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Shetzer Y, Kagan S, Koifman G, Sarig R, Kogan-Sakin I, Charni M, Kaufman T, Zapatka M, Molchadsky A, Rivlin N, Dinowitz N, Levin S, Landan G, Goldstein I, Goldfinger N, Pe'er D, Radlwimmer B, Lichter P, Rotter V, Aloni-Grinstein R. The onset of p53 loss of heterozygosity is differentially induced in various stem cell types and may involve the loss of either allele. Cell Death Differ 2014; 21:1419-31. [PMID: 24832469 DOI: 10.1038/cdd.2014.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 03/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
p53 loss of heterozygosity (p53LOH) is frequently observed in Li-Fraumeni syndrome (LFS) patients who carry a mutant (Mut) p53 germ-line mutation. Here, we focused on elucidating the link between p53LOH and tumor development in stem cells (SCs). Although adult mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) robustly underwent p53LOH, p53LOH in induced embryonic pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) was significantly attenuated. Only SCs that underwent p53LOH induced malignant tumors in mice. These results may explain why LFS patients develop normally, yet acquire tumors in adulthood. Surprisingly, an analysis of single-cell sub-clones of iPSCs, MSCs and ex vivo bone marrow (BM) progenitors revealed that p53LOH is a bi-directional process, which may result in either the loss of wild-type (WT) or Mut p53 allele. Interestingly, most BM progenitors underwent Mutp53LOH. Our results suggest that the bi-directional p53LOH process may function as a cell-fate checkpoint. The loss of Mutp53 may be regarded as a DNA repair event leading to genome stability. Indeed, gene expression analysis of the p53LOH process revealed upregulation of a specific chromatin remodeler and a burst of DNA repair genes. However, in the case of loss of WTp53, cells are endowed with uncontrolled growth that promotes cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Y Shetzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Kagan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Koifman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Sarig
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Kogan-Sakin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Charni
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - T Kaufman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - M Zapatka
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - A Molchadsky
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N Rivlin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N Dinowitz
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - S Levin
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - G Landan
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - I Goldstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - N Goldfinger
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - D Pe'er
- Department of Biological Sciences, Columbia University, New York, NY, USA
| | - B Radlwimmer
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - P Lichter
- Division of Molecular Genetics, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Im Neuenheimer Feld 280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - V Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
| | - R Aloni-Grinstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot, Israel
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Honoki K, Tsujiuchi T. Senescence bypass in mesenchymal stem cells: a potential pathogenesis and implications of pro-senescence therapy in sarcomas. Expert Rev Anticancer Ther 2014; 13:983-96. [PMID: 23984899 DOI: 10.1586/14737140.2013.820010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Cellular senescence is a mechanism that limits the lifespan of somatic cells as the results of replicative proliferation and response to stresses, and that prevents undesired oncogenic changes constituting a barrier against immortalization and tumorigenesis. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) reside in a variety of tissues, and participates in tissue maintenance with their multipotent differentiation ability. MSCs are also considered to be as cells of origin for certain type of sarcomas. We reviewed the mechanisms of cellular senescence in MSCs and hypothesized senescence bypass as the potential pathogenesis for sarcoma development, and proposed the possibility of senescence induction therapy for an alternative treatment strategy against sarcomas, especially cells with the resistance to conventional chemo and radiotherapy including sarcoma stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kanya Honoki
- Department of Orthopedic Surgery, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-cho, Kashihara 634-8521, Japan.
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53
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Gastritis promotes an activated bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cell with a phenotype reminiscent of a cancer-promoting cell. Dig Dis Sci 2014; 59:569-82. [PMID: 24202649 PMCID: PMC4301577 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2927-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (BM-MSCs) promote gastric cancer in response to gastritis. In culture, BM-MSCs are prone to mutation with continued passage but it is unknown whether a similar process occurs in vivo in response to gastritis. AIM The purpose of this study was to identify the role of chronic gastritis in the transformation of BM-MSCs leading to an activated cancer-promoting phenotype. METHODS Age matched C57BL/6 (BL/6) and gastrin deficient (GKO) mice were used for isolation of stomach, serum and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) at 3 and 6 months of age. MSC activation was assessed by growth curve analysis, fluorescence-activated cell sorting and xenograft assays. To allow for the isolation of bone marrow-derived stromal cells and assay in response to chronic gastritis, IRG/Vav-1(Cre) mice that expressed both enhanced green fluorescent protein-expressing hematopoietic cells and red fluorescent protein-expressing stromal cells were generated. In a parabiosis experiment, IRG/Vav-1(Cre) mice were paired to either an uninfected Vav-1(Cre) littermate or a BL/6 mouse inoculated with Helicobacter pylori. RESULTS GKO mice displayed severe atrophic gastritis accompanied by elevated gastric tissue and circulating transforming growth factor beta (TGFβ) by 3 months of age. Compared to BM-MSCs isolated from uninflamed BL/6 mice, BM-MSCs isolated from GKO mice displayed an increased proliferative rate and elevated phosphorylated-Smad3 suggesting active TGFβ signaling. In xenograft assays, mice injected with BM-MSCs from 6-month-old GKO animals displayed tumor growth. RFP+ stromal cells were rapidly recruited to the gastric mucosa of H. pylori parabionts and exhibited changes in gene expression. CONCLUSIONS Gastritis promotes the in vivo activation of BM-MSCs to a phenotype reminiscent of a cancer-promoting cell.
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54
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Canazza A, Minati L, Boffano C, Parati E, Binks S. Experimental models of brain ischemia: a review of techniques, magnetic resonance imaging, and investigational cell-based therapies. Front Neurol 2014; 5:19. [PMID: 24600434 PMCID: PMC3928567 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2014.00019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Stroke continues to be a significant cause of death and disability worldwide. Although major advances have been made in the past decades in prevention, treatment, and rehabilitation, enormous challenges remain in the way of translating new therapeutic approaches from bench to bedside. Thrombolysis, while routinely used for ischemic stroke, is only a viable option within a narrow time window. Recently, progress in stem cell biology has opened up avenues to therapeutic strategies aimed at supporting and replacing neural cells in infarcted areas. Realistic experimental animal models are crucial to understand the mechanisms of neuronal survival following ischemic brain injury and to develop therapeutic interventions. Current studies on experimental stroke therapies evaluate the efficiency of neuroprotective agents and cell-based approaches using primarily rodent models of permanent or transient focal cerebral ischemia. In parallel, advancements in imaging techniques permit better mapping of the spatial-temporal evolution of the lesioned cortex and its functional responses. This review provides a condensed conceptual review of the state of the art of this field, from models and magnetic resonance imaging techniques through to stem cell therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alessandra Canazza
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" , Milan , Italy
| | - Ludovico Minati
- Scientific Department, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" , Milan , Italy ; Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Brighton , UK
| | - Carlo Boffano
- Neuroradiology Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" , Milan , Italy
| | - Eugenio Parati
- Cerebrovascular Diseases Unit, Fondazione IRCCS Istituto Neurologico "Carlo Besta" , Milan , Italy
| | - Sophie Binks
- Brighton and Sussex Medical School , Brighton , UK ; Brighton and Sussex University Hospitals NHS Trust , Brighton , UK
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55
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Aloni-Grinstein R, Shetzer Y, Kaufman T, Rotter V. p53: the barrier to cancer stem cell formation. FEBS Lett 2014; 588:2580-9. [PMID: 24560790 DOI: 10.1016/j.febslet.2014.02.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2014] [Revised: 02/07/2014] [Accepted: 02/07/2014] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
The role of p53 as the "guardian of the genome" in differentiated somatic cells, triggering various biological processes, is well established. Recent studies in the stem cell field have highlighted a profound role of p53 in stem cell biology as well. These studies, combined with basic data obtained 20 years ago, provide insight into how p53 governs the quantity and quality of various stem cells, ensuring a sufficient repertoire of normal stem cells to enable proper development, tissue regeneration and a cancer free life. In this review we address the role of p53 in genomically stable embryonic stem cells, a unique predisposed cancer stem cell model and adult stem cells, its role in the generation of induced pluripotent stem cells, as well as its role as the barrier to cancer stem cell formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronit Aloni-Grinstein
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Yoav Shetzer
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Tom Kaufman
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel
| | - Varda Rotter
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Weizmann Institute of Science, Rehovot 76100, Israel.
