51
|
Antiviral activity of selected flavonoids against Chikungunya virus. Antiviral Res 2016; 133:50-61. [PMID: 27460167 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2016.07.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2016] [Accepted: 07/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
This study focuses on the antiviral activity of selected flavonoids against the Chikungunya virus (CHIKV), a mosquito-transmitted virus that can cause incapacitating arthritis in infected individuals. Based on the results of screening on Vero cells, the tested compounds were evaluated further with various assays, including cytotoxicity assay, virus yield assay by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR), virus RNA replication assay with a CHIKV replicon cell line, Western blotting, and quantitative immunofluorescence assay. Baicalein, fisetin, and quercetagetin displayed potent inhibition of CHIKV infection, with 50% inhibitory concentrations [IC50] of 1.891 μg/ml (6.997 μM), 8.444 μg/ml (29.5 μM), and 13.85 μg/ml (43.52 μM), respectively, and with minimal cytotoxicity. The time-of-addition studies and various antiviral assays demonstrated that baicalein and quercetagetin mainly inhibited CHIKV binding to the Vero cells and displayed potent activity against extracellular CHIKV particles. The qRT-PCR, immunofluorescence assay, and Western blot analyses indicated that each of these flavonoids affects CHIKV RNA production and viral protein expression. These data provide the first evidence of the intracellular anti-CHIKV activity of baicalein, fisetin, and quercetagetin.
Collapse
|
52
|
Koosha S, Alshawsh MA, Looi CY, Seyedan A, Mohamed Z. An Association Map on the Effect of Flavonoids on the Signaling Pathways in Colorectal Cancer. Int J Med Sci 2016; 13:374-85. [PMID: 27226778 PMCID: PMC4879672 DOI: 10.7150/ijms.14485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common type of cancer in the world, causing thousands of deaths annually. Although chemotherapy is known to be an effective treatment to combat colon cancer, it produces severe side effects. Natural products, on the other hand, appear to generate fewer side effects than do chemotherapeutic drugs. Flavonoids are polyphenolic compounds found in various fruits and vegetables known to possess antioxidant activities, and the literature shows that several of these flavonoids have anti-CRC propertiesFlavonoids are classified into five main subclasses: flavonols, flavanones, flavones, flavan-3-ols, and flavanonols. Of these subclasses, the flavanonols have a minimum effect against CRC, whereas the flavones play an important role. The main targets for the inhibitory effect of flavonoids on CRC signaling pathways are caspase; nuclear factor kappa B; mitogen-activated protein kinase/p38; matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-2, MMP-7, and MMP-9; p53; β-catenin; cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK)2 and CDK4; and cyclins A, B, D, and E. In this review article, we summarize the in vitro and in vivo studies that have been performed since 2000 on the anti-CRC properties of flavonoids. We also describe the signaling pathways affected by flavonoids that have been found to be involved in CRC. Some flavonoids have the potential to be an effective alternative to chemotherapeutic drugs in the treatment of colon cancer; well-controlled clinical studies should, however, be conducted to support this proposal.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammed A. Alshawsh
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| | | | | | - Zahurin Mohamed
- Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Malaya, 50603 Kuala Lumpur, Malaysia
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Williams C, DiLeo A, Niv Y, Gustafsson JÅ. Estrogen receptor beta as target for colorectal cancer prevention. Cancer Lett 2016; 372:48-56. [PMID: 26708506 PMCID: PMC4744541 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2015] [Revised: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a leading cause of death in the United States. Despite its slow development and the capacity for early diagnosis, current preventive approaches are not sufficient. However, a role for estrogen has been demonstrated in multiple epidemiologic studies, which may benefit CRC prevention. A large body of evidence from preclinical studies indicates that expression of the estrogen receptor beta (ERβ/ESR2) demonstrates an inverse relationship with the presence of colorectal polyps and stage of tumors, and can mediate a protective response. Natural compounds, including phytoestrogens, or synthetic ERβ selective agonists, can activate or upregulate ERβ in the colon and promote apoptosis in preclinical models and in clinical experience. Importantly, this activity has been associated with a reduction in polyp formation and, in rodent models of CRC, has been shown to lower incidence of colon adenocarcinoma. Collectively, these findings indicate that targeted activation of ERβ may represent a novel clinical approach for management of colorectal adenomatous polyps and prevention of colorectal carcinoma in patients at risk for this condition. In this review, we discuss the potential of new chemopreventive or dietary approaches based on estrogen signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Williams
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA; SciLifeLab, School of Biotechnology, KTH Royal Institute of Technology, 171 21 Solna, Sweden; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden.
| | - Alfredo DiLeo
- Department of Emergency and Organ Transplantation, University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Yaron Niv
- Department of Gastroenterology, Rabin Medical Center, Tel Aviv University, Petach Tikva 49100, Israel
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, Department of Biology and Biochemistry, University of Houston, Houston, Texas 77204-5056, USA; Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Novum, Karolinska Institutet, 141 83 Stockholm, Sweden
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Li J, Li B, Xu WW, Chan KW, Guan XY, Qin YR, Lee NPY, Chan KT, Law S, Tsao SW, Cheung ALM. Role of AMPK signaling in mediating the anticancer effects of silibinin in esophageal squamous cell carcinoma. Expert Opin Ther Targets 2015; 20:7-18. [DOI: 10.1517/14728222.2016.1121236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
55
|
Kim SH, Kim KY, Yu SN, Park SK, Choi HD, Ji JH, Ahn SC. Autophagy inhibition enhances silibinin-induced apoptosis by regulating reactive oxygen species production in human prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2015; 468:151-6. [PMID: 26522224 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2015.10.143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/27/2015] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin is a major bioactive component of silymarin and has anticancer effects on cancer cell line and has been used as a supportive therapy for chronic inflammatory liver condition. These anticancer effects of silibinin have been demonstrated both in vitro and in vivo cancer models. Although various evidences showed apoptosis signaling pathways by silibinin, there is no report to address the clearly mechanism of silibinin-induced autophagy in prostate cancer PC-3 cells. Our study showed that silibinin triggered autophagy through up-regulation of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3)-II, formation of acidic vesicular organelles (AVO) and punctuate of GFP-LC3, which was inhibited by 3-methyladenine (3-MA), an inhibitor of specific autophagy. In addition, silibinin induced autophagy through production of reactive oxygen species (ROS). Inhibition of ROS with diphenyleneiodonium (DPI), a ROS inhibitor, attenuated silibinin-triggered autophagy. Inhibition of autophagy with 3-MA enhanced the silibinin-induced apoptosis through the regulation of caspase-3 and PARP. These results suggested that silibinin induced autophagy by regulating ROS and its mechanism played a protective role against apoptosis in PC-3 cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sang-Hun Kim
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Kwang-Youn Kim
- School of Life Sciences, Ulsan National Institute of Science and Technology, Ulsan 689-798, Republic of Korea
| | - Sun-Nyoung Yu
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Seul-Ki Park
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyeun-Deok Choi
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Ji
- Genome Instability Research, Ajou University School of Medicine, Suwon 443-721, Republic of Korea
| | - Soon-Cheol Ahn
- Department of Microbiology & Immunology, Pusan National University School of Medicine, Yangsan 626-870, Republic of Korea.
