51
|
Kovalevsky A, Aggarwal M, Velazquez H, Cuneo MJ, Blakeley MP, Weiss KL, Smith JC, Fisher SZ, McKenna R. "To Be or Not to Be" Protonated: Atomic Details of Human Carbonic Anhydrase-Clinical Drug Complexes by Neutron Crystallography and Simulation. Structure 2018; 26:383-390.e3. [PMID: 29429876 DOI: 10.1016/j.str.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/10/2018] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Human carbonic anhydrases (hCAs) play various roles in cells, and have been drug targets for decades. Sequence similarities of hCA isoforms necessitate designing specific inhibitors, which requires detailed structural information for hCA-inhibitor complexes. We present room temperature neutron structures of hCA II in complex with three clinical drugs that provide in-depth analysis of drug binding, including protonation states of the inhibitors, hydration water structure, and direct visualization of hydrogen-bonding networks in the enzyme's active site. All sulfonamide inhibitors studied bind to the Zn metal center in the deprotonated, anionic, form. Other chemical groups of the drugs can remain neutral or be protonated when bound to hCA II. MD simulations have shown that flexible functional groups of the inhibitors may alter their conformations at room temperature and occupy different sub-sites. This study offers insights into the design of specific drugs to target cancer-related hCA isoform IX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrey Kovalevsky
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA.
| | - Mayank Aggarwal
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Hector Velazquez
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - Matthew J Cuneo
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Matthew P Blakeley
- Large Scale Structures Group, Institut Laue-Langevin, 71 Avenue des Martyrs, 38000 Grenoble, France
| | - Kevin L Weiss
- Biology and Soft Matter Division, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA
| | - Jeremy C Smith
- Center for Molecular Biophysics, Oak Ridge National Laboratory, Oak Ridge, TN 37831, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Cellular Molecular Biology, University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996, USA
| | - S Zoë Fisher
- Scientific Activities Division, Science Directorate, European Spallation Source ERIC, 22100 Lund, Sweden; Department of Biology, Lund University, 35 Sölvegatan, 22362 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert McKenna
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
52
|
Novel 2-(2-arylmethylthio-4-chloro-5-methylbenzenesulfonyl)-1-(1,3,5-triazin-2-ylamino)guanidine derivatives: Inhibition of human carbonic anhydrase cytosolic isozymes I and II and the transmembrane tumor-associated isozymes IX and XII, anticancer activity, and molecular modeling studies. Eur J Med Chem 2018; 143:1931-1941. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2017.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/02/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
53
|
Carbonic Anhydrase Inhibition and the Management of Hypoxic Tumors. Metabolites 2017; 7:metabo7030048. [PMID: 28926956 PMCID: PMC5618333 DOI: 10.3390/metabo7030048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 166] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Revised: 09/15/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia and acidosis are salient features of many tumors, leading to a completely different metabolism compared to normal cells. Two of the simplest metabolic products, protons and bicarbonate, are generated by the catalytic activity of the metalloenzyme carbonic anhydrase (CA, EC 4.2.1.1), with at least two of its isoforms, CA IX and XII, mainly present in hypoxic tumors. Inhibition of tumor-associated CAs leads to an impaired growth of the primary tumors, metastases and reduces the population of cancer stem cells, leading thus to a complex and beneficial anticancer action for this class of enzyme inhibitors. In this review, I will present the state of the art on the development of CA inhibitors (CAIs) targeting the tumor-associated CA isoforms, which may have applications for the treatment and imaging of cancers expressing them. Small molecule inhibitors, one of which (SLC-0111) completed Phase I clinical trials, and antibodies (girentuximab, discontinued in Phase III clinical trials) will be discussed, together with the various approaches used to design anticancer agents with a new mechanism of action based on interference with these crucial metabolites, protons and bicarbonate.
Collapse
|
54
|
Hypoxia induces cancer-associated cAMP/PKA signalling through HIF-mediated transcriptional control of adenylyl cyclases VI and VII. Sci Rep 2017; 7:10121. [PMID: 28860539 PMCID: PMC5578998 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-09549-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxia is a phenomenon often arising in solid tumours, linked to aggressive malignancy, bad prognosis and resistance to therapy. Hypoxia-inducible factor-1 has been identified as a key mediator of cell and tissue adaptation to hypoxic conditions through transcriptional activation of many genes involved in glucose metabolism and other cancer-related processes, such as angiogenesis, cell survival and cell invasion. Cyclic adenosine 3′5′-monophosphate is one of the most ancient and evolutionarily conserved signalling molecules and the cAMP/PKA signalling pathway plays an important role in cellular adaptation to hypoxia. We have investigated possible new mechanisms behind hypoxic activation of the cAMP/PKA pathway. For the first time, we have shown that hypoxia induces transcriptional up-regulation of the system of adenylyl cyclases, enzymes responsible for cAMP production, in a panel of carcinoma cell lines of various origin. Our data prove functional relevance of the hypoxic increase of adenylyl cyclases VI and VII at least partially mediated by HIF-1 transcription factor. We have identified adenylyl cyclase VI and VII isoforms as mediators of cellular response to hypoxia, which led to the elevation of cAMP levels and enhanced PKA activity, with an impact on cell migration and pH regulation.
Collapse
|
55
|
Swayampakula M, McDonald PC, Vallejo M, Coyaud E, Chafe SC, Westerback A, Venkateswaran G, Shankar J, Gao G, Laurent EMN, Lou Y, Bennewith KL, Supuran CT, Nabi IR, Raught B, Dedhar S. The interactome of metabolic enzyme carbonic anhydrase IX reveals novel roles in tumor cell migration and invadopodia/MMP14-mediated invasion. Oncogene 2017; 36:6244-6261. [PMID: 28692057 PMCID: PMC5684442 DOI: 10.1038/onc.2017.219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2017] [Revised: 05/05/2017] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a hypoxia inducible factor 1-induced, cell surface pH regulating enzyme with an established role in tumor progression and clinical outcome. However, the molecular basis of CAIX-mediated tumor progression remains unclear. Here, we have utilized proximity dependent biotinylation (BioID) to map the CAIX ‘interactome’ in breast cancer cells in order to identify physiologically relevant CAIX-associating proteins with potential roles in tumor progression. High confidence proteins identified include metabolic transporters, β1 integrins, integrin-associated protein CD98hc and matrix metalloprotease 14 (MMP14). Biochemical studies validate the association of CAIX with α2β1 integrin, CD98hc and MMP14, and immunofluorescence microscopy demonstrates colocalization of CAIX with α2β1 integrin and MMP14 in F-actin/cofilin-positive lamellipodia/pseudopodia, and with MMP14 to cortactin/Tks5-positive invadopodia. Modulation of CAIX expression and activity results in significant changes in cell migration, collagen degradation and invasion. Mechanistically, we demonstrate that CAIX associates with MMP14 through potential phosphorylation residues within its intracellular domain, and that CAIX enhances MMP14-mediated collagen degradation by directly contributing hydrogen ions required for MMP14 catalytic activity. These findings establish hypoxia-induced CAIX as a novel metabolic component of cellular migration and invasion structures, and provide new mechanistic insights into its role in tumor cell biology.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- M Swayampakula
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - P C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - M Vallejo
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E Coyaud
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S C Chafe
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - A Westerback
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G Venkateswaran
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - J Shankar
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - G Gao
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - E M N Laurent
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Y Lou
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - K L Bennewith
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - C T Supuran
- Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Universita degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - I R Nabi
- Department of Cellular and Physiological Sciences, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - B Raught
- Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - S Dedhar
- Department of Integrative Oncology, BC Cancer Research Centre, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| |
Collapse
|
56
|
Riemann A, Güttler A, Haupt V, Wichmann H, Reime S, Bache M, Vordermark D, Thews O. Inhibition of Carbonic Anhydrase IX by Ureidosulfonamide Inhibitor U104 Reduces Prostate Cancer Cell Growth, But Does Not Modulate Daunorubicin or Cisplatin Cytotoxicity. Oncol Res 2017. [PMID: 28631600 PMCID: PMC7844713 DOI: 10.3727/096504017x14965111926391] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase (CA) IX has emerged as a promising target for cancer therapy. It is highly upregulated in hypoxic regions and mediates pH regulation critical for tumor cell survival as well as extracellular acidification of the tumor microenvironment, which promotes tumor aggressiveness via various mechanisms, such as augmenting metastatic potential. Therefore, the aim of this study was to analyze the complex interdependency between CA IX and the tumor microenvironment in prostate tumor cells with regard to potential therapeutic implications. CA IX was upregulated by hypoxia as well as acidosis in prostate cancer cells. This induction did not modulate intracellular pH but led to extracellular acidification. Pharmacological inhibition of CA IX activity by U104 (SLC-0111) resulted in a reduction in tumor cell growth and an increase in apoptotic cell death. Intracellular pH was reduced under normoxic and even more so under hypoxic conditions when CA IX level was high. However, although intracellular pH regulation was disturbed, targeting CA IX in combination with daunorubicin or cisplatin did not intensify apoptotic tumor cell death. Hence, targeting CA IX in prostate cancer cells can lead to intracellular pH dysregulation and, consequently, can reduce cellular growth and elevate apoptotic cell death. Attenuation of extracellular acidification by blocking CA IX might additionally impede tumor progression and metastasis. However, no beneficial effect was seen when targeting CA IX in combination with chemotherapeutic drugs.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Anne Riemann
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Antje Güttler
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Verena Haupt
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Henri Wichmann
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Sarah Reime
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Matthias Bache
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Dirk Vordermark
- Klinik und Poliklinik für Strahlentherapie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| | - Oliver Thews
- Julius-Bernstein-Institut für Physiologie, Universität Halle-Wittenberg, Halle, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
57
|
Buonanno M, Langella E, Zambrano N, Succoio M, Sasso E, Alterio V, Di Fiore A, Sandomenico A, Supuran CT, Scaloni A, Monti SM, De Simone G. Disclosing the Interaction of Carbonic Anhydrase IX with Cullin-Associated NEDD8-Dissociated Protein 1 by Molecular Modeling and Integrated Binding Measurements. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1460-1465. [PMID: 28388044 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Human Carbonic Anhydrase (hCA) IX is a membrane-associated member of the CA enzyme family, involved in solid tumor acidification. This enzyme is a marker of tumor hypoxia and a prognostic factor for several human cancers. In a recent paper, we showed that CA IX interacts with cullin-associated NEDD8-dissociated protein 1 (CAND1), a nuclear protein involved in gene transcription and assembly of SCF ubiquitin ligase complexes. A functional role for this interaction was also identified, since lower CA IX levels were observed in cells with decreased CAND1 expression via shRNA-mediated interference. In this paper, we describe the identification of the structural determinants responsible for the CA IX/CAND1 interaction by means of a multidisciplinary approach, consisting of binding assay measurements, molecular docking, and site-directed mutagenesis. These data open a novel scenario in the design of anticancer drugs targeting CA IX. Indeed, the knowledge of the structural determinants responsible for the CAND1/CA IX interaction provides the molecular basis to design molecules able to destabilize it. Due to the proposed function of CAND1 in stabilizing CA IX, these molecules could represent an efficient tool to lower the amount of CA IX in hypoxic cancer cells, thus limiting its action in survival and the metastatic spread of tumors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Emma Langella
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | - Nicola Zambrano
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
| | - Mariangela Succoio
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
| | - Emanuele Sasso
- Dipartimento
di Medicina Molecolare e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università degli Studi di Napoli Federico II and CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Anna Di Fiore
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimagini, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Neurofarba
Department, Section of Pharmaceutical and Nutriceutical Sciences, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
58
|
Comprehensive analysis of The Cancer Genome Atlas reveals a unique gene and non-coding RNA signature of fibrolamellar carcinoma. Sci Rep 2017; 7:44653. [PMID: 28304380 PMCID: PMC5356346 DOI: 10.1038/srep44653] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/13/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Fibrolamellar carcinoma (FLC) is a unique liver cancer primarily affecting young adults and characterized by a fusion event between DNAJB1 and PRKACA. By analyzing RNA-sequencing data from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) for >9,100 tumors across ~30 cancer types, we show that the DNAJB1-PRKACA fusion is specific to FLCs. We demonstrate that FLC tumors (n = 6) exhibit distinct messenger RNA (mRNA) and long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) profiles compared to hepatocellular carcinoma (n = 263) and cholangiocarcinoma (n = 36), the two most common liver cancers. We also identify a set of mRNAs (n = 16) and lincRNAs (n = 4), including LINC00473, that distinguish FLC from ~25 other liver and non-liver cancer types. We confirm this unique FLC signature by analysis of two independent FLC cohorts (n = 20 and 34). Lastly, we validate the overexpression of one specific gene in the FLC signature, carbonic anhydrase XII (CA12), at the protein level by western blot and immunohistochemistry. Both the mRNA and lincRNA signatures support a major role for protein kinase A (PKA) signaling in shaping the FLC gene expression landscape, and present novel candidate FLC oncogenes that merit further investigation.
