51
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Hope JL, Stairiker CJ, Bae EA, Otero DC, Bradley LM. Striking a Balance-Cellular and Molecular Drivers of Memory T Cell Development and Responses to Chronic Stimulation. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1595. [PMID: 31379821 PMCID: PMC6650570 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Accepted: 06/26/2019] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Effective adaptive immune responses are characterized by stages of development and maturation of T and B cell populations that respond to disturbances in the host homeostasis in cases of both infections and cancer. For the T cell compartment, this begins with recognition of specific peptides by naïve, antigen-inexperienced T cells that results in their activation, proliferation, and differentiation, which generates an effector population that clears the antigen. Loss of stimulation eventually returns the host to a homeostatic state, with a heterogeneous memory T cell population that persists in the absence of antigen and is primed for rapid responses to a repeat antigen exposure. However, in chronic infections and cancers, continued antigen persistence impedes a successful adaptive immune response and the formation of a stereotypical memory population of T cells is compromised. With repeated antigen stimulation, responding T cells proceed down an altered path of differentiation that allows for antigen persistence, but much less is known regarding the heterogeneity of these cells and the extent to which they can become “memory-like,” with a capacity for self-renewal and recall responses that are characteristic of bona fide memory cells. This review focuses on the differentiation of CD4+ and CD8+ T cells in the context of chronic antigen stimulation, highlighting the central observations in both human and mouse studies regarding the differentiation of memory or “memory-like” T cells. The importance of both the cellular and molecular drivers of memory T cell development are emphasized to better understand the consequences of persisting antigen on T cell fates. Integrating what is known and is common across model systems and patients can instruct future studies aimed at further understanding T cell differentiation and development, with the goal of developing novel methods to direct T cells toward the generation of effective memory populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Hope
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Christopher J Stairiker
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Eun-Ah Bae
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Dennis C Otero
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
| | - Linda M Bradley
- Tumor Microenvironment and Cancer Immunology Program, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA, United States
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Chow MT, Ozga AJ, Servis RL, Frederick DT, Lo JA, Fisher DE, Freeman GJ, Boland GM, Luster AD. Intratumoral Activity of the CXCR3 Chemokine System Is Required for the Efficacy of Anti-PD-1 Therapy. Immunity 2019; 50:1498-1512.e5. [PMID: 31097342 PMCID: PMC6527362 DOI: 10.1016/j.immuni.2019.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 371] [Impact Index Per Article: 74.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2018] [Revised: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Despite compelling rates of durable clinical responses to programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) blockade, advances are needed to extend these benefits to resistant tumors. We found that tumor-bearing mice deficient in the chemokine receptor CXCR3 responded poorly to anti-PD-1 treatment. CXCR3 and its ligand CXCL9 were critical for a productive CD8+ T cell response in tumor-bearing mice treated with anti-PD-1 but were not required for the infiltration of CD8+ T cells into tumors. The anti-PD-1-induced anti-tumor response was facilitated by CXCL9 production from intratumoral CD103+ dendritic cells, suggesting that CXCR3 facilitates dendritic cell-T cell interactions within the tumor microenvironment. CXCR3 ligands in murine tumors and in plasma of melanoma patients were an indicator of clinical response to anti-PD-1, and their induction in non-responsive murine tumors promoted responsiveness to anti-PD-1. Our data suggest that the CXCR3 chemokine system is a biomarker for sensitivity to PD-1 blockade and that augmenting the intratumoral function of this chemokine system could improve clinical outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvyn T Chow
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Aleksandra J Ozga
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Rachel L Servis
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Dennie T Frederick
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jennifer A Lo
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - David E Fisher
- Cutaneous Biology Research Center, Department of Dermatology and MGH Cancer Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Gordon J Freeman
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Genevieve M Boland
- Department of Surgery, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology & Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy & Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA.
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Dangaj D, Bruand M, Grimm AJ, Ronet C, Barras D, Duttagupta PA, Lanitis E, Duraiswamy J, Tanyi JL, Benencia F, Conejo-Garcia J, Ramay HR, Montone KT, Powell DJ, Gimotty PA, Facciabene A, Jackson DG, Weber JS, Rodig SJ, Hodi SF, Kandalaft LE, Irving M, Zhang L, Foukas P, Rusakiewicz S, Delorenzi M, Coukos G. Cooperation between Constitutive and Inducible Chemokines Enables T Cell Engraftment and Immune Attack in Solid Tumors. Cancer Cell 2019; 35:885-900.e10. [PMID: 31185212 PMCID: PMC6961655 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccell.2019.05.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 428] [Impact Index Per Article: 85.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/05/2019] [Accepted: 05/13/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
We investigated the role of chemokines in regulating T cell accumulation in solid tumors. CCL5 and CXCL9 overexpression was associated with CD8+ T cell infiltration in solid tumors. T cell infiltration required tumor cell-derived CCL5 and was amplified by IFN-γ-inducible, myeloid cell-secreted CXCL9. CCL5 and CXCL9 coexpression revealed immunoreactive tumors with prolonged survival and response to checkpoint blockade. Loss of CCL5 expression in human tumors was associated with epigenetic silencing through DNA methylation. Reduction of CCL5 expression caused tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) desertification, whereas forced CCL5 expression prevented Cxcl9 expression and TILs loss, and attenuated tumor growth in mice through IFN-γ. The cooperation between tumor-derived CCL5 and IFN-γ-inducible CXCR3 ligands secreted by myeloid cells is key for orchestrating T cell infiltration in immunoreactive and immunoresponsive tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Immunological/pharmacology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/immunology
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Chemokine CCL5/immunology
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL9/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL9/immunology
- Chemokine CXCL9/metabolism
- Chemotaxis, Leukocyte/drug effects
- Coculture Techniques
- Cytokines/genetics
- Cytokines/immunology
- Cytokines/metabolism
- DNA Methylation
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/immunology
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Epigenesis, Genetic
- Female
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Immunotherapy/methods
- Interferon-gamma/genetics
- Interferon-gamma/immunology
- Interferon-gamma/metabolism
- Lymphocyte Activation/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/drug effects
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/immunology
- Lymphocytes, Tumor-Infiltrating/metabolism
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/immunology
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Ovarian Neoplasms/immunology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/metabolism
- Ovarian Neoplasms/pathology
- Ovarian Neoplasms/therapy
- Paracrine Communication
- Receptors, CXCR3/genetics
- Receptors, CXCR3/immunology
- Receptors, CXCR3/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
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Affiliation(s)
- Denarda Dangaj
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Marine Bruand
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Alizée J Grimm
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Catherine Ronet
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - David Barras
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - Priyanka A Duttagupta
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; University of Chicago, Knapp Center for Biomedical Discovery, Department of Hematology & Oncology, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Evripidis Lanitis
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Jaikumar Duraiswamy
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA; Division of Cell and Gene Therapy, OTAT/CBER/FDA, Silver Spring, MD 20993, USA
| | - Janos L Tanyi
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Fabian Benencia
- Russ College of Engineering and Technology, Ohio University, Athens, OH 45701, USA
| | - Jose Conejo-Garcia
- Department of Immunology and Gynecologic Oncology, Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
| | - Hena R Ramay
- SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland; International Microbiome Centre, University of Calgary, Calgary, AB, Canada
| | - Kathleen T Montone
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Daniel J Powell
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Phyllis A Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics and Epidemiology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Andrea Facciabene
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | | | - Jeffrey S Weber
- Laura and Isaac Perlmutter Cancer Center, New York University, 522 First Avenue, Room 1310 Smilow Building, New York, NY 10016, USA
| | - Scott J Rodig
- Department of Pathology, Brigham & Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Stephen F Hodi
- Center for Immuno-Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lana E Kandalaft
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Melita Irving
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Lin Zhang
- Ovarian Cancer Research Center, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
| | - Periklis Foukas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; 2nd Department of Pathology, Attikon University Hospital, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens 12464, Greece
| | - Sylvie Rusakiewicz
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland
| | - Mauro Delorenzi
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland; SIB Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Lausanne 1015, Switzerland
| | - George Coukos
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research and Department of Oncology, University of Lausanne, Lausanne 1066, Switzerland.