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Raina K, Kumar S, Dhar D, Agarwal R. Silibinin and colorectal cancer chemoprevention: a comprehensive review on mechanisms and efficacy. J Biomed Res 2015; 30:452-465. [PMID: 27476880 PMCID: PMC5138577 DOI: 10.7555/jbr.30.20150111] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/12/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Globally, the risk of colorectal cancer (CRC) as well as the incidence of mortality associated with CRC is increasing. Thus, it is imperative that we look at alternative approaches involving intake of non-toxic natural dietary/non-dietary agents, for the prevention of CRC. The ultimate goal of this approach is to reduce the incidence of pre-neoplastic adenomatous polyps and prevent their progression to more advanced forms of CRC, and use these natural agents as a safe intervention strategy during the clinical course of this deadly malignancy. Over the years, pre-clinical studies have shown that silibinin (a flavonolignan isolated from the seeds of milk thistle, Silybum marianum) has strong preventive and therapeutic efficacy against various epithelial cancers, including CRC. The focus of the present review is to provide a comprehensive tabular summary, categorically for an easy accessibility and referencing, pertaining to the efficacy and associated mechanisms of silibinin against CRC growth and progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sushil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Deepanshi Dhar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Temraz S, Alameddine R, Shamseddine A. Angioprevention in Colon Cancer from Bench to Bedside. CURRENT COLORECTAL CANCER REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s11888-015-0300-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
|
58
|
Ma Z, Liu W, Zeng J, Zhou J, Guo P, Xie H, Yang Z, Zheng L, Xu S, Wang X, Chang LS, He D, Li L. Silibinin induces apoptosis through inhibition of the mTOR-GLI1-BCL2 pathway in renal cell carcinoma. Oncol Rep 2015; 34:2461-8. [PMID: 26323996 DOI: 10.3892/or.2015.4224] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
The downstream transcriptional factor of the hedgehog (Hh) pathway, GLI family zinc finger 1 (GLI1), plays a crucial role in regulating tumor progression. In the present study, we demonstrated that silibinin, a natural flavonoid antioxidant isolated from extracts of the milk thistle herb, exerts its anticancer capabilities by restraining GLI1 function in renal cell carcinoma (RCC) cells in vitro and in vivo. In the present study, we confirmed that silibinin induced growth inhibition of RCC through caspase-dependent apoptosis and downregulation of GLI1 and BCL2, which could be partially reversed by GLI1 overexpression. Moreover, we determined that the decreased GLI1 expression by silibinin was mediated by the mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. The in vivo mouse xenograft study also showed that silibinin significantly reduced RCC tumor growth and specifically targeted the mTOR-GLI1-BCL2 signaling pathway. In conclusion, our findings demonstrated for the first time that silibinin induces apoptosis of RCC cells through inhibition of the mTOR-GLI1‑BCL2 pathway. These findings also indicate that GLI1 is a novel regulator for the potential therapeutic application of silibinin against RCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Zhenkun Ma
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Wei Liu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jin Zeng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Jiancheng Zhou
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Peng Guo
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Hongjun Xie
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Zhao Yang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Long Zheng
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Shan Xu
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Xinyang Wang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Luke S Chang
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Dalin He
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of Urology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, Shaanxi 710061, P.R. China
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
Christodoulou E, Kechagia IA, Tzimas S, Balafas E, Kostomitsopoulos N, Archontaki H, Dokoumetzidis A, Valsami G. Serum and tissue pharmacokinetics of silibinin after per os and i.v. administration to mice as a HP-β-CD lyophilized product. Int J Pharm 2015. [PMID: 26222744 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2015.07.060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin, the main active component of Silybum marianum is a hepatoprotective and antioxidant agent with antitumor effect, exhibiting very low aqueous solubility and oral bioavailability limiting its use in therapeutics. We characterized serum and tissue pharmacokinetics of SLB, calculated its absolute bioavailability and developed an open loop physiologically based pharmacokinetic (PBPK) model, after oral (per os, p.o) and intravenous (i.v.) administration in mice as water-soluble silibinin-hydroxypropyl-beta-cyclodextrin (SLB-HP-β-CD) lyophilized product. 60 C57Bl/6J mice were divided into groups of 5, each group representing one sampling time point. SLB-HP-β-CD lyophilized product was administered orally (50mg/kg) and i.v. (20mg/kg) after reconstitution with water for injection. Blood and tissue samples were collected at selected time points after animal sacrificed, properly treated and analyzed with HPLC-PDA for non-metabolized and total SLB. NONMEM pharmacokinetic analysis revealed a 2-compartment PK model to describe serum SLB pharmacokinetics, with zero order absorption after oral administration and was applied as forcing function to an open loop PBPK model incorporating heart, liver, kidneys and lungs. Tissue/plasma Kp values were estimated using i.v. data and can be used to predict tissue SLB distribution after oral administration. Absolute oral bioavailability of SLB from the lyophilized SLB-HP-β-CD product was 10 times higher than after administration of pure SLB.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eirini Christodoulou
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Irene-Ariadne Kechagia
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Stavros Tzimas
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Evangelos Balafas
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Bioresearch Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou str., 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Nikolaos Kostomitsopoulos
- Department of Experimental Surgery, Bioresearch Foundation of the Academy of Athens, 4 Soranou Efesiou str., 11527 Athens, Greece
| | - Helen Archontaki
- Laboratory of Analytical Chemistry, Faculty of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Aristides Dokoumetzidis
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Laboratory of Biopharmaceutics-Pharmacokinetics, Faculty of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou, 15771 Athens, Greece.
| |
Collapse
|
60
|
Bhatia V, Falzon M. Restoration of the anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D by silibinin in vitamin D-resistant colon cancer cells. Cancer Lett 2015; 362:199-207. [PMID: 25846868 PMCID: PMC4419377 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.03.042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 03/28/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal carcinoma (CRC) is the third most common cancer in developed countries. A large fraction of cases are linked to chronic intestinal inflammation, with concomitant increased TNF-α release and elevated Snail1/Snail2 levels. These transcription factors in turn suppress vitamin D receptor (VDR) expression, resulting in loss of responsiveness to the protective anti-proliferative and anti-migratory effects of 1,25-dihydroxyvitamin D (1,25D). Experimental and epidemiologic evidence support the use of natural products to target CRC. Here we show that the flavonolignan silibinin reverses the TNF-α-induced upregulation of Snail1 and Snail2 in the 1,25D-resistant human colon carcinoma cells HT-29. These silibinin effects are accompanied by an increase in VDR levels; Snail1 overexpression reverses these silibinin effects. Silibinin also restores promoter activity from a vitamin D-response element (VDRE) reporter construct. While 1,25D had no significant effect on HT-29 and SW480-R cell proliferation and migration, co-treatment with silibinin restored 1,25D responsiveness. In addition, co-treatment with silibinin plus 1,25D decreased proliferation and migration at doses where silibinin alone had no effect. These findings demonstrate that this combination may present a novel approach to target CRC in conditions of chronic colonic inflammation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Vandanajay Bhatia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA
| | - Miriam Falzon
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA; Sealy Center for Cancer Cell Biology, The University of Texas Medical Branch, 301 University Blvd., Galveston, TX 77555, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Kumar S, Raina K, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Silibinin strongly inhibits the growth kinetics of colon cancer stem cell-enriched spheroids by modulating interleukin 4/6-mediated survival signals. Oncotarget 2015; 5:4972-89. [PMID: 24970802 PMCID: PMC4148115 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.2068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Involvement of cancer stem cells (CSC) in initiation, progression, relapse, and therapy-resistance of colorectal cancer (CRC) warrants search for small molecules as ‘adjunct-therapy’ to target both colon CSC and bulk tumor population. Herein, we assessed the potential of silibinin to eradicate colon CSC together with associated molecular mechanisms. In studies examining how silibinin modulates dynamics of CSC spheroids in terms of its effect on kinetics of CSC spheroids generated in presence of mitogenic and interleukin (IL)-mediated signaling which provides an autocrine/paracrine amplification loop in CRC, silibinin strongly decreased colon CSC pool together with cell survival of bulk tumor cells. Silibinin effect on colon CSC was mediated via blocking of pro-tumorigenic signaling, notably IL-4/-6 signaling that affects CSC population. These silibinin effects were associated with decreased mRNA and protein levels of various CSC-associated transcription factors, signaling molecules and markers. Furthermore, 2D and 3D differentiation assays indicated formation of more differentiated clones by silibinin. These results highlight silibinin potential to interfere with kinetics of CSC pool by shifting CSC cell division to asymmetric type via targeting various signals associated with the survival and multiplication of colon CSC pool. Together, our findings further support clinical usefulness of silibinin in CRC intervention and therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Sushil Kumar
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. These Authors Contributed equally and share first authorship
| | - Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. These Authors Contributed equally and share first authorship
| | - Chapla Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado. University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Tissue invasion and metastasis: Molecular, biological and clinical perspectives. Semin Cancer Biol 2015; 35 Suppl:S244-S275. [PMID: 25865774 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2015.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 327] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2014] [Revised: 03/17/2015] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Cancer is a key health issue across the world, causing substantial patient morbidity and mortality. Patient prognosis is tightly linked with metastatic dissemination of the disease to distant sites, with metastatic diseases accounting for a vast percentage of cancer patient mortality. While advances in this area have been made, the process of cancer metastasis and the factors governing cancer spread and establishment at secondary locations is still poorly understood. The current article summarizes recent progress in this area of research, both in the understanding of the underlying biological processes and in the therapeutic strategies for the management of metastasis. This review lists the disruption of E-cadherin and tight junctions, key signaling pathways, including urokinase type plasminogen activator (uPA), phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/v-akt murine thymoma viral oncogene (PI3K/AKT), focal adhesion kinase (FAK), β-catenin/zinc finger E-box binding homeobox 1 (ZEB-1) and transforming growth factor beta (TGF-β), together with inactivation of activator protein-1 (AP-1) and suppression of matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) activity as key targets and the use of phytochemicals, or natural products, such as those from Agaricus blazei, Albatrellus confluens, Cordyceps militaris, Ganoderma lucidum, Poria cocos and Silybum marianum, together with diet derived fatty acids gamma linolenic acid (GLA) and eicosapentanoic acid (EPA) and inhibitory compounds as useful approaches to target tissue invasion and metastasis as well as other hallmark areas of cancer. Together, these strategies could represent new, inexpensive, low toxicity strategies to aid in the management of cancer metastasis as well as having holistic effects against other cancer hallmarks.
Collapse
|
63
|
Gu HR, Park SC, Choi SJ, Lee JC, Kim YC, Han CJ, Kim J, Yang KY, Kim YJ, Noh GY, No SH, Jeong JH. Combined treatment with silibinin and either sorafenib or gefitinib enhances their growth-inhibiting effects in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. Clin Mol Hepatol 2015; 21:49-59. [PMID: 25834802 PMCID: PMC4379197 DOI: 10.3350/cmh.2015.21.1.49] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2014] [Revised: 01/30/2015] [Accepted: 02/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Silibinin, the main component of silymarin, is used as a hepatoprotectant and exhibits anticancer effects against various cancer cells. This study evaluated the effects of a combination of silibinin with either gefitinib or sorafenib on hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) cells. METHODS Several different human HCC cell lines were used to test the growth-inhibiting effects and cell toxicity of silibinin both alone and in combination with either gefitinib or sorafenib. The cell viability and growth inhibition were assessed using the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide assay, trypan blue staining, and a colony-forming assay. Furthermore, changes in epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR)-related signals were evaluated by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Gefitinib, sorafenib, and silibinin individually exhibited dose-dependent antiproliferative effects on HCC cells. Combined treatment with silibinin enhanced the gefitinib-induced growth-inhibiting effects in some HCC cell lines. The combination effect of gefitinib and silibinin was synergistic in the SNU761 cell line, but was only additive in the Huh-BAT cell line. The combination effect may be attributable to inhibition of EGFR-dependent Akt signaling. Enhanced growth-inhibiting effects were also observed in HCC cells treated with a combination of sorafenib and silibinin. CONCLUSIONS Combined treatment with silibinin enhanced the growth-inhibiting effects of both gefitinib and sorafenib. Therefore, the combination of silibinin with either sorafenib or gefitinib could be a useful treatment approach for HCC in the future.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ha Ra Gu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Cheol Park
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Su Jin Choi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae Cheol Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - You Cheoul Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Chul Ju Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jin Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Ki Young Yang
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Yeon Joo Kim
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - Geum Youb Noh
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Seoul, Korea
| | - So Hyeon No
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Radiological Cancer Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Jeong
- Research Center for Radiotherapy, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Sciences, Seoul, Korea. ; Department of Radiological Cancer Medicine, University of Science and Technology, Seoul, Korea
| |
Collapse
|
64
|
Kellici TF, Ntountaniotis D, Leonis G, Chatziathanasiadou M, Chatzikonstantinou AV, Becker-Baldus J, Glaubitz C, Tzakos AG, Viras K, Chatzigeorgiou P, Tzimas S, Kefala E, Valsami G, Archontaki H, Papadopoulos MG, Mavromoustakos T. Investigation of the Interactions of Silibinin with 2-Hydroxypropyl-β-cyclodextrin through Biophysical Techniques and Computational Methods. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:954-65. [DOI: 10.1021/mp5008053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Tahsin F. Kellici
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Dimitrios Ntountaniotis
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Georgios Leonis
- Institute
of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | | | | | - Johanna Becker-Baldus
- Institute
of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str.
