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Zhou R, Kuang Y, Zhou J, Du X, Li J, Shi J, Haburcak R, Xu B. Nanonets Collect Cancer Secretome from Pericellular Space. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0154126. [PMID: 27100780 PMCID: PMC4839576 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0154126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 04/09/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Identifying novel cancer biomarkers is important for early cancer detection as it can reduce mortality rates. The cancer secretome, the collection of all macromolecules secreted by a tumor cell, alters its composition compared to normal tissue, and this change plays an important role in the observation of cancer progression. The collection and accurate analysis of cancer secretomes could lead to the discovery of novel biomarkers, thus improving outcomes of cancer treatment. We unexpectedly discovered that enzyme-instructed self-assembly (EISA) of a D-peptide hydrogelator results in nanonets/hydrogel around cancer cells that overexpress ectophosphatases. Here we show that these nanonets are able to rapidly collect proteins in the pericellular space (i.e., near the surface) of cancer cells. Because the secretory substances are at their highest concentration near the cell surface, the use of pericellular nanonets to collect the cancer secretome maximizes the yield and quality of samples, reduces pre-analytical variations, and allows the dynamic profiling of secretome samples. Thus, this new approach has great potential in identifying the heterotypic signaling in tumor microenvironments thereby improving the understanding of tumor microenvironments and accelerating the discovery of potential biomarkers in cancer biology. Data are available via ProteomeXchange with identifier PXD003924.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rong Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yi Kuang
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jie Zhou
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Xuewen Du
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Jie Li
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Junfeng Shi
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Richard Haburcak
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Bing Xu
- Department of Chemistry, Brandeis University, Waltham, Massachusetts, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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He CL, Bian YY, Xue Y, Liu ZX, Zhou KQ, Yao CF, Lin Y, Zou HF, Luo FX, Qu YY, Zhao JY, Ye ML, Zhao SM, Xu W. Pyruvate Kinase M2 Activates mTORC1 by Phosphorylating AKT1S1. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21524. [PMID: 26876154 PMCID: PMC4753445 DOI: 10.1038/srep21524] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In cancer cells, the mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1 (mTORC1) that requires hormonal and nutrient signals for its activation, is constitutively activated. We found that overexpression of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) activates mTORC1 signaling through phosphorylating mTORC1 inhibitor AKT1 substrate 1 (AKT1S1). An unbiased quantitative phosphoproteomic survey identified 974 PKM2 substrates, including serine202 and serine203 (S202/203) of AKT1S1, in the proteome of renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Phosphorylation of S202/203 of AKT1S1 by PKM2 released AKT1S1 from raptor and facilitated its binding to 14-3-3, resulted in hormonal- and nutrient-signals independent activation of mTORC1 signaling and led accelerated oncogenic growth and autophagy inhibition in cancer cells. Decreasing S202/203 phosphorylation by TEPP-46 treatment reversed these effects. In RCCs and breast cancers, PKM2 overexpression was correlated with elevated S202/203 phosphorylation, activated mTORC1 and inhibited autophagy. Our results provided the first phosphorylome of PKM2 and revealed a constitutive mTORC1 activating mechanism in cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chang-Liang He
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Yang-Yang Bian
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Institute Chemical Physics, National Chromatography R&A Center, Key Lab Separation Science Analytic Chemistry, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Yu Xue
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Ze-Xian Liu
- Department of Medical Engineering, College of Life Sciences and Technology, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430074, P.R. China
| | - Kai-Qiang Zhou
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Cui-Fang Yao
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yan Lin
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Han-Fa Zou
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Institute Chemical Physics, National Chromatography R&A Center, Key Lab Separation Science Analytic Chemistry, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Fang-Xiu Luo
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Ruijin Hospital of Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 201821 P.R. China
| | - Yuan-Yuan Qu
- Department of Urology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Jian-Yuan Zhao
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Ming-Liang Ye
- Chinese Academy of Sciences, Dalian Institute Chemical Physics, National Chromatography R&A Center, Key Lab Separation Science Analytic Chemistry, Dalian 116023, P.R. China
| | - Shi-Min Zhao
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
| | - Wei Xu
- State Key Lab of Genetic Engineering, Obstetrics & Gynecology Hospital of Fudan University and School of Life Sciences, Shanghai 200090, P.R. China
- Institutes of Biomedical Sciences and Collaborative Innovation Center for Genetics and Development Biology, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
- Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, 610041, P.R. China
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Bhardwaj A, Das S. SIRT6 deacetylates PKM2 to suppress its nuclear localization and oncogenic functions. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2016; 113:E538-47. [PMID: 26787900 PMCID: PMC4747762 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1520045113] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
SIRT6 (sirtuin 6) is a member of sirtuin family of deacetylases involved in diverse processes including genome stability, metabolic homeostasis, and tumorigenesis. However, the role of SIRT6 deacetylase activity in its tumor-suppressor functions is not well understood. Here we report that SIRT6 binds to and deacetylates nuclear PKM2 (pyruvate kinase M2) at the lysine 433 residue. PKM2 is a glycolytic enzyme with nonmetabolic nuclear oncogenic functions. SIRT6-mediated deacetylation results in PKM2 nuclear export. We further have identified exportin 4 as the specific transporter mediating PKM2 nuclear export. As a result of SIRT6-mediated deacetylation, PKM2 nuclear protein kinase and transcriptional coactivator functions are abolished. Thus, SIRT6 suppresses PKM2 oncogenic functions, resulting in reduced cell proliferation, migration potential, and invasiveness. Furthermore, studies in mouse tumor models demonstrate that PKM2 deacetylation is integral to SIRT6-mediated tumor suppression and inhibition of metastasis. Additionally, reduced SIRT6 levels correlate with elevated nuclear acetylated PKM2 levels in increasing grades of hepatocellular carcinoma. These findings provide key insights into the pivotal role of deacetylase activity in SIRT6 tumor-suppressor functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abhishek Bhardwaj
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067, India
| | - Sanjeev Das
- Molecular Oncology Laboratory, National Institute of Immunology, New Delhi-110067, India
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Azoitei N, Becher A, Steinestel K, Rouhi A, Diepold K, Genze F, Simmet T, Seufferlein T. PKM2 promotes tumor angiogenesis by regulating HIF-1α through NF-κB activation. Mol Cancer 2016; 15:3. [PMID: 26739387 PMCID: PMC4704385 DOI: 10.1186/s12943-015-0490-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2015] [Accepted: 12/29/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Initially identified as a molecule that regulates the final step of glycolysis, the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) was recently reported to have a central role in the metabolic reprogramming of cancer cells as well as participating in cell cycle progression and gene transcription. Despite intensive efforts, the intricate molecular mechanisms through which PKM2 regulates tumor progression remain elusive. METHODS The proliferation and apoptosis of various pancreatic cancer cells using lentiviral-mediated PKM2 abrogation were assessed in vitro via Western blot and flow cytometric assay while the in vivo experiments involved tumor xenograft on chicken chorionallantoic membranes and immunohistochemistry on human tissue specimens. In order to decipher the molecular mechanism of HIF-1α and p65/RelA regulation by PKM2 in cancer cells cultivated in hypoxic atmosphere or normoxia we involved various biochemical assays such as Western blotting, immunoprecipitation, reporter gene assay and ELISA. RESULTS Strong expression of PKM2 was observed in 68 % of human pancreatic adenocarcinoma specimens and almost all analyzed pancreatic cancer cell lines. Abrogation of PKM2 resulted in impaired proliferation and augmented apoptosis in vitro as well as impaired tumor growth and decreased blood vessel formation in vivo. Furthermore, deletion of PKM2 negatively impacted hypoxia-induced HIF-1α accumulation and promoter activity ultimately resulting in impaired secretion of VEGF. CONCLUSIONS Our study suggests that in hypoxic pancreatic tumors PKM2 interferes both with NF-κB/p65 and HIF-1α activation that ultimately triggers VEGF-A secretion and subsequent blood vessel formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ninel Azoitei
- Center for Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany.
| | - Alexander Becher
- Center for Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Konrad Steinestel
- Gerhard-Domagk-Institute of Pathology, University of Münster, 48149, Münster, Germany
| | - Arefeh Rouhi
- Center for Internal Medicine III, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Kristina Diepold
- Center for Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Felicitas Genze
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Simmet
- Institute of Pharmacology of Natural Products & Clinical Pharmacology, University of Ulm, 89081, Ulm, Germany
| | - Thomas Seufferlein
- Center for Internal Medicine I, University of Ulm, Albert-Einstein-Allee 23, 89081, Ulm, Germany
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Christensen DR, Calder PC, Houghton FD. GLUT3 and PKM2 regulate OCT4 expression and support the hypoxic culture of human embryonic stem cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:17500. [PMID: 26639784 PMCID: PMC4671001 DOI: 10.1038/srep17500] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human embryonic stem cells (hESCs) have the capacity to differentiate into all cell types and thus have great potential for regenerative medicine. hESCs cultured at low oxygen tensions are more pluripotent and display an increased glycolytic rate but how this is regulated is unknown. This study therefore aimed to investigate the regulation of glucose metabolism in hESCs and whether this might impact OCT4 expression. In contrast to the glucose transporter GLUT1, GLUT3 was regulated by environmental oxygen and localised to hESC membranes. Silencing GLUT3 caused a reduction in glucose uptake and lactate production as well as OCT4 expression. GLUT3 and OCT4 expression were correlated suggesting that hESC self-renewal is regulated by the rate of glucose uptake. Surprisingly, PKM2, a rate limiting enzyme of glycolysis displayed a nuclear localisation in hESCs and silencing PKM2 did not alter glucose metabolism suggesting a role other than as a glycolytic enzyme. PKM2 expression was increased in hESCs cultured at 5% oxygen compared to 20% oxygen and silencing PKM2 reduced OCT4 expression highlighting a transcriptional role for PKM2 in hESCs. Together, these data demonstrate two separate mechanisms by which genes regulating glucose uptake and metabolism are involved in the hypoxic support of pluripotency in hESCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- David R. Christensen
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Philip C. Calder
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- NIHR Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital Southampton NHS Foundation Trust, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
| | - Franchesca D. Houghton
- Centre for Human Development, Stem Cells & Regeneration, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
- Human Development and Health Academic Unit, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, Southampton, SO16 6YD, UK
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56
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He Y, Wang Y, Liu H, Xu X, He S, Tang J, Huang Y, Miao X, Wu Y, Wang Q, Cheng C. Pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) participates in multiple myeloma cell proliferation, adhesion and chemoresistance. Leuk Res 2015; 39:1428-36. [PMID: 26453405 DOI: 10.1016/j.leukres.2015.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2015] [Revised: 09/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cell adhesion mediated drug resistance (CAM-DR) remains the major barrier in human multiple myeloma (MM) therapy. In the present study, we aimed at investigating the role of pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) in MM CAM-DR. We determined that PKM2 expression was positively correlated with cell proliferation and knockdown of PKM2 contributed to the increased cell adhesion rate in MM. The enhancement in the adhesion of MM cells to fibronectin or the bone marrow stroma cell line HS-5 cells translated to an increased CAM-DR phenotype. Importantly, we showed that this CAM-DR phenotype was correlated with the phosphorylation of Akt and ERK in MM cells. Taken together, our data shed new light on the molecular mechanism of CAM-DR in MM, and targeting PKM2 may be a novel therapeutic approach for improving the effectiveness of chemotherapy in MM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yunhua He
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuchan Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Liu
- Department of Hematology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong University, Nantong 22600, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohong Xu
- Department of Oncology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Song He
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Tang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuejiao Huang
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaobing Miao
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Yaxun Wu
- Department of Pathology, Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiru Wang
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Chun Cheng
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong 226001, Jiangsu Province, People's Republic of China.