Collapse
|
59
|
van Kuijk SJ, Parvathaneni NK, Niemans R, van Gisbergen MW, Carta F, Vullo D, Pastorekova S, Yaromina A, Supuran CT, Dubois LJ, Winum JY, Lambin P. New approach of delivering cytotoxic drugs towards CAIX expressing cells: A concept of dual-target drugs. Eur J Med Chem 2017; 127:691-702. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.10.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2016] [Revised: 09/28/2016] [Accepted: 10/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
|
60
|
Pal DS, Abbasi M, Mondal DK, Varghese BA, Paul R, Singh S, Datta R. Interplay between a cytosolic and a cell surface carbonic anhydrase in pH homeostasis and acid tolerance of Leishmania. J Cell Sci 2017; 130:754-766. [PMID: 28062849 DOI: 10.1242/jcs.199422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Leishmania parasites have evolved to endure the acidic phagolysosomal environment within host macrophages. How Leishmania cells maintain near-neutral intracellular pH and proliferate in such a proton-rich mileu remains poorly understood. We report here that, in order to thrive in acidic conditions, Leishmania major relies on a cytosolic and a cell surface carbonic anhydrase, LmCA1 and LmCA2, respectively. Upon exposure to acidic medium, the intracellular pH of the LmCA1+/-, LmCA2+/- and LmCA1+/-:LmCA2+/- mutant strains dropped by varying extents that led to cell cycle delay, growth retardation and morphological abnormalities. Intracellular acidosis and growth defects of the mutant strains could be reverted by genetic complementation or supplementation with bicarbonate. When J774A.1 macrophages were infected with the mutant strains, they exhibited much lower intracellular parasite burdens than their wild-type counterparts. However, these differences in intracellular parasite burden between the wild-type and mutant strains were abrogated if, before infection, the macrophages were treated with chloroquine to alkalize their phagolysosomes. Taken together, our results demonstrate that haploinsufficiency of LmCA1 and/or LmCA2 renders the parasite acid-susceptible, thereby unravelling a carbonic anhydrase-mediated pH homeostatic circuit in Leishmania cells.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Dhiman Sankar Pal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Mazharul Abbasi
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Dipon Kumar Mondal
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Binitha Anu Varghese
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Ritama Paul
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Shalini Singh
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| | - Rupak Datta
- Department of Biological Sciences, Indian Institute of Science Education and Research (IISER) Kolkata, Mohanpur-741246, West Bengal, India
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Rasti B, Namazi M, Karimi-Jafari MH, Ghasemi JB. Proteochemometric Modeling of the Interaction Space of Carbonic Anhydrase and its Inhibitors: An Assessment of Structure-based and Sequence-based Descriptors. Mol Inform 2016; 36. [PMID: 27860295 DOI: 10.1002/minf.201600102] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 10/26/2016] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Due to its physiological and clinical roles, carbonic anhydrase (CA) is one of the most interesting case studies. There are different classes of CAinhibitors including sulfonamides, polyamines, coumarins and dithiocarbamates (DTCs). However, many of them hardly act as a selective inhibitor against a specific isoform. Therefore, finding highly selective inhibitors for different isoforms of CA is still an ongoing project. Proteochemometrics modeling (PCM) is able to model the bioactivity of multiple compounds against different isoforms of a protein. Therefore, it would be extremely applicable when investigating the selectivity of different ligands towards different receptors. Given the facts, we applied PCM to investigate the interaction space and structural properties that lead to the selective inhibition of CA isoforms by some dithiocarbamates. Our models have provided interesting structural information that can be considered to design compounds capable of inhibiting different isoforms of CA in an improved selective manner. Validity and predictivity of the models were confirmed by both internal and external validation methods; while Y-scrambling approach was applied to assess the robustness of the models. To prove the reliability and the applicability of our findings, we showed how ligands-receptors selectivity can be affected by removing any of these critical findings from the modeling process.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Rasti
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohsen Namazi
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M H Karimi-Jafari
- Department of Bioinformatics, Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - Jahan B Ghasemi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry, School of Chemistry, College of Science, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
62
|
Ueno K, Hirono C, Kitagawa M, Shiba Y, Sugita M. Different rate-limiting activities of intracellular pH regulators for HCO 3- secretion stimulated by forskolin and carbachol in rat parotid intralobular ducts. J Physiol Sci 2016; 66:477-490. [PMID: 26969473 PMCID: PMC10717326 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-016-0443-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Accepted: 02/23/2016] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Intracellular pH (pHi) regulation fundamentally participates in maintaining HCO3- release from HCO3--secreting epithelia. We used parotid intralobular ducts loaded with BCECF to investigate the contributions of a carbonic anhydrase (CA), anion channels and a Na+-H+ exchanger (NHE) to pHi regulation for HCO3- secretion by cAMP and Ca2+ signals. Resting pHi was dispersed between 7.4 and 7.9. Forskolin consistently decreased pHi showing the dominance of pHi-lowering activities, but carbachol gathered pHi around 7.6. CA inhibition suppressed the forskolin-induced decrease in pHi, while it allowed carbachol to consistently increase pHi by revealing that carbachol prominently activated NHE via Ca2+-calmodulin. Under NHE inhibition, forskolin and carbachol induced the remarkable decreases in pHi, which were slowed predominantly by CA inhibition and by CA or anion channel inhibition, respectively. Our results suggest that forskolin and carbachol primarily activate the pHi-lowering CA and pHi-raising NHE, respectively, to regulate pHi for HCO3- secretion.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Kaori Ueno
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Chikara Hirono
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan.
| | - Michinori Kitagawa
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Yoshiki Shiba
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| | - Makoto Sugita
- Department of Physiology and Oral Physiology, Institute of Biomedical and Health Sciences, Hiroshima University, 2-3 Kasumi 1-Chome, Minami-ku, Hiroshima, 734-8553, Japan
| |
Collapse
|
63
|
Carrie D, Gilmour KM. Phosphorylation increases the catalytic activity of rainbow trout gill cytosolic carbonic anhydrase. J Comp Physiol B 2016; 186:111-22. [PMID: 26498599 DOI: 10.1007/s00360-015-0942-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Revised: 09/30/2015] [Accepted: 10/11/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Cytoplasmic carbonic anhydrase (CAc) in the gill of teleost fish contributes to ionic regulation and acid–base balance by catalyzing the reversible reaction of CO2 and water, CO2 + H2O ↔ H(+) + HCO3(-). Regulation of CAc abundance and activity therefore is expected to fine-tune responses to ionic or acid–base challenges. The present study investigated the potential for gill CAc of rainbow trout, Oncorhynchus mykiss (tCAc), to undergo reversible phosphorylation. The activity of tCAc was approximately doubled by phosphorylation achieved through in vitro stimulation of endogenous protein kinases; kinase stimulation doubled phospho-threonine content from that observed in tCAc isolated under conditions where both kinases and protein phosphatases were inhibited. In vitro incubation to preferentially stimulate specific kinases implicated protein kinase G (PKG) in mediating the increase in tCAc activity. The kinetic parameters of turnover number (k cat) and substrate affinity (K m) were similarly affected by stimulation of either kinase or phosphatase action. However, phosphorylation via kinase stimulation significantly increased the efficiency of tCAc (V max /K m), and this factor may have contributed to the elevation of tCAc activity. In addition, phosphorylation of tCAc by kinase stimulation significantly increased the inhibition constant (K i) for acetazolamide. These results demonstrate that tCAc is subject to reversible phosphorylation; future work should focus on identifying the physiological situation(s) in which phosphorylation of trout branchial CAc occurs.