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56
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Pietronave S, Zamperone A, Oltolina F, Colangelo D, Follenzi A, Novelli E, Diena M, Pavesi A, Consolo F, Fiore GB, Soncini M, Prat M. Monophasic and biphasic electrical stimulation induces a precardiac differentiation in progenitor cells isolated from human heart. Stem Cells Dev 2014; 23:888-98. [PMID: 24328510 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2013.0375] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Electrical stimulation (ES) of cells has been shown to induce a variety of responses, such as cytoskeleton rearrangements, migration, proliferation, and differentiation. In this study, we have investigated whether monophasic and biphasic pulsed ES could exert any effect on the proliferation and differentiation of human cardiac progenitor cells (hCPCs) isolated from human heart fragments. Cells were cultured under continuous exposure to monophasic or biphasic ES with fixed cycles for 1 or 3 days. Results indicate that neither stimulation protocol affected cell viability, while the cell shape became more elongated and reoriented more perpendicular to the electric field direction. Moreover, the biphasic ES clearly induced the upregulation of early cardiac transcription factors, MEF2D, GATA-4, and Nkx2.5, as well as the de novo expression of the late cardiac sarcomeric proteins, troponin T, cardiac alpha actinin, and SERCA 2a. Both treatments increased the expression of connexin 43 and its relocation to the cell membrane, but biphasic ES was faster and more effective. Finally, when hCPCs were exposed to both monophasic and biphasic ES, they expressed de novo the mRNA of the voltage-dependent calcium channel Cav 3.1(α1G) subunit, which is peculiar of the developing heart. Taken together, these results show that ES alone is able to set the conditions for early differentiation of adult hCPCs toward a cardiac phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefano Pietronave
- 1 Department of Health Sciences, Università del Piemonte Orientale "A. Avogadro ," Novara, Italy
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57
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Stojnev S, Krstic M, Ristic-Petrovic A, Stefanovic V, Hattori T. Gastric cancer stem cells: therapeutic targets. Gastric Cancer 2014; 17:13-25. [PMID: 23563919 DOI: 10.1007/s10120-013-0254-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2012] [Accepted: 03/15/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
During the past decade, a growing body of evidence has implied that cancer stem cells (CSCs) play an important role in the development of gastric cancer (GC). The notion that CSCs give rise to GC and may be responsible for invasion, metastasis, and resistance to treatment has profound implications for anti-cancer therapy. Recent major advances in the rapidly evolving field of CSCs have opened novel exciting opportunities for developing CSC-targeted therapies. Discovery of specific markers and signaling pathways in gastric CSCs (GCSCs), with the perfecting of technologies for identification, isolation, and validation of CSCs, may provide the basis for a revolutionary cancer treatment approach based on the eradication of GCSCs. Emerging therapeutic tools based on specific properties and functions of CSCs, including activation of self-renewal signaling pathways, differences in gene expression profiles, and increased activity of telomerase or chemoresistance mechanisms, are developing in parallel with advances in nanotechnology and bioengineering. The addition of GCSC-targeted therapies to current oncological protocols and their complementary application may be the key to successfully fighting GC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Slavica Stojnev
- Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathology, University of Nis, Zorana Djindjica Blvd 81, 18000, Nis, Serbia,
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58
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Pan Q, Fouraschen SMG, de Ruiter PE, Dinjens WNM, Kwekkeboom J, Tilanus HW, van der Laan LJW. Detection of spontaneous tumorigenic transformation during culture expansion of human mesenchymal stromal cells. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2013; 239:105-15. [PMID: 24227633 DOI: 10.1177/1535370213506802] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) have been explored in a number of clinical trials as a possible method of treating various diseases. However, the effect of long-term cell expansion in vitro on physiological function and genetic stability is still poorly understood. In this study, MSC cultures derived from bone marrow and liver were evaluated for the presence of aberrant cells following long-term expansion. In 46 independent cultures, four batches of transformed MSCs (TMCs) were found, which were all beyond the culture period of five weeks. These aberrant cells were first identified based on the appearance of abnormal cytology and the acquirement of growth advantage. Despite common MSC markers being diminished or absent, TMCs remain highly susceptible to lysis by allogenic natural killer (NK) cells. When transplanted into immunodeficient mice, TMCs formed sarcoma-like tumors, whereas parental MSCs did not form tumors in mice. Using a combination of high-resolution genome-wide DNA array and short-tandem repeat profiling, we confirmed the origin of TMCs and excluded the possibility of human cell line contamination. Additional genomic duplication and deletions were observed in TMCs, which may be associated with the transformation event. Using gene and microRNA expression arrays, a number of genes were identified that were differentially expressed between TMCs and their normal parental counterparts, which may potentially serve as biomarkers to screen cultures for evidence of early transformation events. In conclusion, the spontaneous transformation of MSCs resulting in tumorigenesis is rare and occurs after relatively long-term (beyond five weeks) culture. However, as an added safety measure, cultures of MSCs can potentially be screened based on a novel gene expression signature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuwei Pan
- Department of Gastroenterology & Hepatology, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center and Postgraduate School Molecular Medicine, Rotterdam NL-3015 CE, The Netherlands
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Donnelly JM, Chawla A, Houghton J, Zavros Y. Sonic hedgehog mediates the proliferation and recruitment of transformed mesenchymal stem cells to the stomach. PLoS One 2013; 8:e75225. [PMID: 24069395 PMCID: PMC3777931 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0075225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Accepted: 08/14/2013] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Studies using Helicobacter-infected mice show that bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can repopulate the gastric epithelium and promote gastric cancer progression. Within the tumor microenvironment of the stomach, pro-inflammatory cytokine interferon-gamma (IFNγ) and Sonic hedgehog (Shh) are elevated. IFNγ is implicated in tumor proliferation via activation of the Shh signaling pathway in various tissues but whether a similar mechanism exists in the stomach is unknown. We tested the hypothesis that IFNγ drives MSC proliferation and recruitment, a response mediated by Shh signaling. The current study uses transplantation of an in vitro transformed mesenchymal stem cell line (stMSCvect), that over-expresses hedgehog signaling, in comparison to non-transformed wild-type MSCs (wtMSCs), wtMSCs transfected to over-express Shh (wtMSCShh), and stMSCs transduced with lentiviral constructs containing shRNA targeting the Shh gene (stMSCShhKO). The effect of IFNγ on MSC proliferation was assessed by cell cycle analysis in vitro using cells treated with recombinant IFNγ (rmIFNγ) alone, or in combination with anti-Shh 5E1 antibody, and in vivo using mice transplanted with MSCs treated with PBS or rmIFNγ. In vitro, IFNγ significantly increased MSC proliferation, a response mediated by Shh that was blocked by 5E1 antibody. The MSC population collected from bone marrow of PBS- or IFNγ-treated mice showed that IFNγ significantly increased the percentage of all MSC cell lines in S phase, with the exception of the stMSCsShhKO cells. While the MSC cell lines with intact Shh expression were recruited to the gastric mucosa in response to IFNγ, stMSCsShhKO were not. Hedgehog signaling is required for MSC proliferation and recruitment to the stomach in response to IFNγ.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica M. Donnelly
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - Ambreesh Chawla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
| | - JeanMarie Houghton
- Department of Medicine, Division of Gastroenterology, and Department of Cancer Biology, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts, United States of America
| | - Yana Zavros
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Physiology, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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60
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Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells for the treatment of liver diseases, is there enough evidence? Stem Cell Res 2013; 11:1348-64. [PMID: 24090934 DOI: 10.1016/j.scr.2013.08.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/21/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells or multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) have been extensively investigated in small animal models to treat both acute and chronic liver injuries. Mechanisms of action are not clearly elucidated but may include their ability to differentiate into hepatocyte-like cells, to reduce inflammation, and to enhance tissue repair at the site of injury. This approach is controversial and evidence in large animals is missing. Side effects of MSC infusion such as the contribution to a fibrotic process have been reported in experimental settings. Nevertheless, MSCs moved quickly from bench to bedside and over 280 clinical trials are registered, of which 28 focus on the treatment of liver diseases. If no severe side-effects were observed so far, long-term benefits remain uncertain. More preclinical data regarding mechanisms of action, long term safety and efficacy are warranted before initiating large scale clinical application. The proposal of this review is to visit the current state of knowledge regarding mechanisms behind the therapeutic effects of MSCs in the treatment of experimental liver diseases, to address questions about efficacy and risk, and to discuss recent clinical advances involving MSC-based therapies.
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61
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Zamperone A, Pietronave S, Merlin S, Colangelo D, Ranaldo G, Medico E, Di Scipio F, Berta GN, Follenzi A, Prat M. Isolation and characterization of a spontaneously immortalized multipotent mesenchymal cell line derived from mouse subcutaneous adipose tissue. Stem Cells Dev 2013; 22:2873-84. [PMID: 23777308 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The emerging field of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine is a multidisciplinary science that is based on the combination of a reliable source of stem cells, biomaterial scaffolds, and cytokine growth factors. Adult mesenchymal stem cells are considered important cells for applications in this field, and adipose tissue has revealed to be an excellent source of them. Indeed, adipose-derived stem cells (ASCs) can be easily isolated from the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of adipose tissue. During the isolation and propagation of murine ASCs, we observed the appearance of a spontaneously immortalized cell clone, named m17.ASC. This clone has been propagated for more than 180 passages and stably expresses a variety of stemness markers, such as Sca-1, c-kit/CD117, CD44, CD106, islet-1, nestin, and nucleostemin. Furthermore, these cells can be induced to differentiate toward osteogenic, chondrogenic, adipogenic, and cardiogenic phenotypes. m17.ASC clone displays a normal karyotype and stable telomeres; it neither proliferates when plated in soft agar nor gives rise to tumors when injected subcutaneously in NOD/SCID-γ (null) mice. The analysis of gene expression highlighted transcriptional traits of SVF cells. m17.ASCs were genetically modified by lentiviral vectors carrying green fluorescent protein (GFP) as a marker transgene and efficiently engrafted in the liver, when injected in the spleen of NOD/SCID-γ (null) monocrotaline-treated mice. These results suggest that this non-tumorigenic spontaneously immortalized ASC line may represent a useful tool (cell model) for studying the differentiation mechanisms involved in tissue repair as well as a model for pharmacological/toxicological studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Zamperone
- 1 Dipartimento di Scienze della Salute, Università del Piemonte Orientale , Novara, Italy
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62
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Xiao W, Mohseny AB, Hogendoorn PCW, Cleton-Jansen AM. Mesenchymal stem cell transformation and sarcoma genesis. Clin Sarcoma Res 2013; 3:10. [PMID: 23880362 PMCID: PMC3724575 DOI: 10.1186/2045-3329-3-10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 01/27/2023] Open
Abstract
MSCs are hypothesized to potentially give rise to sarcomas after transformation and therefore serve as a good model to study sarcomagenesis. Both spontaneous and induced transformation of MSCs have been reported, however, spontaneous transformation has only been convincingly shown in mouse MSCs while induced transformation has been demonstrated in both mouse and human MSCs. Transformed MSCs of both species can give rise to pleomorphic sarcomas after transplantation into mice, indicating the potential MSC origin of so-called non-translocation induced sarcomas. Comparison of expression profiles and differentiation capacities between MSCs and sarcoma cells further supports this. Deregulation of P53- Retinoblastoma-, PI3K-AKT-and MAPK pathways has been implicated in transformation of MSCs. MSCs have also been indicated as cell of origin in several types of chromosomal translocation associated sarcomas. In mouse models the generated sarcoma type depends on amongst others the tissue origin of the MSCs, the targeted pathways and genes and the differentiation commitment status of MSCs. While some insights are glowing, it is clear that more studies are needed to thoroughly understand the molecular mechanism of sarcomagenesis from MSCs and mechanisms determining the sarcoma type, which will potentially give directions for targeted therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Xiao
- Department of Pathology, Leiden University Medical Center, Albinusdreef 2, Leiden, 2333ZA, the Netherlands.
