showed that EVs purified from normal mouse AML12 hepatocytes ("EVNorm") attenuate the pro-fibrogenic activities of activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs), a principal fibrosis-producing cell type in the liver. In a 10-day CCl4 injury model, liver fibrogenesis, expression of hepatic cellular communication network factor 2 [CCN2, also known as connective tissue growth factor (CTGF)] or alpha smooth muscle actin (αSMA) was dose-dependently blocked during concurrent administration of EVNorm. Hepatic inflammation and expression of inflammatory cytokines were also reduced by EVNorm. In a 5-week CCl4 fibrosis model in mice, interstitial collagen deposition and mRNA and/or protein for collagen 1a1, αSMA or CCN2 were suppressed following administration of EVNorm over the last 2 weeks. RNA sequencing (RNA-seq) revealed that EVNorm therapy of mice receiving CCl4 for 5 weeks resulted in significant differences [false discovery rate (FDR) <0.05] in expression of 233 CCl4-regulated hepatic genes and these were principally associated with fibrosis, cell cycle, cell division, signal transduction, extracellular matrix (ECM), heat shock, cytochromes, drug detoxification, adaptive immunity, and membrane trafficking. Selected gene candidates from these groups were verified by qRT-PCR as targets of EVNorm in CCl4-injured livers. Additionally, EVNorm administration resulted in reduced activation of p53, a predicted upstream regulator of 40% of the genes for which expression was altered by EVNorm following CCl4 liver injury. In vitro, EVs from human HepG2 hepatocytes suppressed fibrogenic gene expression in activated mouse HSC and reversed the reduced viability or proliferation of HepG2 cells or AML12 cells exposed to CCl4. Similarly, EVs produced by primary human hepatocytes (PHH) protected PHH or human LX2 HSC from CCl4-mediated changes in cell number or gene expression in vitro. These findings show that EVs from human or mouse hepatocytes regulate toxin-associated gene expression leading to therapeutic outcomes including suppression of fibrogenesis, hepatocyte damage, and/or inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xinlei Li
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Ruju Chen
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - Sherri Kemper
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
| | - David R. Brigstock
- Center for Clinical and Translational Research, The Research Institute at Nationwide Children’s Hospital, Columbus, OH, United States
- Department of Surgery, Wexner Medical Center, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH, United States
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Saribas GS, Ozogul C, Tiryaki M, Alpaslan Pinarli F, Hamdemir Kilic S. Effects of uterus derived mesenchymal stem cells and their exosomes on asherman's syndrome. Acta Histochem 2020; 122:151465. [PMID: 31776004 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2019.151465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2019] [Revised: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 11/07/2019] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
Asherman's syndrome has become a growing problem with the incidence of cesarean and endometrial surgical procedures. A surgical procedure that can damage to the basal layer of the endometrium is formed as intrauterine adhesion and can cause asherman's syndrome. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are characterized by some characteristics such as non-immunogenic, angiogenic, antifibrotic, antiapoptotic and antiinflammatory properties, also they support tissue repair by secretion of various factors and chemokines in cellular therapy. Exosomes are active paracrine components with a great potential for repairing damaged tissue. Exosomes include many paracrine factors responsible for regeneration and angiogenesis. In this study, 10 newborn Wistar rats were used to obtain MSCs. A total of 24 adult Wistar rats were also used. The rats were divided into 4 groups: untreated control group; asherman control group; asherman + uterine-derived MSCs group; asherman + uterine-derived MSCs-exosomes group. At the end of the experiment, uterine tissues were evaluated by histochemical and immunohistochemical. As a result of MSCs and exosomes treatments, proliferation and vascularization in uterine tissue was increased. It was also shown to reduce fibrosis with masson's trichrome staining. MMP-2 and MMP-9 expression was enhanced by MSC and exosomal therapy; in addition, TIMP-2 expression was decreased. In our study, it was shown that proliferation and vascularization increased and fibrosis decreased in uterus as a result of MSC and exosome treatments. Our results indicate that the exosomal treatment restored the damage of asherman's syndrome at tissue at a shorter time than the MSCs group.