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Xie X, Wang M, Mei J, Hu F, Ding F, Lv L. Pyruvate kinase M2 interacts with DNA damage-binding protein 2 and reduces cell survival upon UV irradiation. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 467:427-33. [PMID: 26410533 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.09.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Pyruvate Kinase M2 (PKM2) is highly expressed in many solid tumors and associated with metabolism reprogramming and proliferation of tumors. Here, we report that PKM2 can bind to DNA Damage-Binding Protein 2 (DDB2), which is necessary for global nucleotide excision repair of UV induced DNA damage. The binding is promoted by UV irradiation and K433 acetylation of PKM2. Over expression of PKM2 facilitates phosphorylation of DDB2 and impairs DDB2-DDB1 binding. Furthermore, knocking down of PKM2 increases cell survival upon UV irradiation, while over expression of PKM2 reduces cell survival and over expression of DDB2-DDB1 reverts this effect. These results reveal a previously unknown regulation of PKM2 on DDB2 and provide a possible mechanism for UV induced tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao Xie
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Mingsong Wang
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Ju Mei
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
| | - Fengqing Hu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Fangbao Ding
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China
| | - Lei Lv
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Xinhua Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai 200092, China.
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Li Q, Zhang D, Chen X, He L, Li T, Xu X, Li M. Nuclear PKM2 contributes to gefitinib resistance via upregulation of STAT3 activation in colorectal cancer. Sci Rep 2015; 5:16082. [PMID: 26542452 PMCID: PMC4635355 DOI: 10.1038/srep16082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Gefitinib (Iressa, ZD-1839), a small molecule tyrosine kinase inhibitor (TKI) of the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) pathway, is currently under investigation in clinical trials for the treatment of colorectal cancer (CRC). However, as known, some patients develop resistance to TKIs, and the mechanisms mediating intrinsic resistance to EGFR-TKIs in CRC have not been fully characterized. Resistance to EGFR inhibitors reportedly involves activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in glioma and lung cancer. Here, we demonstrated that the nuclear pyruvate kinase isoform M2 (PKM2) levels were positively correlated with gefitinib resistance in CRC cells. The overexpression of nuclear PKM2 in HT29 cells decreased the effect of gefitinib therapy, whereas PKM2 knockdown increased gefitinib efficacy. Furthermore, the activation of STAT3 by nuclear PKM2 was associated with gefitinib resistance. Inhibition of STAT3 by Stattic, a STAT3-specific inhibitor, or STAT3-specific siRNA sensitized resistant cells to gefitinib. These results suggest that nuclear PKM2 modulates the sensitivity of CRC cells to gefitinib and indicate that small molecule pharmacological disruption of nuclear PKM2 association with STAT3 is a potential avenue for overcoming EGFR-TKI resistance in CRC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Daoxiang Zhang
- Division of Oncology, School of Medicine, Washington University in St. Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Xiaoying Chen
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Lei He
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Tianming Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Xiaoping Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
| | - Min Li
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Renji Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, 200127, China
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Yang X, Chen H, Zhu M, Zhu R, Qin B, Fang H, Dai M, Sang A, Liu X. Up-Regulation of PKM2 Relates to Retinal Ganglion Cell Apoptosis After Light-Induced Retinal Damage in Adult Rats. Cell Mol Neurobiol 2015; 35:1175-86. [PMID: 25990228 DOI: 10.1007/s10571-015-0211-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2015] [Accepted: 05/13/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase isozyme type M2 (PKM2), a key glycolytic enzyme, which is involved in ATP generation and pyruvate production, participates in tumor metabolism, growth, and other multiple cellular processes. However, one attractive biological function of PKM2 is that it translocates to the nucleus and induces cell apoptosis. Recently, increased PKM2 has been found in age-related macular degeneration (AMD), but little is known regarding its function in the AMD pathophysiology. To investigate whether PKM2 participated in retinal degeneration, we performed a light-induced retinal damage model in adult rats. Western blot and immunohistochemistry analysis showed a significant up-regulation of PKM2 in retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) layer (GCL) after light exposure. Immunofluorescent labeling indicated that PKM2 located mainly in RGCs. Co-localization of PKM2 and active caspase-3 as well as TUNEL in RGCs suggested that PKM2 might participate in RGC apoptosis. In addition, the expression patterns of cyclin D1 and phosphorylated extracellular signal-regulated kinase (p-ERK) were parallel with that of PKM2. Furthermore, PKM2, cyclin D1, and active caspase-3 protein expression decreased by intravitreal injection of U0126, a highly selective inhibitor of MAPK/ERK kinase. Collectively, we hypothesized that PKM2 might participate in RGC apoptosis after light-induced retinal damage medicated by p-ERK through cycle re-entry mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Yang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hui Chen
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Manhui Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Rongrong Zhu
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Bai Qin
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Hongda Fang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Dai
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China
| | - Aimin Sang
- Department of Ophthalmology, Affiliated Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
| | - Xiaojuan Liu
- Department of Pathogen Biology, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
- Jiangsu Province Key Laboratory for Inflammation and Molecular Drug Target, Medical College, Nantong University, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, People's Republic of China.
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Dysregulated metabolism contributes to oncogenesis. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S129-S150. [PMID: 26454069 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 202] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2014] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a disease characterized by unrestrained cellular proliferation. In order to sustain growth, cancer cells undergo a complex metabolic rearrangement characterized by changes in metabolic pathways involved in energy production and biosynthetic processes. The relevance of the metabolic transformation of cancer cells has been recently included in the updated version of the review "Hallmarks of Cancer", where dysregulation of cellular metabolism was included as an emerging hallmark. While several lines of evidence suggest that metabolic rewiring is orchestrated by the concerted action of oncogenes and tumor suppressor genes, in some circumstances altered metabolism can play a primary role in oncogenesis. Recently, mutations of cytosolic and mitochondrial enzymes involved in key metabolic pathways have been associated with hereditary and sporadic forms of cancer. Together, these results demonstrate that aberrant metabolism, once seen just as an epiphenomenon of oncogenic reprogramming, plays a key role in oncogenesis with the power to control both genetic and epigenetic events in cells. In this review, we discuss the relationship between metabolism and cancer, as part of a larger effort to identify a broad-spectrum of therapeutic approaches. We focus on major alterations in nutrient metabolism and the emerging link between metabolism and epigenetics. Finally, we discuss potential strategies to manipulate metabolism in cancer and tradeoffs that should be considered. More research on the suite of metabolic alterations in cancer holds the potential to discover novel approaches to treat it.