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63
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Abstract
Cell therapy with Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSC) holds enormous promise for the treatment of a large number of degenerative and immune/inflammatory diseases. Their multilineage differentiation potential, immunoprivilege and capacity of promoting recovery of damaged tissues coupled with anti-inflammatory and immunosuppressive properties are the focus of a multitude of clinical studies currently underway. The recognized clinical potential of MSC repairing/immunomodulatory effects now encompasses graft-versus-host disease, hematologic malignancies, cardiovascular diseases, neurologic and inherited diseases, autoimmune diseases, organ transplantation, refractory wounds, and bone/cartilage defects among others. However, it has been suggested that both the need of extensive ex vivo culture for MSC clinical use, and their proangiogenic, anti-apoptotic and immunomodulatory properties may act together as tumor promoters, raising significant safety concerns. This paper will review the available data on in vitro MSC maldifferentiation and the ability of MSC to sustain tumor growth in vivo, with the aim to clarify whether MSC-based therapeutic approaches may carry actual risk of malignancies.
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64
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Froelich K, Mickler J, Steusloff G, Technau A, Ramos Tirado M, Scherzed A, Hackenberg S, Radeloff A, Hagen R, Kleinsasser N. Chromosomal aberrations and deoxyribonucleic acid single-strand breaks in adipose-derived stem cells during long-term expansion in vitro. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:767-81. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 12/22/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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65
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Asumda FZ. Age-associated changes in the ecological niche: implications for mesenchymal stem cell aging. Stem Cell Res Ther 2013; 4:47. [PMID: 23673056 PMCID: PMC3706986 DOI: 10.1186/scrt197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Adult stem cells are critical for organ-specific regeneration and self-renewal with advancing age. The prospect of being able to reverse tissue-specific post-injury sequelae by harvesting, culturing and transplanting a patient's own stem and progenitor cells is exciting. Mesenchymal stem cells have emerged as a reliable stem cell source for this treatment modality and are currently being tested in numerous ongoing clinical trials. Unfortunately, the fervor over mesenchymal stem cells is mitigated by several lines of evidence suggesting that their efficacy is limited by natural aging. This article discusses the mechanisms and manifestations of age-associated deficiencies in mesenchymal stem cell efficacy. A consideration of recent experimental findings suggests that the ecological niche might be responsible for mesenchymal stem cell aging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faizal Z Asumda
- Saint James School of Medicine, 1480 Renaissance Drive, Park Ridge, Chicago, IL, 60068, USA
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66
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Lu G, Zhu S, Ke Y, Jiang X, Zhang S. Transplantation-potential-related biological properties of decidua basalis mesenchymal stem cells from maternal human term placenta. Cell Tissue Res 2013; 352:301-12. [PMID: 23397423 DOI: 10.1007/s00441-013-1560-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Human placental decidua basalis originates from the maternal side of the placenta and has been described as a source of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). However, for its application in tissue regeneration and repair, the transplantation-potential-related biological properties of decidua-basalis-derived mesenchymal stem cells (DBMSCs) remain to be elucidated. We obtained DBMSCs through enzymatic digestion and density gradient centrifugation and confirmed their capacity to differentiate into cell types of the mesodermal lineage, such as osteoblasts, adipocytes and chondroblasts. Karyotype analysis showed that the isolated DBMSCs maintained chromosomal stability after long-term culture in vitro. Growth kinetics and ultrastructural observation revealed a high level of DBMSC proliferative activity. In addition, DBMSCs showed immunosuppressive properties by suppressing both mitogen- and alloantigen-induced peripheral lymphocyte proliferation. All of these properties suggest that DBMSCs, which are abundant and easily accessible, are a novel potential source of seed cells for cell transplantation treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guohui Lu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Provincial Key Laboratory on Brain Function Repair and Regeneration of Guangdong, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, People's Republic of China
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67
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Roubelakis MG, Tsaknakis G, Pappa KI, Anagnou NP, Watt SM. Spindle shaped human mesenchymal stem/stromal cells from amniotic fluid promote neovascularization. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54747. [PMID: 23359810 PMCID: PMC3554641 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2012] [Accepted: 12/14/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Human amniotic fluid obtained at amniocentesis, when cultured, generates at least two morphologically distinct mesenchymal stem/stromal cell (MSC) subsets. Of these, the spindle shaped amniotic fluid MSCs (SS-AF-MSCs) contain multipotent cells with enhanced adipogenic, osteogenic and chondrogenic capacity. Here, we demonstrate, for the first time, the capacity of these SS-AF-MSCs to support neovascularization by umbilical cord blood (UCB) endothelial colony forming cell (ECFC) derived cells in both in vitro and in vivo models. Interestingly, although the kinetics of vascular tubule formation in vitro were similar when the supporting SS-AF-MSCs were compared with the best vasculogenic supportive batches of bone marrow MSCs (BMSCs) or human dermal fibroblasts (hDFs), SS-AF-MSCs supported vascular tubule formation in vivo more effectively than BMSCs. In NOD/SCID mice, the human vessels inosculated with murine vessels demonstrating their functionality. Proteome profiler array analyses revealed both common and distinct secretion profiles of angiogenic factors by the SS-AF-MSCs as opposed to the hDFs and BMSCs. Thus, SS-AF-MSCs, which are considered to be less mature developmentally than adult BMSCs, and intermediate between adult and embryonic stem cells in their potentiality, have the additional and very interesting potential of supporting increased neovascularisation, further enhancing their promise as vehicles for tissue repair and regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria G. Roubelakis
- Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens, Medical School and Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Grigorios Tsaknakis
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Kalliopi I. Pappa
- First Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, University of Athens, School of Medicine, Athens, Greece
| | - Nicholas P. Anagnou
- Laboratory of Biology, University of Athens, Medical School and Cell and Gene Therapy Laboratory, Centre of Basic Research, Biomedical Research Foundation, Academy of Athens (BRFAA), Athens, Greece
| | - Suzanne M. Watt
- Nuffield Division of Clinical Laboratory Sciences, Radcliffe Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, and Stem Cell Research Laboratory, NHS Blood and Transplant, John Radcliffe Hospital, Headington, Oxford, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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68
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Krishnappa V, Boregowda SV, Phinney DG. The peculiar biology of mouse mesenchymal stromal cells--oxygen is the key. Cytotherapy 2013; 15:536-41. [PMID: 23352463 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcyt.2012.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2012] [Accepted: 11/30/2012] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Because of the ability to manipulate their genome, mice are the experimental tool of choice for many areas of scientific investigation. Moreover, established experimental mouse models of human disease are widely available and offer a valuable resource to obtain proof-of-concept for many cell-based therapies. Nevertheless, efforts to establish reliable methods to isolate mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) from mouse bone marrow have been elusive. Indeed, a variety of physical and genetic approaches have been described to fractionate MSCs from other cell lineages in bone marrow, but few have achieved high yields or purity while maintaining the genomic integrity of the cells. We provide a historic overview of published procedures dedicated to the isolation of mouse MSCs from bone marrow and compact bone. We also review current findings indicating that growth-restrictive conditions imposed by atmospheric oxygen promotes immortalization of mouse MSCs and how expansion in a low-oxygen environment enhances cell yields and maintains genomic stability. Finally, we provide basic recommendations for isolating primary mouse MSCs and discuss potential pitfalls associated with these isolation methods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veena Krishnappa
- Kellogg School of Science & Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, FL, USA
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69
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Mesenchymal stem cells utilize CXCR4-SDF-1 signaling for acute, but not chronic, trafficking to gastric mucosal inflammation. Dig Dis Sci 2013; 58:2466-77. [PMID: 23873382 PMCID: PMC3766519 DOI: 10.1007/s10620-013-2782-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/25/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Helicobacter infection is the main risk factor in developing gastric cancer. Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are non-hematopoietic stromal cells, which are able to differentiate into different cell lineages. MSC contribute to cancer development by forming the tumor directly, contributing to the microenvironment, or by promoting angiogenesis and metastasis. CXCR4/SDF-1 axis is used by MSC in trafficking, homing, and engraftment at chronic inflammation sites, and plays an important role in tumorigenesis. AIM To determine if CXCR4 receptor has a role in MSC contribution to the development of Helicobacter-mediated gastric cancer. METHODS SDF-1 and CXCR4 expression in mouse gastric mucosa in the setting of acute and chronic inflammation was measured using RT-PCR. Mouse culture-adapted MSC express CXCR4. Wild-type C57BL/6 mice infected with Helicobacter felis for 6 months or controls were given IV injections of CXCR4 knock-down MSC. Animals were followed for another 4 months. Homing of MSC in the stomach was quantified using RT-PCR. MSC differentiation into gastric epithelia lineages was analyzed using immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization. RESULTS CXCR4 and SDF-1 are both upregulated in the settings of Helicobacter-induced chronic gastric inflammation. CXCR4 is fully required for homing of MSC to the stomach in acute gastric inflammation, but only partially in Helicobacter-induced gastric cancer. MSC lead to gastric intraepithelial neoplasia as early as 10 months of Helicobacter infection. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that MSC have a tumorigenic effect by promoting an accelerated form of gastric cancer in mice. The engraftment of MSC in chronic inflammation is only partially CXCR4-dependent.