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54
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Lafouresse F, Groom JR. A Task Force Against Local Inflammation and Cancer: Lymphocyte Trafficking to and Within the Skin. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2454. [PMID: 30405637 PMCID: PMC6207597 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
The skin represents a specialized site for immune surveillance consisting of resident, inflammatory and memory populations of lymphocytes. The entry and retention of T cells, B cells, and ILCs is tightly regulated to facilitate detection of pathogens, inflammation and tumors cells. Loss of individual or multiple populations in the skin may break tolerance or increase susceptibility to tumor growth and spread. Studies have significantly advanced our understanding of the role of skin T cells and ILCs at steady state and in inflammatory settings such as viral challenge, atopy, and autoimmune inflammation. The knowledge raised by these studies can benefit to our understanding of immune cell trafficking in primary melanoma, shedding light on the mechanisms of tumor immune surveillance and to improve immunotherapy. This review will focus on the T cells, B cells, and ILCs of the skin at steady state, in inflammatory context and in melanoma. In particular, we will detail the core chemokine and adhesion molecules that regulate cell trafficking to and within the skin, which may provide therapeutic avenues to promote tumor homing for a team of lymphocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanny Lafouresse
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
| | - Joanna R Groom
- Divisions of Immunology and Molecular Immunology, Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Parkville, VIC, Australia
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55
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D'Agostino G, Cecchinato V, Uguccioni M. Chemokine Heterocomplexes and Cancer: A Novel Chapter to Be Written in Tumor Immunity. Front Immunol 2018; 9:2185. [PMID: 30319638 PMCID: PMC6167476 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.02185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 09/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Infiltrating immune cells are a key component of the tumor microenvironment and play central roles in dictating tumor fate, either promoting anti-tumor immune responses, or sustaining tumor growth, angiogenesis and metastasis. A distinctive microenvironment is often associated to different tumor types, with substantial differences in prognosis. The production of a variety of chemotactic factors by cancer and stromal cells orchestrates cell recruitment, local immune responses or cancer progression. In the last decades, different studies have highlighted how chemotactic cues, and in particular chemokines, can act as natural antagonists or induce synergistic effects on selective receptors by forming heterocomplexes, thus shaping migratory responses of immune cells. A variety of chemokines has been described to be able to form heterocomplexes both in vitro and in vivo under inflammatory conditions, but nowadays little is known on the presence and relevance of heterocomplexes in the tumor microenvironment. In recent years, the alarmin HMGB1, which can be massively released within the tumor microenvironment, has also been described to form a complex with the chemokine CXCL12 enhancing CXCR4-mediated signaling, thus providing an additional regulation of the activity of the chemokine system. In the present review, we will discuss the current knowledge on the synergy occurring between chemokines or inflammatory molecules, and describe the multiple functions exerted by the chemokines expressed in the tumor microenvironment, pointing our attention to the synergism as a possible modulator of tumor suppression or progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gianluca D'Agostino
- Laboratory of Chemokines in Immunity, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Valentina Cecchinato
- Laboratory of Chemokines in Immunity, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Mariagrazia Uguccioni
- Laboratory of Chemokines in Immunity, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, Università della Svizzera italiana, Bellinzona, Switzerland.,Department of Biomedical Sciences, Humanitas University, Milan, Italy
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56
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The anticancer peptide RT53 induces immunogenic cell death. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0201220. [PMID: 30080874 PMCID: PMC6078289 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0201220] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In recent years, immunogenic cell death (ICD) has emerged as a revolutionary concept in the development of novel anticancer therapies. This particular form of cell death is able, through the spatiotemporally defined emission of danger signals by the dying cell, to induce an effective antitumor immune response, allowing the immune system to recognize and eradicate malignant cells. To date, only a restricted number of chemotherapeutics can trigger ICD of cancer cells. We previously reported that a peptide, called RT53, spanning the heptad leucine repeat region of the survival protein AAC-11 fused to a penetrating sequence, selectively induces cancer cell death in vitro and in vivo. Interestingly, B16F10 melanoma cells treated by RT53 were able to mediate anticancer effects in a tumor vaccination model. Stimulated by this observation, we investigated whether RT53 might mediate ICD of cancer cells. Here, we report that RT53 treatment induces all the hallmarks of immunogenic cell death, as defined by the plasma membrane exposure of calreticulin, release of ATP and the exodus of high-mobility group box 1 protein (HMGB1) from dying cancer cells, through a non-regulated, membranolytic mode of action. In a prophylactic mouse model, vaccination with RT53-treated fibrosarcomas prevented tumor growth at the challenge site. Finally, local intratumoral injection of RT53 into established cancers led to tumor regression together with T-cell infiltration and the mounting of an inflammatory response in the treated animals. Collectively, our results strongly suggest that RT53 can induce bona fide ICD of cancer cells and illustrate its potential use as a novel antitumor and immunotherapeutic strategy.
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57
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Lanitis E, Dangaj D, Irving M, Coukos G. Mechanisms regulating T-cell infiltration and activity in solid tumors. Ann Oncol 2018; 28:xii18-xii32. [PMID: 29045511 DOI: 10.1093/annonc/mdx238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 246] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
T-lymphocytes play a critical role in cancer immunity as evidenced by their presence in resected tumor samples derived from long-surviving patients, and impressive clinical responses to various immunotherapies that reinvigorate them. Indeed, tumors can upregulate a wide array of defense mechanisms, both direct and indirect, to suppress the ability of Tcells to reach the tumor bed and mount curative responses upon infiltration. In addition, patient and tumor genetics, previous antigenic experience, and the microbiome, are all important factors in shaping the T-cell repertoire and sensitivity to immunotherapy. Here, we review the mechanisms that regulate T-cell homing, infiltration, and activity within the solid tumor bed. Finally, we summarize different immunotherapies and combinatorial treatment strategies that enable the immune system to overcome barriers for enhanced tumor control and improved patient outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- E Lanitis
- The Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges
| | - D Dangaj
- The Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges
| | - M Irving
- The Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges
| | - G Coukos
- The Ludwig Branch for Cancer Research of the University of Lausanne, Epalinges.,Department of Oncology, University Hospital of Lausanne (CHUV), Lausanne, Switzerland
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58
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Yoshida S, Shime H, Takeda Y, Nam J, Takashima K, Matsumoto M, Shirato H, Kasahara M, Seya T. Toll-like receptor 3 signal augments radiation-induced tumor growth retardation in a murine model. Cancer Sci 2018; 109:956-965. [PMID: 29465830 PMCID: PMC5891207 DOI: 10.1111/cas.13543] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/14/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy induces anti-tumor immunity by induction of tumor antigens and damage-associated molecular patterns (DAMP). DNA, a representative DAMP in radiotherapy, activates the stimulator of interferon genes (STING) pathway which enhances the immune response. However, the immune response does not always parallel the inflammation associated with radiotherapy. This lack of correspondence may, in part, explain the radiation-resistance of tumors. Additive immunotherapy is expected to revive tumor-specific CTL facilitating radiation-resistant tumor shrinkage. Herein pre-administration of the double-stranded RNA, polyinosinic-polycytidylic acid (polyI:C), in conjunction with radiotherapy, was shown to foster tumor suppression in mice bearing radioresistant, ovalbumin-expressing Lewis lung carcinoma (LLC). Extrinsic injection of tumor antigen was not required for tumor suppression. No STING- and CTL-response was induced by radiation in the implant tumor. PolyI:C was more effective for induction of tumor growth retardation at 1 day before radiation than at post-treatment. PolyI:C targeted Toll-like receptor 3 with minimal effect on the mitochondrial antiviral-signaling protein pathway. Likewise, the STING pathway barely contributed to LLC tumor suppression. PolyI:C primed antigen-presenting dendritic cells in draining lymph nodes to induce proliferation of antigen-specific CTL. By combination therapy, CTL efficiently infiltrated into tumors with upregulation of relevant chemokine transcripts. Batf3-positive DC and CD8+ T cells were essential for therapeutic efficacy. Furthermore, polyI:C was shown to stimulate tumor-associated macrophages and release tumor necrosis factor alpha, which acted on tumor cells and increased sensitivity to radiation. Hence, polyI:C treatment prior to radiotherapy potentially induces tumor suppression by boosting CTL-dependent and macrophage-mediated anti-tumor responses. Eventually, polyI:C and radiotherapy in combination would be a promising therapeutic strategy for radiation-resistant tumors.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antigens, Neoplasm/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/drug effects
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/metabolism
- CD8-Positive T-Lymphocytes/radiation effects
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/metabolism
- Carcinoma, Lewis Lung/radiotherapy
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/radiation effects
- Combined Modality Therapy/methods
- Dendritic Cells/drug effects
- Dendritic Cells/metabolism
- Dendritic Cells/radiation effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Immunotherapy, Adoptive/methods
- Macrophages/drug effects
- Macrophages/metabolism
- Macrophages/radiation effects
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Poly I-C/pharmacology
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/drug effects
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/metabolism