Collapse
|
85
|
Ma Z, Wang Y, Li H. Applications of extracellular vesicles in tissue regeneration. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:011501. [PMID: 32002105 PMCID: PMC6984977 DOI: 10.1063/1.5127077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2020] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) can be classified into several types based on their different biosyntheses or release pathways, including exosomes, microvesicles, apoptotic bodies, and large oncosomes. As they contain DNAs, RNAs, proteins, and other bioactive signals, EVs have been utilized in the diagnosis field for a long time. Considering the fact that stem cells have been widely used for tissue regeneration and EVs possess similar biological properties to their source cells, tissue regeneration abilities of EVs have recently attracted much attention in the regenerative medicine field. In this paper, recent advances and challenges of EVs applied in the repair and regeneration of damaged tissues, such as skin, heart, liver, kidney, bone, and central nervous system, have been summarized. Specifically, critical bioactive molecules, which are encapsulated within EVs and play significant roles in the tissue regeneration, have been highlighted. Finally, the prospects and future development directions of the application of EVs in the field of tissue regeneration have been discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Haiyan Li
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed:. Tel.: +86 18717902901
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
Li Q, Yang H, Wang W, Li N, Zou X, Li Y, Fan G, Zhang Y, Kuang T. Brassica rapa Polysaccharides Ameliorate CCl 4 -Induced Acute Liver Injury in Mice through Inhibiting Inflammatory Apoptotic Response and Oxidative Stress. Chem Biodivers 2019; 17:e1900534. [PMID: 31730730 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201900534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2019] [Accepted: 11/14/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Brassica rapa L., also called NIUMA, is used empirically in Tibetan medicine for its antioxidant, anti-inflammatory and antiradiation activities. This study explored the hepatoprotective effects of B. rapa polysaccharides (BRPs) on acute liver injury induced by carbon tetrachloride (CCl4 ) in mice and the underlying mechanisms. Mice were treated with CCl4 after the oral administration of BRPs (55, 110 and 220 mg/kg) or bifendate (100 mg/kg) for 7 days. Blood and liver samples of mice were collected for analysis after 24 h. The ALP, ALT and AST levels and the biological activities of SOD, MDA and GSH-Px were measured. Histopathological changes in the liver were determined through hematoxylin and eosin staining. Moreover, TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6 expression levels were detected by commercial reagent kits. Finally, Western blot analysis was used to check the relative expression levels of caspase-3, p-JAK2 and p-STAT3. The BRP pre-treatment significantly decreased the enzymatic activities of ALT, ALP and AST in the serum, markedly increased the activities of SOD and GSH-Px in the liver and reduced the MDA concentration in the liver. BRPs alleviated hepatocyte injury and markedly inhibited the expression of TNF-α, IL-1β and IL-6, also downregulating the CCl4 -induced hepatic tissue expression of caspase-3. Furthermore, BRPs inhibited the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway in a dose-dependent manner in the liver. This study demonstrated that BRPs exert hepatoprotective effect against the CCl4 -induced liver injury via modulating the apoptotic and inflammatory responses and downregulating the JAK2/STAT3 signaling pathway. Therefore, B. rapa could be considered a hepatoprotective medicine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Qiuyue Li
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China
| | - Hailing Yang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China
| | - Wenxiang Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China
| | - Ning Li
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China
| | - Xuemei Zou
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China
| | - Yangxin Li
- School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China
| | - Gang Fan
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China
| | - Yi Zhang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China.,School of Pharmacy, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China
| | - Tingting Kuang
- School of Ethnic Medicine, Chengdu University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Chengdu, 610075, P. R. China
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Mesenchymal Stem Cell-Derived Exosomes and Other Extracellular Vesicles as New Remedies in the Therapy of Inflammatory Diseases. Cells 2019; 8:cells8121605. [PMID: 31835680 PMCID: PMC6952783 DOI: 10.3390/cells8121605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 430] [Impact Index Per Article: 86.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 11/24/2019] [Accepted: 12/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
There is growing evidence that mesenchymal stem cell (MSC)-based immunosuppression was mainly attributed to the effects of MSC-derived extracellular vesicles (MSC-EVs). MSC-EVs are enriched with MSC-sourced bioactive molecules (messenger RNA (mRNA), microRNAs (miRNAs), cytokines, chemokines, immunomodulatory factors) that regulate phenotype, function and homing of immune cells. In this review article we emphasized current knowledge regarding molecular mechanisms responsible for the therapeutic effects of MSC-EVs in attenuation of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. We described the disease-specific cellular targets of MSC-EVs and defined MSC-sourced molecules, which were responsible for MSC-EV-based immunosuppression. Results obtained in a large number of experimental studies revealed that both local and systemic administration of MSC-EVs efficiently suppressed detrimental immune response in inflamed tissues and promoted survival and regeneration of injured parenchymal cells. MSC-EVs-based anti-inflammatory effects were relied on the delivery of immunoregulatory miRNAs and immunomodulatory proteins in inflammatory immune cells (M1 macrophages, dendritic cells (DCs), CD4+Th1 and Th17 cells), enabling their phenotypic conversion into immunosuppressive M2 macrophages, tolerogenic DCs and T regulatory cells. Additionally, through the delivery of mRNAs and miRNAs, MSC-EVs activated autophagy and/or inhibited apoptosis, necrosis and oxidative stress in injured hepatocytes, neurons, retinal cells, lung, gut and renal epithelial cells, promoting their survival and regeneration.
