51
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Wiig H, Luft FC, Titze JM. The interstitium conducts extrarenal storage of sodium and represents a third compartment essential for extracellular volume and blood pressure homeostasis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2018; 222. [PMID: 29193764 DOI: 10.1111/apha.13006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/21/2017] [Revised: 10/31/2017] [Accepted: 11/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The role of salt in the pathogenesis of arterial hypertension is not well understood. According to the current understanding, the central mechanism for blood pressure (BP) regulation relies on classical studies linking BP and Na+ balance, placing the kidney at the very centre of long-term BP regulation. To maintain BP homeostasis, the effective circulating fluid volume and thereby body Na+ content has to be maintained within very narrow limits. From recent work in humans and rats, the notion has emerged that Na+ could be stored somewhere in the body without commensurate water retention to buffer free extracellular Na+ and that previously unidentified extrarenal, tissue-specific regulatory mechanisms are operative regulating the release and storage of Na+ from a kidney-independent reservoir. Moreover, immune cells from the mononuclear phagocyte system not only function as local on-site sensors of interstitial electrolyte concentration, but also, together with lymphatics, act as systemic regulators of body fluid volume and BP. These studies have established new and unexpected targets in studies of BP control and thus the pathophysiology of hypertension: the interstitium/extracellular matrix of the skin, its inherent interstitial fluid and the lymphatic vasculature forming a vessel network in the interstitium. Aspects of the interstitium in relation to Na+ balance and hypertension are the focus of this review. Taken together, observations of salt storage in the skin to buffer free extracellular Na+ and macrophage modulation of the extracellular matrix and lymphatics suggest that electrolyte homeostasis in the body cannot be achieved by renal excretion alone, but also relies on extrarenal regulatory mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- H. Wiig
- Department of Biomedicine; University of Bergen; Bergen Norway
| | - F. C. Luft
- Experimental and Clinical Research Center; Max-Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine; Charité Medical Faculty; Berlin Germany
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
| | - J. M. Titze
- Division of Clinical Pharmacology; Department of Medicine; Vanderbilt University School of Medicine; Nashville TN USA
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52
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Yang Y, Yang I, Cao M, Su ZY, Wu R, Guo Y, Fang M, Kong AN. Fucoxanthin Elicits Epigenetic Modifications, Nrf2 Activation and Blocking Transformation in Mouse Skin JB6 P+ Cells. AAPS JOURNAL 2018; 20:32. [PMID: 29603113 DOI: 10.1208/s12248-018-0197-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Nuclear factor erythroid-2-related factor-2 (Nrf2 or NFE2L2) is a master regulator of the anti-oxidative stress response, which is involved in the defense against many oxidative stress/inflammation-mediated diseases, including anticancer effects elicited by an increasing number of natural products. Our previous studies showed that the epigenetic modification of the Nrf2 gene plays a key role in restoring the expression of Nrf2. In this study, we aimed to investigate the epigenetic regulation of Nrf2 by astaxanthin (AST) and fucoxanthin (FX), carotenoids which are abundant in microalgae and seaweeds, in mouse skin epidermal JB6 P+ cells. FX induced the anti-oxidant response element (ARE)-luciferase and upregulated the mRNA and protein levels of Nrf2 and Nrf2 downstream genes in HepG2-C8 cells overexpressing the ARE-luciferase reporter. Both FX and AST decreased colony formation in 12-Otetradecanoylphorbol-13-acetate (TPA)-induced transformation of JB6 P+ cells. FX decreased the methylation of the Nrf2 promoter region in the JB6 P+ cells by the bisulfite conversion and pyrosequencing. Both FX and AST significantly reduced DNA methyltransferase (DNMT) activity but did not affect histone deacetylase (HDAC) activity in JB6 P+ cells. In summary, our results show that FX activates the Nrf2 signaling pathway, induces the epigenetic demethylation of CpG sites in Nrf2 and blocks the TPA-induced transformation of JB6 P+ cells, indicating the potential health-promoting effects of FX in skin cancer prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuqing Yang
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Irene Yang
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Mingnan Cao
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Department of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Peking University, 100191, Beijing, People's Republic of China
| | - Zheng-Yuan Su
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Department of Bioscience Technology, Chung Yuan Christian University, 200 Chung Pei Road, Chung Li District, Taoyuan City, 32023, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Renyi Wu
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Yue Guo
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Mingzhu Fang
- Environmental and Occupational Health Sciences Institute, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA
| | - Ah-Ng Kong
- Center for Phytochemical Epigenome Studies, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA. .,Department of Pharmaceutics, Ernest Mario School of Pharmacy, Rutgers University, 160 Frelinghuysen Road, Piscataway, New Jersey, 08854, USA.