- T-Lymphocytes, Cytotoxic/radiation effects
- Toll-Like Receptor 3/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumito Yoshida
- Department of Vaccine ImmunologyGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Department of Pathology IGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hiroaki Shime
- Department of Vaccine ImmunologyGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Present address:
Department of ImmunologyGraduate School of Medical SciencesNagoya City UniversityNagoyaJapan
| | - Yohei Takeda
- Department of Vaccine ImmunologyGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Jin‐Min Nam
- Department of Radiation MedicineGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and EngineeringGlobal Institution for Collaborative Research and EducationHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Ken Takashima
- Department of Vaccine ImmunologyGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Misako Matsumoto
- Department of Vaccine ImmunologyGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Hiroki Shirato
- Department of Radiation MedicineGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
- Global Station for Quantum Medical Science and EngineeringGlobal Institution for Collaborative Research and EducationHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Masanori Kasahara
- Department of Pathology IGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
| | - Tsukasa Seya
- Department of Vaccine ImmunologyGraduate School of MedicineHokkaido UniversitySapporoJapan
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59
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Upadhyay S, Sharma N, Gupta KB, Dhiman M. Role of immune system in tumor progression and carcinogenesis. J Cell Biochem 2018; 119:5028-5042. [PMID: 29327370 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.26663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2017] [Accepted: 01/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Tumor micro-environment has potential to customize the behavior of the immune cell according to their need. In immune-eliminating phase, immune cells eliminate transformed cells but after tumor establishment innate and adaptive immune cells synergistically provide shelter as well as fulfill their requirement that helps in progression. In between eliminating and establishment phase, equilibrium and escaping phase regulate the immune cells response. During immune-escaping, (1) the antigenic response generated is either inadequate, or focused entirely on tolerance, and (2) immune response generated is specific and effective, but the tumor skips immune recognition. In this review, we are discussing the critical role of immune cells and their cytokines before and after the establishment of tumor which might play a critical role during immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shishir Upadhyay
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Nidhi Sharma
- Department of Animal Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Kunj Bihari Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
| | - Monisha Dhiman
- Department of Biochemistry and Microbial Sciences, School of Basic and Applied Sciences, Central University of Punjab, Bathinda, Punjab, India
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60
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Kather JN, Halama N, Jaeger D. Genomics and emerging biomarkers for immunotherapy of colorectal cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2018; 52:189-197. [PMID: 29501787 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/28/2017] [Revised: 02/19/2018] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is a common and lethal disease with a high therapeutic need. For most patients with metastatic CRC, chemotherapy is the only viable option. Currently, immunotherapy is restricted to the particular genetic subgroup of mismatch-repair deficient (MMRd)/microsatellite instable (MSI) CRC. Anti-PD1 therapy was recently FDA-approved as a second-line treatment in this subgroup. However, in a metastatic setting, these MMRd/MSI tumors are vastly outnumbered by mismatch-repair proficient (MMRp)/microsatellite stable (MSS) tumors. These MMRp/MSS tumors do not meaningfully respond to any traditional immunotherapy approach including checkpoint blockade, adoptive cell transfer and vaccination. This resistance to immunotherapy is due to a complex tumor microenvironment that counteracts antitumor immunity through a combination of poorly antigenic tumor cells and an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. To find ways of overcoming immunotherapy resistance in the majority of CRC patients, it is necessary to analyze the immunological makeup in an in-depth and personalized way and in the context of their tumor genetic makeup. Flexible, biomarker-guided early-phase immunotherapy trials are needed to optimize this workflow. In this review, we detail key mechanisms for immune evasion and emerging immune biomarkers for personalized immunotherapy in CRC. Also, we present a template for biomarker-guided clinical trials that are needed to move new immunotherapy approaches closer to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakob Nikolas Kather
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Niels Halama
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Dirk Jaeger
- Department of Medical Oncology and Internal Medicine VI, National Center for Tumor Diseases, University Hospital Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany; German Cancer Consortium (DKTK), Heidelberg, Germany; Applied Tumor Immunity, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.
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61
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Wang D. The essential role of G protein-coupled receptor (GPCR) signaling in regulating T cell immunity. Immunopharmacol Immunotoxicol 2018; 40:187-192. [PMID: 29433403 DOI: 10.1080/08923973.2018.1434792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
AIM The aim of this paper is to clarify the critical role of GPCR signaling in T cell immunity. METHODS The G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) are the most common targets in current pharmaceutical industry, and represent the largest and most versatile family of cell surface communicating molecules. GPCRs can be activated by a diverse array of ligands including neurotransmitters, chemokines as well as sensory stimuli. Therefore, GPCRs are involved in many key cellular and physiological processes, such as sense of light, taste and smell, neurotransmission, metabolism, endocrine and exocrine secretion. In recent years, GPCRs have been found to play an important role in immune system. T cell is an important type of immune cell, which plays a central role in cell-mediated immunity. A variety of GPCRs and their signaling mediators (RGS proteins, GRKs and β-arrestin) have been found to express in T cells and involved T cell-mediated immunity. We will summarize the role of GPCR signaling and their regulatory molecules in T cell activation, homeostasis and function in this article. RESULTS GPCR signaling plays an important role in T cell activation, homeostasis and function. CONCLUSION GPCR signaling is critical in regulating T cell immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dashan Wang
- a Molecular Biology Research Center, Key Medical Health Laboratory for Laboratory Medicine of Shandong Province, Department of Laboratory Medicine , Shandong Medical College , Linyi , Shandong , China
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62
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Mira E, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Pérez-Villamil B, Casas J, Fernández-Aceñero MJ, Martínez-Rey D, Martín-González P, Heras-Murillo I, Paz-Cabezas M, Tardáguila M, Oury TD, Martín-Puig S, Lacalle RA, Fabriás G, Díaz-Rubio E, Mañes S. SOD3 improves the tumor response to chemotherapy by stabilizing endothelial HIF-2α. Nat Commun 2018; 9:575. [PMID: 29422508 PMCID: PMC5805714 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-03079-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/18/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
One drawback of chemotherapy is poor drug delivery to tumor cells, due in part to hyperpermeability of the tumor vasculature. Extracellular superoxide dismutase (SOD3) is an antioxidant enzyme usually repressed in the tumor milieu. Here we show that specific SOD3 re-expression in tumor-associated endothelial cells (ECs) increases doxorubicin (Doxo) delivery into and chemotherapeutic effect on tumors. Enhanced SOD3 activity fostered perivascular nitric oxide accumulation and reduced vessel leakage by inducing vascular endothelial cadherin (VEC) transcription. SOD3 reduced HIF prolyl hydroxylase domain protein activity, which increased hypoxia-inducible factor-2α (HIF-2α) stability and enhanced its binding to a specific VEC promoter region. EC-specific HIF-2α ablation prevented both the SOD3-mediated increase in VEC transcription and the enhanced Doxo effect. SOD3, VEC, and HIF-2α levels correlated positively in primary colorectal cancers, which suggests a similar interconnection of these proteins in human malignancy. Tumour vasculature influences drug delivery. Here, the authors show that SOD3 re-expression enhances doxorubicin delivery and effects through normalization of tumour vasculature via the HIF-2a/VE-cadherin pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emilia Mira
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Lorena Carmona-Rodríguez
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Beatriz Pérez-Villamil
- Genomics and Microarray Laboratory, Medical Oncology & Surgical Pathology Departments, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, CIBERONC, Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Josefina Casas
- Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - María Jesús Fernández-Aceñero
- Genomics and Microarray Laboratory, Medical Oncology & Surgical Pathology Departments, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, CIBERONC, Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Diego Martínez-Rey
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Paula Martín-González
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Ignacio Heras-Murillo
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Mateo Paz-Cabezas
- Genomics and Microarray Laboratory, Medical Oncology & Surgical Pathology Departments, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, CIBERONC, Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Manuel Tardáguila
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain.,Genetics Institute, University of Florida, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL, 32610, USA
| | - Tim D Oury
- Department of Pathology, University of Pittsburgh, 3550 Terrace Street, Pittsburgh, PA, 15261, USA
| | - Silvia Martín-Puig
- Myocardial Pathophysiology Area, Centro Nacional de Investigaciones Cardiovasculares, Calle de Melchor Fernández Almagro, 3, Madrid, 28029, Spain
| | - Rosa Ana Lacalle
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain
| | - Gemma Fabriás
- Department of Biomedicinal Chemistry, Institute of Advanced Chemistry of Catalonia (IQAC-CSIC), Jordi Girona 18-26, Barcelona, 08034, Spain
| | - Eduardo Díaz-Rubio
- Genomics and Microarray Laboratory, Medical Oncology & Surgical Pathology Departments, Instituto de Investigación Sanitaria San Carlos Hospital Clínico San Carlos, Univ. Complutense de Madrid, CIBERONC, Profesor Martín Lagos, S/N, Madrid, 28040, Spain
| | - Santos Mañes
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Darwin, 3, Madrid, 28049, Spain.