Collapse
|
64
|
Ward C, Meehan J, Mullen P, Supuran C, Dixon JM, Thomas JS, Winum JY, Lambin P, Dubois L, Pavathaneni NK, Jarman EJ, Renshaw L, Um IH, Kay C, Harrison DJ, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP. Evaluation of carbonic anhydrase IX as a therapeutic target for inhibition of breast cancer invasion and metastasis using a series of in vitro breast cancer models. Oncotarget 2016; 6:24856-70. [PMID: 26259239 PMCID: PMC4694798 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.4498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2015] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative, resistant or metastatic disease are major factors in breast cancer mortality, warranting novel approaches. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is implicated in survival, migration and invasion of breast cancer cells and inhibition provides an innovative therapeutic strategy. The efficacy of 5 novel ureido-substituted sulfamate CAIX inhibitors were assessed in increasingly complex breast cancer models, including cell lines in normoxia and hypoxia, 3D spheroids and an ex-vivo explant model utilizing fresh biopsy tissue from different breast cancer subtypes. CAIX expression was evaluated in a tissue microarray (TMA) of 92 paired lymph node and primary breast cancers and 2 inhibitors were appraised in vivo using MDA-MB-231 xenografts. FC11409B, FC9398A, FC9403, FC9396A and S4 decreased cell proliferation and migration and inhibited 3D spheroid invasion. S4, FC9398A and FC9403A inhibited or prevented invasion into collagen. FC9403A significantly reversed established invasion whilst FC9398A and DTP348 reduced xenograft growth. TMA analysis showed increased CAIX expression in triple negative cancers. These data establish CAIX inhibition as a relevant therapeutic goal in breast cancer, targeting the migratory, invasive, and metastatic potential of this disease. The use of biopsy tissue suggests efficacy against breast cancer subtypes, and should provide a useful tool in drug testing against invasive cancers.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Carol Ward
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - James Meehan
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Peter Mullen
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Claudiu Supuran
- Università degli Studi di Firenze, Polo Scientifico, Laboratorio di Chimica Bioinorganica, Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| | - J Michael Dixon
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jeremy S Thomas
- Department of Pathology, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS-UM1-UM2, Batiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France
| | - Philippe Lambin
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Ludwig Dubois
- Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Nanda-Kumar Pavathaneni
- Institut des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247, CNRS-UM1-UM2, Batiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, Montpellier, France.,Department of Radiation Oncology (MaastRO), GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Center (MUMC+), Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Edward J Jarman
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Lorna Renshaw
- Edinburgh Breast Unit, Western General Hospital, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - In Hwa Um
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Charlene Kay
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David J Harrison
- School of Medicine, University of St Andrews, North Haugh, St Andrews, United Kingdom
| | - Ian H Kunkler
- Edinburgh Cancer Research Centre, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Simon P Langdon
- Division of Pathology, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
65
|
Simko V, Takacova M, Debreova M, Laposova K, Ondriskova-Panisova E, Pastorekova S, Csaderova L, Pastorek J. Dexamethasone downregulates expression of carbonic anhydrase IX via HIF-1α and NF-κB-dependent mechanisms. Int J Oncol 2016; 49:1277-88. [PMID: 27431580 PMCID: PMC5021256 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2016.3621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/12/2016] [Accepted: 06/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Dexamethasone is a synthetic glucocorticoid frequently used to suppress side-effects of anticancer chemotherapy. In the present study, we showed that dexamethasone treatment leads to concentration-dependent downregulation of cancer-associated marker, carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), at the level of promoter activity, mRNA and protein expression in 2D and 3D cancer cell models. The effect of dexamethasone on CA IX expression under hypoxic conditions is predominantly mediated by impaired transcriptional activity and decreased protein level of the main hypoxic transcription factor HIF-1α. In addition, CA9 downregulation can be caused by protein-protein interactions between activated glucocorticoid receptors, major effectors of glucocorticoid action, and transcription factors that trigger CA9 transcription (e.g. AP-1). Moreover, we identified a potential NF-κB binding site in the CA9 promoter and propose the involvement of NF-κB in the dexamethasone-mediated inhibition of CA9 transcription. As high level of CA IX is often linked to aggressive tumor behavior, poor prognosis and chemo- and radiotherapy resistance, uncovering its reduction after dexa-methasone treatment and implication of additional regulatory mechanisms can be relevant for the CA IX-related clinical applications.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Veronika Simko
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Takacova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michaela Debreova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Katarina Laposova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Elena Ondriskova-Panisova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
66
|
Rasti B, Karimi-Jafari MH, Ghasemi JB. Quantitative Characterization of the Interaction Space of the Mammalian Carbonic Anhydrase Isoforms I, II, VII, IX, XII, and XIV and their Inhibitors, Using the Proteochemometric Approach. Chem Biol Drug Des 2016; 88:341-53. [PMID: 26990115 DOI: 10.1111/cbdd.12759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2015] [Revised: 01/12/2016] [Accepted: 02/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Behnam Rasti
- Department of Bioinformatics; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Tehran; PO Box 13145-1365 Tehran Iran
| | - Mohammad H. Karimi-Jafari
- Department of Bioinformatics; Institute of Biochemistry and Biophysics; University of Tehran; PO Box 13145-1365 Tehran Iran
| | - Jahan B. Ghasemi
- Department of Analytical Chemistry; School of Chemistry; College of Science; University of Tehran; PO Box 13145-1365 Tehran Iran
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Vidlickova I, Dequiedt F, Jelenska L, Sedlakova O, Pastorek M, Stuchlik S, Pastorek J, Zatovicova M, Pastorekova S. Apoptosis-induced ectodomain shedding of hypoxia-regulated carbonic anhydrase IX from tumor cells: a double-edged response to chemotherapy. BMC Cancer 2016; 16:239. [PMID: 26993100 PMCID: PMC4799595 DOI: 10.1186/s12885-016-2267-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2015] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a tumor-associated, highly active, transmembrane carbonic anhydrase isoform regulated by hypoxia and implicated in pH control and adhesion-migration-invasion. CA IX ectodomain (ECD) is shed from the tumor cell surface to serum/plasma of patients, where it can signify cancer prognosis. We previously showed that the CA IX ECD release is mediated by disintegrin and metalloproteinase ADAM17. Here we investigated the CA IX ECD shedding in tumor cells undergoing apoptosis in response to cytotoxic drugs, including cycloheximide and doxorubicin. Methods Presence of cell surface CA IX was correlated to the extent of apoptosis by flow cytometry in cell lines with natural or ectopic CA IX expression. CA IX ECD level was assessed by ELISA using CA IX-specific monoclonal antibodies. Effect of recombinant CA IX ECD on the activation of molecular pathways was evaluated using the cell-based dual-luciferase reporter assay. Results We found a significantly lower occurrence of apoptosis in the CA IX-positive cell subpopulation than in the CA IX-negative one. We also demonstrated that the cell-surface CA IX level dropped during the death progress due to an increased ECD shedding, which required a functional ADAM17. Inhibitors of metalloproteinases reduced CA IX ECD shedding, but not apoptosis. The CA IX ECD release induced by cytotoxic drugs was connected to elevated expression of CA IX in the surviving fraction of cells. Moreover, an externally added recombinant CA IX ECD activated a pathway driven by the Nanog transcription factor implicated in epithelial-mesenchymal transition and stemness. Conclusions These findings imply that the increased level of the circulating CA IX ECD might be useful as an indicator of an effective antitumor chemotherapy. Conversely, elevated CA IX ECD might generate unwanted effects through autocrine/paracrine signaling potentially contributing to resistance and tumor progression.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ivana Vidlickova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic.,Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Cellular and Molecular Biology Unit, Gembloux Agro-Bio Tech, University of Liege, Liege, Belgium
| | - Lenka Jelenska
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Olga Sedlakova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Michal Pastorek
- Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
| | - Stanislav Stuchlik
- Department of Molecular Biology, Faculty of Natural Sciences, Comenius University in Bratislava, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Biomedical Research Center, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 845 05, Bratislava, Slovak Republic. .,Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Abstract
PURPOSE Several oxygen-dependent factors, e.g., CAIX (carbonic anhydrase IX) or phosphoglycerate kinase 1 (PGK1) interacting with the CXCR4/SDF1 axis (chemokine receptor 4/stromal cell derived factor 1) have been shown to be involved in processes of tumour pathology including tumourigenicity, tumour cell dissemination and poor survival in several solid tumour entities. The aim of the current study was to evaluate the influence of the hypoxia-inducible factors CAIX and PGK1 on progression of neuroblastoma and to evaluate the clinical relevance of possible therapeutic approaches. METHODS Expression of hypoxia-dependent factors PGK1 and CAIX was examined in neuroblastoma specimen, was correlated with clinical parameters, and was studied in neuroblastoma cells. The impact of these hypoxic factors was evaluated by proliferation assays under targeted therapy. RESULTS Expression of hypoxia-dependent factors was found in 50 % of neuroblastoma specimen. In neuroblastoma cells, CAIX and PGK1 expression is up regulated under hypoxia and correlates with response to targeted anti-proliferative treatment. The negative impact on survival, although significant for both CAIX and PGk1, appears to be stronger for CAIX. CONCLUSIONS Our results show that the hypoxic factors in the tumour`s microenvironment further the progression of tumour disease. This strengthens the perspectives for additive novel therapeutic approaches targeting hypoxia-dependent factors in this childhood disease.