Collapse
|
88
|
Bruno S, Pasquino C, Herrera Sanchez MB, Tapparo M, Figliolini F, Grange C, Chiabotto G, Cedrino M, Deregibus MC, Tetta C, Camussi G. HLSC-Derived Extracellular Vesicles Attenuate Liver Fibrosis and Inflammation in a Murine Model of Non-alcoholic Steatohepatitis. Mol Ther 2019; 28:479-489. [PMID: 31757759 PMCID: PMC7001005 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2019.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2019] [Revised: 10/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/22/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) are membrane vesicles released virtually by all cell types. Several studies have shown that stem cell-derived EVs may mimic both in vitro and in vivo the biological effects of the cells. We recently demonstrated that non-alcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) is inhibited by treatment with human liver stem cells (HLSCs). The aim of the present study was to evaluate whether EVs released by HLSCs influence the progression of NASH, induced by a diet deprived of methionine and choline, in immunocompromised mice. EV treatment was initiated after 2 weeks of diet with a biweekly administration of three different doses. Bio-distribution evaluated by optical imaging showed a preferential accumulation in normal and, in particular, in fibrotic liver. EV treatment significantly improved liver function and reduced signs of liver fibrosis and inflammation at both morphological and molecular levels. In particular, we observed that, out of 29 fibrosis-associated genes upregulated in NASH liver, 28 were significantly downregulated by EV treatment. In conclusion, HLSC-derived EVs display anti-fibrotic and anti-inflammatory effects in a model of chronic liver disease, leading to an improvement of liver function.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Stefania Bruno
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Chiara Pasquino
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Beatriz Herrera Sanchez
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; 2i3T Società per la Gestione dell'Incubatore di Imprese e per il Trasferimento Tecnologico Scarl, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Marta Tapparo
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Federico Figliolini
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; 2i3T Società per la Gestione dell'Incubatore di Imprese e per il Trasferimento Tecnologico Scarl, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Cristina Grange
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Giulia Chiabotto
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Massimo Cedrino
- Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | - Maria Chiara Deregibus
- 2i3T Società per la Gestione dell'Incubatore di Imprese e per il Trasferimento Tecnologico Scarl, University of Torino, Torino, Italy
| | | | - Giovanni Camussi
- Department of Medical Sciences, University of Torino, Torino, Italy; Molecular Biotechnology Centre, University of Torino, Torino, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Balaphas A, Meyer J, Sadoul R, Morel P, Gonelle-Gispert C, Bühler LH. Extracellular vesicles: Future diagnostic and therapeutic tools for liver disease and regeneration. Liver Int 2019; 39:1801-1817. [PMID: 31286675 DOI: 10.1111/liv.14189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/27/2018] [Revised: 06/06/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/13/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles are membrane fragments that can be produced by all cell types. Interactions between extracellular vesicles and various liver cells constitute an emerging field in hepatology and recent evidences have established a role for extracellular vesicles in various liver diseases and physiological processes. Extracellular vesicles originating from liver cells are implicated in intercellular communication and fluctuations of specific circulating extracellular vesicles could constitute new diagnostic tools. In contrast, extracellular vesicles derived from progenitor cells interact with hepatocytes or non-parenchymal cells, thereby protecting the liver from various injuries and promoting liver regeneration. Our review focuses on recent developments investigating the role of various types of extracellular vesicles in acute and chronic liver diseases as well as their potential use as biomarkers and therapeutic tools.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Balaphas
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jeremy Meyer
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Rémy Sadoul
- Université Grenoble Alpes, Institut des Neurosciences, Grenoble, France
| | - Philippe Morel
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Carmen Gonelle-Gispert
- Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Leo Hans Bühler
- Division of Digestive Surgery, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Surgical Research Unit, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,Geneva Medical School, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Lin Y, Lu Y, Li X. Biological characteristics of exosomes and genetically engineered exosomes for the targeted delivery of therapeutic agents. J Drug Target 2019; 28:129-141. [PMID: 31280623 DOI: 10.1080/1061186x.2019.1641508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
A primary focus of pharmacology is the accurate transport of drugs from the peripheral veins and their delivery to specific tissues and organs. Exosomes are nanoscale extracellular vesicles with comparatively enhanced circulation stability, biocompatibility, physicochemical stability and bio-barrier permeation ability, as well as reduced toxicity. Therefore, they are considered a superior drug delivery platform. Core ligands and homing peptides fuse with transmembrane proteins on the exosome surface. Genetically engineered exosomes target specific tissues or organs and agents such as siRNA, miRNA and chemotherapeutics can be loaded into exosomes to improve the regulation of target tissues and organs. Here, we review exosome biogenesis, release, uptake and isolation. We also summarise the current applications of genetically engineered exosomes for tumours, and neurological, cardiovascular and liver diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Yan Lin
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaqiong Lu
- Gansu Provincial Cancer Hospital, Gansu Provincial Academic Institute for Medical Research, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Xun Li
- The First Clinical Medical College, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,The Fifth Department of General Surgery, The First Hospital of Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Regenerative Medicine of Gansu Province, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China.,Hepatopancreatobiliary Surgery Institute of Gansu Province, Medical College Cancer Center of Lanzhou, Lanzhou, People's Republic of China
| |
Collapse
|