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63
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Ryu H, Baek SW, Moon JY, Jo IS, Kim N, Lee HJ. C-C motif chemokine receptors in gastric cancer. Mol Clin Oncol 2018; 8:3-8. [PMID: 29285394 PMCID: PMC5738695 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2017.1470] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gastric cancer is the fifth most common cancer and the third leading cause of cancer-associated mortality worldwide. Despite recent advances in molecular and clinical research, patients with gastric cancer at an advanced stage have a dismal prognosis and poor survival rates, and systemic treatment relies predominantly on traditional cytotoxic chemotherapy. To improve patients' quality of life and survival, an improved understanding of the complex molecular mechanisms involved in gastric cancer progression and treatment resistance, and of its clinical application in the development of novel targeted therapies, is urgently required. Chemokines are a group of small chemotactic cytokines that interact with seven-transmembrane G-protein-coupled receptors, and this interaction serves a crucial role in various physiological processes, including organ development and the host immune response, to recruit cells to specific sites in the body. There is also accumulating evidence that chemokines and chemokine receptors (CCRs) contribute to tumor development and progression, as well as metastasis. However, research regarding the functional roles of chemokines and their receptors in cancer is dynamic and context-dependent, and much remains to be elucidated, although various aspects have been explored extensively. In gastric cancer, C-C motif CCRs are involved in the biological behavior of tumor cells, including the processes of growth, invasion and survival, as well as the epithelial-mesenchymal transition. In the present review, attention is given to the clinical relevance of C-C motif CCRs in the development, progression, and metastasis of gastric cancer, particularly CCR7 and CCR5, which have been investigated extensively, as well as their potential therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyewon Ryu
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Woo Baek
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Ji Young Moon
- Department of Internal Medicine, Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Sook Jo
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine Chungnam National University and Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Nayoung Kim
- Department of Medical Science, School of Medicine Chungnam National University and Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyo Jin Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine Chungnam National University and Chungnam National University Hospital, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
- Cancer Research Institute, Chungnam National University, Daejeon 35015, Republic of Korea
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64
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Van Acker HH, Beretta O, Anguille S, De Caluwé L, Papagna A, Van den Bergh JM, Willemen Y, Goossens H, Berneman ZN, Van Tendeloo VF, Smits EL, Foti M, Lion E. Desirable cytolytic immune effector cell recruitment by interleukin-15 dendritic cells. Oncotarget 2017; 8:13652-13665. [PMID: 28099143 PMCID: PMC5355127 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.14622] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 01/03/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Success of dendritic cell (DC) therapy in treating malignancies is depending on the DC capacity to attract immune effector cells, considering their reciprocal crosstalk is partially regulated by cell-contact-dependent mechanisms. Although critical for therapeutic efficacy, immune cell recruitment is a largely overlooked aspect regarding optimization of DC vaccination. In this paper we have made a head-to-head comparison of interleukin (IL)-15-cultured DCs and conventional IL-4-cultured DCs with regard to their proficiency in the recruitment of (innate) immune effector cells. Here, we demonstrate that IL-4 DCs are suboptimal in attracting effector lymphocytes, while IL15 DCs provide a favorable chemokine milieu for recruiting CD8+ T cells, natural killer (NK) cells and gamma delta (γδ) T cells. Gene expression analysis revealed that IL-15 DCs exhibit a high expression of chemokines involved in antitumor immune effector cell attraction, while IL-4 DCs display a more immunoregulatory profile characterized by the expression of Th2 and regulatory T cell-attracting chemokines. This is confirmed by functional data indicating an enhanced recruitment of granzyme B+ effector lymphocytes by IL-15 DCs, as compared to IL-4 DCs, and subsequent superior killing of tumor cells by the migrated lymphocytes. Elevated CCL4 gene expression in IL-15 DCs and lowered CCR5 expression on both migrated γδ T cells and NK cells, led to validation of increased CCL4 secretion by IL15 DCs. Moreover, neutralization of CCR5 prior to migration resulted in an important inhibition of γδ T cell and NK cell recruitment by IL-15 DCs. These findings further underscore the strong immunotherapeutic potential of IL-15 DCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heleen H Van Acker
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Ottavio Beretta
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Sébastien Anguille
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Lien De Caluwé
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Virology Unit, Department of Biomedical Sciences, Institute of Tropical Medicine, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Angela Papagna
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Johan M Van den Bergh
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Yannick Willemen
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Herman Goossens
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Zwi N Berneman
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
| | - Viggo F Van Tendeloo
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Evelien L Smits
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium.,Center for Oncological Research (CORE), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium
| | - Maria Foti
- School of Medicine and Surgery, University of Milano-Bicocca, Monza, Italy
| | - Eva Lion
- Laboratory of Experimental Hematology, Tumor Immunology Group (TIGR), Vaccine and Infectious Disease Institute (VAXINFECTIO), University of Antwerp, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Antwerp, Belgium.,Center for Cell Therapy and Regenerative Medicine, Antwerp University Hospital, Edegem, Belgium
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65
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Tan LY, Martini C, Fridlender ZG, Bonder CS, Brown MP, Ebert LM. Control of immune cell entry through the tumour vasculature: a missing link in optimising melanoma immunotherapy? Clin Transl Immunology 2017; 6:e134. [PMID: 28435677 PMCID: PMC5382436 DOI: 10.1038/cti.2017.7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2016] [Revised: 01/20/2017] [Accepted: 01/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastatic melanoma remains a fatal disease to many worldwide, even after the breakthrough introduction of targeted therapies such as BRAF inhibitors and immune checkpoint blockade therapies such as CTLA-4 and PD-1 inhibitors. With advances in our understanding of this disease, as well as the increasing data gathered from patient studies, the significance of the host immune response to cancer progression and response to treatment is becoming clear. More specifically, the presence of intratumoral CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells correlates with better prognosis whereas the accumulation of monocytes/macrophages and neutrophils in the tumour is often associated with worse prognosis. Access and infiltration of circulating leukocytes into the tumour is governed by adhesion molecules and chemokines expressed by the endothelial cells of the vasculature. This review focuses on the adhesion molecules and chemokines which control the homing of CD8+ cytotoxic T-cells, monocytes and neutrophils to peripheral tissues, including tumours. We discuss the role of these leukocyte subsets in regulating melanoma growth, and detail the mechanisms used by tumours to selectively recruit or exclude these leukocytes for their own advantage. In doing so, we bring to light an underappreciated component of tumour biology which should be considered in combination with current treatments to selectively alter the leukocyte composition of tumours and ultimately enhance treatment outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lih Yin Tan
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Carmela Martini
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Zvi G Fridlender
- Institute of Pulmonary Medicine, Hadassah-Hebrew University Medical Center, Jerusalem, Israel
| | - Claudine S Bonder
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Michael P Brown
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Cancer Clinical Trials Unit, Royal Adelaide Hospital, Adelaide, SA, Australia.,Discipline of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, SA, Australia
| | - Lisa M Ebert
- Centre for Cancer Biology, University of South Australia and SA Pathology, Adelaide, SA, Australia
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66
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Gregor CE, Foeng J, Comerford I, McColl SR. Chemokine-Driven CD4 + T Cell Homing: New Concepts and Recent Advances. Adv Immunol 2017; 135:119-181. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.ai.2017.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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67
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Lacalle RA, Blanco R, Carmona-Rodríguez L, Martín-Leal A, Mira E, Mañes S. Chemokine Receptor Signaling and the Hallmarks of Cancer. INTERNATIONAL REVIEW OF CELL AND MOLECULAR BIOLOGY 2016; 331:181-244. [PMID: 28325212 DOI: 10.1016/bs.ircmb.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemokines are a family of chemotactic cytokines that mediate their activity by acting on seven-transmembrane-spanning G protein-coupled receptors. Both the ability of the chemokines and their receptors to form homo- and heterodimers and the promiscuity of the chemokine-chemokine receptor interaction endow this protein family with enormous signaling plasticity and complexity that are not fully understood at present. Chemokines were initially identified as essential regulators of homeostatic and inflammatory trafficking of innate and adaptive leucocytes from lymphoid organs to tissues. Chemokines also mediate the host response to cancer. Nevertheless, chemokine function in this response is not limited to regulating leucocyte infiltration into the tumor microenvironment. It is now known that chemokines and their receptors influence most-if not all-hallmark processes of cancer; they act on both neoplastic and untransformed cells in the tumor microenvironment, including fibroblasts, endothelial cells (blood and lymphatic), bone marrow-derived stem cells, and, obviously, infiltrating leucocytes. This review begins with an overview of chemokine and chemokine receptor structure, to better define how chemokines affect the proliferation, survival, stemness, and metastatic potential of neoplastic cells. We also examine the main mechanisms by which chemokines regulate tumor angiogenesis and immune cell infiltration, emphasizing the pro- and antitumorigenic activity of this protein superfamily in these interrelated processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- R A Lacalle
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Blanco
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | | | - A Martín-Leal
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - E Mira
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Mañes
- Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain.