Collapse
|
69
|
Walker NM, Liu J, Stein SR, Stefanski CD, Strubberg AM, Clarke LL. Cellular chloride and bicarbonate retention alters intracellular pH regulation in Cftr KO crypt epithelium. Am J Physiol Gastrointest Liver Physiol 2016; 310:G70-80. [PMID: 26542396 PMCID: PMC4719062 DOI: 10.1152/ajpgi.00236.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2015] [Accepted: 10/29/2015] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Cystic fibrosis (CF) is caused by mutations in the CF transmembrane conductance regulator (CFTR), an anion channel providing a major pathway for Cl(-) and HCO3 (-) efflux across the apical membrane of the epithelium. In the intestine, CF manifests as obstructive syndromes, dysbiosis, inflammation, and an increased risk for gastrointestinal cancer. Cftr knockout (KO) mice recapitulate CF intestinal disease, including intestinal hyperproliferation. Previous studies using Cftr KO intestinal organoids (enteroids) indicate that crypt epithelium maintains an alkaline intracellular pH (pHi). We hypothesized that Cftr has a cell-autonomous role in downregulating pHi that is incompletely compensated by acid-base regulation in its absence. Here, 2',7'-bis(2-carboxyethyl)-5(6)-carboxyfluorescein microfluorimetry of enteroids showed that Cftr KO crypt epithelium sustains an alkaline pHi and resistance to cell acidification relative to wild-type. Quantitative real-time PCR revealed that Cftr KO enteroids exhibit downregulated transcription of base (HCO3 (-))-loading proteins and upregulation of the basolateral membrane HCO3 (-)-unloader anion exchanger 2 (Ae2). Although Cftr KO crypt epithelium had increased Ae2 expression and Ae2-mediated Cl(-)/HCO3 (-) exchange with maximized gradients, it also had increased intracellular Cl(-) concentration relative to wild-type. Pharmacological reduction of intracellular Cl(-) concentration in Cftr KO crypt epithelium normalized pHi, which was largely Ae2-dependent. We conclude that Cftr KO crypt epithelium maintains an alkaline pHi as a consequence of losing both Cl(-) and HCO3 (-) efflux, which impairs pHi regulation by Ae2. Retention of Cl(-) and an alkaline pHi in crypt epithelium may alter several cellular processes in the proliferative compartment of Cftr KO intestine.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nancy M. Walker
- 1Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Jinghua Liu
- 1Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Sydney R. Stein
- 1Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and
| | - Casey D. Stefanski
- 1Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and ,2Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Ashlee M. Strubberg
- 1Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and ,2Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| | - Lane L. Clarke
- 1Dalton Cardiovascular Research Center, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri; and ,2Department of Biomedical Sciences, University of Missouri, Columbia, Missouri
| |
Collapse
|
70
|
Parks SK, Pouyssegur J. The Na(+)/HCO3(-) Co-Transporter SLC4A4 Plays a Role in Growth and Migration of Colon and Breast Cancer Cells. J Cell Physiol 2015; 230:1954-63. [PMID: 25612232 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.24930] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The hypoxic and acidic tumor environment necessitates intracellular pH (pHi) regulation for tumor progression. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX; hypoxia-induced) is known to facilitate CO2 export and generate HCO3(-) in the extracellular tumor space. It has been proposed that HCO3(-) is re-captured by the cell to maintain an alkaline pHi . A diverse range of HCO3(-) transporters, coupled with a lack of a clear over-expression in cancers have limited molecular identification of this cellular process. Here, we report that hypoxia induces the Na(+)/HCO3(-) co-transporter (NBCe1) SLC4A4 mRNA expression exclusively in the LS174 colon adenocarcinoma cell line in a HIF1α dependent manner. HCO3(-) dependent pHi recovery observations revealed the predominant use of an NBC mechanism suggesting that reversal of a Cl(-)/HCO3(-) exchanger is not utilized for tumor cell pHi regulation. Knockdown of SLC4A4 via shRNA reduced cell proliferation and increased mortality during external acidosis and spheroid growth. pHi recovery from acidosis was partially reduced with knockdown of SLC4A4. In MDA-MB-231 breast cancer cells expressing high levels of SLC4A4 compared to LS174 cells, SLC4A4 knockdown had a strong impact on cell proliferation, migration, and invasion. SLC4A4 knockdown also altered expression of other proteins including CA IX. Furthermore the Na(+)/HCO3(-) dependent pHi recovery from acidosis was reduced with SLC4A4 knockdown in MDA-MB-231 cells. Combined our results indicate that SLC4A4 contributes to the HCO3(-) transport and tumor cell phenotype. This study complements the on-going molecular characterization of the HCO3(-) re-uptake mechanism in other tumor cells for future strategies targeting these potentially important drug targets.
Collapse
|
71
|
Soltysova A, Breza J, Takacova M, Feruszova J, Hudecova S, Novotna B, Rozborilova E, Pastorekova S, Kadasi L, Krizanova O. Deregulation of energetic metabolism in the clear cell renal cell carcinoma: A multiple pathway analysis based on microarray profiling. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:287-95. [PMID: 25998032 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is the most frequent type of kidney cancer. In order to better understand the biology of ccRCC, we accomplished the gene profiling of fresh tissue specimens from 11 patients with the renal tumors (9 ccRCCs, 1 oncocytoma and 1 renal B-lymphoma), in which the tumor-related data were compared to the paired healthy kidney tissues from the same patients. All ccRCCs exhibited a considerably elevated transcription of the gene coding for carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX). Moreover, the ccRCC tumors consistently displayed increased expression of genes encoding the glycolytic pathway enzymes, e.g. hexokinase II (HK2) and lactate dehydrogenase A (LDHA) and a decreased expression of genes for the mitochondrial electron transport chain components, indicating an overall reprogramming of the energetic metabolism in this tumor type. This appears to be accompanied by altered expression of the genes of the pH regulating machinery, including ion and lactate transporters. Immunohistochemical staining of tumor tissue sections confirmed the increased expression of CAIX, HK2 and LDHA in ccRCC, validating the microarray data and supporting their potential as the energetic metabolism-related biomarkers of the ccRCC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Soltysova
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jan Breza
- Department of Urology, University Hospital, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Takacova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jana Feruszova
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Sona Hudecova
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Barbora Novotna
- Department of Neonatology and Pediatric Intensive Care, University Clinic Carl Gustav Carus, Dresden, Germany
| | - Eva Rozborilova
- Clinic of Pneumology and Pthisiology, Jessenius Medical Faculty, Martin, Slovakia
| | | | - Ludevit Kadasi
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Olga Krizanova
- Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
72
|
Pucciarelli D, Lengger N, Takacova M, Csaderova L, Bartosova M, Breiteneder H, Pastorekova S, Hafner C. Anti-chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4-specific antibodies modify the effects of vemurafenib on melanoma cells differentially in normoxia and hypoxia. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:81-90. [PMID: 25997619 PMCID: PMC4485656 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.3010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Accepted: 04/16/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Chondroitin sulfate proteoglycan 4 (CSPG4), a highly immunogenic melanoma tumor antigen, is a potential target for antibody-based immunotherapy. The mechanism by which CSPG4 affects melanoma progression is only partly understood, in particular the involvement of other receptor tyrosine kinases and the tumor microenvironment. We have previously reported on a mimotope-based vaccine against CSPG4 in a human melanoma xenograft model that resulted in reduction of tumor growth. Herein we describe the influence of hypoxia on the response to polyclonal anti-CSPG4-antibodies induced by this vaccine in combination with the BRAF inhibitor vemurafenib to enhance therapeutic efficacy by simultaneously targeting multiple signaling pathways. Melanoma cells were treated with polyclonal anti-CSPG4-antibodies and vemurafenib. Proliferation, migration and invasion were evaluated in a real-time setting in the impedance-based x-CELLigence® system. Western blotting and quantitative PCR arrays were used to determine protein and mRNA expression of hypoxia inducible factor 1α (HIF1α), carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) and signaling pathway proteins. A melanoma xenograft model was used to detect HIF1α and CAIX expression in vivo. Hypoxia enhanced the antiproliferative response to vemurafenib. The migration and invasion capacities of vemurafenib-treated melanoma cells were increased, in spite of vemurafenib-decreased expression of HIF1α and CAIX. Polyclonal anti-CSPG4-antibodies reduced the Transwell migration of vemurafenib-treated, BRAF V600E-mutant and CSPG4-expressing melanoma cells in hypoxia. This was associated with the downregulation of phosphorylated AKT, a kinase contributing to tumor cell migration. Our results highlight CSPG4 as a potential target for modulating treatment resistance to vemurafenib induced by the hypoxic microenvironment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Daniela Pucciarelli
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Nina Lengger
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Martina Takacova
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Heimo Breiteneder
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Institute of Virology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Christine Hafner
- Department of Pathophysiology and Allergy Research, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| |
Collapse
|
73
|
Pastorek M, Simko V, Takacova M, Barathova M, Bartosova M, Hunakova L, Sedlakova O, Hudecova S, Krizanova O, Dequiedt F, Pastorekova S, Sedlak J. Sulforaphane reduces molecular response to hypoxia in ovarian tumor cells independently of their resistance to chemotherapy. Int J Oncol 2015; 47:51-60. [PMID: 25955133 PMCID: PMC4485648 DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2015.2987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
One of the recently emerging anticancer strategies is the use of natural dietary compounds, such as sulforaphane, a cancer-chemopreventive isothiocyanate found in broccoli. Based on the growing evidence, sulforaphane acts through molecular mechanisms that interfere with multiple oncogenic pathways in diverse tumor cell types. Herein, we investigated the anticancer effects of bioavailable concentrations of sulforaphane in ovarian carcinoma cell line A2780 and its two derivatives, adriamycin-resistant A2780/ADR and cisplatin-resistant A2780/CP cell lines. Since tumor microenvironment is characterized by reduced oxygenation that induces aggressive tumor phenotype (such as increased invasiveness and resistance to chemotherapy), we evaluated the effects of sulforaphane in ovarian cancer cells exposed to hypoxia (2% O2). Using the cell-based reporter assay, we identified several oncogenic pathways modulated by sulforaphane in hypoxia by activating anticancer responses (p53, ARE, IRF-1, Pax-6 and XRE) and suppressing responses supporting tumor progression (AP-1 and HIF-1). We further showed that sulforaphane decreases the level of HIF-1α protein without affecting its transcription and stability. It can also diminish transcription and protein level of the HIF-1 target, CA IX, which protects tumor cells from hypoxia-induced pH imbalance and facilitates their migration/invasion. Accordingly, sulforaphane treatment leads to diminished pH regulation and reduced migration of ovarian carcinoma cells. These effects occur in all three ovarian cell lines suggesting that sulforaphane can overcome the chemoresistance of cancer cells. This offers a path potentially exploitable in sensitizing resistant cancer cells to therapy, and opens a window for the combined treatments of sulforaphane either with conventional chemotherapy, natural compounds, or with other small molecules.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Michal Pastorek
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Veronika Simko