9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Clemens Glaubitz
- Institute
of Biophysical Chemistry, Goethe University Frankfurt, Max-von-Laue-Str.
9, 60438 Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas G. Tzakos
- Department
of Chemistry, University of Ioannina, Ioannina 45110, Greece
| | - Kyriakos Viras
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Petros Chatzigeorgiou
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Stavros Tzimas
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Evangelia Kefala
- Department
of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Georgia Valsami
- Department
of Pharmacy, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Helen Archontaki
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| | - Manthos G. Papadopoulos
- Institute
of Biology, Medicinal Chemistry and Biotechnology, National Hellenic Research Foundation, 48 Vas. Constantinou Avenue, 11635 Athens, Greece
| | - Thomas Mavromoustakos
- Department
of Chemistry, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Panepistimiopolis
Zografou 15771, Greece
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Jain D, Somani R. Silibinin: A Bioactive Flavanone in Milk Thistle Ameliorate Gentamicin Induced Nephrotoxicity in Rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.5567/pharmacologia.2015.38.44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
66
|
Atawia RT, Mosli HH, Tadros MG, Khalifa AE, Mosli HA, Abdel-Naim AB. Modulatory effect of silymarin on inflammatory mediators in experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasia: emphasis on PTEN, HIF-1α, and NF-κB. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2014; 387:1131-40. [PMID: 25164963 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-014-1040-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 08/18/2014] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
The current study aimed to investigate the potential role of the anti-inflammatory effects of silymarin (SIL) in inhibiting experimentally induced benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) in rats. Rats were injected testosterone (3 mg/kg/day, subcutaneously (s.c.)) for 2 weeks. In the treatment group, SIL (50 mg/kg, per orally (p.o.)) was administered daily to rats concomitantly with testosterone. Rats were killed 72 h after the last testosterone injection. Then, prostate tissues were dissected out, weighed, and subjected to histological, immunohistochemical, and biochemical examinations. Rats treated with testosterone showed marked increase in prostate weight and prostate weight/body weight with histopathological picture of inflammation and hyperplasia as well as increased collagen deposition. Co-treatment with SIL significantly alleviated these pathological changes. Further, SIL attenuated testosterone-induced nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB), cyclooxygenase-II (COX-II), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) upregulation, and blunted testosterone-mediated increase in nitric oxide level and messenger RNA (mRNA) expression of interleukin-6 (IL-6) and IL-8. Testosterone-induced downregulation of phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) and upregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor 1α (HIF-1α) were alleviated by SIL. Our findings highlight the anti-inflammatory properties of SIL as a crucial mechanism of its preventive actions against experimental BPH. This can be attributed to, at least partly, attenuating the expression of NF-kB and the subsequent inflammatory cascade, ameliorating the expression of PTEN, and mitigating that of HIF-1α. These data warrant further investigations for the potential use of SIL in the management of BPH.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Reem T Atawia
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Ain Shams University, Abbasia, Cairo, Egypt
| | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
67
|
Pooja D, Babu Bikkina DJ, Kulhari H, Nikhila N, Chinde S, Raghavendra YM, Sreedhar B, Tiwari AK. Fabrication, characterization and bioevaluation of silibinin loaded chitosan nanoparticles. Int J Biol Macromol 2014; 69:267-73. [PMID: 24863917 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2014.05.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2014] [Accepted: 05/16/2014] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Silibinin is reported to possess multiple biological activities. However, its hydrophobic nature limits its bioavailability compromising in vivo biological activities. Nanoparticles-based delivery of such molecules has emerged as new technique to resolve these issues. Bio-degradable, compatible and adhesive nature of chitosan has recently attracted its suitability as a carrier for biologically active molecules. This study presents fabrication and characterization of chitosan-tripolyphosphate based encapsulation of silibinin. Various preparations of silibinin encapsulated chitosan-tripolyphosphate nanoparticles were studied for particle size, morphology, zeta-potential, and encapsulation efficiencies. Preparations were also evaluated for cytotoxic activities in vitro. The optimized silibinin loaded chitosan nanoparticles were of 263.7±4.1nm in particle size with zeta potential 37.4±1.57mV. Nanoparticles showed high silibinin encapsulation efficiencies (82.94±1.82%). No chemical interactions between silibinin and chitosan were observed in FTIR analysis. Powder X-ray diffraction analysis revealed transformed physical state of silibinin after encapsulation. Surface morphology and thermal behaviour were determined using TEM and DSC analysis. Encapsulated silibinin displayed increased dissolution and better cytotoxicity against human prostate cancer cells (DU145) than silibinin alone.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Deep Pooja
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dileep J Babu Bikkina
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Hitesh Kulhari
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India; IICT-RMIT Research Centre, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
| | - Nalla Nikhila
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Chinde
- Toxicology Unit, Biology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Y M Raghavendra
- Crop Protection Chemical Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - B Sreedhar
- Inorganic and Physical Chemistry Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India
| | - Ashok K Tiwari
- Medicinal Chemistry & Pharmacology Division, CSIR-Indian Institute of Chemical Technology, Hyderabad, India.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Ho BY, Lin CH, Apaya MK, Chao WW, Shyur LF. Silibinin and Paclitaxel Cotreatment Significantly Suppress the Activity and Lung Metastasis of Triple Negative 4T1 Mammary Tumor Cell in Mice. J Tradit Complement Med 2014; 2:301-11. [PMID: 24716145 PMCID: PMC3942908 DOI: 10.1016/s2225-4110(16)30116-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
The in vitro and in vivo bioactivities of silibinin (SB), paclitaxel (PTX) and SB and PTX in combination (SB+PTX) against murine metastatic mammary 4T1 cancer cell line were investigated. Isobologram and combination index (CI) analyses showed that SB and PTX can function synergistically in the inhibition of 4T1 cell proliferation with a CI value < 1. Both SB and PTX alone or SB+PTX treatment inhibited 4T1 cell migration and motility possibly through downregulation of the serpin protease nexin-1 (PN-1) and N-cadherin expression, inhibition of matrix metalloprotease (MMP)-9 activity, and upregulation of E-cadherin. Flow cytometry and Western blot analyses demonstrated that both drugs deregulated cell-cycle mediators and induced apoptosis in 4T1 cells. A real-time in vivo bioluminescence imaging system to monitor the breast cancer cell metastasis in syngeneic BALB/c mice was established using a stable 4T1pGL-COX-2/Luc cell clone carrying a COX-2 promoter driven-luciferase reporter gene. In vivo study using the allograft 4T1pGL-COX-2/Luc metastatic mouse model indicated that SB co-treated with PTX can significantly suppress lung metastasis of 4T1 cells likely through inhibiting cell proliferation and angiogenesis. Together, this study demonstrates that SB could act synergistically with PTX in 4T1 cells, providing a therapeutic option for highly metastatic triple negative breast cancer.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Bing-Ying Ho
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan ; Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan
| | | | - Wen-Wan Chao
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan
| | - Lie-Fen Shyur
- Agricultural Biotechnology Research Center, Academia Sinica, Taipei 115, Taiwan ; Department of Biochemical Science and Technology, National Taiwan University, Taipei 106, Taiwan ; Graduate Institute of Pharmacognosy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei 110, Taiwan
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Bahrin LG, Apostu MO, Birsa LM, Stefan M. The antibacterial properties of sulfur containing flavonoids. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2014; 24:2315-8. [PMID: 24751444 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2014.03.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/07/2014] [Revised: 03/20/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
Abstract
Some dithiocarbamic esters bearing a flavanone backbone, as well as their corresponding 1,3-dithiolium salts were tested against Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli. The 1,3-dithiolium tricyclic flavonoids display good inhibitory properties against both Gram-positive and Gram-negative pathogens.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucian G Bahrin
- Department of Chemistry, Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Mircea O Apostu
- Department of Chemistry, Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania
| | - Lucian M Birsa
- Department of Chemistry, Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania.
| | - Marius Stefan
- Department of Biology, Al.I. Cuza University of Iasi, 11 Carol I, 700506 Iasi, Romania.