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Tang Q, Chen Q, Lai X, Liu S, Chen Y, Zheng Z, Xie Q, Maldonado M, Cai Z, Qin S, Ho G, Ma L. Malignant transformation potentials of human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells both spontaneously and via 3-methycholanthrene induction. PLoS One 2013; 8:e81844. [PMID: 24339974 PMCID: PMC3858282 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0081844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/17/2013] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Human umbilical cord mesenchymal stem cells (HUMSCs) are highly proliferative and can be induced to differentiate into advanced derivatives of all three germ layers. Thus, HUMSCs are considered to be a promising source for cell-targeted therapies and tissue engineering. However there are reports on spontaneous transformation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) derived from human bone marrows. The capacity for HUMSCs to undergo malignant transform spontaneously or via induction by chemical carcinogens is presently unknown. Therefore, we isolated HUMSCs from 10 donors and assessed their transformation potential either spontaneously or by treating them with 3-methycholanthrene (3-MCA), a DNA-damaging carcinogen. The malignant transformation of HUMSCs in vitro was evaluated by morphological changes, proliferation rates, ability to enter cell senescence, the telomerase activity, chromosomal abnormality, and the ability to form tumors in vivo. Our studies showed that HUMSCs from all 10 donors ultimately entered senescence and did not undergo spontaneous malignant transformation. However, HUMSCs from two of the 10 donors treated with 3-MCA displayed an increased proliferation rate, failed to enter senescence, and exhibited an altered cell morphology. When these cells (tHUMSCs) were injected into immunodeficient mice, they gave rise to sarcoma-like or poorly differentiated tumors. Moreover, in contrast to HUMSCs, tHUMSCs showed a positive expression of human telomerase reverse transcriptase (hTERT) and did not exhibit a shortening of the relative telomere length during the long-term culture in vitro. Our studies demonstrate that HUMSCs are not susceptible to spontaneous malignant transformation. However, the malignant transformation could be induced by chemical carcinogen 3-MCA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuling Tang
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qiurong Chen
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Research Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Xiulan Lai
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Sizheng Liu
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Yezeng Chen
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zexin Zheng
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Qingdong Xie
- Research Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Martin Maldonado
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Research Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhiwei Cai
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Shan Qin
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
| | - Guyu Ho
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Molecular Pathology Laboratory, Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (GH); (LM)
| | - Lian Ma
- Transforming Medical Center, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- Department of Pediatrics, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Shantou University Medical College, Shantou, Guangdong, China
- * E-mail: (GH); (LM)
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Rubio R, Gutierrez-Aranda I, Sáez-Castillo AI, Labarga A, Rosu-Myles M, Gonzalez-Garcia S, Toribio ML, Menendez P, Rodriguez R. The differentiation stage of p53-Rb-deficient bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells imposes the phenotype of in vivo sarcoma development. Oncogene 2012; 32:4970-80. [PMID: 23222711 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2012.507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2012] [Revised: 09/25/2012] [Accepted: 09/28/2012] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggests that mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSCs) carrying specific mutations are at the origin of some sarcomas. We have reported that the deficiency of p53 alone or in combination with Rb (Rb(-/-) p53(-/-)) in adipose-derived MSCs (ASCs) promotes leiomyosarcoma-like tumors in vivo. Here, we hypothesized that the source of MSCs and/or the cell differentiation stage could determine the phenotype of sarcoma development. To investigate whether there is a link between the source of MSCs and sarcoma phenotype, we generated p53(-/-) and Rb(-/-)p53(-/-) MSCs from bone marrow (BM-MSCs). Both genotypes of BM-MSCs initiated leiomyosarcoma formation similar to p53(-/-) and Rb(-/-)p53(-/-) ASCs. In addition, gene expression profiling revealed transcriptome similarities between p53- or Rb-p53-deficient BM-MSCs/ASCs and muscle-associated sarcomagenesis. These data suggest that the tissue source of MSC does not seem to determine the development of a particular sarcoma phenotype. To analyze whether the differentiation stage defines the sarcoma phenotype, BM-MSCs and ASCs were induced to differentiate toward the osteogenic lineage, and both p53 and Rb were excised using Cre-expressing adenovectors at different stages along osteogenic differentiation. Regardless the level of osteogenic commitment, the inactivation of Rb and p53 in BM-MSC-derived, but not in ASC-derived, osteogenic progenitors gave rise to osteosarcoma-like tumors, which could be serially transplanted. This indicates that the osteogenic differentiation stage of BM-MSCs imposes the phenotype of in vivo sarcoma development, and that BM-MSC-derived osteogenic progenitors rather than undifferentiated BM-MSCs, undifferentiated ASCs or ASC-derived osteogenic progenitors, represent the cell of origin for osteosarcoma development.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Rubio
- GENYO. Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research: Pfizer/University of Granada/Andalusian Regional Government, Granada, Spain
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Zhu Y, Eaton JW, Li C. Titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles preferentially induce cell death in transformed cells in a Bak/Bax-independent fashion. PLoS One 2012. [PMID: 23185639 PMCID: PMC3503962 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0050607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
While the cytotoxic effects of titanium dioxide (TiO2) nanoparticles have been under intense investigation, the molecular mechanisms of this cytotoxicity remain unknown. Here we investigated the influence of oncogenic transformation and a major apoptotic signaling pathway on cellular responses to TiO2 nanoparticles. Isogenic wild-type (WT) and apoptosis-resistant (Bak−/−Bax−/−) cell lines with and without tumorigenic transformation were examined. TiO2 nanoparticles preferentially reduced viability of tumorigenic cells in a dose-dependent fashion compared with their untransformed counterparts. Importantly, the elevated cytotoxicity of TiO2 nanoparticles was independent of a major Bak/Bax-dependent apoptosis pathway. Because transformation does not affect cellular fluid-phase endocytosis or nanoparticle uptake, it is likely that the increased cytotoxicity in tumor cells is due to the interaction between TiO2 nanoparticles and the lysosomal compartment. Overall, our data indicate that TiO2 nanoparticles induce cytotoxicity preferentially in transformed cells independent of a major apoptotic signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanglong Zhu
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - John W. Eaton
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
| | - Chi Li
- Molecular Targets Program, James Graham Brown Cancer Center, Department of Medicine, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Louisville, Louisville, Kentucky, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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73
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Petrasek J, Bala S, Csak T, Lippai D, Kodys K, Menashy V, Barrieau M, Min SY, Kurt-Jones EA, Szabo G. IL-1 receptor antagonist ameliorates inflammasome-dependent alcoholic steatohepatitis in mice. J Clin Invest 2012; 122:3476-89. [PMID: 22945633 DOI: 10.1172/jci60777] [Citation(s) in RCA: 532] [Impact Index Per Article: 44.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2011] [Accepted: 07/19/2012] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) is characterized by steatosis and upregulation of proinflammatory cytokines, including IL-1β. IL-1β, type I IL-1 receptor (IL-1R1), and IL-1 receptor antagonist (IL-1Ra) are all important regulators of the IL-1 signaling complex, which plays a role in inflammation. Furthermore, IL-1β maturation is dependent on caspase-1 (Casp-1). Using IL-1Ra-treated mice as well as 3 mouse models deficient in regulators of IL-1β activation (Casp-1 and ASC) or signaling (IL-1R1), we found that IL-1β signaling is required for the development of alcohol-induced liver steatosis, inflammation, and injury. Increased IL-1β was due to upregulation of Casp-1 activity and inflammasome activation. The pathogenic role of IL-1 signaling in ALD was attributable to the activation of the inflammasome in BM-derived Kupffer cells. Importantly, in vivo intervention with a recombinant IL-1Ra blocked IL-1 signaling and markedly attenuated alcohol-induced liver inflammation, steatosis, and damage. Furthermore, physiological doses of IL-1β induced steatosis, increased the inflammatory and prosteatotic chemokine MCP-1 in hepatocytes, and augmented TLR4-dependent upregulation of inflammatory signaling in macrophages. In conclusion, we demonstrated that Casp-1-dependent upregulation of IL-1β and signaling mediated by IL-1R1 are crucial in ALD pathogenesis. Our findings suggest a potential role of IL-1R1 inhibition in the treatment of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petrasek
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, Massachusetts 01605, USA
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Levin I, Petrasek J, Szabo G. The presence of p47phox in liver parenchymal cells is a key mediator in the pathogenesis of alcoholic liver steatosis. Alcohol Clin Exp Res 2012; 36:1397-406. [PMID: 22376231 PMCID: PMC4120658 DOI: 10.1111/j.1530-0277.2012.01739.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2011] [Accepted: 11/30/2011] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Reactive oxygen species contribute to steatosis and inflammation in alcoholic liver disease (ALD). Here, we evaluated the selective contribution of p47phox, a critical subunit of nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate oxidase (NADPH) oxidase complex, in liver parenchymal cells and in bone marrow (BM)-derived cells. METHODS Female C57Bl/6 wild type [WT], total body p47phox-deficient knockout [KO] or p47phox chimera mice generated by BM transplantation of p47phox-KO-BM into irradiated WT mice (WT/p47phox-KO-BM mice) received 5% Lieber-DeCarli alcohol or control (pair feeding) diet for 4 weeks. RESULTS Alcohol-induced liver steatosis as measured by Oil Red O staining and serum triglyceride up-regulation were prevented in p47phox-KO mice but not in WT/p47phox-KO-BM chimeras compared to WT controls. Serum alanine aminotransferase (ALT) was significantly increased in alcohol-fed WT mice but not in p47phox-KO mice compared to pair-fed controls. There was no protection from alcohol-induced increase in ALT and liver damage in the WT/p47phox-KO-BM mice. Alcohol-induced liver steatosis was accompanied by up-regulation of the lipid droplet-stabilizing protein, adipocyte differentiation-related protein (ADRP), and the fatty acid synthesis-associated genes, fatty acid synthase (FASN) and acetyl-CoA carboxylase (ACACA). Total body deficiency in p47phox but not selective absence of p47phox in BM-derived cells prevented alcohol-induced up-regulation of ADRP, FASN, and ACACA in the liver. Finally, alcohol-induced activation and DNA binding of nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), a master regulator of inflammation, were significantly increased after alcohol feeding in WT but not in p47phox-KO mice. Selective deficiency of p47phox in BM-derived cells (WT/p47phox-KO-BM chimera) failed to prevent NF-κB induction after alcohol feeding. CONCLUSIONS Total body deficiency in p47phox subunit of NADPH oxidase complex protects mice from alcohol-induced liver steatosis via mechanisms involving ADRP, FASN, and ACACA as well as from alcohol-induced NF-κB activation. In contrast, selective absence of p47phox in BM-derived cells fails to provide protection via these mechanisms. These results suggest that p47phox in parenchymal cells plays a critical role in the pathogenesis of ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Levin
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, 01605, USA
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75