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Martina Takacova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Monika Barathova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Maria Bartosova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Luba Hunakova
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Olga Sedlakova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Sona Hudecova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Olga Krizanova
- Institute of Molecular Physiology and Genetics, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Franck Dequiedt
- Laboratory of Protein Signaling and Interactions, Interdisciplinary Cluster for Applied Genoproteomics, University of Liège, Sart-Tilman, Belgium
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Jan Sedlak
- Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Interplay between receptor tyrosine kinases and hypoxia signaling in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 62:101-14. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 02/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
|
75
|
Huang WJ, Jeng YM, Lai HS, Fong IU, Sheu FYB, Lai PL, Yuan RH. Expression of hypoxic marker carbonic anhydrase IX predicts poor prognosis in resectable hepatocellular carcinoma. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0119181. [PMID: 25738958 PMCID: PMC4349857 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0119181] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/24/2014] [Accepted: 01/11/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA-IX), a hypoxia marker, correlates with tumor progression in a variety of human cancers. However, the role of CA-IX in hepatocellular carcinomas (HCCs) remains largely unknown. We examined the expression of 277 unifocal, resectable, primary HCC tumors using immunohistochemistry. The CA-IX protein was expressed in 110 of the 227 (48.5%) HCC tumors. The expression of CA-IX correlated with younger age (P = 0.0446), female sex (P = 0.0049), high serum α-fetoprotein levels (P<1x10-6), larger tumor size (P = 0.0031), high tumor grade P<1x10-6) and high tumor stage (P = 1.5x10-6). Patients with HCC tumors that expressed CA-IX were more likely to have lower 5-year disease-free survival (DFS; P = 0.0001) and 5-year overall survival (OS; P<1x10-6). The multivariate analysis indicated that CA-IX expression was an independent predictor for high tumor stage (P = 0.0047) and DFS (P = 0.0456), and a borderline predictor for OS (P = 0.0762). Furthermore, CA-IX expression predicted poor DFS and OS in patients with high tumor stage (P = 0.0004 and P<1x10-6, respectively). Interestingly, CA-IX expression might contribute to the worse prognosis of female patients with advanced HCCs. Our study indicates the expression of the CA-IX protein is a crucial predictor of poor prognosis in resectable HCC, and it is also an unfavorable prognostic predictor in HCC patients with high tumor stage.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Wei-Ju Huang
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Nursing, Hsin-Sheng College of Medical Care and Management, No. 418, Gaoping Section, Zhongfeng Road, Longtan Township, Taoyuan County, 32544, Taiwan
| | - Yung-Ming Jeng
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Shiee Lai
- Departments of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Iok-U Fong
- Graduate Institute of Pathology, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Fang-Yu Bonnie Sheu
- Department of Biomedical Science, University of Illinois College of Medicine, 1601 Parkview Ave, Rockford, IL, 61107, United States of America
| | - Po-Lin Lai
- Department of Pathology, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
| | - Ray-Hwang Yuan
- Departments of Surgery, National Taiwan University Hospital and College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, No. 1, Jen-Ai Road, Section 1, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- Department of Integrated Diagnostics and Therapeutics, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7, Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10051, Taiwan
- * E-mail:
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Mboge MY, McKenna R, Frost SC. Advances in Anti-Cancer Drug Development Targeting Carbonic Anhydrase IX and XII. TOPICS IN ANTI-CANCER RESEARCH 2015; 5:3-42. [PMID: 30272043 PMCID: PMC6162069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The microenvironment within a solid tumor is heterogeneous with regions being both acidic and hypoxic. As a result of this, cancer cells upregulate genes that allow survival in such environments. Some of these genes are pH regulatory factors, including carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) and in some cases XII (CA XII). CA IX helps to maintain normal cytoplasmic pH (pHi) while simultaneously contributing to the extracellular pH (pHe). CA XII is also thought to be responsible for stabilizing pHe at physiological conditions. Extracellular acidification of the tumor microenvironment promotes local invasion and metastasis while decreasing the effectiveness of adjuvant therapies, thus contributing to poor cancer clinical outcomes. In this review, we describe the properties of CA IX and CA XII that substantiate their potential use as anticancer targets. We also discuss the current status of CA isoform-selective inhibitor development and patents of CA IX/XII targeted inhibitors that show potential for treating aggressive tumors. Some of the recently published patents discussed include sulfonamide-based small molecule inhibitors including derivatives of boron cluster compounds; metal complexes of poly(carboxyl)amine-containing ligands; nitroi-midazole-, ureidosulfonamide-, and coumarin-based compounds; as well as G250 and A610 monoclonal antibodies for cancer treatment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mam Y. Mboge
- Corresponding authors Mam Y. Mboge and Susan C. Frost: University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Tel +1 352 294-8386, Fax +1 352 392-2953, ,
| | | | - Susan C. Frost
- Corresponding authors Mam Y. Mboge and Susan C. Frost: University of Florida, College of Medicine, Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Box 100245, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA; Tel +1 352 294-8386, Fax +1 352 392-2953, ,
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Jiwa LS, van Diest PJ, Hoefnagel LD, Wesseling J, Wesseling P, Moelans CB. Upregulation of Claudin-4, CAIX and GLUT-1 in distant breast cancer metastases. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:864. [PMID: 25417118 PMCID: PMC4247109 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2014] [Accepted: 11/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Several studies have shown that the immunophenotype of distant breast cancer metastases may differ significantly from that of the primary tumor, especially with regard to differences in the level of hormone receptor protein expression, a process known as receptor conversion. This study aimed to compare expression levels of several membrane proteins between primary breast tumors and their corresponding distant metastases in view of their potential applicability for molecular imaging and drug targeting. METHODS Expression of Claudin-4, EGFR, CAIX, GLUT-1 and IGF1R was assessed by immunohistochemistry on tissue microarrays composed of 97 paired primary breast tumors and their distant (non-bone) metastases. RESULTS In both the primary cancers and the metastases, Claudin-4 was most frequently expressed, followed by GLUT-1, CAIX and EGFR.From primary breast cancers to their distant metastases there was positive to negative conversion, e.g. protein expression in the primary tumor with no expression in its paired metastasis, in 6%, 19%, 12%, 38%, and 0% for Claudin-4 (n.s), GLUT-1 (n.s), CAIX (n.s), EGFR (n.s) and IGF1R (n.s) respectively. Negative to positive conversion was seen in 65%, 47%, 43%, 9% and 0% of cases for Claudin-4 (p = 0.049), GLUT-1 (p = 0.024), CAIX (p = 0.002), EGFR (n.s.) and IGF1R (n.s.) respectively. Negative to positive conversion of Claudin-4 in the metastasis was significantly associated with tumor size (p = 0.015), negative to positive conversion of EGFR with negative PR status (p = 0.046) and high MAI (p = 0.047) and GLUT-1 negative to positive conversion with (neo)adjuvant chemotherapy (p = 0.039) and time to metastasis formation (p = 0.034). CAIX and GLUT-1 expression in the primary tumor were significantly associated with high MAI (p = 0.008 and p = 0.038 respectively). CONCLUSION Claudin-4 is frequently expressed in primary breast cancers but especially in their metastases and is thereby an attractive membrane bound molecular imaging and drug target. Conversion in expression of the studied proteins from the primary tumor to metastases was fairly frequent, except for IGF1R, implying that the expression status of metastases cannot always be reliably predicted from the primary tumor, thereby necessitating biopsy for reliable assessment.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Cathy B Moelans
- Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Heidelberglaan 100, PO Box 85500, Utrecht 3508GA, The Netherlands.
| |
Collapse
|
78
|
Pettersen EO, Ebbesen P, Gieling RG, Williams KJ, Dubois L, Lambin P, Ward C, Meehan J, Kunkler IH, Langdon SP, Ree AH, Flatmark K, Lyng H, Calzada MJ, Peso LD, Landazuri MO, Görlach A, Flamm H, Kieninger J, Urban G, Weltin A, Singleton DC, Haider S, Buffa FM, Harris AL, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Moser I, Jobst G, Busk M, Toustrup K, Overgaard J, Alsner J, Pouyssegur J, Chiche J, Mazure N, Marchiq I, Parks S, Ahmed A, Ashcroft M, Pastorekova S, Cao Y, Rouschop KM, Wouters BG, Koritzinsky M, Mujcic H, Cojocari D. Targeting tumour hypoxia to prevent cancer metastasis. From biology, biosensing and technology to drug development: the METOXIA consortium. J Enzyme Inhib Med Chem 2014; 30:689-721. [PMID: 25347767 DOI: 10.3109/14756366.2014.966704] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Accepted: 09/15/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The hypoxic areas of solid cancers represent a negative prognostic factor irrespective of which treatment modality is chosen for the patient. Still, after almost 80 years of focus on the problems created by hypoxia in solid tumours, we still largely lack methods to deal efficiently with these treatment-resistant cells. The consequences of this lack may be serious for many patients: Not only is there a negative correlation between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and the outcome of radiotherapy as well as many types of chemotherapy, a correlation has been shown between the hypoxic fraction in tumours and cancer metastasis. Thus, on a fundamental basis the great variety of problems related to hypoxia in cancer treatment has to do with the broad range of functions oxygen (and lack of oxygen) have in cells and tissues. Therefore, activation-deactivation of oxygen-regulated cascades related to metabolism or external signalling are important areas for the identification of mechanisms as potential targets for hypoxia-specific treatment. Also the chemistry related to reactive oxygen radicals (ROS) and the biological handling of ROS are part of the problem complex. The problem is further complicated by the great variety in oxygen concentrations found in tissues. For tumour hypoxia to be used as a marker for individualisation of treatment there is a need for non-invasive methods to measure oxygen routinely in patient tumours. A large-scale collaborative EU-financed project 2009-2014 denoted METOXIA has studied all the mentioned aspects of hypoxia with the aim of selecting potential targets for new hypoxia-specific therapy and develop the first stage of tests for this therapy. A new non-invasive PET-imaging method based on the 2-nitroimidazole [(18)F]-HX4 was found to be promising in a clinical trial on NSCLC patients. New preclinical models for testing of the metastatic potential of cells were developed, both in vitro (2D as well as 3D models) and in mice (orthotopic grafting). Low density quantitative real-time polymerase chain reaction (qPCR)-based assays were developed measuring multiple hypoxia-responsive markers in parallel to identify tumour hypoxia-related patterns of gene expression. As possible targets for new therapy two main regulatory cascades were prioritised: The hypoxia-inducible-factor (HIF)-regulated cascades operating at moderate to weak hypoxia (<1% O(2)), and the unfolded protein response (UPR) activated by endoplasmatic reticulum (ER) stress and operating at more severe hypoxia (<0.2%). The prioritised targets were the HIF-regulated proteins carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX), the lactate transporter MCT4 and the PERK/eIF2α/ATF4-arm of the UPR. The METOXIA project has developed patented compounds targeting CAIX with a preclinical documented effect. Since hypoxia-specific treatments alone are not curative they will have to be combined with traditional anti-cancer therapy to eradicate the aerobic cancer cell population as well.