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Silibinin induces apoptosis of HT29 colon carcinoma cells through early growth response-1 (EGR-1)-mediated non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drug-activated gene-1 (NAG-1) up-regulation. Chem Biol Interact 2014; 211:36-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2014.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/08/2014] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
|
71
|
Antitumor efficacy of α-solanine against pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo. PLoS One 2014; 9:e87868. [PMID: 24505326 PMCID: PMC3914882 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0087868] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2013] [Accepted: 12/26/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
α-solanine, a steroidal glycoalkaloid in potato, was found to have proliferation-inhibiting and apoptosis-promoting effect on multiple cancer cells, such as clone, liver, melanoma cancer cells. However, the antitumor efficacy of α-solanine on pancreatic cancer has not been fully evaluated. In this study, we inquired into the anti-carcinogenic effect of α-solanine against human pancreatic cancer cells. In the present study, we investigated the anti-carcinogenic effect of α-solanine against human pancreatic cancer cells. In vitro, α-solanine inhibited proliferation of PANC-1, sw1990, MIA PaCa-2 cells in a dose-dependent manner, as well as cell migration and invasion with atoxic doses. The expression of MMP-2/9, extracellular inducer of matrix metalloproteinase (EMMPRIN), CD44, eNOS and E-cadherin were suppressed by α-solanine in PANC-1 cells. Moreover, significantly decreased vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) expression and tube formation of endothelial cells were discerned following α-solanine treatment. Suppressed phosphorylation of Akt, mTOR, and Stat3, and strengthen phosphorylation of β-catenin was found, along with markedly decreased tran-nuclear of NF-κB, β-catenin and TCF-1. Following the administration of α-solanine (6 µg/g for 2 weeks) in xenograft model, tumor volume and weight were decreased by 61% and 43% (p<0.05) respectively, showing decreased MMP-2/9, PCNA and VEGF expression. In conclusion, α-solanine showed beneficial effects on pancreatic cancer in vitro and in vivo, which may via suppressing the pathway proliferation, angiogenesis and metastasis.
Collapse
|
72
|
Deep G, Agarwal R. Targeting tumor microenvironment with silibinin: promise and potential for a translational cancer chemopreventive strategy. Curr Cancer Drug Targets 2014; 13:486-99. [PMID: 23617249 DOI: 10.2174/15680096113139990041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2012] [Revised: 03/16/2012] [Accepted: 03/30/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment (TME) refers to the dynamic cellular and extra-cellular components surrounding tumor cells at each stage of the carcinogenesis. TME has now emerged as an integral and inseparable part of the carcinogenesis that plays a critical role in tumor growth, angiogenesis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition (EMT), invasion, migration and metastasis. Besides its vital role in carcinogenesis, TME is also a better drug target because of its relative genetic stability with lesser probability for the development of drug-resistance. Several drugs targeting the TME (endothelial cells, macrophages, cancer-associated fibroblasts, or extra-cellular matrix) have either been approved or are in clinical trials. Recently, non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs targeting inflammation were reported to also prevent several cancers. These exciting developments suggest that cancer chemopreventive strategies targeting both tumor and TME would be better and effective towards preventing, retarding or reversing the process of carcinogenesis. Here, we have reviewed the effect of a well established hepatoprotective and chemopreventive agent silibinin on cellular (endothelial, fibroblast and immune cells) and non-cellular components (cytokines, growth factors, proteinases etc.) of the TME. Silibinin targets TME constituents as well as their interaction with cancer cells, thereby inhibiting tumor growth, angiogenesis, inflammation, EMT, and metastasis. Silibinin is already in clinical trials, and based upon completed studies we suggest that its chemopreventive effectiveness should be verified through its effect on biological end points in both tumor and TME. Overall, we believe that the chemopreventive strategies targeting both tumor and TME have practical and translational utility in lowering the cancer burden.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Gagan Deep
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
73
|
Cheng KC, Asakawa A, Li YX, Chung HH, Amitani H, Ueki T, Cheng JT, Inui A. Silymarin induces insulin resistance through an increase of phosphatase and tensin homolog in Wistar rats. PLoS One 2014; 9:e84550. [PMID: 24404172 PMCID: PMC3880317 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0084550] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2013] [Accepted: 11/15/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) is a phosphoinositide phosphatase that regulates crucial cellular functions, including insulin signaling, lipid and glucose metabolism, as well as survival and apoptosis. Silymarin is the active ingredient in milk thistle and exerts numerous effects through the activation of PTEN. However, the effect of silymarin on the development of insulin resistance remains unknown. METHODS Wistar rats fed fructose-rich chow or normal chow were administered oral silymarin to identify the development of insulin resistance using the homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance and hyperinsulinemic- euglycemic clamping. Changes in PTEN expression in skeletal muscle and liver were compared using western blotting analysis. Further investigation was performed in L6 cells to check the expression of PTEN and insulin-related signals. PTEN deletion in L6 cells was achieved by small interfering ribonucleic acid transfection. RESULTS Oral administration of silymarin at a dose of 200 mg/kg once daily induced insulin resistance in normal rats and enhanced insulin resistance in fructose-rich chow-fed rats. An increase of PTEN expression was observed in the skeletal muscle and liver of rats with insulin resistance. A decrease in the phosphorylation of Akt in L6 myotube cells, which was maintained in a high-glucose condition, was also observed. Treatment with silymarin aggravated high-glucose-induced insulin resistance. Deletion of PTEN in L6 cells reversed silymarin-induced impaired insulin signaling and glucose uptake. CONCLUSIONS Silymarin has the ability to disrupt insulin signaling through increased PTEN expression. Therefore, silymarin should be used carefully in type-2 diabetic patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kai-Chun Cheng
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Akihiro Asakawa
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Ying-Xiao Li
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Hsien-Hui Chung
- Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, College of Medicine, National Cheng Kung University, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Haruka Amitani
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
| | - Takatoshi Ueki
- Department of Neuroanatomy, Hamamatsu University School of Medicine. Hamamatsu, Japan
| | - Juei-Tang Cheng
- Department of Medical Research, Chi-Mei Medical Center, Yong Kang, Tainan City, Taiwan
| | - Akio Inui
- Department of Psychosomatic Internal Medicine, Kagoshima University Graduate School of Medical and Dental Sciences, Kagoshima, Japan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Milić N, Milošević N, Suvajdžić L, Žarkov M, Abenavoli L. New Therapeutic Potentials of Milk Thistle (Silybum marianum). Nat Prod Commun 2013. [DOI: 10.1177/1934578x1300801236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Silymarin is a bioflavonoid complex extract derived from dry seeds of Milk thistle [( Silybum marianum(L.) Gaernt. (Fam. Asteraceae/Compositaceae)] whose hepatoprotective effect has clinically been proved. Low toxicity, favorable pharmacokinetics, powerful antioxidant, detoxifying, preventive, protective and regenerative effects and side effects similar to placebo make silymarin extremely attractive and safe for therapeutic use. The medicinal properties of silymarin and its main component silibinin have been studied in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease, Parkinson's disease, sepsis, burns, osteoporosis, diabetes, cholestasis and hypercholesterolemia. Owing to its apoptotic effect, without cytotoxic effects, silymarin possesses potential applications in the treatment of various cancers. Silymarin is being examined as a neuro-, nephro- and cardio-protective in the damage of different etiologies due to its strong antioxidant potentials. Furthermore, it has fetoprotective (against the influence of alcohol) and prolactin effects and is safe to be used during pregnancy and lactation. Finally, the cosmetics industry is examining the antioxidant and UV-protective effects of silymarin. Further clinical studies and scientific evidence that silymarin and silibinin are effective in the therapy of various pathologies are indispensable in order to confirm their different flavonolignan pharmacological effects.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nataša Milić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Nataša Milošević
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ljiljana Suvajdžić
- Department of Pharmacy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Marija Žarkov
- Department of Neurology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Novi Sad, Novi Sad, Serbia
| | - Ludovico Abenavoli
- Department of Health Sciences, University Magna Graecia, Catanzaro, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
75
|
Lin CH, Li CH, Liao PL, Tse LS, Huang WK, Cheng HW, Cheng YW. Silibinin inhibits VEGF secretion and age-related macular degeneration in a hypoxia-dependent manner through the PI-3 kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 168:920-31. [PMID: 23004355 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02227.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2012] [Revised: 08/19/2012] [Accepted: 09/06/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Hypoxia-mediated neovascularization plays an important role in age-related macular degeneration (AMD). There are few animal models or effective treatments for AMD. Here, we investigated the effects of the flavonoid silibinin on hypoxia-induced angiogenesis in a rat AMD model. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH Retinal pigmented epithelial (RPE) cells were subjected to hypoxia in vitro and the effects of silibinin on activation of key hypoxia-induced pathways were examined by elucidating the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 alpha (HIF-1α) protein level by Western blot. A rat model of AMD was developed by intravitreal injection of VEGF in Brown Norway rats, with or without concomitant exposure of animals to hypoxia. Animals were treated with oral silibinin starting at day 7 post-VEGF injection and AMD changes were followed by fluorescein angiography on days 14 and 28 post-injection. KEY RESULTS Silibinin pretreatment of RPE cells increased proline hydroxylase-2 expression, inhibited HIF-1α subunit accumulation, and inhibited VEGF secretion. Silibinin-induced HIF-1α and VEGF down-regulation required suppression of hypoxia-induced phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase/Akt/mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) pathway. In the rat model of AMD, silibinin administration prevented VEGF- and VEGF plus hypoxia-induced retinal oedema and neovascularization. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS The effects of silibinin, both in vitro and in vivo, support its potential as a therapeutic for the prevention of neovascular AMD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- C H Lin