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Yu X, Cohen DM, Chen CS. miR-125b Is an adhesion-regulated microRNA that protects mesenchymal stem cells from anoikis. Stem Cells 2012; 30:956-64. [PMID: 22331826 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have the capacity for multilineage differentiation and are being explored as a source for stem cell-based therapies. Previous studies have shown that adhesion to extracellular matrix plays a critical role in guiding MSC differentiation to distinct lineages. Here, we conducted a focused screen of microRNAs to reveal one microRNA, miR-125b, whose expression changes as a function of cell adhesion. miR-125b expression was upregulated by limiting cell-matrix adhesion using micropatterned substrates, knocking down beta5 integrin or placing cells in suspension culture. Interestingly, we noted that suspending human MSCs (hMSCs) did not induce substantial apoptosis (anoikis) as is typically observed in adherent cells. Although miR-125b appeared to have some effects on hMSC differentiation, we demonstrated a striking role for miR-125b in protecting hMSCs from anoikis. Knockdown of miR-125b increased anoikis while expressing a mimic protected cells. Mechanistic studies demonstrated that miR-125b protected against anoikis by increasing ERK phosphorylation and by suppressing p53. Lastly, we found that miR-125b expression is quite limited in endothelial cells and mouse embryonic fibroblasts (MEFs). The rapid anoikis normally observed in endothelial cells was antagonized by transfection of a miR-125b mimic, suggesting that miR-125b can confer resistance to anoikis in multiple cell types. We also found that endogenous miR-125b was significantly upregulated during reprogramming of MEFs to induced pluripotent cells, suggesting that miR-125b expression may be associated with stem cell populations. Collectively, these observations demonstrate a novel link between cell-matrix adhesion, miR-125b expression, and a stem cell-specific survival program triggered in adhesion-limited contexts such as might occur in early development and wound healing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Yu
- Department of Bioengineering, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
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76
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Boregowda SV, Krishnappa V, Chambers JW, Lograsso PV, Lai WT, Ortiz LA, Phinney DG. Atmospheric oxygen inhibits growth and differentiation of marrow-derived mouse mesenchymal stem cells via a p53-dependent mechanism: implications for long-term culture expansion. Stem Cells 2012; 30:975-87. [PMID: 22367737 DOI: 10.1002/stem.1069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Large scale expansion of human mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) is routinely performed for clinical therapy. In contrast, developing protocols for large scale expansion of primary mouse MSCs has been more difficult due to unique aspects of rodent biology. Currently, established methods to isolate mouse MSCs select for rapidly dividing subpopulations that emerge from bone marrow cultures following long-term (months) expansion in atmospheric oxygen. Herein, we demonstrate that exposure to atmospheric oxygen rapidly induced p53, TOP2A, and BCL2-associated X protein (BAX) expression and mitochondrial reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in primary mouse MSCs resulting in oxidative stress, reduced cell viability, and inhibition of cell proliferation. Alternatively, procurement and culture in 5% oxygen supported more prolific expansion of the CD45(-ve) /CD44(+ve) cell fraction in marrow, produced increased MSC yields following immunodepletion, and supported sustained MSC growth resulting in a 2,300-fold increase in cumulative cell yield by fourth passage. MSCs cultured in 5% oxygen also exhibited enhanced trilineage differentiation. The oxygen-induced stress response was dependent upon p53 since siRNA-mediated knockdown of p53 in wild-type cells or exposure of p53(-/-) MSCs to atmospheric oxygen failed to induce ROS generation, reduce viability, or arrest cell growth. These data indicate that long-term culture expansion of mouse MSCs in atmospheric oxygen selects for clones with absent or impaired p53 function, which allows cells to escape oxygen-induced growth inhibition. In contrast, expansion in 5% oxygen generates large numbers of primary mouse MSCs that retain sensitivity to atmospheric oxygen, and therefore a functional p53 protein, even after long-term expansion in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siddaraju V Boregowda
- Kellogg School of Science and Technology, The Scripps Research Institute, Jupiter, Florida 33458, USA
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77
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Liu J, Zhang Y, Bai L, Cui X, Zhu J. Rat bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells undergo malignant transformation via indirect co-cultured with tumour cells. Cell Biochem Funct 2012; 30:650-6. [PMID: 22763674 DOI: 10.1002/cbf.2844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2012] [Revised: 04/30/2012] [Accepted: 05/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jianping Liu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | | | - Lu Bai
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Xiangrong Cui
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; China
| | - Jing Zhu
- Ministry of Education Key Laboratory of Child Development and Disorders; Children's Hospital of Chongqing Medical University; Chongqing; China
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78
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Bao Q, Zhao Y, Niess H, Conrad C, Schwarz B, Jauch KW, Huss R, Nelson PJ, Bruns CJ. Mesenchymal stem cell-based tumor-targeted gene therapy in gastrointestinal cancer. Stem Cells Dev 2012; 21:2355-63. [PMID: 22530882 DOI: 10.1089/scd.2012.0060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem (or stromal) cells (MSCs) are nonhematopoietic progenitor cells that can be obtained from bone marrow aspirates or adipose tissue, expanded and genetically modified in vitro, and then used for cancer therapeutic strategies in vivo. Here, we review available data regarding the application of MSC-based tumor-targeted therapy in gastrointestinal cancer, provide an overview of the general history of MSC-based gene therapy in cancer research, and discuss potential problems associated with the utility of MSC-based therapy such as biosafety, immunoprivilege, transfection methods, and distribution in the host.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi Bao
- Department of Surgery, University of Munich, Campus Großhadern, Munich, Germany
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79
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Yan X, Shi L, Chen G, Zhang X, Liu B, Yue W, Pei X, Sun S. Mesenchymal stem cell-like cells in classic renal angiomyolipoma. Oncol Lett 2012; 4:398-402. [PMID: 22970037 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2012.760] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/31/2012] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
As a benign mesenchymal tumor, classic renal angiomyolipoma (AML) may obliterate the kidney parenchyma and cause renal hemorrhage. It has previously been reported that mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are involved in tumorigenesis; however, there have been no studies on stem cells with renal AML origin. In the present study, six females with classic renal AML received a partial or total nephrectomy. During surgery, tumor tissues were collected and culture expansion of adhesive fibroblastoid cells from these tissues was performed. We successfully isolated and cultured MSC-like cells from all six renal AML tumors. MSC characteristics, including morphology, immunophenotype and multidifferentiation potential were analyzed. Flow cytometry analysis revealed that these cells are highly similar to human bone marrow MSCs due to the expression of MSC-specific surface proteins, including CD29, CD44, CD73, CD90 and CD105. The stem cell-like nature of these cells is further supported by their adipogenic and osteogenic differentiation potentials when incubated in appropriate differentiation cocktails. Renal AML-derived adhesive cells possessing the characteristics of MSCs are described for the first time. They are a novel cell type which may be useful in future studies with regards to determining the role of stem cells in the formation and development of renal AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinlong Yan
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Laboratory, Institute of Beijing Transfusion Medicine, Beijing 100850
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80
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Effectiveness of human mesenchymal stem cells derived from bone marrow cryopreserved for 23–25years. Cryobiology 2012; 64:167-75. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cryobiol.2012.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Revised: 12/15/2011] [Accepted: 01/09/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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81
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Egashira Y, Sugitani S, Suzuki Y, Mishiro K, Tsuruma K, Shimazawa M, Yoshimura S, Iwama T, Hara H. The conditioned medium of murine and human adipose-derived stem cells exerts neuroprotective effects against experimental stroke model. Brain Res 2012; 1461:87-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2012.04.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2012] [Accepted: 04/17/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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82
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Mantovani C, Raimondo S, Haneef MS, Geuna S, Terenghi G, Shawcross SG, Wiberg M. Morphological, molecular and functional differences of adult bone marrow- and adipose-derived stem cells isolated from rats of different ages. Exp Cell Res 2012; 318:2034-48. [PMID: 22659169 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2012.05.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 05/01/2012] [Accepted: 05/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Adult mesenchymal stem cells have self-renewal and multiple differentiation potentials, and play important roles in regenerative medicine. However, their use may be limited by senescence or age of the donor, leading to changes in stem cell functionality. We investigated morphological, molecular and functional differences between bone marrow-derived (MSC) and adipose-derived (ASC) stem cells isolated from neonatal, young and old rats compared to Schwann cells from the same animals. Immunocytochemistry, RT-PCR, proliferation assays, western blotting and transmission electron microscopy were used to investigate expression of senescence markers. Undifferentiated and differentiated ASC and MSC from animals of different ages expressed Notch-2 at similar levels; protein-38 and protein-53 were present in all groups of cells with a trend towards increased levels in cells from older animals compared to those from neonatal and young rats. Following co-culture with adult neuronal cells, dMSC and dASC from animals of all ages elicited robust neurite outgrowth. Mitotracker(®) staining was consistent with ultrastructural changes seen in the mitochondria of cells from old rats, indicative of senescence. In conclusion, this study showed that although the cells from aged animals expressed markers of senescence, aged MSC and ASC differentiated into SC-like cells still retain potential to support axon regeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cristina Mantovani
- Blond McIndoe Laboratories, School of Biomedicine, The University of Manchester, Room 3,106 Stopford Building, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, Academic Health Science Centre, Faculty of Medicine and Human Sciences, United Kingdom
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83
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Torsvik A, Bjerkvig R. Mesenchymal stem cell signaling in cancer progression. Cancer Treat Rev 2012; 39:180-8. [PMID: 22494966 DOI: 10.1016/j.ctrv.2012.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2011] [Revised: 03/09/2012] [Accepted: 03/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal (multipotent) stem/stromal cells (MSCs) may affect cancer progression through a number of secreted factors triggering activation of various cell signaling pathways. Depending on receptor status, phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) status, or Wnt activation in the cancer cells, the signals may either result in increased growth and metastasis or lead to inhibition of growth with increased cell death. Thus, MSCs can play a dual role in cancer progression depending on the cellular context wherein they reside. The phosphatidylinositol-3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt signaling pathway has a central role in regulating tumor growth, and several MSC secreted factors stimulate activation of this pathway. A comprehensive understanding of the signals regulating MSC-tumor cross-talk is highly important for the development of MSCs as potential therapeutic vehicles. Thus, the presented review focuses on factors released by MSCs and on the dual role they may have on various stages of tumorigenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anja Torsvik
- Department of Biomedicine, University of Bergen, Jonas Lies vei 91, N-5020 Bergen, Norway.