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Nanjappa V, Renuse S, Sathe GJ, Raja R, Syed N, Radhakrishnan A, Subbannayya T, Patil A, Marimuthu A, Sahasrabuddhe NA, Guerrero-Preston R, Somani BL, Nair B, Kundu GC, Prasad TK, Califano JA, Gowda H, Sidransky D, Pandey A, Chatterjee A. Chronic exposure to chewing tobacco selects for overexpression of stearoyl-CoA desaturase in normal oral keratinocytes. Cancer Biol Ther 2015; 16:1593-603. [PMID: 26391970 PMCID: PMC4846103 DOI: 10.1080/15384047.2015.1078022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2015] [Revised: 06/24/2015] [Accepted: 07/26/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chewing tobacco is a common practice in certain socio-economic sections of southern Asia, particularly in the Indian subcontinent and has been well associated with head and neck squamous cell carcinoma. The molecular mechanisms of chewing tobacco which leads to malignancy remains unclear. In large majority of studies, short-term exposure to tobacco has been evaluated. From a biological perspective, however, long-term (chronic) exposure to tobacco mimics the pathogenesis of oral cancer more closely. We developed a cell line model to investigate the chronic effects of chewing tobacco. Chronic exposure to tobacco resulted in higher cellular proliferation and invasive ability of the normal oral keratinocytes (OKF6/TERT1). We carried out quantitative proteomic analysis of OKF6/TERT1 cells chronically treated with chewing tobacco compared to the untreated cells. We identified a total of 3,636 proteins among which expression of 408 proteins were found to be significantly altered. Among the overexpressed proteins, stearoyl-CoA desaturase (SCD) was found to be 2.6-fold overexpressed in the tobacco treated cells. Silencing/inhibition of SCD using its specific siRNA or inhibitor led to a decrease in cellular proliferation, invasion and colony forming ability of not only the tobacco treated cells but also in a panel of head and neck cancer cell lines. These findings suggest that chronic exposure to chewing tobacco induced carcinogenesis in non-malignant oral epithelial cells and SCD plays an essential role in this process. The current study provides evidence that SCD can act as a potential therapeutic target in head and neck squamous cell carcinoma, especially in patients who are users of tobacco.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishalakshi Nanjappa
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology; Amrita University; Kollam, India
| | - Santosh Renuse
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology; Amrita University; Kollam, India
| | - Gajanan J Sathe
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- Manipal University; Madhav Nagar; Manipal, India
| | - Remya Raja
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
| | - Nazia Syed
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Pondicherry University; Puducherry, India
| | - Aneesha Radhakrishnan
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology; Pondicherry University; Puducherry, India
| | - Tejaswini Subbannayya
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology; Amrita University; Kollam, India
| | - Arun Patil
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- School of Biotechnology; KIIT University; Bhubaneswar, India
| | | | | | - Rafael Guerrero-Preston
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Babu L Somani
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
| | - Bipin Nair
- Amrita School of Biotechnology; Amrita University; Kollam, India
| | - Gopal C Kundu
- National Center for Cell Science (NCCS); NCCS Complex; Pune, India
| | - T Keshava Prasad
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- Amrita School of Biotechnology; Amrita University; Kollam, India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine; Yenepoya University; Mangalore, India
| | - Joseph A Califano
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
- Milton J. Dance Head and Neck Center; Greater Baltimore Medical Center; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Harsha Gowda
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine; Yenepoya University; Mangalore, India
| | - David Sidransky
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Akhilesh Pandey
- McKusick-Nathans Institute of Genetic Medicine; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Biological Chemistry; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
- Department of Pathology; Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine; Baltimore, MD USA
| | - Aditi Chatterjee
- Institute of Bioinformatics; International Technology Park; Bangalore, India
- YU-IOB Center for Systems Biology and Molecular Medicine; Yenepoya University; Mangalore, India
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62
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Chaman N, Iqbal MA, Siddiqui FA, Gopinath P, Bamezai RNK. ERK2-Pyruvate Kinase Axis Permits Phorbol 12-Myristate 13-Acetate-induced Megakaryocyte Differentiation in K562 Cells. J Biol Chem 2015; 290:23803-15. [PMID: 26269597 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.657411] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Metabolic changes that contribute to differentiation are not well understood. Overwhelming evidence shows the critical role of glycolytic enzyme pyruvate kinase (PK) in directing metabolism of proliferating cells. However, its role in metabolism of differentiating cells is unclear. Here we studied the role of PK in phorbol 12-myristate 13-acetate (PMA)-induced megakaryocytic differentiation in human leukemia K562 cells. We observed that PMA treatment decreased cancer-type anabolic metabolism but increased ATP production, along with up-regulated expression of two PK isoforms (PKM2 and PKR) in an ERK2-dependent manner. Interestingly, silencing of PK (PKM2 and PKR) inhibited PMA-induced megakaryocytic differentiation, as revealed by decreased expression of megakaryocytic differentiation marker CD61 and cell cycle behavior. Further, PMA-induced ATP production reduced greatly upon PK silencing, suggesting that PK is required for ATP synthesis. In addition to metabolic effects, PMA treatment also translocated PKM2, but not PKR, into nucleus. ERK1/2 knockdowns independently and together suggested the role of ERK2 in the up-regulation of both the isoforms of PK, proposing a role of ERK2-PK isoform axis in differentiation. Collectively, our findings unravel ERK2 guided PK-dependent metabolic changes during PMA induction, which are important in megakaryocytic differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noor Chaman
- From the National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Mohammad Askandar Iqbal
- From the National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Farid Ahmad Siddiqui
- From the National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prakasam Gopinath
- From the National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Rameshwar N K Bamezai
- From the National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
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63
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Triplett JC, Swomley A, Kirk J, Lewis K, Orr M, Rodriguez K, Cai J, Klein JB, Buffenstein R, Butterfield DA. Metabolic clues to salubrious longevity in the brain of the longest-lived rodent: the naked mole-rat. J Neurochem 2015; 134:538-50. [PMID: 25940666 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.13149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2015] [Revised: 04/13/2015] [Accepted: 04/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Naked mole-rats (NMRs) are the oldest-living rodent species. Living underground in a thermally stable ecological niche, NMRs have evolved certain exceptional traits, resulting in sustained health spans, negligible cognitive decline, and a pronounced resistance to age-related disease. Uncovering insights into mechanisms underlying these extraordinary traits involved in successful aging may conceivably provide crucial clues to extend the human life span and health span. One of the most fundamental processes inside the cell is the production of ATP, which is an essential fuel in driving all other energy-requiring cellular activities. Not surprisingly, a prominent hallmark in age-related diseases, such as neurodegeneration and cancer, is the impairment and dysregulation of metabolic pathways. Using a two-dimensional polyacrylamide gel electrophoresis proteomics approach, alterations in expression and phosphorylation levels of metabolic proteins in the brains of NMRs, aged 2-24 years, were evaluated in an age-dependent manner. We identified 13 proteins with altered levels and/or phosphorylation states that play key roles in various metabolic pathways including glycolysis, β-oxidation, the malate-aspartate shuttle, the Tricarboxylic Acid Cycle (TCA) cycle, the electron transport chain, NADPH production, as well as the production of glutamate. New insights into potential pathways involved in metabolic aspects of successful aging have been obtained by the identification of key proteins through which the NMR brain responds and adapts to the aging process and how the NMR brain adapted to resist age-related degeneration. This study examines the changes in the proteome and phosphoproteome in the brain of the naked mole-rat aged 2-24 years. We identified 13 proteins (labeled in red) with altered expression and/or phosphorylation levels that are conceivably associated with sustained metabolic functions in the oldest NMRs that may promote a sustained health span and life span.
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Affiliation(s)
- Judy C Triplett
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Aaron Swomley
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jessime Kirk
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
| | - Katilyn Lewis
- Sam and Ann Barsop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Cellular and Structural Biology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Miranda Orr
- Sam and Ann Barsop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Karl Rodriguez
- Sam and Ann Barsop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Jian Cai
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Jon B Klein
- Department of Nephrology and Proteomics Center, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, USA
| | - Rochelle Buffenstein
- Sam and Ann Barsop Institute for Longevity and Aging Studies, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA.,Department of Physiology, University of Texas Health Science Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - D Allan Butterfield
- Department of Chemistry, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA.,Sanders-Brown Center on Aging, University of Kentucky, Lexington, Kentucky, USA
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64
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Ginés A, Bystrup S, Ruiz de Porras V, Guardia C, Musulén E, Martínez-Cardús A, Manzano JL, Layos L, Abad A, Martínez-Balibrea E. PKM2 Subcellular Localization Is Involved in Oxaliplatin Resistance Acquisition in HT29 Human Colorectal Cancer Cell Lines. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0123830. [PMID: 25955657 PMCID: PMC4425499 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0123830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/16/2014] [Accepted: 03/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemoresistance is the main cause of treatment failure in advanced colorectal cancer (CRC). However, molecular mechanisms underlying this phenomenon remain to be elucidated. In a previous work we identified low levels of PKM2 as a putative oxaliplatin-resistance marker in HT29 CRC cell lines and also in patients. In order to assess how PKM2 influences oxaliplatin response in CRC cells, we silenced PKM2 using specific siRNAs in HT29, SW480 and HCT116 cells. MTT test demonstrated that PKM2 silencing induced resistance in HT29 and SW480 cells and sensitivity in HCT116 cells. Same experiments in isogenic HCT116 p53 null cells and double silencing of p53 and PKM2 in HT29 cells failed to show an influence of p53. By using trypan blue stain and FITC-Annexin V/PI tests we detected that PKM2 knockdown was associated with an increase in cell viability but not with a decrease in apoptosis activation in HT29 cells. Fluorescence microscopy revealed PKM2 nuclear translocation in response to oxaliplatin in HCT116 and HT29 cells but not in OXA-resistant HTOXAR3 cells. Finally, by using a qPCR Array we demonstrated that oxaliplatin and PKM2 silencing altered cell death gene expression patterns including those of BMF, which was significantly increased in HT29 cells in response to oxaliplatin, in a dose and time-dependent manner, but not in siPKM2-HT29 and HTOXAR3 cells. BMF gene silencing in HT29 cells lead to a decrease in oxaliplatin-induced cell death. In conclusion, our data report new non-glycolytic roles of PKM2 in response to genotoxic damage and proposes BMF as a possible target gene of PKM2 to be involved in oxaliplatin response and resistance in CRC cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alba Ginés
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Sara Bystrup
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Vicenç Ruiz de Porras
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Cristina Guardia
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Musulén
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Human Pathology Department, University Hospital Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Anna Martínez-Cardús
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
| | - José Luis Manzano
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Laura Layos
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Albert Abad
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
| | - Eva Martínez-Balibrea
- Translational research in digestive tumours group, Laboratory of Molecular Cancer Biology, Health Sciences Research Institute of the Germans Trias i Pujol Foundation (IGTP), Badalona, Spain
- Medical Oncology Service, Catalan Institute of Oncology (ICO) University Hospital Germans Trias I Pujol, Badalona, Spain
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65
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Hu W, Lu SX, Li M, Zhang C, Liu LL, Fu J, Jin JT, Luo RZ, Zhang CZ, Yun JP. Pyruvate kinase M2 prevents apoptosis via modulating Bim stability and associates with poor outcome in hepatocellular carcinoma. Oncotarget 2015; 6:6570-83. [PMID: 25788265 PMCID: PMC4466635 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/26/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) contributes to the Warburg effect, a hallmark of cancer. We showed that PKM2 levels were correlated with overall survival (hazard ration = 1.675, 95% confidence interval: 1.389-2.019, P < 0.001) and disease-free survival (hazard ration = 1.573, 95% confidence interval: 1.214-2.038, P < 0.001) in a cohort of 490 patients with HCC. The correlations were further validated in an independent cohort of 148 HCC patients. Multivariate analyses revealed that PKM2 was an independent indicator of poor outcome in HCC. The knockdown of PKM2 in HCC cells inhibited cell proliferation and induced apoptosis in vitro and in vivo. Bim siRNA markedly abolished the PKM2-depletion-induced apoptosis. PKM2 depletion decreased the degradation of Bim. In clinical samples, PKM2 expression was reversely correlated with Bim expression. Combination of PKM2 and Bim levels had the best prognostic significance. We suggest that PKM2 serves as a promising biomarker for poor prognosis of patients with HCC and its knockdown induces HCC apoptosis by stabilizing Bim.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis
- Apoptosis Regulatory Proteins/metabolism
- Bcl-2-Like Protein 11
- Biomarkers, Tumor/genetics
- Biomarkers, Tumor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/genetics
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/mortality
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/pathology
- Carcinoma, Hepatocellular/therapy
- Carrier Proteins/genetics
- Carrier Proteins/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation
- Disease-Free Survival
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Gene Knockdown Techniques
- Humans
- Kaplan-Meier Estimate
- Liver Neoplasms/enzymology
- Liver Neoplasms/genetics
- Liver Neoplasms/mortality
- Liver Neoplasms/pathology
- Liver Neoplasms/therapy
- Membrane Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Proteins/metabolism
- Mice, Nude
- Multivariate Analysis
- Protein Stability
- Proteolysis
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins/metabolism
- RNA Interference
- RNA, Messenger/metabolism
- RNAi Therapeutics
- Signal Transduction
- Thyroid Hormones/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
- Thyroid Hormone-Binding Proteins
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Hu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Shi-Xun Lu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Min Li
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chao Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Li-Li Liu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jia Fu
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jie-Tian Jin
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Rong-Zhen Luo
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Chris Zhiyi Zhang
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
| | - Jing-Ping Yun
- Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, State Key Laboratory of Oncology in South China, Collaborative Innovation Center for Cancer Medicine, Guangzhou 510060, China
- Department of Pathology, Sun Yat-sen University Cancer Center, Guangzhou 510060, China
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66
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Isoform switch of pyruvate kinase M1 indeed occurs but not to pyruvate kinase M2 in human tumorigenesis. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0118663. [PMID: 25738776 PMCID: PMC4349452 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0118663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Muscle type of pyruvate kinase (PKM) is one of the key mediators of the Warburg effect and tumor metabolism. Due to alternative splicing, there are at least 12 known isoforms of the PKM gene, of which PKM1 and PKM2 are two major isoforms with only a 23 amino acid sequenced difference but quite different characteristics and functions. It was previously thought the isoform switch from PKM1 to PKM2 resulted in high PKM2 expression in tumors, providing a great advantage to tumor cells. However, this traditional view was challenged by two recent studies; one study claimed that this isoform switch does not occur during the Warburg effect; the other study asserted that the isoform switch is tissue-specific. Here, we re-analyzed the RNA sequencing data of 25 types of human tumors from The Cancer Genome Atlas Data Portal, and confirmed that PKM2 was the major isoform in the tumors and was highly elevated in addition to the entire PKM gene. We further demonstrated that the expression level of PKM1 significantly declined even though there was substantially increased expression of the entire PKM gene. The proportion of PKM1 in total transcript variants also significantly declined in tumors but the proportion of PKM2 did not change accordingly. Therefore, we conclude that the isoform switch of PKM1 does indeed occur, but it switches to other isoforms rather than PKM2. Considering the change in the expression levels of PKM1, PKM2 and the entire PKM gene, we propose that the upregulation of PKM2 is primarily due to elevated transcriptional levels of the entire PKM gene, instead of the isoform switch.