- School of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
76
|
Ting H, Deep G, Agarwal R. Molecular mechanisms of silibinin-mediated cancer chemoprevention with major emphasis on prostate cancer. AAPS J 2013; 15:707-16. [PMID: 23588585 PMCID: PMC3691417 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-013-9486-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Despite advances in early detection, prostate cancer remains the second highest cancer mortality in American men, and even successful interventions are associated with enormous health care costs as well as prolonged deleterious effects on quality of patient life. Prostate cancer chemoprevention is one potential avenue to alleviate these burdens. It is a regime whereby long-term treatments are intended to prevent or arrest cancer development, in contrast to more direct intervention upon disease diagnosis. Based on this intention, cancer chemoprevention generally focuses on the use of nontoxic chemical agents which are well-tolerated for prolonged usage that is necessary to address prostate cancer's multistage and lengthy period of progression. One such nontoxic natural agent is the flavonoid silibinin, derived from the milk thistle plant (Silybum marianum), which has ancient medicinal usage and potent antioxidant activity. Based on these properties, silibinin has been investigated in a host of cancer models where it exhibits broad-spectrum efficacy against cancer progression both in vitro and in vivo without noticeable toxicity. Specifically in prostate cancer models, silibinin has shown the ability to modulate cell signaling, proliferation, apoptosis, epithelial to mesenchymal transition, invasion, metastasis, and angiogenesis, which taken together provides strong support for silibinin as a candidate prostate cancer chemopreventive agent.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Harold Ting
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Gagan Deep
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
- />University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- />Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
- />University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado USA
- />Skaggs School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, 12850 E. Montview Blvd, Room V20-2118, Box C238, Aurora, Colorado 80045 USA
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Lee HJ, Rha SY, Chung YE, Shim HS, Kim YJ, Hur J, Hong YJ, Choi BW. Tumor perfusion-related parameter of diffusion-weighted magnetic resonance imaging: correlation with histological microvessel density. Magn Reson Med 2013; 71:1554-8. [PMID: 23798038 DOI: 10.1002/mrm.24810] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2013] [Accepted: 04/24/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE We obtained intravoxel incoherent motion (IVIM) parameters through biexponential analysis on diffusion-weighted MR imaging (DWI) using multiple b values. Correlation was evaluated between these parameters and histological microvessel density (MVD) for the possibility of noninvasive evaluation of MVD with DWI. METHODS Twenty-five nude mice with the HT29 colorectal cancer cells implanted were analyzed after undergoing DWI with multiple b values (0, 50, 100, 300, 500, 700, and 1000 s/mm(2)). Tissue diffusivity (D(t)), pseudo-diffusion coefficient (D(p)), and perfusion fraction (f(p)) were calculated using a biexponential analysis, and these parameters were correlated with MVD. The MVD was determined with the CD31 stain. For statistical analysis, Spearman's rank correlation was applied. RESULTS The mean value and correlation coefficient with MVD for each IVIM parameter were as follows: D(t) = 0.98 ± 0.06 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s with r = 0.139 (P = 0.508); D(p) = 23.70 ± 7.94 × 10(-3) mm(2)/s with r = 0.782 (P < 0.001); and f(p) = 15.58 ± 5.7% with r = 0.749 (P < 0.001). D(p) and f(p) showed significant correlation with MVD, but D(t) did not. CONCLUSION The IVIM parameters, D(p) and f(p), on DWI might be used in the noninvasive evaluation of MVD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hye-Jeong Lee
- Department of Radiology, Research Institute of Radiological Science, Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Health System, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
78
|
Cho HJ, Suh DS, Moon SH, Song YJ, Yoon MS, Park DY, Choi KU, Kim YK, Kim KH. Silibinin inhibits tumor growth through downregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase and Akt in vitro and in vivo in human ovarian cancer cells. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2013; 61:4089-4096. [PMID: 23570653 DOI: 10.1021/jf400192v] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
Anticancer activity of silibinin, a flavonoid, has been demonstrated in various cancer cell types. However, the underlying mechanisms were not elucidated in human ovarian cancer cells. The present study was undertaken to examine the effect of silibinin in vitro and in vivo on tumor growth in human ovarian cancer cells. Silibinin decreased cell viability in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Silibinin caused an increase in reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation, and the silibinin-induced cell death was prevented by the antioxidant N-acetylcysteine (NAC). Western blot analysis showed silibinin-induced downregulation of extracellular signal-regulated kinase (ERK) and Akt. Transfection of constitutively active forms of MEK and Akt prevented the silibinin-induced cell death. Oral administration of silibinin in animals with subcutaneous A2780 cells reduced tumor volume. Subsequent tumor tissue analysis showed that silibinin treatment induced a decrease in Ki-67-positive cells, an increase in transferase-mediated dUTP nick end labeling (TUNEL)-positive cells, activation of caspase-3, and inhibition of p-ERK and p-Akt. These results indicate that silibinin reduces tumor growth through inhibition of ERK and Akt in human ovarian cancer cells. These data suggest that silibinin may serve as a potential therapeutic agent for human ovarian cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hyun Jin Cho
- Department of Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Pusan National University , Busan 602-739, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
79
|
Anestopoulos I, Kavo A, Tentes I, Kortsaris A, Panayiotidis M, Lazou A, Pappa A. Silibinin protects H9c2 cardiac cells from oxidative stress and inhibits phenylephrine-induced hypertrophy: potential mechanisms. J Nutr Biochem 2013; 24:586-94. [PMID: 22818713 DOI: 10.1016/j.jnutbio.2012.02.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/18/2011] [Revised: 01/26/2012] [Accepted: 02/17/2012] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac hypertrophy is the main response of the heart to various extrinsic and intrinsic stimuli, and it is characterized by specific molecular and phenotypic changes. Recent in vitro and in vivo studies indicate the involvement of reactive oxygen species in the hypertrophic response. In this study, silibinin, a plant flavonolignan extracted from milk thistle with potent antioxidant activity, was evaluated for its effects in (a) preventing hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced cellular damage and (b) blocking the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response. Using the in vitro model of embryonic rat heart-derived H9c2 cells, we showed that silibinin has a rather safe profile as concentrations up to 200μM did not affect cell viability. Pretreatment of H9c2 cells with silibinin resulted in better protection of H9c2 cells under conditions of H2O2-induced cellular stress compared to untreated cells as indicated by cell viability and DNA fragmentation assays. Furthermore, silibinin attenuated the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response as evidenced by the measurement of cell surface, up-regulation of atrial natriuretic peptide and increase of cellular protein levels. Moreover, silibinin repressed the phenylephrine-induced phosphorylation of ERK1/2 kinases, while it appeared to inhibit the weakly activated by phenylephrine phosphorylation of Akt. Based on our results, silibinin may attenuate the phenylephrine-induced hypertrophic response of H9c2 cells via antioxidant mechanisms involving mainly the inhibition of the intracellular signaling pathways mediated by ERK1/2 MAPKs and Akt.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ioannis Anestopoulos
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Democritus University of Thrace, University Campus, Dragana, Alexandroupolis 68100, Greece
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
80
|
Raina K, Agarwal C, Wadhwa R, Serkova NJ, Agarwal R. Energy deprivation by silibinin in colorectal cancer cells: a double-edged sword targeting both apoptotic and autophagic machineries. Autophagy 2013; 9:697-713. [PMID: 23445752 DOI: 10.4161/auto.23960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Small molecules with the potential to initiate different types of programmed cell death could be useful 'adjunct therapy' where current anticancer modalities fail to generate significant activity due to a defective apoptotic machinery or resistance of cancer cells to the specific death mechanism induced by that treatment. The current study identified silibinin, for the first time, as one such natural agent, having dual efficacy against colorectal cancer (CRC) cells. First, silibinin rapidly induced oxidative stress in CRC SW480 cells due to reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation with a concomitant dissipation of mitchondrial potential (ΔΨm) and cytochrome c release leading to mild apoptosis as a biological effect. However, with increased exposure to silibinin, cytoplasmic vacuolization intensified within the cells followed by sequestration of the organelles, which inhibits the further release of cytochrome c. Interestingly, this decrease in apoptotic response correlated with increased autophagic events as evidenced by tracking the dynamics of LC3-II within the cells. Mechanistic studies revealed that silibinin strongly inhibited PIK3CA-AKT-MTOR but activated MAP2K1/2-MAPK1/3 pathways for its biological effects. Corroborating these effects, endoplasmic reticulum stress was generated and glucose uptake inhibition as well as energy restriction were induced by silibinin, thus, mimicking starvation-like conditions. Further, the cellular damage to tumor cells by silibinin was severe and irreparable due to sustained interference in essential cellular processes such as mitochondrial metabolism, phospholipid and protein synthesis, suggesting that silibinin harbors a deadly 'double-edged sword' against CRC cells thereby further advocating its clinical effectiveness against this malignancy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Skaggs School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
81
|