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84
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Varon C, Dubus P, Mazurier F, Asencio C, Chambonnier L, Ferrand J, Giese A, Senant-Dugot N, Carlotti M, Mégraud F. Helicobacter pylori infection recruits bone marrow-derived cells that participate in gastric preneoplasia in mice. Gastroenterology 2012; 142:281-91. [PMID: 22062361 DOI: 10.1053/j.gastro.2011.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/24/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND & AIMS Studies in animal models have shown that bone marrow-derived cells (BMDC) could be involved in the formation of carcinomas of the upper gastrointestinal tract, including gastric carcinoma. Most gastric carcinomas in humans have been associated with chronic infection with Helicobacter pylori; we investigated the bacteria's potential to induce premalignant lesions in mice and studied the kinetics of BMDC settlement in the gastric epithelium. METHODS C57BL/6J female chimeric mice with BMDCs from male donors that express green fluorescent protein were infected with human-derived and mouse-adapted strains of H pylori and followed. We assessed development of pathologic features and recruitment of BMDC to the gastric mucosa using immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization analyses of gastric tissue sections. RESULTS Infection of mice with different strains of H pylori led to the development of chronic inflammation, hyperplasia, and mucinous metaplasia, and, later in life, of pseudointestinal metaplasia and dysplasia. After 1 year, gastric glands that contained green fluorescent protein-positive male cells were detected in 50%-90% of female chimeric mice infected with H pylori strains; the presence of these glands correlated with the development of pseudointestinal metaplasia. Twenty-two percent of H pylori-induced dysplastic lesions were composed of glands that contained epithelial BMDCs. CONCLUSIONS H pylori infection leads to development of chronic inflammation, hyperplasia, metaplasia, and dysplasia, as well as the recruitment and accumulation of BMDC in the gastric epithelial mucosa. Nearly 25% of dysplastic lesions include cells that originate from the BM.
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85
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Rodríguez R, García-Castro J, Trigueros C, García Arranz M, Menéndez P. Multipotent mesenchymal stromal cells: clinical applications and cancer modeling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2012; 741:187-205. [PMID: 22457111 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-2098-9_13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The recognition of the therapeutic potential of Multipotent Mesenchymal Stromal Cells (MSCs) is one of the most exciting recent advances in cell therapy. In just ten years, since the description of the multilineage potential of MSCs by Pittenger et al in 1999 until now, MSCs are being used in more than 150 clinical trials as therapeutic agents. The potential of these cells for cell-based therapies relies on several key properties: (1) their capacity to differentiate into several cell lineages; (2) their lack of immunogenicity and their immunomodulatory properties; (3) their ex vivo expansion potential; (4) their ability to secrete soluble factors which regulate crucial biological functions such as proliferation and differentiation over a broad spectrum of target cells; and (5) their ability to home to damaged tissues and tumor sites. Based on these properties MSCs are being exploited worldwide for a wide range of potential clinical applications including cell replacement strategies, treatment of graft-versus-host disease, autoimmune diseases and rejection after solid organ transplantation as well as their use as vehicles to deliver anti-cancer therapies. Importantly, the low inherent immunogenicity of MSCs means that they could be used not only for autologous but also for allogeneic cell therapies. In addition, increasing evidence has revealed a complex relationship between MSCs and cancer. Thus, solid evidence has placed MSCs transformed with specific mutations as the most likely cell of origin for certain sarcomas, and MSCs have been reported to both, inhibit or promote tumor growth depending on yet undefined conditions. Here we will thoroughly discuss the different potential clinical applications of MSC as well as the role of MSCs on sarcomagenesis and the control of tumor growth.
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Affiliation(s)
- René Rodríguez
- Andalusian Stem Cell Bank, Centro de Investigación Biomédica, Consejería de Salud-Universidad de Granada, Spain.
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86
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Ferrand J, Lehours P, Schmid-Alliana A, Mégraud F, Varon C. Helicobacter pylori infection of gastrointestinal epithelial cells in vitro induces mesenchymal stem cell migration through an NF-κB-dependent pathway. PLoS One 2011; 6:e29007. [PMID: 22216156 PMCID: PMC3247220 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0029007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 11/19/2011] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
The role of bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) in the physiology of the gastrointestinal tract epithelium is currently not well established. These cells can be recruited in response to inflammation due to epithelial damage, home, and participate in tissue repair. In addition, in the case of tissue repair failure, these cells could transform and be at the origin of carcinomas. However, the chemoattractant molecules responsible for MSC recruitment and migration in response to epithelial damage, and particularly to Helicobacter pylori infection, remain unknown although the role of some chemokines has been suggested. This work aimed to get insight into the mechanisms of mouse MSC migration during in vitro infection of mouse gastrointestinal epithelial cells by H. pylori. Using a cell culture insert system, we showed that infection of gastrointestinal epithelial cells by different H. pylori strains is able to stimulate the migration of MSC. This mechanism involves the secretion by infected epithelial cells of multiple cytokines, with a major role of TNFα, mainly via a Nuclear Factor-kappa B-dependent pathway. This study provides the first evidence of the role of H. pylori infection in MSC migration and paves the way to a better understanding of the role of bone marrow-derived stem cells in gastric pathophysiology and carcinogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ferrand
- Department of Bacteriology, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Philippe Lehours
- Department of Bacteriology, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Annie Schmid-Alliana
- Department of Immune & Inflammatory regulations, Université Nice Sophia Antipolis, Nice, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U576, Nice, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- Department of Bacteriology, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U853, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Varon
- Department of Bacteriology, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U853, Bordeaux, France
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87
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Comment to: "Spontaneous transformation of adult mesenchymal stem cells from cynomolgus macaques in vitro" by Z. Ren et al. Exp. Cell Res. 317 (2011) 2950-2957: spontaneous transformation of mesenchymal stem cells in culture: facts or fiction? Exp Cell Res 2011; 318:441-3. [PMID: 22227410 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 12/09/2011] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
There is at present a controversy in the literature whether MSCs are susceptible to spontaneous in vitro transformation or not. Several groups have reported spontaneous transformation of MSCs from various species. However, some of these reports were not true transformations and later proven to be due to cross-contaminating cancer cells. To date there is no solid evidence that MSCs can undergo spontaneous transformation in culture. Only two groups used DNA fingerprinting to authenticate their transformed cells, and both groups later showed cross-contamination of cancer cells in their cultures. In this commentary, we address the paper "Spontaneous transformation of adult mesenchymal stem cells from cynomolgus macaques in vitro" by Z. Ren et al. Exp. Cell Res. 317 (2011) 2950-2957. In this article the authors characterize the transformed mesenchymal cells (TMCs) and claim to have verified their origin. We question the authentication of the TMCs made by the authors and we also believe it is in the interest of the scientific community, that a highly controversial finding, such as spontaneous transformation of MSCs, should be properly verified by stringent methods, preferably DNA fingerprinting, in order to validate if an actual transformation event has occurred.