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68
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Chheda ZS, Sharma RK, Jala VR, Luster AD, Haribabu B. Chemoattractant Receptors BLT1 and CXCR3 Regulate Antitumor Immunity by Facilitating CD8+ T Cell Migration into Tumors. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2016; 197:2016-26. [PMID: 27465528 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1502376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 108] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 06/26/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies have shown considerable efficacy for the treatment of various cancers, but a multitude of patients remain unresponsive for various reasons, including poor homing of T cells into tumors. In this study, we investigated the roles of the leukotriene B4 receptor, BLT1, and CXCR3, the receptor for CXCL9, CXCL10, and CXCL11, under endogenous as well as vaccine-induced antitumor immune response in a syngeneic murine model of B16 melanoma. Significant accelerations in tumor growth and reduced survival were observed in both BLT1(-/-) and CXCR3(-/-) mice as compared with wild-type (WT) mice. Analysis of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes revealed significant reduction of CD8(+) T cells in the tumors of BLT1(-/-) and CXCR3(-/-) mice as compared with WT tumors, despite their similar frequencies in the periphery. Adoptive transfer of WT but not BLT1(-/-) or CXCR3(-/-) CTLs significantly reduced tumor growth in Rag2(-/-) mice, a function attributed to reduced infiltration of knockout CTLs into tumors. Cotransfer experiments suggested that WT CTLs do not facilitate the infiltration of knockout CTLs to tumors. Anti-programmed cell death-1 (PD-1) treatment reduced the tumor growth rate in WT mice but not in BLT1(-/-), CXCR3(-/-), or BLT1(-/-)CXCR3(-/-) mice. The loss of efficacy correlated with failure of the knockout CTLs to infiltrate into tumors upon anti-PD-1 treatment, suggesting an obligate requirement for both BLT1 and CXCR3 in mediating anti-PD-1 based antitumor immune response. These results demonstrate a critical role for both BLT1 and CXCR3 in CTL migration to tumors and thus may be targeted to enhance efficacy of CTL-based immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zinal S Chheda
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Rajesh K Sharma
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202; Division of Medical Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202; and
| | - Venkatakrishna R Jala
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02139
| | - Bodduluri Haribabu
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202; Department of Microbiology and Immunology, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202;
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69
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Redmond WL, Linch SN. Combinatorial immunotherapeutic approaches to restore the function of anergic tumor-reactive cytotoxic CD8 + T cells. Hum Vaccin Immunother 2016; 12:2519-2522. [PMID: 27459422 PMCID: PMC5084978 DOI: 10.1080/21645515.2016.1193277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous preclinical studies have demonstrated that combination immunotherapy can significantly reduce tumor growth and improve overall survival as compared to monotherapy. Furthermore, dual CTLA-4/PD-1 checkpoint blockade recently received FDA-approval for patients with metastatic melanoma, becoming the first combination immunotherapy to garner this designation in a rapidly evolving field. Despite this progress, the majority of patients do not respond to treatment, underscoring the critical need for more effective therapies. We have been investigating the mechanisms by which combination immunotherapy with an OX40 agonist plus CTLA-4 checkpoint blockade augments effector T cell responses to elicit anti-tumor immunity. Surprisingly, this approach failed to eradicate well-established tumors, in part due to the induction of anergy in cytotoxic CD8+ T cells. Further work revealed that anergic CD8+ T cells could be rescued by combining a dendritic cell-targeted vaccine with combination immunotherapy. Taken together, these data suggest that novel combinatorial immunotherapeutic strategies incorporating a vaccination strategy may be needed to generate effective anti-tumor responses in the majority of patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- William L Redmond
- a Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center , Portland , OR , USA.,b Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology , School of Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University , Portland , OR , USA
| | - Stefanie N Linch
- a Robert W. Franz Cancer Research Center, Earle A. Chiles Research Institute, Providence Portland Medical Center , Portland , OR , USA
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70
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Long H, Xiang T, Qi W, Huang J, Chen J, He L, Liang Z, Guo B, Li Y, Xie R, Zhu B. CD133+ ovarian cancer stem-like cells promote non-stem cancer cell metastasis via CCL5 induced epithelial-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2016; 6:5846-59. [PMID: 25788271 PMCID: PMC4467406 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.3462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs, also called cancer stem-like cells, CSLCs) can function as "seed cells" for tumor recurrence and metastasis. Here, we report that, in the presence of CD133+ ovarian CSLCs, CD133- non-CSLCs can undergo an epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-like process and display enhanced metastatic capacity in vitro and in vivo. Highly elevated expression of chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 5 (CCL5) and its receptors chemokine (C-C motif) receptor (CCR) 1/3/5 are observed in clinical and murine metastatic tumor tissues from epithelial ovarian carcinomas. Mechanistically, paracrine CCL5 from ovarian CSLCs activates the NF-κB signaling pathway in ovarian non-CSLCs via binding CCR1/3/5, thereby inducing EMT and tumor invasion. Taken together, our results redefine the metastatic potential of non-stem cancer cells and provide evidence that targeting the CCL5:CCR1/3/5-NF-κB pathway could be an effective strategy to prevent ovarian cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixia Long
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Tong Xiang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Qi
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jiani Huang
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junying Chen
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Luhang He
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Zhiqing Liang
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Guo
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Yongsheng Li
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rongkai Xie
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Bo Zhu
- Institute of Cancer, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Biomedical Analysis Center, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Hoffmann MM, Molina-Mendiola C, Nelson AD, Parks CA, Reyes EE, Hansen MJ, Rajagopalan G, Pease LR, Schrum AG, Gil D. Co-potentiation of antigen recognition: A mechanism to boost weak T cell responses and provide immunotherapy in vivo. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2015; 1:e1500415. [PMID: 26601285 PMCID: PMC4646799 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.1500415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
Adaptive immunity is mediated by antigen receptors that can induce weak or strong immune responses depending on the nature of the antigen that is bound. In T lymphocytes, antigen recognition triggers signal transduction by clustering T cell receptor (TCR)/CD3 multiprotein complexes. In addition, it hypothesized that biophysical changes induced in TCR/CD3 that accompany receptor engagement may contribute to signal intensity. Nonclustering monovalent TCR/CD3 engagement is functionally inert despite the fact that it may induce changes in conformational arrangement or in the flexibility of receptor subunits. We report that the intrinsically inert monovalent engagement of TCR/CD3 can specifically enhance physiologic T cell responses to weak antigens in vitro and in vivo without stimulating antigen-unengaged T cells and without interrupting T cell responses to strong antigens, an effect that we term as "co-potentiation." We identified Mono-7D6-Fab, which biophysically altered TCR/CD3 when bound and functionally enhanced immune reactivity to several weak antigens in vitro, including a gp100-derived peptide associated with melanoma. In vivo, Mono-7D6-Fab induced T cell antigen-dependent therapeutic responses against melanoma lung metastases, an effect that synergized with other anti-melanoma immunotherapies to significantly improve outcome and survival. We conclude that Mono-7D6-Fab directly co-potentiated TCR/CD3 engagement by weak antigens and that such concept can be translated into an immunotherapeutic design. The co-potentiation principle may be applicable to other receptors that could be regulated by otherwise inert compounds whose latent potency is only invoked in concert with specific physiologic ligands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michele M. Hoffmann
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Carlos Molina-Mendiola
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
- Department of Statistics, Polytechnic University of Catalonia, Barcelona 08034, Spain
| | - Alfreda D. Nelson
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Christopher A. Parks
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Edwin E. Reyes
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Michael J. Hansen
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Govindarajan Rajagopalan
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Larry R. Pease
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Adam G. Schrum
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
| | - Diana Gil
- Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, 200 First Street SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA
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Larruskain A, Esparza-Baquer A, Minguijón E, Juste RA, Jugo BM. SNPs in candidate genesMX dynamin-like GTPaseandchemokine (C-C motif) receptor-5are associated with ovine pulmonary adenocarcinoma progression in Latxa sheep. Anim Genet 2015; 46:666-75. [DOI: 10.1111/age.12351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 07/12/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- A. Larruskain
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); 48080 Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
| | - A. Esparza-Baquer
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); 48080 Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
| | - E. Minguijón
- Animal Health Department; NEIKER-Tecnalia; 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - R. A. Juste
- Animal Health Department; NEIKER-Tecnalia; 48160 Derio Bizkaia Spain
| | - B. M. Jugo
- Genetics, Physical Anthropology and Animal Physiology Department; Faculty of Science and Technology; University of the Basque Country (UPV/EHU); 48080 Bilbao Bizkaia Spain
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Abstract
Chemokines are chemotactic cytokines that control the migration of cells between tissues and the positioning and interactions of cells within tissue. The chemokine superfamily consists of approximately 50 endogenous chemokine ligands and 20 G protein-coupled seven-transmembrane spanning signaling receptors. Chemokines mediate the host response to cancer by directing the trafficking of leukocytes into the tumor microenvironment. This migratory response is complex and consists of diverse leukocyte subsets with both antitumor and protumor activities. Although chemokines were initially appreciated as important mediators of immune cell migration, we now know that they also play important roles in the biology of nonimmune cells important for tumor growth and progression. Chemokines can directly modulate the growth of tumors by inducing the proliferation of cancer cells and preventing their apoptosis. They also direct tumor cell movement required for metastasis. Chemokines can also indirectly modulate tumor growth through their effects on tumor stromal cells and by inducing the release of growth and angiogenic factors from cells in the tumor microenvironment. In this Masters of Immunology primer, we focus on recent advances in understanding the complex nature of the chemokine system in tumor biology with a focus on how the chemokine system could be used to augment cancer immunotherapeutic strategies to elicit a more robust and long-lasting host antitumor immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melvyn T Chow
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Andrew D Luster
- Center for Immunology and Inflammatory Diseases, Division of Rheumatology, Allergy and Immunology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.