Nambiar D, Prajapati V, Agarwal R, Singh RP. In vitro and in vivo anticancer efficacy of silibinin against human pancreatic cancer BxPC-3 and PANC-1 cells. Cancer Lett 2012; 334:109-17. [PMID: 23022268 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2012.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2012] [Revised: 09/04/2012] [Accepted: 09/11/2012] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Silibinin suppresses the growth of many cancers; however, its efficacy against pancreatic cancer has not been evaluated in established preclinical models. Here, we investigated in vitro and in vivo effects of silibinin against lower and advanced stages of human pancreatic carcinoma cells. Silibinin (25-100μM) treatment for 24-72h caused a dose- and time-dependent cell growth inhibition of 27-77% (P<0.05-0.001) in BxPC-3 cells, and 22-45% (P<0.01-0.001) in PANC-1 cells. Silibinin showed a strong dose-dependent G1 arrest in BxPC-3 cells (upto 72% versus 45% in control; P<0.001), but a moderate response in advanced PANC-1 cells. Cell death observed in cell growth assay, was accompanied by up to 3-fold increase (P<0.001) in apoptosis in BxPC-3 cells, and showed only slight effect on PANC-1 cells. Dietary feeding of silibinin (0.5%, w/w in AIN-93M diet for 7weeks) inhibited BxPC-3 and PANC-1 tumor xenografts growth in nude mice without any apparent change in body weight gain and diet consumption. Tumor volume and weight were decreased by 47% and 34% (P⩽0.001) in BxPC-3 xenograft, respectively. PANC-1 xenograft showed slower growth kinetics and silibinin decreased tumor volume by 34% (P<0.001) by 7weeks. Another 4weeks of silibinin treatment to PANC-1 xenograft showed 28% and 33% decrease in tumor volume and weight, respectively. Silibinin-fed group of BxPC-3 tumors showed decreased cell proliferation and angiogenesis and an increased apoptosis, however, considerable inhibitory effect was observed only for angiogenesis in PANC-1 tumors. Overall, these findings show both in vitro as well as in vivo anticancer efficacy of silibinin against pancreatic cancer that could involve inhibition of cell proliferation, cell cycle arrest, apoptosis induction and/or decrease in tumor angiogenesis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhanya Nambiar
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Vandana Prajapati
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India
| | - Rajesh Agarwal
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, CO, USA
| | - Rana P Singh
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Jawaharlal Nehru University, New Delhi, India; School of Life Sciences, Central University of Gujarat, Gandhinagar, India.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Cho JK, Park JW, Song SC. Injectable and biodegradable poly(organophosphazene) gel containing silibinin: its physicochemical properties and anticancer activity. J Pharm Sci 2012; 101:2382-91. [PMID: 22487867 DOI: 10.1002/jps.23137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2011] [Revised: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 03/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/16/2023]
Abstract
The biodegradable poly(organophosphazene) hydrogels were developed as a locally injectable drug carrier for a hydrophobic silibinin to overcome its limited bioavailability. The aqueous solution of poly(organophosphazene) enhanced the solubility of silibinin up to 2000 times compared with that of phosphate buffered saline (0.0415 vs. 84.55 mg/mL). Both aqueous polymer solutions with and without silibinin showed a sol-gel transition as a function of temperature. A faster in vitro degradation rate of the gel and drug release rate from the gel at pH 6.8 than those at pH 7.4 were observed when the degradation and release study on hydrogels were conducted at 37 °C. Silibinin was sustainedly released from the hydrogel mainly by a diffusion-controlled mechanism. The silibinin released from the hydrogel was shown to be effective considering the 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay. In the HT-29 xenografted mice model, the intratumorally injected hydrogel containing silibinin exhibited a good antitumor effect in comparison with the control groups. The Western blotting indicated that one of the reasons for the enhanced antitumor effect of the hydrogel system was the sustained antiangiogenic effect of silibinin. The poly(organophosphazene) gels are expected to be an effective candidate of the locally injectable drug carrier for silibinin.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jung-Kyo Cho
- Center for Biomaterials, Korea Institute of Science and Technology, Seoul 136-791, Republic of Korea
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
83
|
Abstract
15-Hydroxyprostaglandin dehydrogenase (15-PGDH) is a key prostaglandin catabolic enzyme catalyzing the oxidation and inactivation of prostaglandin E(2) (PGE(2)) synthesized from the cyclooxygenase (COX) pathway. Accumulating evidence indicates that 15-PGDH may function as a tumor suppressor antagonizing the action of COX-2 oncogene. 15-PGDH has been found to be down-regulated contributing to elevated levels of PGE(2) in most tumors. The expression of 15-PGDH and COX-2 appears to be regulated reciprocally in cancer cells. Down-regulation of 15-PGDH in tumors is due, in part, to transcriptional repression and epigenetic silencing. Numerous agents have been found to up-regulate 15-PGDH by down-regulation of transcriptional repressors and by attenuation of the turnover of the enzyme. Up-regulation of 15-PGDH may provide a viable approach to cancer chemoprevention. Further catabolism of 15-keto-prostaglandin E(2) is catalyzed by 15-keto-prostaglandin-∆(13)-reductase (13-PGR), which also exhibits LTB(4)-12-hydroxydehydrogenase (LTB(4)-12-DH) activity. 13-PGR/LTB(4)-12-DH behaves as a tumor suppressor as well. This review summarizes current knowledge of the expression and function of 15-PGDH and 13-PGR/LTB(4)-12-DH in lung and other tissues during tumor progression. Future directions of research on these prostaglandin catabolic enzymes as tumor suppressors are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Hsin-Hsiung Tai
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40536, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Yan X, Gardner TR, Grieco M, Herath SAC, Jang JH, Kirchoff D, Njoh L, Shantha Kumara HMC, Naffouje S, Whelan RL. Perioperative polyphenon E- and siliphos-inhibited colorectal tumor growth and metastases without impairment of gastric or abdominal wound healing in mouse models. Surg Endosc 2012; 26:1856-64. [PMID: 22258296 DOI: 10.1007/s00464-011-2114-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2011] [Accepted: 11/14/2011] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Perioperative anticancer therapy that does not impair wound healing is needed to counter the persistent proangiogenic plasma compositional changes that occur after colorectal resection. Polyphenon E (PolyE), a green tea derivative (main component EGCG), and Siliphos (main component silibinin), from the milk thistle plant, both have antitumor effects. This study assessed the impact of PolyE/Siliphos (PES) on wound healing and the growth of CT-26 colon cancer in several murine models. METHODS One wound healing and three tumor studies were performed. Tumor Study (TS)1 assessed the impact of PES on subcutaneous tumor growth, whereas TS2 assessed PES's impact on subcutaneous growth when given pre- and post-CO(2) pneumoperitoneum (pneumo), sham laparotomy, or anesthesia alone. TS3 determined the ability of PES to limit hepatic metastases (mets) after portal venous injection of tumor cells. In the final study, laparotomy and gastrotomy wound healing were assessed several ways. BALB/c mice were used for all studies. The drugs were given via drinking water (PolyE) and gavage (Siliphos), daily, for 7-9 days preprocedure and for 7-21 days postoperatively. Tumor mass, number/size of hepatic mets, and proliferation and apoptosis rates were assessed. The abdominal breaking strength and energy to failure were measured postmortem as was gastric bursting pressures. RESULTS PES significantly inhibited subcutaneous growth in the nonoperative setting. PES also significantly decreased the number/size of liver mets when given perioperatively. Abdominal wound breaking strength, energy to wound failure, and collagen content were not altered by PES; gastrotomy bursting strength also was not affected by PES. Neither drug alone had a significant impact on tumor growth. CONCLUSIONS The PES combination inhibited subcutaneous and hepatic tumor growth yet did not impair wound healing. PES holds promise as a perioperative anticancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaohong Yan
- Colon & Rectum Surgery, St. Luke's Roosevelt Hospital Center, 432 West, 58th Street, Room 517, New York, NY 10019, USA.
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
85
|
Thapa D, Kang Y, Park PH, Noh SK, Lee YR, Han SS, Ku SK, Jung Y, Kim JA. Anti-tumor Activity of the Novel Hexahydrocannabinol Analog LYR-8 in Human Colorectal Tumor Xenograft Is Mediated through the Inhibition of Akt and Hypoxia-Inducible Factor-1α Activation. Biol Pharm Bull 2012; 35:924-32. [DOI: 10.1248/bpb.35.924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Youra Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Yeungnam University
| | | | - Seok Kyun Noh
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Yeungnam University
| | - Yong Rok Lee
- School of Chemical Engineering and Technology, Yeungnam University
| | - Sung Soo Han
- Department of Nano, Medical & Polymer Materials, College of Engineering, Yeungnam University
| | - Sae Kwang Ku
- College of Oriental Medicine, Daegu Hanny University
| | - Yunjin Jung
- College of Pharmacy, Pusan National University
| | | |
Collapse
|
86
|
Zinov'eva V, Spasov A. Mechanisms of anti-cancer effects of plant polyphenols II. Suppression on tumor growth. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2012; 58:257-71. [DOI: 10.18097/pbmc20125803257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Mechanisms of suppression of carcinogenesis promotion/progression by plant polyphenols have been considered. They can decrease cyclins and cycline dependent kinases and activate inhibitor proteins in tumor cells that results in cell cycle arrest. Plant polyphenols can induce apoptosis by modulating anti/proapoptotic proteins and also can inhibit tumor metastasis and angiogenesis. Polyphenols act through the regulation of cell signal transduction and gene expression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- V.N. Zinov'eva
- Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd State Medical University
| | - A.A. Spasov
- Research Institute of Pharmacology, Volgograd State Medical University
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Liu C, Li XW, Cui LM, Li LC, Chen LY, Zhang XW. Inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by TTF1 from extract of herbal medicine. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:4875-82. [PMID: 22171128 PMCID: PMC3235630 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i44.4875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2011] [Revised: 10/12/2011] [Accepted: 11/04/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To study the inhibition of tumor angiogenesis by 5,2,4´-trihydroxy-6,7,5´-trimethoxyflavone (TTF1) isolated from an extract of herbal medicine Sorbaria sorbifolia.
METHODS: Angiogenic activity was assayed using the chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane (CAM) method. Microvessel density (MVD) was determined by staining tissue sections immunohistochemically for CD34 using the Weidner capillary counting method. The mRNA and protein levels of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), vascular endothelialgrowth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR2, Flk-1/KDR), basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), cyclo-oxygenase (COX)-2 and hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)-1α were detected by quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction and Western blotting analysis.
RESULTS: The TTF1 inhibition rates for CAM were 30.8%, 38.2% and 47.5% with treatment concentrations of 25, 50 and 100 μg/embryo × 5 d, respectively. The inhibitory rates for tumor size were 43.8%, 49.4% and 59.6% at TTF1 treatment concentrations of 5, 10, and 20 μmol/kg, respectively. The average MVD was 14.2, 11.2 and 8.5 at treatment concentrations of 5 μmol/kg, 10 μmol/kg and 20 μmol/kg TTF1, respectively. The mRNA and protein levels of VEGF, KDR, bFGF, COX-2 and HIF-1α in mice treated with TTF1 were significantly decreased.
CONCLUSION: TTF1 can inhibit tumor angiogenesis, and the mechanism may be associated with the down-regulation of VEGF, KDR, bFGF, HIF-1α and COX-2.