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53
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Wang G, Liu Y, Wang Y, Gao W. Effect of Rhizoma Paridis saponin on the pain behavior in a mouse model of cancer pain. RSC Adv 2018; 8:17060-17072. [PMID: 35539228 PMCID: PMC9080318 DOI: 10.1039/c8ra00797g] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) as active parts of P. polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis has been used as an anti-cancer drug in traditional Chinese medicine. In this study, RPS was first found to demonstrate a potent effect on markedly reducing the pain induced by cancer. Therefore, the aim of this study was to further explore the analgesic effect of RPS and its possible reaction pathway on H22 hepatocarcinoma cells inoculated in the hind right paw of mice. Cancer-induced pain model mice were randomly divided into 5 groups (n = 10) and orally administered with RPS (50–200 mg kg−1) for 2 weeks. On the last day of treatment, the pain behavior of mice was measured using hot-plate test and open field test, and brain tissues were sampled for detection of biochemical indices, malondialdehyde (MDA), superoxide dismutase (SOD), prostaglandin E2 (PGE2), serotonin (5-HT) and β-endorphin (β-EP). Moreover, the concentrations of NF-κB and IL-1β in the blood serum were measured by ELISA reagent kits. In addition, naloxone, the non-selective antagonist of opioid receptors, was used to identify the opioid receptors involved in RPS's action. It has been found that RPS alleviates cancer pain mainly via the suppression of inflammatory pain induced by oxidative damage, such as decreasing MDA and PGE2 levels, renewing activity of SOD, as well as increasing 5-HT and β-EP in the brain and suppressing the expression of NF-κB and IL-1β in the serum in a concentration-dependent manner. Overall, the current study highlights that RPS has widespread potential antinociceptive effects on a mouse model of chronic cancer pain, which may be associated with the peripheral nervous system and the central nervous system. Rhizoma Paridis saponins (RPS) as active parts of P. polyphylla Smith var. yunnanensis has been used as an anti-cancer drug in traditional Chinese medicine.![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Genbei Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Yuanxue Liu
- Tasly Academy
- Tasly Holding Group Co., Ltd
- Tianjin 300410
- China
- State Key Laboratory of Core Technology in Innovative Chinese Medicine
| | - Yu Wang
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
| | - Wenyuan Gao
- Tianjin Key Laboratory for Modern Drug Delivery & High-Efficiency
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Technology
- Tianjin University
- Tianjin 300072
- China
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54
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Alam S, Pal A, Singh D, Ansari KM. Topical application of Nexrutine inhibits ultraviolet B-induced cutaneous inflammatory responses in SKH-1 hairless mouse. PHOTODERMATOLOGY PHOTOIMMUNOLOGY & PHOTOMEDICINE 2017; 34:82-90. [PMID: 28857273 DOI: 10.1111/phpp.12348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 08/24/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Ultraviolet B (UVB) radiation is the major contributor to skin inflammation which leads to the development of skin cancer. Hence, in this study, we studied the effect of Nexrutine (NX) on UVB-induced cutaneous inflammation and its mediators. METHODS Ultraviolet absorption spectra of NX were measured by spectrophotometer. To conduct the photoprotective studies, SKH-1 hairless mice were topically treated with NX, 30 minutes before to the UVB (180 mJ/cm2 ) exposure. Twenty hours of post-UVB irradiation, mouse skin was used for edema measurements, H & E staining, myeloperoxidase (MPO) activity, and estimation of plasma cytokines. In addition, expression levels of inflammatory cytokines, cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and inducible nitric oxide synthase (iNOS) were also determined by Western blot analysis. RESULTS Nexrutine displayed absorbance over the UVB spectrum. NX significantly decreased the UVB-induced epidermal edema, skin thickness, leukocyte infiltration, number of the sunburn, and TUNEL-positive cells. NX treatment also decreased the number of mast cells, MPO activity, expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines, and inflammation mediator protein in mouse skin. CONCLUSION These results provide evidences that NX inhibits the UVB-induced cutaneous inflammatory responses in SKH-1 mouse skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shamshad Alam
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Anu Pal
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Dhirendra Singh
- Animal House Facility, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Kausar Mahmood Ansari
- Environmental Carcinogenesis Laboratory, Food, Drug and Chemical Toxicology Group, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
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55