Collapse
|
79
|
ZATOVICOVA MIRIAM, JELENSKA LENKA, HULIKOVA ALZBETA, DITTE PETER, DITTE ZUZANA, CSADEROVA LUCIA, SVASTOVA ELISKA, SCHMALIX WOLFGANG, BOETTGER VOLKER, BEVAN PAUL, PASTOREK JAROMIR, PASTOREKOVA SILVIA. Monoclonal antibody G250 targeting CA IX: Binding specificity, internalization and therapeutic effects in a non-renal cancer model. Int J Oncol 2014; 45:2455-67. [DOI: 10.3892/ijo.2014.2658] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
80
|
Pastorek J, Pastorekova S. Hypoxia-induced carbonic anhydrase IX as a target for cancer therapy: from biology to clinical use. Semin Cancer Biol 2014; 31:52-64. [PMID: 25117006 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2014.08.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 225] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2014] [Revised: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 08/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The tumor microenvironment includes a complicated network of physiological gradients contributing to plasticity of tumor cells and heterogeneity of tumor tissue. Hypoxia is a key component generating intratumoral oxygen gradients, which affect the cellular expression program and lead to therapy resistance and increased metastatic propensity of weakly oxygenated cell subpopulations. One of the adaptive responses of tumor cells to hypoxia involves the increased expression and functional activation of carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX), a cancer-related cell surface enzyme catalyzing the reversible conversion of carbon dioxide to bicarbonate ion and proton. Via its catalytic activity, CA IX participates in regulation of intracellular and extracellular pH perturbations that result from hypoxia-induced changes in cellular metabolism producing excess of acid. Through the ability to regulate pH, CA IX also facilitates cell migration and invasion. In addition, CA IX has non-catalytic function in cell adhesion and spreading. Thus, CA IX endows tumor cells with survival advantages in hypoxia/acidosis and confers an increased ability to migrate, invade and metastasize. Accordingly, CA IX is expressed in a broad range of tumors, where it is associated with prognosis and therapy outcome. Its expression pattern and functional implications in tumor biology make CA IX a promising therapeutic target, which can be hit either by immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies or with compounds inhibiting its enzyme activity. The first strategy has already reached the clinical trials, whereas the second one is still in preclinical testing. Both strategies indicate that CA IX can become a clinically useful anticancer target, but urge further efforts toward better selection of patients for immunotherapy and deeper understanding of tumor types, clinical situations and synthetic lethality interactions with other treatment approaches.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Brno, Czech Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Ditte Z, Ditte P, Labudova M, Simko V, Iuliano F, Zatovicova M, Csaderova L, Pastorekova S, Pastorek J. Carnosine inhibits carbonic anhydrase IX-mediated extracellular acidosis and suppresses growth of HeLa tumor xenografts. BMC Cancer 2014; 14:358. [PMID: 24886661 PMCID: PMC4061103 DOI: 10.1186/1471-2407-14-358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2013] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a transmembrane enzyme that is present in many types of solid tumors. Expression of CA IX is driven predominantly by the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway and helps to maintain intracellular pH homeostasis under hypoxic conditions, resulting in acidification of the tumor microenvironment. Carnosine (β-alanyl-L-histidine) is an anti-tumorigenic agent that inhibits the proliferation of cancer cells. In this study, we investigated the role of CA IX in carnosine-mediated antitumor activity and whether the underlying mechanism involves transcriptional and translational modulation of HIF-1α and CA IX and/or altered CA IX function. METHODS The effect of carnosine was studied using two-dimensional cell monolayers of several cell lines with endogenous CA IX expression as well as Madin Darby canine kidney transfectants, three-dimensional HeLa spheroids, and an in vivo model of HeLa xenografts in nude mice. mRNA and protein expression and protein localization were analyzed by real-time PCR, western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence staining, respectively. Cell viability was measured by a flow cytometric assay. Expression of HIF-1α and CA IX in tumors was assessed by immunohistochemical staining. Real-time measurement of pH was performed using a sensor dish reader. Binding of CA IX to specific antibodies and metabolon partners was investigated by competitive ELISA and proximity ligation assays, respectively. RESULTS Carnosine increased the expression levels of HIF-1α and HIF targets and increased the extracellular pH, suggesting an inhibitory effect on CA IX-mediated acidosis. Moreover, carnosine significantly inhibited the growth of three-dimensional spheroids and tumor xenografts compared with untreated controls. Competitive ELISA showed that carnosine disrupted binding between CA IX and antibodies specific for its catalytic domain. This finding was supported by reduced formation of the functional metabolon of CA IX and anion exchanger 2 in the presence of carnosine. CONCLUSIONS Our results indicate that interaction of carnosine with CA IX leads to conformational changes of CA IX and impaired formation of its metabolon, which in turn disrupts CA IX function. These findings suggest that carnosine could be a promising anticancer drug through its ability to attenuate the activity of CA IX.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, Bratislava 845 05, Slovak Republic.
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Abstract
Tumor microenvironment substantially influences the process of tumorigenesis. In many solid tumors, imbalance between the demand of rapidly proliferating cancer cells and the capabilities of the vascular system generates areas with insufficient oxygen supply. In response to tumor hypoxia, cancer cells modulate their gene expression pattern to match the requirements of the altered microenvironment. One of the most significant adaptations to this milieu is the shift towards anaerobic glycolysis to keep up the energy demands. This oncogenic metabolism is often maintained also in aerobic cells. Lactic acid, its metabolic end-product, accumulates hand-in-hand with carbon dioxide, leading to acidification of the extracellular environment. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is the most widely expressed gene in response to hypoxia. Its crucial role in intracellular pH maintenance represents the means by which cancer cells adapt to the toxic conditions of the extracellular milieu. Furthermore, the activity of CA IX stimulates the migratory pathways of cancer cells and is connected with the increase of the aggressive/invasive phenotype of tumors. CA IX expression in many types of tumors indicates its relevance as a general marker of tumor hypoxia. Moreover, its expression is closely related to prognosis of the clinical outcome in several tumor types. All above mentioned facts support the strong position of CA IX as a potential drug therapy target. Here, we summarize the state-of-the-art knowledge on its regulation and role in cancer development.
Collapse
|
83
|
Takacova M, Bullova P, Simko V, Skvarkova L, Poturnajova M, Feketeova L, Babal P, Kivela AJ, Kuopio T, Kopacek J, Pastorek J, Parkkila S, Pastorekova S. Expression pattern of carbonic anhydrase IX in Medullary thyroid carcinoma supports a role for RET-mediated activation of the HIF pathway. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2014; 184:953-965. [PMID: 24518567 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2014.01.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/05/2013] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
Medullary thyroid carcinoma is a relatively rare tumor with poor prognosis and therapy response. Its phenotype is determined by both genetic alterations (activating RET oncoprotein) and physiological stresses, namely hypoxia [activating hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF)]. Here, we investigated the cooperation between these two mechanisms. The idea emerged from the immunohistochemical analysis of carbonic anhydrases (CA) IX and XII expression in thyroid cancer. Although CAXII was present in all types of thyroid carcinomas, CAIX, a direct HIF target implicated in tumor progression, was associated with aggressive medullary and anaplastic carcinomas, and its expression pattern in medullary thyroid carcinomas suggested contribution of both hypoxic and oncogenic signaling. Therefore, we analyzed the CA9 promoter activity in transfected tumor cells expressing RET and/or the HIF-α subunit. We showed that overexpression of both wild-type and mutant RET can increase the CA9 promoter activity induced by HIF-1 (but not HIF-2) in hypoxia. Similar results were obtained with another HIF-1-regulated promoter derived from the lactate dehydrogenase A gene. Moreover, inhibition of the major kinase pathways, which transmit signals from RET and regulate HIF-1, abrogated their cooperative effect on the CA9 promoter. Thus, we brought the first experimental evidence for the crosstalk between RET and HIF-1 that can explain the increased expression of CAIX in medullary thyroid carcinoma and provide a rationale for therapy simultaneously targeting both pathways.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Martina Takacova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia; Center for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Petra Bullova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Veronika Simko
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Skvarkova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Poturnajova
- Laboratory of Molecular Oncology, Cancer Research Institute, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Lucia Feketeova
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Pavel Babal
- Department of Pathology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Antti J Kivela
- Department of Surgery, University of Helsinki and Helsinki University Hospital, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Teijo Kuopio
- Department of Pathology, Jyväskylä Central Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland
| | - Juraj Kopacek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Medical Technology and School of Medicine, University of Tampere, Tampere, Finland
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovakia.