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88
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Ren Z, Zhang YA, Chen Z. Spontaneous transformation of cynomolgus mesenchymal stem cells in vitro: further confirmation by short tandem repeat analysis. Exp Cell Res 2011; 318:435-40. [PMID: 22206866 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2011.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2011] [Accepted: 12/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
It remains a highly debatable issue whether mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) can undergo spontaneous transformation in culture. Recently, two groups retracted their previous publications due to the finding that the claimed transformed cells are actually contaminating cancer cells, which calls for a more stringent identification of transformed cells in the field. In this study, we continued with our previous finding of spontaneous transformation of cynomolgus MSCs and provided further evidence using short tandem repeat analysis that the transformed mesenchymal stem cells were indeed derived from cynomolgus MSCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhua Ren
- Center for Regenerative Medicine, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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89
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Sherman AE, Zavros Y. Role of Sonic Hedgehog signaling during progression from inflammation to cancer in the stomach. World J Gastrointest Pathophysiol 2011; 2:103-8. [PMID: 22180844 PMCID: PMC3240902 DOI: 10.4291/wjgp.v2.i6.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2011] [Revised: 09/20/2011] [Accepted: 10/14/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in treatment and the declining incidence, gastric cancer remains the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the world. Understanding the progression from inflammation to cancer in the stomach is crucial in the development of novel therapies and strategies for treating this disease. Chronic inflammation of the stomach is typically caused by Helicobacter pylori (H. pylori) and resulting lesions may lead to gastric cancer. During the progression from inflammation to cancer, the stomach epithelium changes with evidence of the disruption of normal epithelial cell differentiation and infiltrating inflammatory cells. Coincident with the development of atrophic gastritis and metaplasia, is the loss of the gastric morphogen Sonic Hedgehog (Shh). Given its critical role as a regulator of gastric tissue homeostasis, the disruption of Shh expression during inflammation correlates with the loss of normal epithelial cell differentiation, but this has only recently been rigorously tested in vivo using a unique mouse model of targeted gastric Shh deletion. While pre-neoplastic lesions such as atrophic gastritis and intestinal metaplasia are associated with the loss of Shh within the acid-secreting glands of the stomach, there is a clear link between elevated Shh and signaling to gastric cancers. The current review focuses on the effects of aberrant Shh expression and its role in the development of gastric cancer, specifically in response to H. pylori infection.
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90
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Abstract
Current approaches aiming to cure type 1 diabetes (T1D) have made a negligible number of patients insulin-independent. In this review, we revisit the role of stem cell (SC)-based applications in curing T1D. The optimal therapeutic approach for T1D should ideally preserve the remaining β-cells, restore β-cell function, and protect the replaced insulin-producing cells from autoimmunity. SCs possess immunological and regenerative properties that could be harnessed to improve the treatment of T1D; indeed, SCs may reestablish peripheral tolerance toward β-cells through reshaping of the immune response and inhibition of autoreactive T-cell function. Furthermore, SC-derived insulin-producing cells are capable of engrafting and reversing hyperglycemia in mice. Bone marrow mesenchymal SCs display a hypoimmunogenic phenotype as well as a broad range of immunomodulatory capabilities, they have been shown to cure newly diabetic nonobese diabetic (NOD) mice, and they are currently undergoing evaluation in two clinical trials. Cord blood SCs have been shown to facilitate the generation of regulatory T cells, thereby reverting hyperglycemia in NOD mice. T1D patients treated with cord blood SCs also did not show any adverse reaction in the absence of major effects on glycometabolic control. Although hematopoietic SCs rarely revert hyperglycemia in NOD mice, they exhibit profound immunomodulatory properties in humans; newly hyperglycemic T1D patients have been successfully reverted to normoglycemia with autologous nonmyeloablative hematopoietic SC transplantation. Finally, embryonic SCs also offer exciting prospects because they are able to generate glucose-responsive insulin-producing cells. Easy enthusiasm should be mitigated mainly because of the potential oncogenicity of SCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Fiorina
- Transplantation Research Center, Division of Nephrology, Children's Hospital/Harvard Medical School, 221 Longwood Avenue, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA.
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91
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Pontikoglou C, Deschaseaux F, Sensebé L, Papadaki HA. Bone marrow mesenchymal stem cells: biological properties and their role in hematopoiesis and hematopoietic stem cell transplantation. Stem Cell Rev Rep 2011; 7:569-89. [PMID: 21249477 DOI: 10.1007/s12015-011-9228-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 98] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) are multipotent adult stem cells that are present in practically all tissues as a specialized population of mural cells/pericytes that lie on the abluminal side of blood vessels. Originally identified within the bone marrow (BM) stroma, not only do they provide microenvironmental support for hematopoietic stem cells (HSCs), but can also differentiate into various mesodermal lineages. MSCs can easily be isolated from the BM and subsequently expand in vitro and in addition they exhibit intriguing immunomodulatory properties, thereby emerging as attractive candidates for various therapeutic applications. This review addresses the concept of BM MSCs via a hematologist's point of view. In this context it discusses the stem cell properties that have been attributed to BM MSCs, as compared to those of the prototypic hematopoietic stem cell model and then gives a brief overview of the in vitro and vivo features of the former, emphasizing on their immunoregulatory properties and their hematopoiesis-supporting role. In addition, the qualitative and quantitative characteristics of BM MSCs within the context of a defective microenvironment, such as the one characterizing Myelodysplastic Syndromes are described and the potential involvement of these cells in the pathophysiology of the disease is discussed. Finally, emerging clinical applications of BM MSCs in the field of hematopoietic stem cell transplantation are reviewed and potential hazards from MSC use are outlined.
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92
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Hsiao FSH, Lian WS, Lin SP, Lin CJ, Lin YS, Cheng ECH, Liu CW, Cheng CC, Cheng PH, Ding ST, Lee KH, Kuo TF, Cheng CF, Cheng WTK, Wu SC. Toward an ideal animal model to trace donor cell fates after stem cell therapy: Production of stably labeled multipotent mesenchymal stem cells from bone marrow of transgenic pigs harboring enhanced green fluorescence protein gene1. J Anim Sci 2011; 89:3460-72. [DOI: 10.2527/jas.2011-3889] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
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93
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Li SC, Lee KL, Luo J, Zhong JF, Loudon WG. Convergence of normal stem cell and cancer stem cell developmental stage: Implication for differential therapies. World J Stem Cells 2011; 3:83-8. [PMID: 22007273 PMCID: PMC3192222 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v3.i9.83] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2011] [Revised: 09/16/2011] [Accepted: 09/21/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased evidence shows that normal stem cells may contribute to cancer development and progression by acting as cancer-initiating cells through their interactions with abnormal environmental elements. We postulate that normal stem cells and cancer stem cells (CSC) possess similar mechanisms of self-renewal and differentiation. CSC can be the key to the elaboration of anti-cancer-based therapy. In this article, we focus on a controversial new theme relating to CSC. Tumorigenesis may have a critical stage characterized as a "therapeutic window", which can be identified by association of molecular, biochemical and biological events. Identifying such a stage can allow the production of more effective therapies (e.g. manipulated stem cells) to treat several cancers. More importantly, confirming the existence of a similar therapeutic window during the conversion of normal stem cells to malignant CSC may lead to targeted therapy specifically against CSC. This conversion information may be derived from investigating the biological behaviour of both normal stem cells and cancerous stem cells. Currently, there is little knowledge about the cellular and molecular mechanisms that govern the initiation and maintenance of CSC. Studies on co-evolution and interdependence of cancer with normal tissues may lead to a useful treatment paradigm of cancer. The crosstalk between normal stem cells and cancer formation may converge developmental stages of different types of stem cells (e.g. normal stem cells, CSC and embryonic stem cells). The differential studies of the convergence may result in novel therapies for treating cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shengwen Calvin Li
- Shengwen Calvin Li, Katherine L Lee, William G Loudon, Neuro-Oncology Research Laboratory, Center for Neuroscience and Stem Cell Research, Children's Hospital of Orange County, University of California Irvine, 455 South Main Street, Orange, CA 92868, United States
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94
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Solozobova V, Blattner C. p53 in stem cells. World J Biol Chem 2011; 2:202-14. [PMID: 21949570 PMCID: PMC3178757 DOI: 10.4331/wjbc.v2.i9.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2011] [Revised: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 08/30/2011] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
p53 is well known as a “guardian of the genome” for differentiated cells, in which it induces cell cycle arrest and cell death after DNA damage and thus contributes to the maintenance of genomic stability. In addition to this tumor suppressor function for differentiated cells, p53 also plays an important role in stem cells. In this cell type, p53 not only ensures genomic integrity after genotoxic insults but also controls their proliferation and differentiation. Additionally, p53 provides an effective barrier for the generation of pluripotent stem cell-like cells from terminally differentiated cells. In this review, we summarize our current knowledge about p53 activities in embryonic, adult and induced pluripotent stem cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valeriya Solozobova
- Valeriya Solozobova, Christine Blattner, Institute of Toxicology and Genetics, Institute of Applied Biosciences, PO-Box 3640, 76021 Karlsruhe, Germany
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95
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Rodriguez R, Rubio R, Menendez P. Modeling sarcomagenesis using multipotent mesenchymal stem cells. Cell Res 2011; 22:62-77. [PMID: 21931359 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2011.157] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Because of their unique properties, multipotent mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) represent one of the most promising adult stem cells being used worldwide in a wide array of clinical applications. Overall, compelling evidence supports the long-term safety of ex vivo expanded human MSCs, which do not seem to transform spontaneously. However, experimental data reveal a link between MSCs and cancer, and MSCs have been reported to inhibit or promote tumor growth depending on yet undefined conditions. Interestingly, solid evidence based on transgenic mice and genetic intervention of MSCs has placed these cells as the most likely cell of origin for certain sarcomas. This research area is being increasingly explored to develop accurate MSC-based models of sarcomagenesis, which will be undoubtedly valuable in providing a better understanding about the etiology and pathogenesis of mesenchymal cancer, eventually leading to the development of more specific therapies directed against the sarcoma-initiating cell. Unfortunately, still little is known about the mechanisms underlying MSC transformation and further studies are required to develop bona fide sarcoma models based on human MSCs. Here, we comprehensively review the existing MSC-based models of sarcoma and discuss the most common mechanisms leading to tumoral transformation of MSCs and sarcomagenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rene Rodriguez
- Pfizer-University of Granada-Andalusian Government Centre for Genomics and Oncological Research (GENyO), Parque Tecnológico de Ciencias de la Salud, Granada, Spain.