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67
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Proteomic-based approach to gain insight into reprogramming of THP-1 cells exposed to Leishmania donovani over an early temporal window. Infect Immun 2015; 83:1853-68. [PMID: 25690103 DOI: 10.1128/iai.02833-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2014] [Accepted: 02/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania donovani, a protozoan parasite, is the causative agent of visceral leishmaniasis. It lives and multiplies within the harsh environment of macrophages. In order to investigate how intracellular parasite manipulate the host cell environment, we undertook a quantitative proteomic study of human monocyte-derived macrophages (THP-1) following infection with L. donovani. We used the isobaric tags for relative and absolute quantification (iTRAQ) method and liquid chromatography-tandem mass spectrometry (LC-MS/MS) to compare expression profiles of noninfected and L. donovani-infected THP-1 cells. We detected modifications of protein expression in key metabolic pathways, including glycolysis and fatty acid oxidation, suggesting a global reprogramming of cell metabolism by the parasite. An increased abundance of proteins involved in gene transcription, RNA splicing (heterogeneous nuclear ribonucleoproteins [hnRNPs]), histones, and DNA repair and replication was observed at 24 h postinfection. Proteins involved in cell survival and signal transduction were more abundant at 24 h postinfection. Several of the differentially expressed proteins had not been previously implicated in response to the parasite, while the others support the previously identified proteins. Selected proteomics results were validated by real-time PCR and immunoblot analyses. Similar changes were observed in L. donovani-infected human monocyte-derived primary macrophages. The effect of RNA interference (RNAi)-mediated gene knockdown of proteins validated the relevance of the host quantitative proteomic screen. Our findings indicate that the host cell proteome is modulated after L. donovani infection, provide evidence for global reprogramming of cell metabolism, and demonstrate the complex relations between the host and parasite at the molecular level.
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68
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Tang Q, Ji Q, Xia W, Li L, Bai J, Ni R, Qin Y. Pyruvate kinase M2 regulates apoptosis of intestinal epithelial cells in Crohn's disease. Dig Dis Sci 2015; 60:393-404. [PMID: 24817408 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-014-3189-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 04/25/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key glycolytic enzyme, is involved in multiple cellular processes including apoptosis. Recently increased fecal PKM2 has been found in Crohn's disease (CD), but little is known regarding its function in the pathophysiology of the disease. AIM The intestinal expression of PKM2 and its involvement in CD was investigated. METHODS Pyruvate kinase M2 expression in mucosal biopsies from patients with CD and normal controls was detected by immunohistochemistry. A murine model of colitis induced by trinitrobenzenesulphonic acid (TNBS) was established and expression of PKM2, B cell lymphoma-extra large (Bcl-xl), active caspase-3 as well as cleaved poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP) was examined for association of PKM2 with intestinal epithelial cell (IEC) apoptosis. Furthermore, we treated human IEC line HT-29 by tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and used RNA interference to analyze the role of PKM2 in IEC apoptosis. RESULTS Intestinal expression of PKM2 was higher in patients with CD compared with normal controls mainly locating in IECs. In TNBS-induced colitis, up-regulation of PKM2 was accompanied by the elevated expression of Bcl-xl, active caspase-3, and cleaved PARP. PKM2 was co-localized with active caspase-3 in IECs marked by E-cadherin, suggesting its role in IEC apoptosis. Expression of PKM2 and Bcl-xl in TNF-α-induced HT-29 cells was increased, while TNF-α had no effect on cellular localization of PKM2. Furthermore, knockdown of PKM2 by siRNA could inhibit expression of Bcl-xl but enhance apoptosis in TNF-α-treated HT-29 cells. CONCLUSION The up-regulation of PKM2 might protect IECs against apoptosis possibly through Bcl-xl in CD, indicating its important role in the pathophysiology of CD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiyun Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing, 210029, Jiangsu, China
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69
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Wong N, Ojo D, Yan J, Tang D. PKM2 contributes to cancer metabolism. Cancer Lett 2015; 356:184-91. [PMID: 24508027 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.01.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 242] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2013] [Revised: 01/21/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2014] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Reprogramming of cell metabolism is essential for tumorigenesis, and is regulated by a complex network, in which PKM2 plays a critical role. PKM2 exists as an inactive monomer, less active dimer and active tetramer. While dimeric PKM2 diverts glucose metabolism towards anabolism through aerobic glycolysis, tetrameric PKM2 promotes the flux of glucose-derived carbons for ATP production via oxidative phosphorylation. Equilibrium of the PKM2 dimers and tetramers is critical for tumorigenesis, and is controlled by multiple factors. The PKM2 dimer also promotes aerobic glycolysis by modulating transcriptional regulation. We will discuss the current understanding of PKM2 in regulating cancer metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wong
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Diane Ojo
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Judy Yan
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada
| | - Damu Tang
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Division of Urology, Department of Surgery, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; Father Sean O'Sullivan Research Institute, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada; The Hamilton Center for Kidney Research, St. Joseph's Hospital, Hamilton, Ontario, Canada.
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Pinto G, Alhaiek AAM, Godovac-Zimmermann J. Proteomics reveals the importance of the dynamic redistribution of the subcellular location of proteins in breast cancer cells. Expert Rev Proteomics 2015; 12:61-74. [PMID: 25591448 DOI: 10.1586/14789450.2015.1002474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
At the molecular level, living cells are enormously complicated complex adaptive systems in which intertwined genomic, transcriptomic, proteomic and metabolic networks all play a crucial role. At the same time, cells are spatially heterogeneous systems in which subcellular compartmentalization of different functions is ubiquitous and requires efficient cross-compartmental communication. Dynamic redistribution of multitudinous proteins to different subcellular locations in response to cellular functional state is increasingly recognized as a crucial characteristic of cellular function that seems to be at least as important as overall changes in protein abundance. Characterization of the subcellular spatial dynamics of protein distribution is a major challenge for proteomics and recent results with MCF7 breast cancer cells suggest that this may be of particular importance for cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriella Pinto
- Division of Medicine, University College London, Centre for Nephrology, Royal Free Campus, Rowland Hill Street, London NW3 2PF, UK
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71
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Luo N, Zhao LC, Shi QQ, Feng ZQ, Chen DL, Li J. Induction of Apoptosis in Human Leukemic Cell Lines by Diallyl Disulfide via Modulation of EGFR/ERK/PKM2 Signaling Pathways. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2015; 16:3509-15. [PMID: 25921170 DOI: 10.7314/apjcp.2015.16.8.3509] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diallyl disulfide (DADS) may exert potent anticancer action both in vitro and in vivo. Although its effects on cancer are significant, the underlying mechanisms remain unknown. In this study, we sought to elucidate possible links between DADS and pyruvate kinase (PKM2). MATERIALS AND METHODS KG1α, a leukemia cell line highly expressing PKM2 was used with a cell counting kit (CCK)-8 and flow cytometry (FCM) to investigate the effects of DADS. Relationships between PKM2 and DADS associated with phosphorylation of EGFR, ERK1/2 and MEK, were assessed by western blot analysis. RESULTS In KG1α cells highly expressing PKM2, we found that DADS could affect proliferation, apoptosis and EGFR/ERK/PKM2 signaling pathways, abrogating EGF-induced nuclear accumulation of PKM2. CONCLUSIONS These results suggested that DADS suppressed the proliferation of KG1α cells, providing evidence that its proapoptotic effects are mediated through the inhibition of EGFR/ERK/PKM2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nian Luo
- Laboratory of Stem Cells and Tissue Engineering, Histology and Embryology, Chongqing Medical University, Chongqing, China E-mail :
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72
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Alfarouk KO, Verduzco D, Rauch C, Muddathir AK, Adil HHB, Elhassan GO, Ibrahim ME, David Polo Orozco J, Cardone RA, Reshkin SJ, Harguindey S. Glycolysis, tumor metabolism, cancer growth and dissemination. A new pH-based etiopathogenic perspective and therapeutic approach to an old cancer question. Oncoscience 2014; 1:777-802. [PMID: 25621294 PMCID: PMC4303887 DOI: 10.18632/oncoscience.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2014] [Accepted: 12/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer cells acquire an unusual glycolytic behavior relative, to a large extent, to their intracellular alkaline pH (pHi). This effect is part of the metabolic alterations found in most, if not all, cancer cells to deal with unfavorable conditions, mainly hypoxia and low nutrient supply, in order to preserve its evolutionary trajectory with the production of lactate after ten steps of glycolysis. Thus, cancer cells reprogram their cellular metabolism in a way that gives them their evolutionary and thermodynamic advantage. Tumors exist within a highly heterogeneous microenvironment and cancer cells survive within any of the different habitats that lie within tumors thanks to the overexpression of different membrane-bound proton transporters. This creates a highly abnormal and selective proton reversal in cancer cells and tissues that is involved in local cancer growth and in the metastatic process. Because of this environmental heterogeneity, cancer cells within one part of the tumor may have a different genotype and phenotype than within another part. This phenomenon has frustrated the potential of single-target therapy of this type of reductionist therapeutic approach over the last decades. Here, we present a detailed biochemical framework on every step of tumor glycolysis and then proposea new paradigm and therapeutic strategy based upon the dynamics of the hydrogen ion in cancer cells and tissues in order to overcome the old paradigm of one enzyme-one target approach to cancer treatment. Finally, a new and integral explanation of the Warburg effect is advanced.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Cyril Rauch
- University of Nottingham, Sutton Bonington, Leicestershire, Nottingham, UK
| | | | | | - Gamal O. Elhassan
- Unizah Pharmacy Collage, Qassim University, Unizah, AL-Qassim, King of Saudi Arabia
- Omdurman Islamic University, Omdurman, Sudan
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73
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Exploiting Unique Structural and Functional Properties of Malarial Glycolytic Enzymes for Antimalarial Drug Development. Malar Res Treat 2014; 2014:451065. [PMID: 25580350 PMCID: PMC4280493 DOI: 10.1155/2014/451065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2014] [Accepted: 10/30/2014] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic enzymes have been known to carry out a variety of functions besides their normal housekeeping roles known as “moonlighting functions.” These functionalities arise from structural changes induced by posttranslational modifications and/or binding of interacting proteins. Glycolysis is the sole source of energy generation for malaria parasite Plasmodium falciparum, hence a potential pathway for therapeutic intervention. Crystal structures of several P. falciparum glycolytic enzymes have been solved, revealing that they exhibit unique structural differences from the respective host enzymes, which could be exploited for their selective targeting. In addition, these enzymes carry out many parasite-specific functions, which could be of potential interest to control parasite development and transmission. This review focuses on the moonlighting functions of P. falciparum glycolytic enzymes and unique structural differences and functional features of the parasite enzymes, which could be exploited for therapeutic and transmission blocking interventions against malaria.