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Sedlakova O, Svastova E, Takacova M, Kopacek J, Pastorek J, Pastorekova S. Carbonic anhydrase IX, a hypoxia-induced catalytic component of the pH regulating machinery in tumors. Front Physiol 2014; 4:400. [PMID: 24409151 PMCID: PMC3884196 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2013] [Accepted: 12/19/2013] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Acidic tissue microenvironment contributes to tumor progression via multiple effects including the activation of angiogenic factors and proteases, reduced cell-cell adhesion, increased migration and invasion, etc. In addition, intratumoral acidosis can influence the uptake of anticancer drugs and modulate the response of tumors to conventional therapy. Acidification of the tumor microenvironment often develops due to hypoxia-triggered oncogenic metabolism, which leads to the extensive production of lactate, protons, and carbon dioxide. In order to avoid intracellular accumulation of the acidic metabolic products, which is incompatible with the survival and proliferation, tumor cells activate molecular machinery that regulates pH by driving transmembrane inside-out and outside-in ion fluxes. Carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) is a hypoxia-induced catalytic component of the bicarbonate import arm of this machinery. Through its catalytic activity, CA IX directly participates in many acidosis-induced features of tumor phenotype as demonstrated by manipulating its expression and/or by in vitro mutagenesis. CA IX can function as a survival factor protecting tumor cells from hypoxia and acidosis, as a pro-migratory factor facilitating cell movement and invasion, as a signaling molecule transducing extracellular signals to intracellular pathways (including major signaling and metabolic cascades) and converting intracellular signals to extracellular effects on adhesion, proteolysis, and other processes. These functional implications of CA IX in cancer are supported by numerous clinical studies demonstrating the association of CA IX with various clinical correlates and markers of aggressive tumor behavior. Although our understanding of the many faces of CA IX is still incomplete, existing knowledge supports the view that CA IX is a biologically and clinically relevant molecule, exploitable in anticancer strategies aimed at targeting adaptive responses to hypoxia and/or acidosis.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Olga Sedlakova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Eliska Svastova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Martina Takacova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Juraj Kopacek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Jaromir Pastorek
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases are ubiquitous enzymes that catalyze the reversible hydration of carbon dioxide. These enzymes are of ancient origin as they are found in the deepest of branches of the evolutionary tree. Of the five different classes of carbonic anhydrases, the alpha class has perhaps received the most attention because of its role in human pathology. This review focuses on the physiological function of this class of carbonic anhydrases organized by their cellular location.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Susan C Frost
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA,
| |
Collapse
|
86
|
|
87
|
Csaderova L, Debreova M, Radvak P, Stano M, Vrestiakova M, Kopacek J, Pastorekova S, Svastova E. The effect of carbonic anhydrase IX on focal contacts during cell spreading and migration. Front Physiol 2013; 4:271. [PMID: 24101905 PMCID: PMC3787331 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2013.00271] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2013] [Accepted: 09/11/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX is a hypoxia-induced transmembrane enzyme linked with solid tumors. It catalyzes the reversible hydration of CO2 providing bicarbonate ions for intracellular neutralization and protons for extracellular acidosis, thereby supporting tumor cell survival and invasiveness. CA IX is the only human CA isoform containing the proteoglycan (PG) domain in its extracellular part. The PG domain appears to enhance the catalytic activity of CA IX and mediate its binding to the extracellular matrix. Moreover, manipulation of the CA IX level by siRNA or overexpression modulates cell adhesion pathway so that in the presence of CA IX, cells display an increased rate of adhesion and spreading. Here we show that deletion of the PG domain as well as treatment with the PG-binding monoclonal antibody M75 can impair this CA IX effect. Accordingly, CA IX-expressing cells show more prominent and elongated maturing paxillin-stained focal contacts (FC) than CA IX-negative controls, proving the role of CA IX in cell spreading. However, during active cell movement, CA IX is relocalized to lamellipodia and improves migration via its catalytic domain. Thus, we examined the influence of CA IX on FC turnover in these structures. While the lamellipodial regions lacking CA IX display dash-like adhesions, the CA IX-enriched neighboring regions exhibit dynamic dot-like FCs. These results suggest that CA IX can promote initial adhesion through its PG domain, but at the same time it facilitates formation of nascent adhesions at the leading edge of moving cells. Thereby it may allow for transmission of large forces and enhanced migration rate, presumably through catalytic activity and impact of pHe on FC dynamics. Thus, we provide the first evidence that CA IX protein localizes directly in focal adhesion (FA) structures and propose its functional relationship with the proteins involved in the regulation of FC turnover and maturation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Lucia Csaderova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia ; Centre for Molecular Medicine, Slovak Academy of Sciences Bratislava, Slovakia
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
88
|
Obacz J, Pastorekova S, Vojtesek B, Hrstka R. Cross-talk between HIF and p53 as mediators of molecular responses to physiological and genotoxic stresses. Mol Cancer 2013; 12:93. [PMID: 23945296 PMCID: PMC3844392 DOI: 10.1186/1476-4598-12-93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 08/10/2013] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Abnormal rates of growth together with metastatic potential and lack of susceptibility to cellular signals leading to apoptosis are widely investigated characteristics of tumors that develop via genetic or epigenetic mechanisms. Moreover, in the growing tumor, cells are exposed to insufficient nutrient supply, low oxygen availability (hypoxia) and/or reactive oxygen species. These physiological stresses force them to switch into more adaptable and aggressive phenotypes. This paper summarizes the role of two key mediators of cellular stress responses, namely p53 and HIF, which significantly affect cancer progression and compromise treatment outcomes. Furthermore, it describes cross-talk between these factors.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Obacz
- Masaryk Memorial Cancer Institute, Regional Centre for Applied Molecular Oncology, Zluty kopec 7, 65653 Brno, Czech Republic.
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
89
|
Monti SM, Supuran CT, De Simone G. Anticancer carbonic anhydrase inhibitors: a patent review (2008 - 2013). Expert Opin Ther Pat 2013; 23:737-49. [PMID: 23672415 DOI: 10.1517/13543776.2013.798648] [Citation(s) in RCA: 215] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Human carbonic anhydrases (EC 4.2.1.1) IX (hCA IX) and XII (hCA XII) are two tumor-associated proteins, being overexpressed in many tumors and involved in critical processes associated with cancer progression and response to therapy. Both are multi-domain proteins consisting of an extracellular catalytic domain (CA), a transmembrane portion (TM) and an intracytoplasmic (IC) segment. These domains have peculiar biochemical and physiological features. CA IX contains an additional proteoglycan-like (PG) domain at the N-terminus which constitutes a unique feature of this enzyme within the CA family. AREAS COVERED Starting from a brief description of the main molecular and catalytic features of both enzymes, their role in tumor physiology and their three-dimensional structure, this review describes the main classes of small molecule inhibitors, investigated between 2008 and 2013, able to inhibit these enzymes for both diagnostic and therapeutic applications. EXPERT OPINION A consistent number of patents on molecules able to inhibit the catalytic activity of CA IX and CA XII have been recently reported. Most patents deal with classical sulfonamide derivatives, demonstrating that introducing suitable substituents on the inhibitor scaffold, good selectivity can be obtained. However, the most impressive results are related to compounds containing novel chemotypes, such as coumarins and thiocumarins. Thus, it is expected that research in next future will be more dedicated to the development of molecules containing new chemotypes and a large number of studies in such field have already been published demonstrating the role of these enzymes in carcinogenesis and metastases formation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Simona Maria Monti
- Istituto di Biostrutture e Bioimmagini-CNR, via Mezzocannone 16, 80134 Naples, Italy
| | | | | |
Collapse
|
90
|
Parker MD, Boron WF. The divergence, actions, roles, and relatives of sodium-coupled bicarbonate transporters. Physiol Rev 2013; 93:803-959. [PMID: 23589833 PMCID: PMC3768104 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00023.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 197] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammalian Slc4 (Solute carrier 4) family of transporters is a functionally diverse group of 10 multi-spanning membrane proteins that includes three Cl-HCO3 exchangers (AE1-3), five Na(+)-coupled HCO3(-) transporters (NCBTs), and two other unusual members (AE4, BTR1). In this review, we mainly focus on the five mammalian NCBTs-NBCe1, NBCe2, NBCn1, NDCBE, and NBCn2. Each plays a specialized role in maintaining intracellular pH and, by contributing to the movement of HCO3(-) across epithelia, in maintaining whole-body pH and otherwise contributing to epithelial transport. Disruptions involving NCBT genes are linked to blindness, deafness, proximal renal tubular acidosis, mental retardation, and epilepsy. We also review AE1-3, AE4, and BTR1, addressing their relevance to the study of NCBTs. This review draws together recent advances in our understanding of the phylogenetic origins and physiological relevance of NCBTs and their progenitors. Underlying these advances is progress in such diverse disciplines as physiology, molecular biology, genetics, immunocytochemistry, proteomics, and structural biology. This review highlights the key similarities and differences between individual NCBTs and the genes that encode them and also clarifies the sometimes confusing NCBT nomenclature.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mark D Parker
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, Case Western Reserve University School of Medicine, 10900 Euclid Ave., Cleveland, OH 44106-4970, USA.
| | | |
Collapse
|
91
|
Cyclic AMP enhances TGFβ responses of breast cancer cells by upregulating TGFβ receptor I expression. PLoS One 2013; 8:e54261. [PMID: 23349840 PMCID: PMC3548810 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0054261] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2012] [Accepted: 12/10/2012] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Cellular functions are regulated by complex networks of many different signaling pathways. The TGFβ and cAMP pathways are of particular importance in tumor progression. We analyzed the cross-talk between these pathways in breast cancer cells in 2D and 3D cultures. We found that cAMP potentiated TGFβ-dependent gene expression by enhancing Smad3 phosphorylation. Higher levels of total Smad3, as observed in 3D-cultured cells, blocked this effect. Two Smad3 regulating proteins, YAP (Yes-associated protein) and TβRI (TGFβ receptor 1), were responsive to cAMP. While YAP had little effect on TGFβ-dependent expression and Smad3 phosphorylation, a constitutively active form of TβRI mimicked the cAMP effect on TGFβ signaling. In 3D-cultured cells, which show much higher levels of TβRI and cAMP, TβRI was unresponsive to cAMP. Upregulation of TβRI expression by cAMP was dependent on transcription. A proximal TβRI promoter fragment was moderately, but significantly activated by cAMP suggesting that cAMP increases TβRI expression at least partially by activating TβRI transcription. Neither the cAMP-responsive element binding protein (CREB) nor the TβRI-regulating transcription factor Six1 was required for the cAMP effect. An inhibitor of histone deacetylases alone or together with cAMP increased TβRI expression by a similar extent as cAMP alone suggesting that cAMP may exert its effect by interfering with histone acetylation. Along with an additive stimulatory effect of cAMP and TGFβ on p21 expression an additive inhibitory effect of these agents on proliferation was observed. Finally, we show that mesenchymal stem cells that interact with breast cancer cells can simultaneously activate the cAMP and TGFβ pathways. In summary, these data suggest that combined effects of cAMP and TGFβ, as e.g. induced by mesenchymal stem cells, involve the upregulation of TβRI expression on the transcriptional level, likely due to changes in histone acetylation. As a consequence, cancer cell functions such as proliferation are affected.