Collapse
|
88
|
Raina K, Agarwal C, Agarwal R. Effect of silibinin in human colorectal cancer cells: targeting the activation of NF-κB signaling. Mol Carcinog 2011; 52:195-206. [PMID: 22086675 DOI: 10.1002/mc.21843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2011] [Revised: 10/13/2011] [Accepted: 10/20/2011] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Chronic inflammation is one of the primary causes of colorectal cancer (CRC), and major inflammatory pathways implicated in CRC are cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) and iNOS; both regulated by nuclear factor-kappa B (NF-κB) suggesting that inhibitors of these pathways could be ideal against CRC. Silibinin has shown promising efficacy against various malignancies including CRC, and therefore here we assessed whether silibinin targets NF-κB activation and associated signaling as a mechanism of its anti-inflammatory and anti-cancer effects in CRC. Our results indicated that silibinin treatment (50-200 µM) of human CRC SW480, LoVo, and HT29 cells strongly inhibits tumor necrosis factor α-induced NF-κB activation together with decreased nuclear levels of both p65 and p50 sub-units. Silibinin also significantly increased IκBα level with a concomitant decrease in phospho-IκBα, without any effect on TNFR1, TRADD, and RIP2, indicating its inhibitory effect on IκB kinase α activity. Next we assessed the effect of oral silibinin feeding on NF-κB pathway in SW480 (COX-2 negative) and LoVo (COX-2 positive) tumor xenografts in nude mice. Together with its inhibitory efficacy on tumor growth and progression, silibinin inhibited NF-κB activation in both xenografts. The protein levels of various NF-κB-regulated molecules such as Bcl-2, COX-2, iNOS, VEGF, and MMPs were also decreased by silibinin in both cell culture studies and xenograft analyses, suggesting its potential to alter NF-κB transcriptional activity. Together, these findings are highly significant in establishing for the first time that silibinin suppresses CRC growth and progression possibly through its anti-inflammatory activity by interfering with NF-κB activation and thus has potential against human CRC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Komal Raina
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Kang MJ, Eum JY, Jeong MS, Park SH, Moon KY, Kang MH, Kim MS, Choi SE, Lee MW, Lee DI, Bang H, Lee CS, Joo SS, Li K, Lee MK, Seo SJ, Choi YW. Tat peptide-admixed elastic liposomal formulation of hirsutenone for the treatment of atopic dermatitis in NC/Nga mice. Int J Nanomedicine 2011; 6:2459-67. [PMID: 22072881 PMCID: PMC3205140 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s24350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of the present study was to enhance a topical delivery of hirsutenone (HST), a naturally occuring immunomodulator, employing Tat peptide-admixed elastic liposomes (EL/T). METHODS HST-loaded EL, consisting of phosphatidylcholine and Tween 80 (85:15 w/w%), were prepared using thin film hydration method. By adding Tat peptide to EL (0.16 w/w%), EL/T were formulated. The in vitro skin permeation of HST was examined using a Franz diffusion cell mounted with depilated mouse skin. Lesions for atopic dermatitis (AD) were induced by a topical application of diphenylcyclopropenone to NC/Nga mice. Therapeutic improvements of AD were evaluated by clinical skin severity scores. Immunological analyses on inducible nitric oxide synthase and cyclooxygenase-2 levels in the skin and interleukin (IL)-4, IL-13, immunoglobulin E, and eosinophil levels in the blood were also performed. RESULTS EL systems were superior to conventional cream, revealing greater flux values in a permeation study. The addition of Tat peptide further increased the skin permeation of HST. In an efficacy study with AD-induced NC/Nga mice, an HST-containing EL/T formulation brought a significant improvement in both skin severity score and immune-related responses for the levels of nitric oxide synthase, cyclooxygenase-2, IL-4, IL-13, immunoglobulin E, and eosinophils. CONCLUSION A novel EL/T formulation was successfully developed for topical delivery of HST to treat AD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Myung Joo Kang
- College of Pharmacy, Chung- Ang University, Heuksuk-dong, Dongjak-gu, Seoul, South Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Toyoda-Hokaiwado N, Yasui Y, Muramatsu M, Masumura K, Takamune M, Yamada M, Ohta T, Tanaka T, Nohmi T. Chemopreventive effects of silymarin against 1,2-dimethylhydrazine plus dextran sodium sulfate-induced inflammation-associated carcinogenicity and genotoxicity in the colon of gpt delta rats. Carcinogenesis 2011; 32:1512-7. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgr130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
|
91
|
Vandeputte OM, Kiendrebeogo M, Rasamiravaka T, Stévigny C, Duez P, Rajaonson S, Diallo B, Mol A, Baucher M, El Jaziri M. The flavanone naringenin reduces the production of quorum sensing-controlled virulence factors in Pseudomonas aeruginosa PAO1. Microbiology (Reading) 2011; 157:2120-2132. [DOI: 10.1099/mic.0.049338-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 173] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Preliminary screening of the Malagasy plant Combretum albiflorum for compounds attenuating the production of quorum sensing (QS)-controlled virulence factors in bacteria led to the identification of active fractions containing flavonoids. In the present study, several flavonoids belonging to the flavone, flavanone, flavonol and chalcone structural groups were screened for their capacity to reduce the production of QS-controlled factors in the opportunistic pathogen Pseudomonas aeruginosa (strain PAO1). Flavanones (i.e. naringenin, eriodictyol and taxifolin) significantly reduced the production of pyocyanin and elastase in P. aeruginosa without affecting bacterial growth. Consistently, naringenin and taxifolin reduced the expression of several QS-controlled genes (i.e. lasI, lasR, rhlI, rhlR, lasA, lasB, phzA1 and rhlA) in P. aeruginosa PAO1. Naringenin also dramatically reduced the production of the acylhomoserine lactones N-(3-oxododecanoyl)-l-homoserine lactone (3-oxo-C12-HSL) and N-butanoyl-l-homoserine lactone (C4-HSL), which is driven by the lasI and rhlI gene products, respectively. In addition, using mutant strains deficient for autoinduction (ΔlasI and ΔrhlI) and LasR- and RhlR-based biosensors, it was shown that QS inhibition by naringenin not only is the consequence of a reduced production of autoinduction compounds but also results from a defect in the proper functioning of the RlhR–C4-HSL complex. Widely distributed in the plant kingdom, flavonoids are known for their numerous and determinant roles in plant physiology, plant development and in the success of plant–rhizobia interactions, but, as shown here, some of them also have a role as inhibitors of the virulence of pathogenic bacteria by interfering with QS mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olivier M. Vandeputte
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, BioVallée, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Martin Kiendrebeogo
- Laboratoire de Biochimie et de Chimie Appliquées, Université de Ouagadougou, 09 BP 848 Ouagadougou 09, Burkina Faso
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Tsiry Rasamiravaka
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
| | - Caroline Stévigny
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, de Bromatologie et de Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/9, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Pierre Duez
- Laboratoire de Pharmacognosie, de Bromatologie et de Nutrition Humaine, Université Libre de Bruxelles, CP 205/9, Boulevard du Triomphe, B-1050 Brussels, Belgium
| | - Sanda Rajaonson
- Laboratoire de Physiologie Végétale, Université d'Antananarivo, BP 906 Antananarivo 101, Madagascar
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Billo Diallo
- Plant Biotechnology Unit, BioVallée, rue Adrienne Bolland 8, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Adeline Mol
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Marie Baucher
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| | - Mondher El Jaziri
- Laboratoire de Biotechnologie Végétale, Université Libre de Bruxelles, rue des Professeurs Jeener et Brachet 12, B-6041 Gosselies, Belgium
| |
Collapse
|
92
|
Banerjee A, Lang JY, Hung MC, Sengupta K, Banerjee SK, Baksi K, Banerjee DK. Unfolded protein response is required in nu/nu mice microvasculature for treating breast tumor with tunicamycin. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:29127-29138. [PMID: 21676868 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.169771] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Up-regulation of the dolichol pathway, a "hallmark" of asparagine-linked protein glycosylation, enhances angiogenesis in vitro. The dynamic relationship between these two processes is now evaluated with tunicamycin. Capillary endothelial cells treated with tunicamycin were growth inhibited and could not be reversed with exogenous VEGF(165). Inhibition of angiogenesis is supported by down-regulation of (i) phosphorylated VEGFR1 and VEGFR2 receptors; (ii) VEGF(165)-specific phosphotyrosine kinase activity; and (iii) Matrigel(TM) invasion and chemotaxis. In vivo, tunicamycin prevented the vessel development in Matrigel(TM) implants in athymic Balb/c (nu/nu) mice. Immunohistochemical analysis of CD34 (p < 0.001) and CD144 (p < 0.001) exhibited reduced vascularization. A 3.8-fold increased expression of TSP-1, an endogenous angiogenesis inhibitor in Matrigel(TM) implants correlated with that in tunicamycin (32 h)-treated capillary endothelial cells. Intravenous injection of tunicamycin (0.5 mg/kg to 1.0 mg/kg) per week slowed down a double negative (MDA-MB-435) grade III breast adenocarcinoma growth by ∼50-60% in 3 weeks. Histopathological analysis of the paraffin sections indicated significant reduction in vessel size, the microvascular density and tumor mitotic index. Ki-67 and VEGF expression in tumor tissue were also reduced. A significant reduction of N-glycan expression in tumor microvessel was also observed. High expression of GRP-78 in CD144-positive cells supported unfolded protein response-mediated ER stress in tumor microvasculature. ∼65% reduction of a triple negative (MDA-MB-231) breast tumor xenograft in 1 week with tunicamycin (0.25 mg/kg) given orally and the absence of systemic and/or organ failure strongly supported tunicamycin's potential for a powerful glycotherapeutic treatment of breast cancer in the clinic.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Aditi Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067
| | - Jing-Yu Lang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030
| | - Mien-Chie Hung
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Oncology, University of Texas M.D. Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas 77030,; Center for Molecular Medicine and Graduate Institute of Cancer Biology, China Medical University, Taichung, Taiwan 404
| | - Krishanu Sengupta
- Cancer Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7350
| | - Sushanta K Banerjee
- Cancer Research Unit, Veterans Affairs Medical Center and Division of Hematology and Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, Kansas 66160-7350
| | - Krishna Baksi
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, School of Medicine, Universidad Central del Caribe, Bayamon, Puerto Rico 00960-3001, and
| | - Dipak K Banerjee
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, University of Puerto Rico, Medical Sciences Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00936-5067,; Institute of Functional Nanomaterials, University of Puerto Rico, Rio Piedras Campus, San Juan, Puerto Rico 00931-1907.