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van den Hout MFCM, Koster BD, Sluijter BJR, Molenkamp BG, van de Ven R, van den Eertwegh AJM, Scheper RJ, van Leeuwen PAM, van den Tol MP, de Gruijl TD. Melanoma Sequentially Suppresses Different DC Subsets in the Sentinel Lymph Node, Affecting Disease Spread and Recurrence. Cancer Immunol Res 2017; 5:969-977. [PMID: 28935649 DOI: 10.1158/2326-6066.cir-17-0110] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2017] [Revised: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 09/15/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Melanoma exerts immune-suppressive effects to facilitate tumor progression and metastatic spread. We studied these effects on dendritic cell (DC) and T-cell subsets in 36 melanoma sentinel lymph node (SLN) from 28 stage I-III melanoma patients and determined their clinical significance. Four conventional DC subsets, plasmacytoid DCs, and CD4+, CD8+, and regulatory T cells (Tregs), were analyzed by flow cytometry. We correlated these data to clinical parameters and determined their effect on local and distant melanoma recurrence, with a median follow-up of 75 months. In stage I and II melanoma, increased Breslow thickness (i.e., invasion depth of the primary melanoma) was associated with progressive suppression of skin-derived migratory CD1a+ DC subsets. In contrast, LN-resident DC subsets and T cells were only affected once metastasis to the SLN had occurred. In stage III patients, increased CD4:CD8 ratios in concert with the accumulation of Tregs resulted in decreased CD8:Treg ratios. On follow-up, lower frequencies of migratory DC subsets proved related to local melanoma recurrence, whereas reduced maturation of LN-resident DC subsets was associated with distant recurrence and melanoma-specific survival. In conclusion, melanoma-mediated suppression of migratory DC subsets in the SLN precedes local spread, whereas suppression of LN-resident DC subsets follows regional spread and precedes further melanoma dissemination to distant sites. This study offers a rationale to target migratory as well as LN-resident DC subsets for early immunotherapeutic interventions to prevent melanoma recurrence and spread. Cancer Immunol Res; 5(11); 969-77. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mari F C M van den Hout
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.,Department of Pathology, GROW-School for Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht, the Netherlands
| | - Bas D Koster
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Berbel J R Sluijter
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Barbara G Molenkamp
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rieneke van de Ven
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Alfons J M van den Eertwegh
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Rik J Scheper
- Department of Pathology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Paul A M van Leeuwen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - M Petrousjka van den Tol
- Department of Surgical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Tanja D de Gruijl
- Department of Medical Oncology, VU University Medical Center/Cancer Center Amsterdam, De Boelelaan, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
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56
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Weichand B, Popp R, Dziumbla S, Mora J, Strack E, Elwakeel E, Frank AC, Scholich K, Pierre S, Syed SN, Olesch C, Ringleb J, Ören B, Döring C, Savai R, Jung M, von Knethen A, Levkau B, Fleming I, Weigert A, Brüne B. S1PR1 on tumor-associated macrophages promotes lymphangiogenesis and metastasis via NLRP3/IL-1β. J Exp Med 2017; 214:2695-2713. [PMID: 28739604 PMCID: PMC5584110 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20160392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 193] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/12/2017] [Accepted: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer death. Weichand et al. describe a new mechanism explaining how tumor-associated macrophages contribute to metastatic spread, which involves promoting tumor lymphangiogenesis via S1P receptor 1 and the NLRP3 inflammasome. Metastasis is the primary cause of cancer death. The inflammatory tumor microenvironment contributes to metastasis, for instance, by recruiting blood and lymph vessels. Among tumor-infiltrating immune cells, tumor-associated macrophages (TAMs) take a center stage in promoting both tumor angiogenesis and metastatic spread. We found that genetic deletion of the S1P receptor 1 (S1pr1) alone in CD11bhi CD206+ TAMs infiltrating mouse breast tumors prevents pulmonary metastasis and tumor lymphangiogenesis. Reduced lymphangiogenesis was also observed in the nonrelated methylcholanthrene-induced fibrosarcoma model. Transcriptome analysis of isolated TAMs from both entities revealed reduced expression of the inflammasome component Nlrp3 in S1PR1-deficient TAMs. Macrophage-dependent lymphangiogenesis in vitro was triggered upon inflammasome activation and required both S1PR1 signaling and IL-1β production. Finally, NLRP3 expression in tumor-infiltrating macrophages correlated with survival, lymph node invasion, and metastasis of mammary carcinoma patients. Conceptually, our study indicates an unappreciated role of the NLRP3 inflammasome in promoting metastasis via the lymphatics downstream of S1PR1 signaling in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Weichand
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rüdiger Popp
- Institute of Vascular Signaling, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sarah Dziumbla
- Institute of Vascular Signaling, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Javier Mora
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Elisabeth Strack
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Eiman Elwakeel
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Ann-Christin Frank
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Klaus Scholich
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology/Center for Drug Research, Development and Safety (ZAFES), Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Sandra Pierre
- Institute of Clinical Pharmacology/Center for Drug Research, Development and Safety (ZAFES), Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Shahzad N Syed