Collapse
|
92
|
Svastova E, Pastorekova S. Carbonic anhydrase IX: a hypoxia-controlled "catalyst" of cell migration. Cell Adh Migr 2013; 7:226-31. [PMID: 23302955 DOI: 10.4161/cam.23257] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration can be principally viewed as a chain of well-orchestrated morphological events that lead to dynamic reshaping of the cell body. However, behind the scene of such a "morphological theater" there are very complex, interrelated molecular and physiological processes that drive the cell movement. Among them, ion transport and pH regulation play a key role, with carbonic anhydrase IX (CA IX) emerging as one of the important "molecular actors." CA IX is a highly active cell surface enzyme expressed in a broad range of solid tumors in response to hypoxia and explored as a clinically useful biomarker of hypoxia and as a therapeutic target. Its biological role is to protect tumor cells from hypoxia and acidosis in the tumor microenvironment. The study published recently by our group showed that CA IX actively contributes to cell migration and invasion. For the first time, we demonstrated CA IX accumulation in lamellipodia of migrating cells and its direct in situ interaction with bicarbonate transporters. Our findings indicate that tumor cells need CA IX not only as a pro-survival factor in hypoxia and acidosis, but also as a pro-migratory component of the cellular apparatus driving epithelial-mesenchymal transition.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Eliska Svastova
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
RADVAK PETER, REPIC MARKO, SVASTOVA ELISKA, TAKACOVA MARTINA, CSADEROVA LUCIA, STRNAD HYNEK, PASTOREK JAROMIR, PASTOREKOVA SILVIA, KOPACEK JURAJ. Suppression of carbonic anhydrase IX leads to aberrant focal adhesion and decreased invasion of tumor cells. Oncol Rep 2013; 29:1147-53. [DOI: 10.3892/or.2013.2226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2012] [Accepted: 12/05/2012] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
|
94
|
Buanne P, Renzone G, Monteleone F, Vitale M, Monti SM, Sandomenico A, Garbi C, Montanaro D, Accardo M, Troncone G, Zatovicova M, Csaderova L, Supuran CT, Pastorekova S, Scaloni A, De Simone G, Zambrano N. Characterization of Carbonic Anhydrase IX Interactome Reveals Proteins Assisting Its Nuclear Localization in Hypoxic Cells. J Proteome Res 2012. [DOI: 10.1021/pr300565w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Affiliation(s)
| | - Giovanni Renzone
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry
Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Monica Vitale
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare
e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | | | | | - Corrado Garbi
- Dipartimento di Biologia e Patologia
Cellulare e Molecolare, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | | | - Marina Accardo
- Department
of Public Health, Section
of Pathology, Seconda Università di Napoli, Italy
| | - Giancarlo Troncone
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di
Scienze Biomorfologiche
e Funzionali, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| | - Miriam Zatovicova
- Department of
Molecular Medicine,
Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Lucia Csaderova
- Department of
Molecular Medicine,
Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | | | - Silvia Pastorekova
- Department of
Molecular Medicine,
Institute of Virology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Bratislava, Slovak Republic
| | - Andrea Scaloni
- Proteomics and Mass Spectrometry
Laboratory, ISPAAM, CNR, Naples, Italy
| | | | - Nicola Zambrano
- CEINGE Biotecnologie Avanzate SCaRL, Naples, Italy
- Dipartimento di Medicina Molecolare
e Biotecnologie Mediche, Università di Napoli Federico II, Italy
| |
Collapse
|
95
|
Fisher SZ, Aggarwal M, Kovalevsky AY, Silverman DN, McKenna R. Neutron diffraction of acetazolamide-bound human carbonic anhydrase II reveals atomic details of drug binding. J Am Chem Soc 2012; 134:14726-9. [PMID: 22928733 DOI: 10.1021/ja3068098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrases (CAs) catalyze the hydration of CO(2) forming HCO(3)(-) and a proton, an important reaction for many physiological processes including respiration, fluid secretion, and pH regulation. As such, CA isoforms are prominent clinical targets for treating various diseases. The clinically used acetazolamide (AZM) is a sulfonamide that binds with high affinity to human CA isoform II (HCA II). There are several X-ray structures available of AZM bound to various CA isoforms, but these complexes do not show the charged state of AZM or the hydrogen atom positions of the protein and solvent. Neutron diffraction is a useful technique for directly observing H atoms and the mapping of H-bonding networks that can greatly contribute to rational drug design. To this end, the neutron structure of H/D exchanged HCA II crystals in complex with AZM was determined. The structure reveals the molecular details of AZM binding and the charged state of the bound drug. This represents the first determined neutron structure of a clinically used drug bound to its target.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- S Zoë Fisher
- Bioscience Division, Los Alamos National Laboratory, Los Alamos, New Mexico 87545, USA
| | | | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
96
|
Sechi M, Innocenti A, Pala N, Rogolino D, Carcelli M, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT. Inhibition of α-class cytosolic human carbonic anhydrases I, II, IX and XII, and β-class fungal enzymes by carboxylic acids and their derivatives: New isoform-I selective nanomolar inhibitors. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:5801-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.07.094] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2012] [Revised: 07/23/2012] [Accepted: 07/25/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
|
97
|
McDonald PC, Winum JY, Supuran CT, Dedhar S. Recent developments in targeting carbonic anhydrase IX for cancer therapeutics. Oncotarget 2012; 3:84-97. [PMID: 22289741 PMCID: PMC3292895 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Carbonic anhydrase IX (CAIX) is a hypoxia-inducible enzyme that is overexpressed by cancer cells from many tumor types, and is a component of the pH regulatory system invoked by these cells to combat the deleterious effects of a high rate of glycolytic metabolism. CAIX functions to help produce and maintain an intracellular pH (pHi) favorable for tumor cell growth and survival, while at the same time participating in the generation of an increasingly acidic extracellular space, facilitating tumor cell invasiveness. Pharmacologic interference of CAIX catalytic activity using monoclonal antibodies or CAIX-specific small molecule inhibitors, consequently disrupting pH regulation by cancer cells, has been shown recently to impair primary tumor growth and metastasis. Many of these agents are in preclinical or clinical development and constitute a novel, targeted strategy for cancer therapy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paul C McDonald
- Department of Integrative Oncology, British Columbia Cancer Research Centre and Cancer Agency, Vancouver, BC, Canada
| | | | | | | |
Collapse
|
98
|
Winum JY, Carta F, Ward C, Mullen P, Harrison D, Langdon SP, Cecchi A, Scozzafava A, Kunkler I, Supuran CT. Ureido-substituted sulfamates show potent carbonic anhydrase IX inhibitory and antiproliferative activities against breast cancer cell lines. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2012; 22:4681-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2012.05.083] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2012] [Revised: 05/21/2012] [Accepted: 05/21/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
|
99
|
Gieling RG, Babur M, Mamnani L, Burrows N, Telfer BA, Carta F, Winum JY, Scozzafava A, Supuran CT, Williams KJ. Antimetastatic Effect of Sulfamate Carbonic Anhydrase IX Inhibitors in Breast Carcinoma Xenografts. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5591-600. [DOI: 10.1021/jm300529u] [Citation(s) in RCA: 120] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Roben G. Gieling
- Hypoxia and Therapeutics Group, School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Muhammad Babur
- Hypoxia and Therapeutics Group, School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Lupti Mamnani
- Hypoxia and Therapeutics Group, School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Natalie Burrows
- Hypoxia and Therapeutics Group, School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Brian A. Telfer
- Hypoxia and Therapeutics Group, School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Fabrizio Carta
- Department of Chemistry, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Jean-Yves Winum
- Institut
des Biomolécules Max Mousseron (IBMM), UMR 5247 CNRS-UM1-UM2,
Bâtiment de Recherche Max Mousseron, Ecole Nationale Supérieure de Chimie de Montpellier, 8 Rue de
l’Ecole Normale, 34296 Montpellier Cedex, France
| | | | | | - Kaye J. Williams
- Hypoxia and Therapeutics Group, School of
Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| |
Collapse
|
100
|
Durdagi S, Vullo D, Pan P, Kähkönen N, Määttä JA, Hytönen VP, Scozzafava A, Parkkila S, Supuran CT. Protein–Protein Interactions: Inhibition of Mammalian Carbonic Anhydrases I–XV by the Murine Inhibitor of Carbonic Anhydrase and Other Members of the Transferrin Family. J Med Chem 2012; 55:5529-35. [DOI: 10.1021/jm3004587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Serdar Durdagi
- Department of Biological Sciences,
Institute for Biocomplexity and Informatics, University of Calgary, 2500 University Drive, T2N 1N4, Calgary,
Alberta, Canada
| | - Daniela Vullo
- Laboratorio
di Chimica Bioinorganica,
Polo Scientifico, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence,
Italy
| | - Peiwen Pan
- Institute of Biomedical
Technology,
Fimlab Ltd., School of Medicine, and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu,
33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Niklas Kähkönen
- Institute of Biomedical
Technology,
Fimlab Ltd., School of Medicine, and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu,
33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Juha A. Määttä
- Institute of Biomedical
Technology,
Fimlab Ltd., School of Medicine, and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu,
33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Vesa P. Hytönen
- Institute of Biomedical
Technology,
Fimlab Ltd., School of Medicine, and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu,
33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Andrea Scozzafava
- Laboratorio
di Chimica Bioinorganica,
Polo Scientifico, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence,
Italy
| | - Seppo Parkkila
- Institute of Biomedical
Technology,
Fimlab Ltd., School of Medicine, and BioMediTech, University of Tampere and Tampere University Hospital, Biokatu,
33520 Tampere, Finland
| | - Claudiu T. Supuran
- Laboratorio
di Chimica Bioinorganica,
Polo Scientifico, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Rm. 188, Via della Lastruccia 3, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence,
Italy
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmaceutiche, Università degli Studi di Firenze, Via Ugo Schiff
6, 50019 Sesto Fiorentino, Florence, Italy
| |
Collapse
|