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74
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Khan I, Chen Y, Dong T, Hong X, Takeuchi R, Mori H, Kihara D. Genome-scale identification and characterization of moonlighting proteins. Biol Direct 2014; 9:30. [PMID: 25497125 PMCID: PMC4307903 DOI: 10.1186/s13062-014-0030-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2014] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Moonlighting proteins perform two or more cellular functions, which are selected based on various contexts including the cell type they are expressed, their oligomerization status, and the binding of different ligands at different sites. To understand overall landscape of their functional diversity, it is important to establish methods that can identify moonlighting proteins in a systematic fashion. Here, we have developed a computational framework to find moonlighting proteins on a genome scale and identified multiple proteomic characteristics of these proteins. RESULTS First, we analyzed Gene Ontology (GO) annotations of known moonlighting proteins. We found that the GO annotations of moonlighting proteins can be clustered into multiple groups reflecting their diverse functions. Then, by considering the observed GO term separations, we identified 33 novel moonlighting proteins in Escherichia coli and confirmed them by literature review. Next, we analyzed moonlighting proteins in terms of protein-protein interaction, gene expression, phylogenetic profile, and genetic interaction networks. We found that moonlighting proteins physically interact with a higher number of distinct functional classes of proteins than non-moonlighting ones and also found that most of the physically interacting partners of moonlighting proteins share the latter's primary functions. Interestingly, we also found that moonlighting proteins tend to interact with other moonlighting proteins. In terms of gene expression and phylogenetically related proteins, a weak trend was observed that moonlighting proteins interact with more functionally diverse proteins. Structural characteristics of moonlighting proteins, i.e. intrinsic disordered regions and ligand binding sites were also investigated. CONCLUSION Additional functions of moonlighting proteins are difficult to identify by experiments and these proteins also pose a significant challenge for computational function annotation. Our method enables identification of novel moonlighting proteins from current functional annotations in public databases. Moreover, we showed that potential moonlighting proteins without sufficient functional annotations can be identified by analyzing available omics-scale data. Our findings open up new possibilities for investigating the multi-functional nature of proteins at the systems level and for exploring the complex functional interplay of proteins in a cell. REVIEWERS This article was reviewed by Michael Galperin, Eugine Koonin, and Nick Grishin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ishita Khan
- />Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, 305 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Yuqian Chen
- />Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 240 Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Tiange Dong
- />Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 240 Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Xioawei Hong
- />Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 240 Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
| | - Rikiya Takeuchi
- />Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Hirotada Mori
- />Graduate School of Biological Sciences, Nara Institute of Science and Technology, 8916-5, Takayama, Ikoma, Nara, 630-0192 Japan
| | - Daisuke Kihara
- />Department of Computer Science, Purdue University, 305 North University Street, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
- />Department of Biological Sciences, Purdue University, 240 Martin Jischke Drive, West Lafayette, IN 47907 USA
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75
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Li Z, Yang P, Li Z. The multifaceted regulation and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA 2014; 1846:285-96. [PMID: 25064846 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2014.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Revised: 07/11/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Tumor cells undergo metabolic rewiring from oxidative phosphorylation towards aerobic glycolysis to maintain the increased anabolic requirements for cell proliferation. It is widely accepted that specific expression of the M2 type pyruvate kinase (PKM2) in tumor cells contributes to this aerobic glycolysis phenotype. To date, researchers have uncovered myriad forms of functional regulation for PKM2, which confers a growth advantage on the tumor cells to enable them to adapt to various microenvironmental signals. Here the richness of our understanding on the modulations and functions of PKM2 in tumor progression is reviewed, and some new insights into the paradoxical expression and functional differences of PKM2 in distinct cancer types are offered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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76
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Meng MB, Wang HH, Guo WH, Wu ZQ, Zeng XL, Zaorsky NG, Shi HS, Qian D, Niu ZM, Jiang B, Zhao LJ, Yuan ZY, Wang P. Targeting pyruvate kinase M2 contributes to radiosensitivity of non-small cell lung cancer cells in vitro and in vivo. Cancer Lett 2014; 356:985-93. [PMID: 25444918 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2014.11.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2014] [Revised: 09/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/09/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic hallmark of cancer, is associated with radioresistance in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Pyruvate kinase M2 isoform (PKM2), a key regulator of glycolysis, is expressed exclusively in cancers. However, the impact of PKM2 silencing on the radiosensitivity of NSCLC has not been explored. Here, we show a plasmid of shRNA-PKM2 for expressing a short hairpin RNA targeting PKM2 (pshRNA-PKM2) and demonstrate that treatment with pshRNA-PKM2 effectively inhibits PKM2 expression in NSCLC cell lines and xenografts. Silencing of PKM2 expression enhanced ionizing radiation (IR)-induced apoptosis and autophagy in vitro and in vivo, accompanied by inhibiting AKT and PDK1 phosphorylation, but enhanced ERK and GSK3β phosphorylation. These results demonstrated that knockdown of PKM2 expression enhances the radiosensitivity of NSCLC cell lines and xenografts as well as may aid in the design of new therapies for the treatment of NSCLC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mao-Bin Meng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China.
| | - Huan-Huan Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Wen-Hao Guo
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Clinical Medicine School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Zhi-Qiang Wu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Xian-Liang Zeng
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Nicholas G Zaorsky
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Fox Chase Cancer Center, 333 Cottman Avenue, Philadelphia, PA 19111, USA
| | - Hua-Shan Shi
- Department of Abdominal Oncology, Cancer Center and State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy, West China Hospital, West China Clinical Medicine School, Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan 610041, China
| | - Dong Qian
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhi-Min Niu
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Bo Jiang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Lu-Jun Zhao
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Zhi-Yong Yuan
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
| | - Ping Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, CyberKnife Center, and Key Laboratory of Cancer Prevention and Therapy, Tianjin Medical University Cancer Institute & Hospital, National Clinical Research Center for Cancer, Tianjin 300060, China
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77
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Wu H, Li Z, Yang P, Zhang L, Fan Y, Li Z. PKM2 depletion induces the compensation of glutaminolysis through β-catenin/c-Myc pathway in tumor cells. Cell Signal 2014; 26:2397-405. [PMID: 25041845 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2014.07.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2014] [Revised: 07/12/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2014] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The metabolic activity in cancer cells primarily rely on aerobic glycolysis. Besides glycolysis, some tumor cells also exhibit excessive addition to glutamine, which constitutes an advantage for tumor growth. M2-type pyruvate kinase (PKM2) plays a pivotal role in sustaining aerobic glycolysis, pentose phosphate pathway and serine synthesis pathway. However, the participation of PKM2 in glutaminolysis is little to be known. Here we demonstrated that PKM2 depletion could provoke glutamine metabolism by enhancing the β-catenin signaling pathway and consequently promoting its downstream c-Myc-mediated glutamine metabolism in colon cancer cells. Treatment with 2-deoxy-d-glucose (2-DG), a glycolytic inhibitor, got consistent results with the above. In addition, the dimeric form of PKM2, which lacks the pyruvate kinase activities, plays a critical role in regulating β-catenin. Moreover, we found that overexpression of PKM2 negatively regulated β-catenin through miR-200a. These insights supply evidence that glutaminolysis plays a compensatory role for cell survival upon glucose metabolism impaired.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haili Wu
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Zongwei Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Peng Yang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Lichao Zhang
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China
| | - Yongsheng Fan
- College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China
| | - Zhuoyu Li
- Institute of Biotechnology, Key Laboratory of Chemical Biology and Molecular Engineering of National Ministry of Education, Shanxi University, Taiyuan 030006, China; College of Life Science, Zhejiang Chinese Medical University, Hangzhou 310053, China.