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Grotz TE, Jakub JW, Mansfield AS, Goldenstein R, Enninga EAL, Nevala WK, Leontovich AA, Markovic SN. Evidence of Th2 polarization of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) in melanoma. Oncoimmunology 2015; 4:e1026504. [PMID: 26405583 PMCID: PMC4570120 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2015.1026504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2015] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/27/2015] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Melanoma has a propensity for lymphatogenous metastasis. Improved understanding of the sentinel lymph node (SLN) immunological environment may improve outcomes. The immune phenotype of fresh melanoma SLNs (n = 13) were compared to fresh control lymph nodes (n = 13) using flow cytometry. RNA was isolated from CD4+ T cells of the SLN and control lymph node and assessed for Th1/Th2 gene expression pathways using qRT-PCR. In addition, VEGF expression was compared between primary melanoma (n = 6) and benign nevi (n = 6) using immunohistochemistry. Melanoma SLNs had fewer CD8+ T cells compared to controls (9.2% vs. 19.5%, p = 0.0005). The CD8+ T cells within the SLN appeared to have an exhausted phenotype demonstrated by increased PD-1 mRNA expression (2.2% vs. 0.8%, p = 0.004) and a five-fold increase in CTLA-4 mRNA expression. The SLN also contained an increased number of CD14 (22.7% vs. 7.7%, p = 0.009) and CD68 (9.3% vs. 2.7%, p = 0.001) macrophages, and CD20 B cells (31.1% vs. 20.7%, p = 0.008), suggesting chronic inflammation. RT-PCR demonstrated a significant Th2 bias within the SLN. In vitro studies demonstrated a similar Th2 polarization with VEGF treatment of control lymph nodes. The primary melanoma demonstrated strong VEGF expression and an increase in VEGFR1 within the SLN. Melanoma is associated with Th2-mediated “chronic inflammation,” fewer cytotoxic T cells, and an exhausted T cell phenotype within the SLN combined with VEGF overproduction by the primary melanoma. These immunologic changes precede nodal metastasis and suggests consideration of VEGF inhibitors in future immunotherapy studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - James W Jakub
- Department of Surgery; Mayo Clinic ; Rochester MN USA
| | | | | | | | | | - Alexey A Leontovich
- Department of Health Sciences Research at the Mayo Clinic ; Rochester MN USA
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75
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Sharma RK, Chheda ZS, Jala VR, Haribabu B. Regulation of cytotoxic T-Lymphocyte trafficking to tumors by chemoattractants: implications for immunotherapy. Expert Rev Vaccines 2014; 14:537-49. [PMID: 25482400 DOI: 10.1586/14760584.2015.982101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy has recently emerged as an important treatment modality. FDA approval of provenge, ipilimumab and pembrolizumab has started to deliver on the long awaited promise of cancer immunotherapy. Many new modalities of immunotherapies targeting cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) responses, such as adoptive cell therapies and vaccines, are in advanced clinical trials. In all these immunotherapies, migration of CTLs to the tumor site is a critical step for achieving therapeutic efficacy. However, inefficient infiltration of activated CTLs into established tumors is increasingly being recognized as one of the major hurdles limiting efficacy. Mechanisms that control migration of CTLs to tumors are poorly defined. In this review, the authors discuss the chemoattractants and their receptors that have been implicated in endogenous- or immunotherapy-induced CTL recruitment to tumors and the potential for targeting these pathways for therapeutic efficacy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajesh K Sharma
- James Graham Brown Cancer Center, University of Louisville Health Sciences, Louisville, KY 40202, USA
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76
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A lovastatin-elicited genetic program inhibits M2 macrophage polarization and enhances T cell infiltration into spontaneous mouse mammary tumors. Oncotarget 2014; 4:2288-301. [PMID: 24317954 PMCID: PMC3926827 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.1376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Beyond their ability to inhibit cholesterol biosynthesis, the statins have pleiotropic effects that include anti-inflammatory and immunomodulatory activities. Statins could have clinical utility, alone or in combination with other chemotherapeutics, in the treatment of cancer. The mechanisms that underlie the anti-tumor activity of the statins are nonetheless poorly defined. No studies have analyzed how they alter the tumor-associated leukocyte infiltrate, a central factor that influences tumor stroma and cancer evolution. Here we used HER2/neu transgenic (Tg-neu) mice to analyze the effect of lovastatin (Lov) on the inflammatory reaction of spontaneous mammary tumors. Lov treatment of tumor-bearing Tg-neu mice did not alter growth of established tumors, but significantly reduced the number of new oncogenic lesions in these mice. Moreover, Lov inhibited the growth of newly implanted Tg-neu tumors in immunocompetent but not in immunodeficient mice. We found that Lov enhanced tumor infiltration by effector T cells, and reduced the number of immunosuppressive and pro-angiogenic M2-like tumor-associated macrophages (TAM). Concomitantly, the drug improved the structure and function of the tumor vasculature, measured as enhanced tumor oxygenation and penetration of cytotoxic drugs. Microarray analysis identified a Lov-elicited genetic program in Tg-neu tumors that might explain these effects; we observed Lov-induced downregulation of placental growth factor, which triggers aberrant angiogenesis and M2-like TAM polarization. Our results identify a role for lovastatin in the shaping and re-education of the inflammatory infiltrate in tumors, with functional consequences in angiogenesis and antitumor immunity.
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77
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Serum CCL2 and CCL3 as potential biomarkers for the diagnosis of oral squamous cell carcinoma. Tumour Biol 2014; 35:10539-46. [PMID: 25060177 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-014-2306-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2014] [Accepted: 07/03/2014] [Indexed: 10/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Monocyte chemotactic protein-1 (MCP-1/CCL2) and macrophage inflammatory protein-1α (MIP-1α/CCL3) are small chemotactic proteins that have been found in several kinds of tumor tissue samples and function as key regulators of cancer progression. However, the expression of CCL2 and CCL3 in serum samples of oral squamous cell carcinoma (OSCC) patients remains unknown. This study aimed to investigate the prognostic meaning of serum CCL2 and CCL3 in OSCC. The concentration of CCL2 and CCL3 was assessed by ELISA in serum of OSCC patients (n = 98), leukoplakia patients (n = 14), and healthy donors (n = 27). The results showed that the concentration of CCL2 in the OSCC group was significantly lower compared to that in the healthy controls (67.81 vs. 108.1 pg/ml, P < 0.0001). The CCL3 concentration was higher in leukoplakia patients than in OSCC patients and healthy donors (201.9 vs. 153.9 or 118.3 pg/ml, P < 0.05). No significant difference in CCL3 concentration was observed between OSCC patients and healthy donors. However, the OSCC group clearly presented two subclusters, i.e., CCL3 (LOW) and CCL3 (HIGH) OSCC subclusters, in which the serum level of CCL3 was positively related to the tumor size. Interestingly, the ratio of CCL2/CCL3 in OSCC patients was correlated to TNM (tumor, node, metastasis), smoking habits, and differentiation. The receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve suggests that serum CCL2 is a good diagnostic marker to discriminate OSCC patients from healthy people (cutoff value, 101.1 pg/ml) and the ratio of CCL2/CCL3 also is a good diagnostic marker to discriminate leukoplakia patients and CCL3 (HIGH) OSCC patients from healthy people (cutoff values, 1.080 and 0.424, respectively). These results indicate that CCL2 and CCL3 are associated with progression of OSCC and may be potential biomarkers.
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78
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Deng J, Yuan S, Pennati A, Murphy J, Wu JH, Lawson D, Galipeau J. Engineered fusokine GIFT4 licenses the ability of B cells to trigger a tumoricidal T-cell response. Cancer Res 2014; 74:4133-44. [PMID: 24938765 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-14-0708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Engineered chimeric cytokines can generate gain-of-function activity in immune cells. Here, we report potent antitumor activity for a novel fusion cytokine generated by N-terminal coupling of GM-CSF to IL4, generating a fusokine termed GIFT4. B cells treated with GIFT4 clustered GM-CSF and IL4 receptors on the cell surface and displayed a pan-STAT hyperphosphorylation associated with acquisition of a distinct phenotype and function described to date. In C57BL/6J mice, administration of GIFT4 expanded endogenous B cells and suppressed the growth of B16F0 melanoma cells. Furthermore, B16F0 melanoma cells engineered to secrete GIFT4 were rejected immunologically in a B-cell-dependent manner. This effect was abolished when GIFT4-expressing B16F0 cells were implanted in B-cell-deficient mice, confirming a B-cell-dependent antitumor effect. Human GIFT4-licensed B cells primed cytotoxic T cells and specifically killed melanoma cells in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, our results demonstrated that GIFT4 could mediate expansion of B cells with potent antigen-specific effector function. GIFT4 may offer a novel immunotherapeutic tool and define a previously unrecognized potential for B cells in melanoma immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiusheng Deng
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Shala Yuan
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Andrea Pennati
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jordan Murphy
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jian Hui Wu
- Lady Davis Institute for Medical Research, Department of Oncology, McGill University, Quebec, Canada
| | - David Lawson
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Jacques Galipeau
- Department of Hematology and Medical Oncology, Winship Cancer Institute, Emory University, Atlanta, Georgia.