| |
Collapse
|
93
|
Loguercio C, Festi D. Silybin and the liver: From basic research to clinical practice. World J Gastroenterol 2011; 17:2288-301. [PMID: 21633595 PMCID: PMC3098397 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v17.i18.2288] [Citation(s) in RCA: 223] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2010] [Revised: 12/23/2010] [Accepted: 12/30/2010] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Herbal products are increasingly used, mainly in chronic liver disease. Extracts of milk thistle, Silymarin and silybin, are the most prescribed natural compounds, with different indications, but with no definitive results in terms of clinical efficacy. This review analyzes the available studies on the effects of the purified product silybin, both as a free and a conjugated molecule, on liver cells or on experimentally induced liver damage, and in patients with liver disease. We searched PUBMED for articles pertaining to the in vitro and in vivo effects of silybin, its antifibrotic, anti-inflammatory, and antioxidant properties, as well as its metabolic effects, combined with the authors’ own knowledge of the literature. Results indicate that the bioavailability of silybin phytosome is higher than that of silymarin and is less influenced by liver damage; silybin does not show significant interactions with other drugs and at doses < 10 g/d has no significant side effects. Experimental studies have clearly demonstrated the antifibrotic, antioxidant and metabolic effects of silybin; previous human studies were insufficient for confirming the clinical efficacy in chronic liver disease, while ongoing clinical trials are promising. On the basis of literature data, silybin seems a promising drug for chronic liver disease.
Collapse
|
94
|
Jeong JC, Shin WY, Kim TH, Kwon CH, Kim JH, Kim YK, Kim KH. Silibinin induces apoptosis via calpain-dependent AIF nuclear translocation in U87MG human glioma cell death. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2011; 30:44. [PMID: 21501525 PMCID: PMC3108340 DOI: 10.1186/1756-9966-30-44] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2011] [Accepted: 04/19/2011] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Silibinin, a natural polyphenolic flavonoid, has been reported to induce cell death in various cancer cell types. However, the molecular mechanism is not clearly defined. Our previous study showed that silibinin induces glioma cell death and its effect was effectively prevented by calpain inhibitor. The present study was therefore undertaken to examine the role of calpain in the silibinin-induced glioma cell death. Methods U87MG cells were grown on well tissue culture plates and cell viability was measured by MTT assay. ROS generation and △ψm were estimated using the fluorescence dyes. PKC activation and Bax expression were measured by Western blot analysis. AIF nuclear translocation was determined by Western blot and immunocytochemistry. Results Silibinin induced activation of calpain, which was blocked by EGTA and the calpain inhibitor Z-Leu-Leu-CHO. Silibinin caused ROS generation and its effect was inhibited by calpain inhibitor, the general PKC inhibitor GF 109203X, the specific PKCδ inhibitor rottlerin, and catalase. Silibinin-induce cell death was blocked by calpain inhibitor and PKC inhibitors. Silibinin-induced PKCδ activation and disruption of △ψm were prevented by the calpain inhibitor. Silibinin induced AIF nuclear translocation and its effect was prevented by calpain inhibitor. Transfection of vector expressing microRNA of AIF prevented the silibinin-induced cell death. Conclusions Silibinin induces apoptotic cell death through a calpain-dependent mechanism involving PKC, ROS, and AIF nuclear translocation in U87MG human glioma cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ji C Jeong
- Department of Oriental Medicine, Dongguk University, Kyung Ju, 780-714, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
95
|
Rho JK, Choi YJ, Jeon BS, Choi SJ, Cheon GJ, Woo SK, Kim HR, Kim CH, Choi CM, Lee JC. Combined treatment with silibinin and epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors overcomes drug resistance caused by T790M mutation. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 9:3233-43. [PMID: 21159609 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0625] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Although epidermal growth factor receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (EGFR-TKI) produce an initially dramatic response in lung cancer patients harboring a mutation in the EGFR gene, development of acquired resistance is almost inevitable. A secondary mutation of threonine 790 (T790M) is associated with approximately half of the cases of acquired resistance. This study investigated whether the addition of silibinin to therapy with gefitinib or erlotinib could overcome T790M-mediated drug resistance considering that silibinin has various antitumor effects, including EGFR modulation. Silibinin selectively reduced the activity of the EGFR family (EGFR, ErbB2, and ErbB3) through the inhibition of receptor dimerization in lung cancer cells with EGFR mutations, but not in those harboring the wild type. In primary and acquired resistant cells with T790M, addition of silibinin enhanced the ability of EGFR-TKIs to downregulate EGFR signals and to inhibit cell growth. Similarly, the combination of silibinin and erlotinib effectively suppressed tumor growth in erlotinib resistance-bearing PC-9 xenografts. The results indicate that the addition of silibinin to EGFR-TKIs is a promising strategy to overcome T790M-mediated drug resistance.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Kyung Rho
- Department of Internal Medicine, Korea Cancer Center Hospital, Korea Institute of Radiological and Medical Science, 215-4 Gongneung-dong, Nowon-gu, Seoul 139-706, Korea
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Zhan T, Digel M, Küch EM, Stremmel W, Füllekrug J. Silybin and dehydrosilybin decrease glucose uptake by inhibiting GLUT proteins. J Cell Biochem 2011; 112:849-59. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.22984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
|
97
|
Wu SH, Nie FH, Chen QZ, Sun JJ. Highly sensitive detection of silybin based on adsorptive stripping analysis at single-sided heated screen-printed carbon electrodes modified with multi-walled carbon nanotubes with direct current heating. Anal Chim Acta 2011; 687:43-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.aca.2010.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2010] [Revised: 12/05/2010] [Accepted: 12/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
|
98
|
Xia S, Zhao Y, Yu S, Zhang M. Activated PI3K/Akt/COX-2 pathway induces resistance to radiation in human cervical cancer HeLa cells. Cancer Biother Radiopharm 2011; 25:317-23. [PMID: 20578837 DOI: 10.1089/cbr.2009.0707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activation of Akt, or protein kinase B, is frequently observed in human cancers. It has been demonstrated that PI3K activation leads to radiation resistance. Here, the role of PI3K/Akt/COX-2 pathway in the resistance to radiation in human cervical cancer HeLa cells is explored. Cultured HeLa cells were randomly assigned to five treatment groups: control, radiation, LY294002, PI3K antagonist, and the COX-2-antagonist celecoxib, with the objective of determining the role of PI3K/Akt/COX-2 pathway in the radiation resistance of HeLa cells. The cell survival ratios were computed by clone formation. To calculate the quasi-threshold dose (Dq), mean lethal dose (D(0)), survival fraction at 2 Gy radiation dose (SF(2)), and radiosensitization ratio, the cell survival curves were fitted to the one-hit multitarget model. The protein expression profiles for pAkt, Akt, COX-2, Bad, and pBad were detected by Western blot analysis, and the mRNA expression profiles for COX-2 and Bad were analyzed by RT-polymerase chain reaction. Treatment with a combination of celecoxib, LY294002, and radiation resulted in elevated Dq, D(0), and SF(2), and increased radiosensitivity in HeLa cells. The PI3K/Akt/COX-2 pathway was activated by radiation, whereas celecoxib inhibited the activation of the PI3K/Akt/COX-2 axis through several targets. Our results indicate that the activated PI3K/Akt/COX-2 signal transduction pathway was the main cause for decline in radiosensitivity in HeLa cells. This study proposes that the inhibition of the PI3K/Akt/COX-2 pathway can synergistically enhance radiation efficacy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Shu Xia
- Department of Oncology, The Tong Ji Hospital, TongJi Medical College, HuaZhong University of Science and Technology, Wu Han, China.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
99
|
Zeng J, Sun Y, Wu K, Li L, Zhang G, Yang Z, Wang Z, Zhang D, Xue Y, Chen Y, Zhu G, Wang X, He D. Chemopreventive and Chemotherapeutic Effects of Intravesical Silibinin against Bladder Cancer by Acting on Mitochondria. Mol Cancer Ther 2011; 10:104-16. [PMID: 21220495 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-10-0577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
MESH Headings
- Administration, Intravesical
- Animals
- Antioxidants/pharmacology
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Apoptosis Inducing Factor/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/pathology
- Carcinoma, Transitional Cell/prevention & control
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cytochromes c/metabolism
- Down-Regulation/drug effects
- Female
- High-Temperature Requirement A Serine Peptidase 2
- Humans
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/biosynthesis
- Inhibitor of Apoptosis Proteins/genetics
- Membrane Potential, Mitochondrial/drug effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Mitochondria/drug effects
- Mitochondria/metabolism
- Mitochondria/pathology
- Mitochondrial Proteins/metabolism
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Serine Endopeptidases/metabolism
- Silybin
- Silymarin/pharmacology
- Survivin
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/metabolism
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/pathology
- Urinary Bladder Neoplasms/prevention & control
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jin Zeng
- Department of Urology, The First Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, 277 Yanta West Road, Xi'an 710061, China
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
100
|
Bode AM, Cao Y, Dong Z. Update on Cancer Prevention Research in the United States and China: The 2009 China—U.S. Forum on Frontiers of Cancer Research. Cancer Prev Res (Phila) 2010; 3:1630-7. [DOI: 10.1158/1940-6207.capr-10-0107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
|