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78
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Bentaib A, De Tullio P, Chneiweiss H, Hermans E, Junier MP, Leprince P. Metabolic reprogramming in transformed mouse cortical astrocytes: A proteomic study. J Proteomics 2014; 113:292-314. [PMID: 25305589 DOI: 10.1016/j.jprot.2014.09.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/06/2014] [Revised: 09/02/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming is thought to play a key role in sustaining the survival and proliferation of cancer cells. These changes facilitate for example the uptake and release of nutrients required for nucleotide, protein and lipid synthesis necessary for macromolecule assembly and tumor growth. We applied a 2D-DIGE (two-dimensional differential in-gel electrophoresis) quantitative proteomic analysis to characterize the proteomes of mouse astrocytes that underwent in vitro cancerous transformation, and of their normal counterparts. Metabolic reprogramming effects on enzymatic and structural protein expression as well as associated metabolites abundance were quantified. Using enzymatic activity measurements and zymography, we documented and confirmed several changes in abundance and activity of various isoenzymes likely to participate in metabolic reprogramming. We found that after transformation, the cells increase their expression of glycolytic enzymes, thus augmenting their ability to use aerobic glycolysis (Warburg effect). An increased capacity to dispose of reducing equivalents through lactate production was also documented. Major effects on carbohydrates, amino acids and nucleotides metabolic enzymes were also observed. Conversely, the transformed cells reduced their enzymatic capacity for reactions of tricarboxylic acid oxidation, for neurotransmitter (glutamate) metabolism, for oxidative stress defense and their expression of astroglial markers. BIOLOGICAL SIGNIFICANCE The use of a global approach based on a 2D DIGE analysis allows obtaining a comprehensive view of the metabolic reprogramming undergone by astrocytes upon cancerous transformation. Indeed, except for a few enzymes such as pyruvate carboxylase and glutaminase that were not detected in our initial analysis, pertinent information on the abundance of most enzymes belonging to pathways relevant to metabolic reprogramming was directly obtained. In this in vitro model, transformation causes major losses of astrocyte-specific proteins and functions and the acquisition of metabolic adaptations that favor intermediate metabolites production for increased macromolecule biosynthesis. Thus our approach appears to be readily applicable for the investigation of changes in protein abundance that determine various transformed cell phenotypes. It could similarly be applied to the evaluation of the effects of treatments aimed at correcting the consequences of cell transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pascal De Tullio
- Pharmaceutical chemistry, Department of Pharmacy, University of Liège, Liège, Belgium
| | - Hervé Chneiweiss
- Glial Plasticity and Cerebral Tumors, UMR8246 CNRS/U1130 Inserm/ UMCR18, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
| | - Emmanuel Hermans
- Institute of Neurosciences, Group of Neuropharmacology, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Marie-Pierre Junier
- Glial Plasticity and Cerebral Tumors, UMR8246 CNRS/U1130 Inserm/ UMCR18, Université Pierre et Marie Curie, Paris, France
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79
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Lincet H, Icard P. How do glycolytic enzymes favour cancer cell proliferation by nonmetabolic functions? Oncogene 2014; 34:3751-9. [PMID: 25263450 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2014.320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 140] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Revised: 08/23/2014] [Accepted: 08/23/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells enhance their glycolysis, producing lactate, even in the presence of oxygen. Glycolysis is a series of ten metabolic reactions catalysed by enzymes whose expression is most often increased in tumour cells. HKII and phosphoglucose isomerase (PGI) have mainly an antiapoptotic effect; PGI and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase activate survival pathways (Akt and so on); phosphofructokinase 1 and triose phosphate isomerase participate in cell cycle activation; aldolase promotes epithelial mesenchymal transition; PKM2 enhances various nuclear effects such as transcription, stabilisation and so on. This review outlines the multiple non-glycolytic roles of glycolytic enzymes, which are essential for promoting cancer cells' survival, proliferation, chemoresistance and dissemination.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Lincet
- 1] Locally Aggressive Cancer Biology and Therapy Unit (BioTICLA), Caen, France [2] Normandie University, Caen, France [3] François-Baclesse Centre for Cancer, Caen, France
| | - P Icard
- 1] Locally Aggressive Cancer Biology and Therapy Unit (BioTICLA), Caen, France [2] Ecole Polytechnique, Laboratoire d'Informatique, Palaiseau, France
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80
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Rocchetti MT, Alfarano M, Varraso L, Di Paolo S, Papale M, Ranieri E, Grandaliano G, Gesualdo L. Two dimensional gel phosphoproteome of peripheral blood mononuclear cells: comparison between two enrichment methods. Proteome Sci 2014; 12:46. [PMID: 25276096 PMCID: PMC4177430 DOI: 10.1186/s12953-014-0046-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2014] [Accepted: 08/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Protein phosphorylation is considered a key event in signal transduction. Peripheral blood mononuclear cells (PBMCs) are a critical component of the immune system. The analysis of PBMCs phosphoproteome might help elucidate the signaling pathways essential to their biological role in health, immunological diseases and cancer. Enrichment of phosphoproteins becomes a prerequisite for phosphoproteome analysis and conventionally requires a multi-step procedure and sophisticated equipments. In this study, we standardized 2D-PAGE phosphoproteome analysis of PBMCs and compared two phosphoprotein enrichment methods, lanthanum chloride precipitation and affinity micro-column. Further, the different specificity for PBMCs phosphorylated proteins of each method was investigated. Results PBMCs were isolated from fresh whole blood of ten healthy donors. PBMCs phosphoproteins were enriched either by phosphoprotein precipitation using lanthanum chloride, with an overall yield of 8.9 ± 4.7%, or by using an affinity micro-column, with a lower yield of 3.2 ± 1.6% (p = 0.05). Image analysis of Sypro-stained analytical 2D-PAGE gels detected 554 ± 68 protein spots for the lanthanum pattern [inter-assay coefficient of variation (CV) = 27.0%, intra-assay CV = 10.7%] and 575 ± 35 protein spots for the micro-column pattern (inter-assay CV = 26.8%; intra-assay CV = 11.0%) (p = 0.6), with 57% match of the spots detected by the 2 approaches. 1D gel electrophoresis and western blot analyses of the supernatants suggested a better lanthanum ions capability to deplete phosphoproteins in a PBMCs protein lysate compared to the affinity micro-column. On the other hand, 1D gel electrophoresis analysis of dephosphorylated PBMCs protein lysate revealed a relatively higher unspecificity for the lanthanum ions compared to affinity micro-column. Filamin-A, coronin 1A, pyruvate kinase isozymes M1/M2 and ficolin-1 were considerably more expressed in the lanthanum phosphoprotein pattern. Interestingly, ficolin-1 had not been reported in 2DE-PBMCs proteome profiles so far. Conclusion Our results describe the differences and the validity of phosphoprotein enrichment methods and provide two successful and complementary approaches for the 2DE phosphoproteome analysis of PBMCs. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s12953-014-0046-1) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Teresa Rocchetti
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, Bari, 70124 Italy ; Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Michela Alfarano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Leonarda Varraso
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | | | - Massimo Papale
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy ; Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Elena Ranieri
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Core Facility, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy ; Clinical Pathology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Grandaliano
- Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Loreto Gesualdo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation (DETO), Nephrology, Dialysis and Transplantation Unit, University of Bari Aldo Moro, Piazza G. Cesare, 11, Bari, 70124 Italy
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81
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Kruspig B, Zhivotovsky B, Gogvadze V. Mitochondrial substrates in cancer: drivers or passengers? Mitochondrion 2014; 19 Pt A:8-19. [PMID: 25179741 DOI: 10.1016/j.mito.2014.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2014] [Accepted: 08/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
The majority of cancers demonstrate various tumor-specific metabolic aberrations, such as increased glycolysis even under aerobic conditions (Warburg effect), whereas mitochondrial metabolic activity and their contribution to cellular energy production are restrained. One of the most important mechanisms for this metabolic switch is the alteration in the abundance, utilization, and localization of various mitochondrial substrates. Numerous lines of evidence connect disturbances in mitochondrial metabolic pathways with tumorigenesis and provide an intriguing rationale for utilizing mitochondria as targets for anti-cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Björn Kruspig
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Box 210 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Boris Zhivotovsky
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Box 210 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia
| | - Vladimir Gogvadze
- Division of Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine Karolinska Institutet, Box 210 171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; MV Lomonosov Moscow State University, 119991 Moscow, Russia.
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82
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Qian Y, Wang X, Chen X. Inhibitors of glucose transport and glycolysis as novel anticancer therapeutics. World J Transl Med 2014; 3:37-57. [DOI: 10.5528/wjtm.v3.i2.37] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2014] [Revised: 03/25/2014] [Accepted: 05/29/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Metabolic reprogramming and altered energetics have become an emerging hallmark of cancer and an active area of basic, translational, and clinical cancer research in the recent decade. Development of effective anticancer therapeutics may depend on improved understanding of the altered cancer metabolism compared to that of normal cells. Changes in glucose transport and glycolysis, which are drastically upregulated in most cancers and termed the Warburg effect, are one of major focuses of this new research area. By taking advantage of the new knowledge and understanding of cancer’s mechanisms, numerous therapeutic agents have been developed to target proteins and enzymes involved in glucose transport and metabolism, with promising results in cancer cells, animal tumor models and even clinical trials. It has also been hypothesized that targeting a pathway or a process, such as glucose transport or glucose metabolism, rather than a specific protein or enzyme in a signaling pathway may be more effective. This is based on the observation that cancer somehow can always bypass the inhibition of a target drug by switching to a redundant or compensatory pathway. In addition, cancer cells have higher dependence on glucose. This review will provide background information on glucose transport and metabolism in cancer, and summarize new therapeutic developments in basic and translational research in these areas, with a focus on glucose transporter inhibitors and glycolysis inhibitors. The daunting challenges facing both basic and clinical researchers of the field are also presented and discussed.
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83
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Modulatory roles of glycolytic enzymes in cell death. Biochem Pharmacol 2014; 92:22-30. [PMID: 25034412 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2014.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2014] [Revised: 07/05/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells depend on an altered energy metabolism characterized by increased rates of both glycolysis and glutaminolysis. Accordingly, corresponding key metabolic enzymes are overexpressed or hyperactivated. As a result, this newly acquired metabolic profile determines most other cancer hallmarks including resistance to cell death. Recent findings highlighted metabolic enzymes as direct modulators of cell death pathways. Conversely, key mediators of cell death mechanisms are emerging as new binding partners of glycolytic actors; moreover, there is evidence that metabolic regulators re-localize to specific subcellular compartments or organelles to modulate various types of cell demise. The final outcome is the resistance against cell death programs. Current findings give a new meaning to metabolic pathways and allow understanding how they affect cancer-specific pathological alterations. Furthermore, they shed light on potentially targetable functions of metabolic actors to restore susceptibility of cancer cells to death. Here, we discuss an emerging interplay between cell metabolism and cell death, focusing on interactions that may offer new options of targeted therapies in cancer treatment involving more specifically hexokinases and glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase.
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84
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Iqbal MA, Gupta V, Gopinath P, Mazurek S, Bamezai RNK. Pyruvate kinase M2 and cancer: an updated assessment. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2685-92. [PMID: 24747424 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2014] [Revised: 04/06/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Cancer cells are characterized by high glycolytic rates to support energy regeneration and anabolic metabolism, along with the expression of pyruvate kinase isoenzyme M2 (PKM2). The latter catalyzes the last step of glycolysis and reprograms the glycolytic flux to feed the special metabolic demands of proliferating cells. Besides, PKM2 has moonlight functions, such as gene transcription, favoring cancer. Accumulating evidence suggests a critical role played by the low-activity-dimeric PKM2 in tumor progression, supported by the identification of mutations which result in the down-regulation of its activity and tumorigenesis in a nude mouse model. This review discusses PKM2 regulation and the benefits it confers to cancer cells. Further, conflicting views on PKM2's role in cancer, its therapeutic relevance and future directions in the field are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Askandar Iqbal
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Vibhor Gupta
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Prakasam Gopinath
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India
| | - Sybille Mazurek
- Institute of Veterinary Physiology and Biochemistry, University of Giessen, Frankfurter Strasse 100, 35392 Giessen, Germany
| | - Rameshwar N K Bamezai
- National Centre of Applied Human Genetics, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi 110067, India.