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Affara NI, Ruffell B, Medler TR, Gunderson AJ, Johansson M, Bornstein S, Bergsland E, Steinhoff M, Li Y, Gong Q, Ma Y, Wiesen JF, Wong MH, Kulesz-Martin M, Irving B, Coussens LM. B cells regulate macrophage phenotype and response to chemotherapy in squamous carcinomas. Cancer Cell 2014; 25:809-821. [PMID: 24909985 PMCID: PMC4063283 DOI: 10.1016/j.ccr.2014.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 219] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2013] [Revised: 02/13/2014] [Accepted: 04/30/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
B cells foster squamous cell carcinoma (SCC) development through deposition of immunoglobulin-containing immune complexes in premalignant tissue and Fcγ receptor-dependent activation of myeloid cells. Because human SCCs of the vulva and head and neck exhibited hallmarks of B cell infiltration, we examined B cell-deficient mice and found reduced support for SCC growth. Although ineffective as a single agent, treatment of mice bearing preexisting SCCs with B cell-depleting αCD20 monoclonal antibodies improved response to platinum- and Taxol-based chemotherapy. Improved chemoresponsiveness was dependent on altered chemokine expression by macrophages that promoted tumor infiltration of activated CD8(+) lymphocytes via CCR5-dependent mechanisms. These data reveal that B cells, and the downstream myeloid-based pathways they regulate, represent tractable targets for anticancer therapy in select tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nesrine I. Affara
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Brian Ruffell
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Terry R. Medler
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Andrew J. Gunderson
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Magnus Johansson
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Sophia Bornstein
- Department of Radiation Medicine, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Emily Bergsland
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Martin Steinhoff
- Department of Dermatology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Yijin Li
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Qian Gong
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Yan Ma
- Genentech, South San Francisco, CA 94080, USA
| | - Jane F. Wiesen
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Melissa H. Wong
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Dermatology Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | - Molly Kulesz-Martin
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Department of Dermatology Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
| | | | - Lisa M. Coussens
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239, USA
- Address for correspondence: L.M. Coussens, Ph.D. Cell & Developmental Biology Oregon Health & Sciences University 3181 SW Sam Jackson Park Rd, Mail Code L215, Rm 5508, Richard Jones Hall Portland, OR 97239-3098
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80
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Mango RL, Wu QP, West M, McCook EC, Serody JS, van Deventer HW. C-C chemokine receptor 5 on pulmonary mesenchymal cells promotes experimental metastasis via the induction of erythroid differentiation regulator 1. Mol Cancer Res 2013; 12:274-82. [PMID: 24197118 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-13-0164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
UNLABELLED C-C Chemokine receptor 5 knockout (Ccr5(-/-)) mice develop fewer experimental pulmonary metastases than wild-type (WT) mice. This phenomenon was explored by applying gene expression profiling to the lungs of mice with these metastases. Consequently, erythroid differentiation regulator 1 (Erdr1) was identified as upregulated in the WT mice. Though commonly associated with bone marrow stroma, Erdr1 was differentially expressed in WT pulmonary mesenchymal cells (PMC) and murine embryonic fibroblasts (MEF). Moreover, the Ccr5 ligand Ccl4 increased its expression by 3.36 ± 0.14-fold. Ccr5 signaling was dependent on the mitogen-activated protein kinase kinase (Map2k) but not the phosphoinositide 3-kinase (Pi3k) pathway because treatment with U0126 inhibited upregulation of Erdr1, but treatment with LY294002 increased the expression by 3.44 ± 0.92-fold (P < 0.05). The effect Erdr1 on B16-F10 melanoma metastasis was verified by the adoptive transfer of WT MEFs into Ccr5(-/-) mice. In this model, MEFs that had been transduced with Erdr1 short hairpin RNA (shRNA) lowered metastasis by 33% compared with control transduced MEFs. The relevance of ERDR1 on human disease was assessed by coculturing chronic lymphocytic leukemia (CLL) cells with M2-10B4 stromal cells that had been transfected with shRNA or control plasmids. After 96 hours of coculture, the cell counts were higher with control cell lines than with Erdr1 knockdown lines [odds ratio (OR), 1.88 ± 0.27, 2.52 ± 0.66, respectively]. This increase was associated with a decrease in apoptotic cells (OR, 0.69 ± 0.18, 0.58 ± 0.12, respectively). IMPLICATIONS Therefore, ERDR1 is a stromal-derived factor that promotes cancer cell survival in vitro and in an experimental metastasis model.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Mango
- University of North Carolina, CB 7305, 170 Manning Drive, Chapel Hill, NC 27599-7305.
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81
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The chemokine system, and its CCR5 and CXCR4 receptors, as potential targets for personalized therapy in cancer. Cancer Lett 2013; 352:36-53. [PMID: 24141062 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2013] [Revised: 10/07/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines and their receptors regulate the trafficking of leukocytes in hematopoiesis and inflammation, and thus are fundamental to the immune integrity of the host. In parallel, members of the chemokine system exert a large variety of functions that dictate processes of cancer development and progression. Chemokines can act as pro-tumoral or anti-tumoral regulators of malignancy by affecting cells of the tumor microenvironment (leukocytes, endothelial cells, fibroblasts) and the tumor cells themselves (migration, invasion, proliferation, resistance to chemotherapy). Several of the chemokines are generally skewed towards the cancer-promoting direction, including primarily the CCR5-CCL5 (RANTES) and the CXCR4-CXCL12 (SDF-1) axes. This review provides a general view of chemokines and chemokine receptors as regulators of malignancy, describing their multi-faceted activities in cancer. The tumor-promoting activities of the CCR5-CCL5 and CXCR4-CXCL12 pathways are enlightened, emphasizing their potential use as targets for personalized therapy. Indeed, novel blockers of chemokines and their receptors are constantly emerging, and two chemokine receptor inhibitors were recently approved for clinical use: Maraviroc for CCR5 and Plerixafor for CXCR4. The review addresses ongoing pre-clinical and clinical trials using these modalities and others in cancer. Then, challenges and opportunities of personalized therapy directed against chemokines and their receptors in malignancy are discussed, demonstrating that such novel personalized cancer therapies hold many challenges, but also offer hope for cancer patients.
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82
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Ondondo B, Jones E, Godkin A, Gallimore A. Home sweet home: the tumor microenvironment as a haven for regulatory T cells. Front Immunol 2013; 4:197. [PMID: 23874342 PMCID: PMC3712544 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2013.00197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
CD4+Foxp3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) have a fundamental role in maintaining immune balance by preventing autoreactivity and immune-mediated pathology. However this role of Tregs extends to suppression of anti-tumor immune responses and remains a major obstacle in the development of anti-cancer vaccines and immunotherapies. This feature of Treg activity is exacerbated by the discovery that Treg frequencies are not only elevated in the blood of cancer patients, but are also significantly enriched within tumors in comparison to other sites. These observations have sparked off the quest to understand the processes through which Tregs become elevated in cancer-bearing hosts and to identify the specific mechanisms leading to their accumulation within the tumor microenvironment. This manuscript reviews the evidence for specific mechanisms of intra-tumoral Treg enrichment and will discuss how this information may be utilized for the purpose of manipulating the balance of tumor-infiltrating T cells in favor of anti-tumor effector cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Beatrice Ondondo
- Nuffield Department of Medicine, The Jenner Institute (ORCRB), University of Oxford , Oxford , UK
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83
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Tardáguila M, Mira E, García-Cabezas MA, Feijoo AM, Quintela-Fandino M, Azcoitia I, Lira SA, Mañes S. CX3CL1 promotes breast cancer via transactivation of the EGF pathway. Cancer Res 2013; 73:4461-73. [PMID: 23720051 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-3828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Chemokines are relevant molecules in shaping the tumor microenvironment, although their contributions to tumorigenesis are not fully understood. We studied the influence of the chemokine CX3CL1/fractalkine in de novo breast cancer formation using HER2/neu transgenic mice. CX3CL1 expression was downmodulated in HER2/neu tumors, yet, paradoxically, adenovirus-mediated CX3CL1 expression in the tumor milieu enhanced mammary tumor numbers in a dose-dependent manner. Increased tumor multiplicity was not a consequence of CX3CL1-induced metastatic dissemination of the primary tumor, although CX3CL1 induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition in breast cancer cells in vitro. Instead, CX3CL1 triggered cell proliferation by induction of ErbB receptors through the proteolytic shedding of an ErbB ligand. This effect was important insofar as mammary tumorigenesis was delayed and tumor multiplicity was reduced by genetic deletion of CX3CL1 in HER2/neu mice, but not in polyoma middle T-antigen oncomice. Our findings support the conclusion that CX3CL1 acts as a positive modifier of breast cancer in concert with ErbB receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manuel Tardáguila
- Department of Immunology and Oncology, Centro Nacional de Biotecnología/CSIC, Madrid, Spain
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84
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Cintolo JA, Datta J, Mathew SJ, Czerniecki BJ. Dendritic cell-based vaccines: barriers and opportunities. Future Oncol 2013; 8:1273-99. [PMID: 23130928 DOI: 10.2217/fon.12.125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) have several characteristics that make them an ideal vehicle for tumor vaccines, and with the first US FDA-approved DC-based vaccine in use for the treatment of prostate cancer, this technology has become a promising new therapeutic option. However, DC-based vaccines face several barriers that have limited their effectiveness in clinical trials. A major barrier includes the activation state of the DC. Both DC lineage and maturation signals must be selected to optimize the antitumor response and overcome immunosuppressive effects of the tumor microenvironment. Another barrier to successful vaccination is the selection of target antigens that will activate both CD8(+) and CD4(+) T cells in a potent, immune-specific manner. Finally, tumor progression and immune dysfunction limit vaccine efficacy in advanced stages, which may make DC-based vaccines more efficacious in treating early-stage disease. This review underscores the scientific basis and advances in the development of DC-based vaccines, focuses on current barriers to success and highlights new research opportunities to address these obstacles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jessica A Cintolo