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96
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Human Bone Marrow-Derived Stem Cells Acquire Epithelial Characteristics through Fusion with Gastrointestinal Epithelial Cells. PLoS One 2011. [DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019569 pone-d-10-05611 [pii]] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
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97
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Ferrand J, Noël D, Lehours P, Prochazkova-Carlotti M, Chambonnier L, Ménard A, Mégraud F, Varon C. Human bone marrow-derived stem cells acquire epithelial characteristics through fusion with gastrointestinal epithelial cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e19569. [PMID: 21573181 PMCID: PMC3088703 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0019569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2010] [Accepted: 04/12/2011] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Bone marrow-derived mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) have the ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types and are a potential source for epithelial tissue repair. Several studies have demonstrated their ability to repopulate the gastrointestinal tract (GIT) in bone marrow transplanted patients or in animal models of gastrointestinal carcinogenesis where they were the source of epithelial cancers. However, mechanism of MSC epithelial differentiation still remains unclear and controversial with trans-differentiation or fusion events being evoked. This study aimed to investigate the ability of MSC to acquire epithelial characteristics in the particular context of the gastrointestinal epithelium and to evaluate the role of cell fusion in this process. In vitro coculture experiments were performed with three gastrointestinal epithelial cell lines and MSC originating from two patients. After an 8 day coculture, MSC expressed epithelial markers. Use of a semi-permeable insert did not reproduce this effect, suggesting importance of cell contacts. Tagged cells coculture or FISH on gender-mismatched cells revealed clearly that epithelial differentiation resulted from cellular fusion events, while expression of mesenchymal markers on fused cells decreased over time. In vivo cell xenograft in immunodeficient mice confirmed fusion of MSC with gastrointestinal epithelial cells and self-renewal abilities of these fused cells. In conclusion, our results indicate that fusion could be the predominant mechanism by which human MSC may acquire epithelial characteristics when in close contact with epithelial cells from gastrointestinal origin . These results could contribute to a better understanding of the cellular and molecular mechanisms allowing MSC engraftment into the GIT epithelium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan Ferrand
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Danièle Noël
- Université de Montpellier 1, Montpellier, France
- INSERM, U844, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Lehours
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Martina Prochazkova-Carlotti
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- EA2406, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Lucie Chambonnier
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Armelle Ménard
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
| | - Francis Mégraud
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
- * E-mail:
| | - Christine Varon
- Laboratoire de Bactériologie, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- INSERM, U853, Bordeaux, France
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Amano S, Gu C, Koizumi S, Tokuyama T, Namba H. Tumoricidal bystander effect in the suicide gene therapy using mesenchymal stem cells does not injure normal brain tissues. Cancer Lett 2011; 306:99-105. [PMID: 21450400 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2011.02.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2011] [Revised: 02/22/2011] [Accepted: 02/23/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
In our previous rat study, an established intracranial C6 glioma was successfully treated using intratumoral injection of mesenchymal stem cells transduced with the herpes simplex virus-thymidine kinase gene (MSCtk) and systemic administration of ganciclovir (GCV). In the present study, effect of the "bystander effect" associated with the MSCtk/GCV strategy on the background normal brain tissues was examined in both in vitro and in vivo conditions. Rat MSCtk and C6 glioma cells were mixed and seeded on the rat primary neuron and glia co-culture in the medium containing GCV to generate the bystander effect and the numbers of background cells were counted on day 0, 2 and 7. Though the number of MSCtk and C6 cells decreased rapidly due to the bystander effect, most of the neurons and glias survived on day 7. Next, rats were intracranially injected with the MSCtk and C6 cells and then intraperitoneally administered with GCV for 7days. No remarkable histological abnormality including apoptosis was observed in the background brain tissues near the injection site. The present study has demonstrated that the tumoricidal bystander effect does not injure the background normal brain tissue significantly and that the suicide gene therapies are sufficiently safe.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinji Amano
- Department of Neurosurgery, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine, Handayama, Higashi-ku, Japan
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Herberts CA, Kwa MSG, Hermsen HPH. Risk factors in the development of stem cell therapy. J Transl Med 2011; 9:29. [PMID: 21418664 PMCID: PMC3070641 DOI: 10.1186/1479-5876-9-29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 465] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2010] [Accepted: 03/22/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Stem cell therapy holds the promise to treat degenerative diseases, cancer and repair of damaged tissues for which there are currently no or limited therapeutic options. The potential of stem cell therapies has long been recognised and the creation of induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSC) has boosted the stem cell field leading to increasing development and scientific knowledge. Despite the clinical potential of stem cell based medicinal products there are also potential and unanticipated risks. These risks deserve a thorough discussion within the perspective of current scientific knowledge and experience. Evaluation of potential risks should be a prerequisite step before clinical use of stem cell based medicinal products. The risk profile of stem cell based medicinal products depends on many risk factors, which include the type of stem cells, their differentiation status and proliferation capacity, the route of administration, the intended location, in vitro culture and/or other manipulation steps, irreversibility of treatment, need/possibility for concurrent tissue regeneration in case of irreversible tissue loss, and long-term survival of engrafted cells. Together these factors determine the risk profile associated with a stem cell based medicinal product. The identified risks (i.e. risks identified in clinical experience) or potential/theoretical risks (i.e. risks observed in animal studies) include tumour formation, unwanted immune responses and the transmission of adventitious agents. Currently, there is no clinical experience with pluripotent stem cells (i.e. embryonal stem cells and iPSC). Based on their characteristics of unlimited self-renewal and high proliferation rate the risks associated with a product containing these cells (e.g. risk on tumour formation) are considered high, if not perceived to be unacceptable. In contrast, the vast majority of small-sized clinical trials conducted with mesenchymal stem/stromal cells (MSC) in regenerative medicine applications has not reported major health concerns, suggesting that MSC therapies could be relatively safe. However, in some clinical trials serious adverse events have been reported, which emphasizes the need for additional knowledge, particularly with regard to biological mechanisms and long term safety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carla A Herberts
- Centre for Biological Medicines and Medical Technology, National Institute for Public Health and the Environment, Bilthoven, The Netherlands.
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100
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Petrasek J, Dolganiuc A, Csak T, Nath B, Hritz I, Kodys K, Catalano D, Kurt-Jones E, Mandrekar P, Szabo G. Interferon regulatory factor 3 and type I interferons are protective in alcoholic liver injury in mice by way of crosstalk of parenchymal and myeloid cells. Hepatology 2011; 53:649-60. [PMID: 21274885 PMCID: PMC3069538 DOI: 10.1002/hep.24059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2010] [Accepted: 10/14/2010] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Alcoholic liver disease (ALD) features increased hepatic exposure to bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS). Toll-like receptor-4 (TLR4) recognizes LPS and activates signaling pathways depending on MyD88 or TRIF adaptors. We previously showed that MyD88 is dispensable in ALD. TLR4 induces Type I interferons (IFNs) in an MyD88-independent manner that involves interferon regulatory factor-3 (IRF3). We fed alcohol or control diets to wild-type (WT) and IRF3 knock-out (KO) mice, and to mice with selective IRF3 deficiency in liver parenchymal and bone marrow-derived cells. Whole-body IRF3-KO mice were protected from alcohol-induced liver injury, steatosis, and inflammation. In contrast to WT or bone marrow-specific IRF3-KO mice, deficiency of IRF3 only in parenchymal cells aggravated alcohol-induced liver injury, associated with increased proinflammatory cytokines, lower antiinflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 (IL-10), and lower Type I IFNs compared to WT mice. Coculture of WT primary murine hepatocytes with liver mononuclear cells (LMNC) resulted in higher LPS-induced IL-10 and IFN-β, and lower tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) levels compared to LMNC alone. Type I IFN was important because cocultures of hepatocytes with LMNC from Type I IFN receptor KO mice showed attenuated IL-10 levels compared to control cocultures from WT mice. We further identified that Type I IFNs potentiated LPS-induced IL-10 and inhibited inflammatory cytokine production in both murine macrophages and human leukocytes, indicating preserved cross-species effects. These findings suggest that liver parenchymal cells are the dominant source of Type I IFN in a TLR4/IRF3-dependent manner. Further, parenchymal cell-derived Type I IFNs increase antiinflammatory and suppress proinflammatory cytokines production by LMNC in paracrine manner. CONCLUSION Our results indicate that IRF3 activation in parenchymal cells and resulting type I IFNs have protective effects in ALD by way of modulation of inflammatory functions in macrophages. These results suggest potential therapeutic targets in ALD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Petrasek
- Department of Medicine, University of Massachusetts Medical School, Worcester, MA 01605, USA
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