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85
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Morfouace M, Lalier L, Oliver L, Cheray M, Pecqueur C, Cartron PF, Vallette FM. Control of glioma cell death and differentiation by PKM2-Oct4 interaction. Cell Death Dis 2014; 5:e1036. [PMID: 24481450 PMCID: PMC4040711 DOI: 10.1038/cddis.2013.561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2013] [Revised: 12/11/2013] [Accepted: 12/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Glioma stem cells are highly resistant to cell death and as such are supposed to contribute to tumor recurrence by eluding anticancer treatments. Here, we show that spheroids that contain rat neural stem cells (NSCs) or rat glioma stem cells (cancer stem cells, CSCs) express isoforms 1 and 2 of pyruvate kinase (PKM1 and PKM2); however, the expression of PKM2 is considerably higher in glioma spheroids. Silencing of PKM2 enhances both apoptosis and differentiation of rat and human glioma spheroids. We establish that PKM2 was implicated in glioma spheroid differentiation through its interaction with Oct4, a major regulator of self-renewal and differentiation in stem cells. The small molecule Dichloroacetate (DCA), a pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase inhibitor, increases the amount of PKM2/Oct4 complexes and thus inhibited Oct4-dependent gene expression. Taken together, our results highlight a new molecular pathway through which PKM2 can manage gliomagenesis via the control of glioma stemness by Oct4.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Morfouace
- 1] UMR 892 INSERM, 6299 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée (Ligue contre le Cancer), Nantes, France [2] Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France [3]
| | - L Lalier
- 1] UMR 892 INSERM, 6299 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée (Ligue contre le Cancer), Nantes, France [2] Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France [3] Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes-Saint Herblain, Nantes, France
| | - L Oliver
- 1] UMR 892 INSERM, 6299 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée (Ligue contre le Cancer), Nantes, France [2] Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France [3] CHU Hotel-Dieu, Nantes, France
| | - M Cheray
- 1] UMR 892 INSERM, 6299 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée (Ligue contre le Cancer), Nantes, France [2] Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - C Pecqueur
- 1] UMR 892 INSERM, 6299 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée (Ligue contre le Cancer), Nantes, France [2] Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - P-F Cartron
- 1] UMR 892 INSERM, 6299 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée (Ligue contre le Cancer), Nantes, France [2] Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - F M Vallette
- 1] UMR 892 INSERM, 6299 CNRS, Equipe Labellisée (Ligue contre le Cancer), Nantes, France [2] Faculté de Médecine, Université de Nantes, Nantes, France [3] Institut de Cancérologie de l'Ouest, Nantes-Saint Herblain, Nantes, France
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86
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Duraipandy N, Lakra R, Kunnavakkam Vinjimur S, Samanta D, K PS, Kiran MS. Caging of plumbagin on silver nanoparticles imparts selectivity and sensitivity to plumbagin for targeted cancer cell apoptosis. Metallomics 2014; 6:2025-33. [DOI: 10.1039/c4mt00165f] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Nano-caging of plumbagin for selective killing of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- N. Duraipandy
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-CLRI
- Chennai-20, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- New Delhi, India
| | - Rachita Lakra
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-CLRI
- Chennai-20, India
| | | | - Debasis Samanta
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-CLRI
- Chennai-20, India
| | - Purna Sai K
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-CLRI
- Chennai-20, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- New Delhi, India
| | - Manikantan Syamala Kiran
- Council of Scientific and Industrial Research-CLRI
- Chennai-20, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research
- New Delhi, India
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87
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Hitosugi T, Chen J. Post-translational modifications and the Warburg effect. Oncogene 2013; 33:4279-85. [DOI: 10.1038/onc.2013.406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2013] [Revised: 08/13/2013] [Accepted: 08/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
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88
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Jiang W, Bian L, Wang N, He Y. Proteomic analysis of protein expression profiles during hyperthermia-induced apoptosis in Tca8113 cells. Oncol Lett 2013; 6:135-143. [PMID: 23946791 PMCID: PMC3742465 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2013.1354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/16/2012] [Accepted: 04/18/2013] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to explore protein expression profiles during cancer cell apoptosis induced by hyperthermia. A hyperthermia-induced apoptosis model was established using a Tca8113 cell line derived from a human tongue squamous cell carcinoma, which underwent fluorescent differential display two-dimensional (2D) gel electrophoresis at 2, 6, 8, 12 and 24 h following the induction of hyperthermia. Proteins were identified by mass spectrometry analysis. Expression changes in the proteins were detected by western blot analysis. A total of 107 proteins were detected that exhibited different expression levels in the hyperthermia-treated cells compared with the controls, and 57 of these proteins were identified. Expression changes in the representative proteins were further verified by western blot analysis. These 57 proteins were identified according to the following functional groups: energy metabolism-related enzymes, cytoskeleton-related proteins, chaperones, transcription factors, protein synthesis-related proteins and cell division- and proliferation-related proteins. These groups included 44 upregulated and 13 downregulated proteins. Among the 44 upregulated proteins, 27 were upregulated continuously, eight were upregulated at an early time-point and nine were upregulated at a middle to late time-point. Among the 13 downregulated proteins, five were downregulated continuously, six were downregulated at an early time-point and two were downregulated at a middle to late time-point. These results indicate that hyperthermia-induced Tca8113 cell apoptosis is controlled by multiple factors, which include time and regulatory proteins.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen Jiang
- Department of Dental Research, The Affiliated Stomatological Hospital of Kunming Medical University, Kunming, Yunnan 650031; ; The First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei 434000
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89
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Zhang X, He C, He C, Chen B, Liu Y, Kong M, Wang C, Lin L, Dong Y, Sheng H. Nuclear PKM2 expression predicts poor prognosis in patients with esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Pathol Res Pract 2013; 209:510-5. [PMID: 23880164 DOI: 10.1016/j.prp.2013.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 06/01/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is one of the most common tumors worldwide, with a high malignant degree and poor prognosis. The present study aims to investigate the relationship between pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) expression and the prognosis of patients with ESCC. The expression of PKM2 in 86 cases of esophageal carcinoma tissues was tested using immunohistochemistry. The relationship between PKM2 expression and clinical pathological parameters, and their effects on the prognosis of patients with ESCC were analyzed. The expression levels of PKM2 in both cytoplasm and nucleus of ESCC tissues were significantly higher than those in paracancerous tissues (P=6.73×10(-9) and 4.32×10(-6), respectively). The Kaplan-Meier analysis showed that nuclear PKM2 expression was closely related to the survival of patients with ESCC (P=0.005). Patients with high PKM2 expression in the nucleus had significantly shorter survival times than those with low PKM2 expression in the nucleus (hazard ratio for death, 2.358; 95% confidence interval, 1.156-4.812; P=0.018). No other significant difference was found between PMK2 expression and clinico-pathological features of ESCC patients (all P>0.05). In conclusion, high PKM2 expression in the nucleus is essential in the pathogenic process of ESCC and may be used to predict the prognosis of patients with ESCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuelin Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Taizhou Central Hospital, Taizhou, Zhejiang, China
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90
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Filipp FV. Cancer metabolism meets systems biology: Pyruvate kinase isoform PKM2 is a metabolic master regulator. J Carcinog 2013; 12:14. [PMID: 23961261 PMCID: PMC3746496 DOI: 10.4103/1477-3163.115423] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pyruvate kinase activity is controlled by a tightly woven regulatory network. The oncofetal isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) is a master regulator of cancer metabolism. PKM2 engages in parallel, feed-forward, positive and negative feedback control contributing to cancer progression. Besides its metabolic role, non-metabolic functions of PKM2 as protein kinase and transcriptional coactivator for c-MYC and hypoxia-inducible factor 1-alpha are essential for epidermal growth factor receptor activation-induced tumorigenesis. These biochemical activities are controlled by a shift in the oligomeric state of PKM2 that includes acetylation, oxidation, phosphorylation, prolyl hydroxylation and sumoylation. Metabolically active PKM2 tetramer is allosterically regulated and responds to nutritional and stress signals. Metabolically inactive PKM2 dimer is imported into the nucleus and can function as protein kinase stimulating transcription. A systems biology approach to PKM2 at the genome, transcriptome, proteome, metabolome and fluxome level reveals how differences in biomolecular structure translate into a global rewiring of cancer metabolism. Cancer systems biology takes us beyond the Warburg effect, opening unprecedented therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian V Filipp
- Systems Biology and Cancer Metabolism, Program for Quantitative and Systems Biology, University of California Merced, 5200 North Lake Road, Merced, CA 95343, USA
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91
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Yang W, Lu Z. Regulation and function of pyruvate kinase M2 in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 339:153-8. [PMID: 23791887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.06.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2013] [Revised: 05/28/2013] [Accepted: 06/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Altered metabolism is fundamental to the growth and survival of cancer cells. Pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2), a key enzyme in cancer metabolism, has been demonstrated to play a central role not only in metabolic reprogramming but also in direct regulation of gene expression and subsequent cell cycle progression. This review outlines the current understanding of PKM2 protein kinase activity and regulatory mechanisms underlying PKM2 expression, enzymatic activity, and nuclear localization, thus highlighting PKM2 as a potential therapeutic target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weiwei Yang
- Brain Tumor Center and Department of Neuro-Oncology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA.
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92
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Csermely P, Korcsmáros T, Kiss HJM, London G, Nussinov R. Structure and dynamics of molecular networks: a novel paradigm of drug discovery: a comprehensive review. Pharmacol Ther 2013; 138:333-408. [PMID: 23384594 PMCID: PMC3647006 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2013.01.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 512] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2013] [Accepted: 01/22/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Despite considerable progress in genome- and proteome-based high-throughput screening methods and in rational drug design, the increase in approved drugs in the past decade did not match the increase of drug development costs. Network description and analysis not only give a systems-level understanding of drug action and disease complexity, but can also help to improve the efficiency of drug design. We give a comprehensive assessment of the analytical tools of network topology and dynamics. The state-of-the-art use of chemical similarity, protein structure, protein-protein interaction, signaling, genetic interaction and metabolic networks in the discovery of drug targets is summarized. We propose that network targeting follows two basic strategies. The "central hit strategy" selectively targets central nodes/edges of the flexible networks of infectious agents or cancer cells to kill them. The "network influence strategy" works against other diseases, where an efficient reconfiguration of rigid networks needs to be achieved by targeting the neighbors of central nodes/edges. It is shown how network techniques can help in the identification of single-target, edgetic, multi-target and allo-network drug target candidates. We review the recent boom in network methods helping hit identification, lead selection optimizing drug efficacy, as well as minimizing side-effects and drug toxicity. Successful network-based drug development strategies are shown through the examples of infections, cancer, metabolic diseases, neurodegenerative diseases and aging. Summarizing >1200 references we suggest an optimized protocol of network-aided drug development, and provide a list of systems-level hallmarks of drug quality. Finally, we highlight network-related drug development trends helping to achieve these hallmarks by a cohesive, global approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Semmelweis University, P.O. Box 260, H-1444 Budapest 8, Hungary.