- Department of Surgery & Harrison Department of Surgical Research, University of Pennsylvania, Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA 19104, USA
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85
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Balamurugan K, Sharan S, Klarmann KD, Zhang Y, Coppola V, Summers GH, Roger T, Morrison DK, Keller JR, Sterneck E. FBXW7α attenuates inflammatory signalling by downregulating C/EBPδ and its target gene Tlr4. Nat Commun 2013; 4:1662. [PMID: 23575666 PMCID: PMC3625980 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2677] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 02/28/2013] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor 4 (Tlr4) has a pivotal role in innate immune responses, and the transcription factor CCAAT/enhancer binding protein delta (C/EBPδ, Cebpd) is a Tlr4-induced gene. Here we identify a positive feedback loop in which C/EBPδ activates Tlr4 gene expression in macrophages and tumour cells. In addition, we discovered a negative feedback loop whereby the tumour suppressor FBXW7α (FBW7, Cdc4), whose gene expression is inhibited by C/EBPδ, targets C/EBPδ for degradation when C/EBPδ is phosphorylated by GSK-3β. Consequently, FBXW7α suppresses Tlr4 expression and responses to the ligand lipopolysaccharide. FBXW7α depletion alone is sufficient to augment pro-inflammatory signalling in vivo. Moreover, as inflammatory pathways are known to modulate tumour biology, Cebpd null mammary tumours, which have reduced metastatic potential, show altered expression of inflammation-associated genes. Together, these findings reveal a role for C/EBPδ upstream of Tlr4 signalling and uncover a function for FBXW7α as an attenuator of inflammatory signalling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kuppusamy Balamurugan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, P.O. Box B., Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Shikha Sharan
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, P.O. Box B., Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Kimberly D. Klarmann
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B., Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Youhong Zhang
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, P.O. Box B., Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Vincenzo Coppola
- Department of MVIMG, Wexner Medical Center, Ohio State University-Comprehensive Cancer Center, Ohio State University-CCC, 988 Biological Research Tower 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OHIO 43210
| | - Glenn H. Summers
- Laboratory Animal Sciences Program, SAIC-Frederick, NCI, FNLCR, Frederick, MD
| | - Thierry Roger
- Infectious Diseases Service, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire Vaudois and University of Lausanne, BH 19–111, rue du Bugnon 46, CH-1011 Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Deborah K. Morrison
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, P.O. Box B., Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Jonathan R. Keller
- Basic Science Program, SAIC-Frederick, Inc., Laboratory of Cancer Prevention, National Laboratory for Cancer Research, P.O. Box B., Frederick, MD 21702-1201
| | - Esta Sterneck
- Laboratory of Cell and Developmental Signaling, National Cancer Institute-Frederick, P.O. Box B., Frederick, MD 21702-1201
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86
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Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a cancer of the cerebellum and the most common primary pediatric malignancy of the central nervous system. Classified as a primitive neural ectoderm tumor; it is thought to arise from granule cell precursors in the cerebellum. The standard of care consists of surgery, chemotherapy and age-dependent radiation therapy. Despite aggressive multimodality therapy; approximately 30% of MB patients remain incurable. Moreover, for long-term survivors, the treatment related sequelae are often debilitating. Side effects include cerebellar mutism, sterility, neurocognitive deficits, and a substantial risk of developing secondary cancers. In a quest for more effective and targeted therapies, scientists have begun to investigate the biological events that not only initiate but also sustain the malignant phenotype in MB. Of particular interest is, the role of the tumor microenvironment in tumor pathogenesis. This review seeks to highlight several key processes observed in cancer biology, particularly the involvement of the tumor microenvironment, with relevant examples from MB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tiara Byrd
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, Houston, Texas 77030, USA.
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87
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Lee NJ, Choi DY, Song JK, Jung YY, Kim DH, Kim TM, Kim DJ, Kwon SM, Kim KB, Choi KE, Moon DC, Kim Y, Han SB, Hong JT. Deficiency of C–C chemokine receptor 5 suppresses tumor development via inactivation of NF–ĸB and inhibition of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 in urethane-induced lung tumor model. Carcinogenesis 2012; 33:2520-8. [DOI: 10.1093/carcin/bgs265] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
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88
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Demberg T, Robert-Guroff M. Controlling the HIV/AIDS epidemic: current status and global challenges. Front Immunol 2012; 3:250. [PMID: 22912636 PMCID: PMC3418522 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2012.00250] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2012] [Accepted: 07/27/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
This review provides an overview of the current status of the global HIV pandemic and strategies to bring it under control. It updates numerous preventive approaches including behavioral interventions, male circumcision (MC), pre- and post-exposure prophylaxis (PREP and PEP), vaccines, and microbicides. The manuscript summarizes current anti-retroviral treatment options, their impact in the western world, and difficulties faced by emerging and resource-limited nations in providing and maintaining appropriate treatment regimens. Current clinical and pre-clinical approaches toward a cure for HIV are described, including new drug compounds that target viral reservoirs and gene therapy approaches aimed at altering susceptibility to HIV infection. Recent progress in vaccine development is summarized, including novel approaches and new discoveries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thorsten Demberg
- Vaccine Branch, Section on Immune Biology of Retroviral Infection, National Cancer Institute, National Institutes of Health Bethesda, MD, USA
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89
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Berraondo P, Umansky V, Melero I. Changing the tumor microenvironment: new strategies for immunotherapy. Cancer Res 2012; 72:5159-64. [PMID: 22826606 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-12-1952] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Solid tumors are composed of malignant cells surrounded by a tumor-conditioned stroma that contains extracellular matrix and a variety of nonmalignant populations, including myeloid cells, lymphocytes, fibroblasts, and endothelial cells. These stromal elements form a local immunoregulatory network that must be overcome to achieve eradication of established tumors by immunotherapy. On March 21-22, 2012, a symposium was held in Pamplona, Spain, to share the recent advances regarding the molecules and cells that create and sustain this immune-hostile tumor microenvironment. Excellent targets for immunotherapeutic intervention were identified, and a number of therapeutic strategies under translation from mouse to human were presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pedro Berraondo
- Division of Hepatology and Gene Therapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Navarra, Spain
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90
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Viola A, Sarukhan A, Bronte V, Molon B. The pros and cons of chemokines in tumor immunology. Trends Immunol 2012; 33:496-504. [PMID: 22726608 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2012.05.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2012] [Revised: 05/11/2012] [Accepted: 05/16/2012] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Innate and adaptive immune cells can intervene during tumor progression at different stages including initiation, angiogenesis, local spreading and distant metastasis formation. The net effect can be favorable or detrimental to tumor development, depending on the composition and activation status of the immune infiltrate. Chemokines can determine the distribution of immune cells in the tumor microenvironment and also affect stroma composition. Here we consider how a complex network of chemokines plays a key role in dictating the fate of a tumor. Although the field is in its infancy, we also highlight how targeting chemokines offers a tool to modulate the tumor environment with the aim of enhancing immune-mediated rejection of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Antonella Viola
- Istituto Clinico Humanitas IRCCS and Department of Translational Medicine, University of Milan, Via Manzoni 113, 20089 Rozzano, Milan, Italy
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91
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Lin S, Wan S, Sun L, Hu J, Fang D, Zhao R, Yuan S, Zhang L. Chemokine C-C motif receptor 5 and C-C motif ligand 5 promote cancer cell migration under hypoxia. Cancer Sci 2012; 103:904-12. [PMID: 22380870 DOI: 10.1111/j.1349-7006.2012.02259.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2011] [Revised: 02/10/2012] [Accepted: 02/13/2012] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The chemokine CC motif receptor 5 (CCR5) and its ligands have been reported to be associated with cancer progression and metastasis. Although recent researches have demonstrated a fundamental role of hypoxia in cancer, the effect of hypoxia on the expression and function of CCR5 and its ligands in cancer cells is unknown. Here, we investigated the status of CCR5 and its ligands in cancer cells under hypoxic conditions. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction, western blotting and immunofluorescence staining showed that hypoxia induced a strong increase of CCR5 expression. Dual luciferase assay and mRNA stability analysis indicated that hypoxia-induced CCR5 mRNA expression relied on both transcriptional and posttranscriptional mechanisms. We detected the expression of CCR5 ligands and found that chemokine CC motif ligand 5 (CCL5) was induced under hypoxia. Recombinant human CCL5 stimulated cell migration rather than cell proliferation under hypoxia, and neutralization of CCL5 inhibited hypoxia-induced migration of cancer cells. Similarly, overexpression of CCR5 increased cell migration, and knockdown of CCR5 attenuated hypoxia-mediated cell migration. We further showed that hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α) was involved in CCR5 and CCL5 regulation under hypoxia. HIF-1α mRNA levels were highly correlated with CCR5 mRNA and CCL5 mRNA levels in clinical samples. CCR5 and CCL5 were highly expressed in breast cancer lymph nodes metastases. Taken together, our data suggest that CCR5-CCL5 interaction promotes cancer cell migration under hypoxia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sensen Lin
- New Drug Screening Center, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, China
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