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93
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Tamada M, Suematsu M, Saya H. Pyruvate kinase M2: multiple faces for conferring benefits on cancer cells. Clin Cancer Res 2013; 18:5554-61. [PMID: 23071357 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-12-0859] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
The M2 splice isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2), an enzyme that catalyzes the later step of glycolysis, is a key regulator of aerobic glycolysis (known as the Warburg effect) in cancer cells. Expression and low enzymatic activity of PKM2 confer on cancer cells the glycolytic phenotype, which promotes rapid energy production and flow of glycolytic intermediates into collateral pathways to synthesize nucleic acids, amino acids, and lipids without the accumulation of reactive oxygen species. PKM2 enzymatic activity has also been shown to be negatively regulated by the interaction with CD44 adhesion molecule, which is a cell surface marker for cancer stem cells. In addition to the glycolytic functions, nonglycolytic functions of PKM2 in cancer cells are of particular interest. PKM2 is induced translocation into the nucleus, where it activates transcription of various genes by interacting with and phosphorylating specific nuclear proteins, endowing cancer cells with a survival and growth advantage. Therefore, inhibitors and activators of PKM2 are well underway to evaluate their anticancer effects and suitability for use as novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mayumi Tamada
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research, School of Medicine, Keio University, Tokyo, Japan
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94
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M2 pyruvate kinase provides a mechanism for nutrient sensing and regulation of cell proliferation. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2013; 110:5881-6. [PMID: 23530218 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1217157110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
We show that the M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (M2PYK) exists in equilibrium between monomers and tetramers regulated by allosteric binding of naturally occurring small-molecule metabolites. Phenylalanine stabilizes an inactive T-state tetrameric conformer and inhibits M2PYK with an IC50 value of 0.24 mM, whereas thyroid hormone (triiodo-L-thyronine, T3) stabilizes an inactive monomeric form of M2PYK with an IC50 of 78 nM. The allosteric activator fructose-1,6-bisphosphate [F16BP, AC50 (concentration that gives 50% activation) of 7 μM] shifts the equilibrium to the tetrameric active R-state, which has a similar activity to that of the constitutively fully active isoform M1PYK. Proliferation assays using HCT-116 cells showed that addition of inhibitors phenylalanine and T3 both increased cell proliferation, whereas addition of the activator F16BP reduced proliferation. F16BP abrogates the inhibitory effect of both phenylalanine and T3, highlighting a dominant role of M2PYK allosteric activation in the regulation of cancer proliferation. X-ray structures show constitutively fully active M1PYK and F16BP-bound M2PYK in an R-state conformation with a lysine at the dimer-interface acting as a peg in a hole, locking the active tetramer conformation. Binding of phenylalanine in an allosteric pocket induces a 13° rotation of the protomers, destroying the peg-in-hole R-state interface. This distinct T-state tetramer is stabilized by flipped out Trp/Arg side chains that stack across the dimer interface. X-ray structures and biophysical binding data of M2PYK complexes explain how, at a molecular level, fluctuations in concentrations of amino acids, thyroid hormone, and glucose metabolites switch M2PYK on and off to provide the cell with a nutrient sensing and growth signaling mechanism.
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95
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Pyruvate kinase M2 activators promote tetramer formation and suppress tumorigenesis. Nat Chem Biol 2013; 8:839-47. [PMID: 22922757 PMCID: PMC3711671 DOI: 10.1038/nchembio.1060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 562] [Impact Index Per Article: 51.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2011] [Accepted: 07/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells engage in a metabolic program to enhance biosynthesis and support cell proliferation. The regulatory properties of pyruvate kinase M2 (PKM2) influence altered glucose metabolism in cancer. The interaction of PKM2 with phosphotyrosine-containing proteins inhibits enzyme activity and increases the availability of glycolytic metabolites to support cell proliferation. This suggests that high pyruvate kinase activity may suppress tumor growth. We show that expression of PKM1, the pyruvate kinase isoform with high constitutive activity, or exposure to published small-molecule PKM2 activators inhibits the growth of xenograft tumors. Structural studies reveal that small-molecule activators bind PKM2 at the subunit interaction interface, a site that is distinct from that of the endogenous activator fructose-1,6-bisphosphate (FBP). However, unlike FBP, binding of activators to PKM2 promotes a constitutively active enzyme state that is resistant to inhibition by tyrosine-phosphorylated proteins. These data support the notion that small-molecule activation of PKM2 can interfere with anabolic metabolism.
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96
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PKM2, a Central Point of Regulation in Cancer Metabolism. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:242513. [PMID: 23476652 PMCID: PMC3586519 DOI: 10.1155/2013/242513] [Citation(s) in RCA: 171] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2012] [Revised: 01/11/2013] [Accepted: 01/13/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Aerobic glycolysis is the dominant metabolic pathway utilized by cancer cells, owing to its ability to divert glucose metabolites from ATP production towards the synthesis of cellular building blocks (nucleotides, amino acids, and lipids) to meet the demands of proliferation. The M2 isoform of pyruvate kinase (PKM2) catalyzes the final and also a rate-limiting reaction in the glycolytic pathway. In the PK family, PKM2 is subjected to a complex regulation by both oncogenes and tumour suppressors, which allows for a fine-tone regulation of PKM2 activity. The less active form of PKM2 drives glucose through the route of aerobic glycolysis, while active PKM2 directs glucose towards oxidative metabolism. Additionally, PKM2 possesses protein tyrosine kinase activity and plays a role in modulating gene expression and thereby contributing to tumorigenesis. We will discuss our current understanding of PKM2's regulation and its many contributions to tumorigenesis.
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97
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Bozóky B, Savchenko A, Csermely P, Korcsmáros T, Dúl Z, Pontén F, Székely L, Klein G. Novel signatures of cancer-associated fibroblasts. Int J Cancer 2013; 133:286-93. [DOI: 10.1002/ijc.28035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2012] [Revised: 12/08/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Benedek Bozóky
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Andrii Savchenko
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - Péter Csermely
- Department of Medical Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine; Semmelweis University; Budapest; Hungary
| | | | | | - Fredrik Pontén
- Department of Immunology; Genetics and Pathology, Rudbecklaboratoriet; Uppsala; Sweden
| | - László Székely
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
| | - George Klein
- Department of Microbiology; Tumor and Cell Biology (MTC), Karolinska Institutet; Stockholm; Sweden
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98
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Targeting metabolism to induce cell death in cancer cells and cancer stem cells. Int J Cell Biol 2013; 2013:805975. [PMID: 23476653 PMCID: PMC3583110 DOI: 10.1155/2013/805975] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Abnormal metabolism and the evasion of apoptosis are considered hallmarks of cancers. Accumulating evidence shows that cancer stem cells are key drivers of tumor formation, progression, and recurrence. A successful therapy must therefore eliminate these cells known to be highly resistant to apoptosis. In this paper, we describe the metabolic changes as well as the mechanisms of resistance to apoptosis occurring in cancer cells and cancer stem cells, underlying the connection between these two processes.
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99
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Abstract
UNLABELLED Identification of common molecular mechanisms is needed to facilitate the development of new treatment options for patients with ileal carcinoids. PURPOSE OF REVIEW Recent profiling studies on ileal carcinoids were examined to obtain a comprehensive view of risk factors, genetic aberrations, and transcriptional alterations. Special attention was paid to mechanisms that could provide novel targets for therapy. RESULTS Genome-wide association studies have shown that single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) at IL12A and DAD1 are associated with an increased risk of ileal carcinoids. Genomic profiling revealed distinct patterns of copy-number alterations in ileal carcinoids. Two groups of carcinoids could be identified by hierarchical clustering. A major group of tumors was characterized by loss on chromosome 18 followed by additional losses on chromosomes 3p, 11q, and 13. Three minimal common regions of deletions were identified at 18q21.1-q21.31, 18q22.1-q22.2, and 18q22.3-q23. A minor group of tumors was characterized by clustered gains on chromosomes 4, 5, 7, 14, and 20. Expression profiling identified three groups of ileal carcinoids by principal component analysis. Tumor progression was associated with changes in gene expression including downregulation of MIR133A. Candidate genes for targeted therapy included ERBB2/HER2, DAD1, PRKCA, RYBP, CASP1, CASP4, CASP5, VMAT1, RET, APLP1, OR51E1, GPR112, SPOCK1, RUNX1, and MIR133A. CONCLUSION Profiling of ileal carcinoids has revealed recurrent genetic alterations and distinct patterns of gene expression. Frequent alterations in cellular pathways and genes were identified, suggesting novel targets for therapy. Translational studies are needed to validate suggested molecular targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ola Nilsson
- Sahlgrenska Cancer Center, Institute of Biomedicine, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Göteborg, Sweden.
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Tohsato Y, Ikuta K, Shionoya A, Mazaki Y, Ito M. Parameter optimization and sensitivity analysis for large kinetic models using a real-coded genetic algorithm. Gene 2012; 518:84-90. [PMID: 23274652 DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2012.11.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2012] [Accepted: 11/27/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Dynamic modeling is a powerful tool for predicting changes in metabolic regulation. However, a large number of input parameters, including kinetic constants and initial metabolite concentrations, are required to construct a kinetic model. Therefore, it is important not only to optimize the kinetic parameters, but also to investigate the effects of their perturbations on the overall system. We investigated the efficiency of the use of a real-coded genetic algorithm (RCGA) for parameter optimization and sensitivity analysis in the case of a large kinetic model involving glycolysis and the pentose phosphate pathway in Escherichia coli K-12. Sensitivity analysis of the kinetic model using an RCGA demonstrated that the input parameter values had different effects on model outputs. The results showed highly influential parameters in the model and their allowable ranges for maintaining metabolite-level stability. Furthermore, it was revealed that changes in these influential parameters may complement one another. This study presents an efficient approach based on the use of an RCGA for optimizing and analyzing parameters in large kinetic models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukako Tohsato
- Department of Bioinformatics, College of Life Sciences, Ritsumeikan University, Kusatsu, Shig 525-8577, Japan.
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