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Catherine Olesch
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Julia Ringleb
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bilge Ören
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Claudia Döring
- Dr. Senckenberg Institute for Pathology, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Rajkumar Savai
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Michaela Jung
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas von Knethen
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bodo Levkau
- Institute of Pathophysiology, West German Heart and Vascular Center, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Ingrid Fleming
- Institute of Vascular Signaling, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Andreas Weigert
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
| | - Bernhard Brüne
- Institute of Biochemistry I, Faculty of Medicine, Goethe-University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany
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57
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Sackstein R, Schatton T, Barthel SR. T-lymphocyte homing: an underappreciated yet critical hurdle for successful cancer immunotherapy. J Transl Med 2017; 97:669-697. [PMID: 28346400 PMCID: PMC5446300 DOI: 10.1038/labinvest.2017.25] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2017] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Advances in cancer immunotherapy have offered new hope for patients with metastatic disease. This unfolding success story has been exemplified by a growing arsenal of novel immunotherapeutics, including blocking antibodies targeting immune checkpoint pathways, cancer vaccines, and adoptive cell therapy (ACT). Nonetheless, clinical benefit remains highly variable and patient-specific, in part, because all immunotherapeutic regimens vitally hinge on the capacity of endogenous and/or adoptively transferred T-effector (Teff) cells, including chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T cells, to home efficiently into tumor target tissue. Thus, defects intrinsic to the multi-step T-cell homing cascade have become an obvious, though significantly underappreciated contributor to immunotherapy resistance. Conspicuous have been low intralesional frequencies of tumor-infiltrating T-lymphocytes (TILs) below clinically beneficial threshold levels, and peripheral rather than deep lesional TIL infiltration. Therefore, a Teff cell 'homing deficit' may arguably represent a dominant factor responsible for ineffective immunotherapeutic outcomes, as tumors resistant to immune-targeted killing thrive in such permissive, immune-vacuous microenvironments. Fortunately, emerging data is shedding light into the diverse mechanisms of immune escape by which tumors restrict Teff cell trafficking and lesional penetrance. In this review, we scrutinize evolving knowledge on the molecular determinants of Teff cell navigation into tumors. By integrating recently described, though sporadic information of pivotal adhesive and chemokine homing signatures within the tumor microenvironment with better established paradigms of T-cell trafficking under homeostatic or infectious disease scenarios, we seek to refine currently incomplete models of Teff cell entry into tumor tissue. We further summarize how cancers thwart homing to escape immune-mediated destruction and raise awareness of the potential impact of immune checkpoint blockers on Teff cell homing. Finally, we speculate on innovative therapeutic opportunities for augmenting Teff cell homing capabilities to improve immunotherapy-based tumor eradication in cancer patients, with special focus on malignant melanoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Sackstein
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Program of Excellence in Glycosciences, Harvard Medical School, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Rm 671, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Tobias Schatton
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Department of Medicine, Boston Children’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Steven R. Barthel
- Department of Dermatology, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Skin Disease Research Center, Brigham & Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, 02115, USA,Harvard Stem Cell Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA,Correspondence to: Dr. Steven R. Barthel, Harvard Institutes of Medicine, Rm. 673B, 77 Avenue Louis Pasteur, Boston, MA 02115;
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58
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Tong Z, Liu L, Zheng Y, Jiang W, Zhao P, Fang W, Wang W. Predictive value of preoperative peripheral blood neutrophil/lymphocyte ratio for lymph node metastasis in patients of resectable pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors: a nomogram-based study. World J Surg Oncol 2017; 15:108. [PMID: 28558772 PMCID: PMC5450407 DOI: 10.1186/s12957-017-1169-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/02/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Neutrophil-to-lymphocyte ratio (NLR) is one of the systemic inflammation markers, which has prognostic values in many types of tumor. However, hardly any research has reported the relationship between NLR and pancreatic neuroendocrine tumors (PanNETs). In this study, we aimed to evaluate the predictive value of the preoperative peripheral blood NLR on the clinical outcomes in patients of resectable PanNETs. Methods Ninety-five cases of PanNETs registered in the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University between March 2009 and May 2016 and underwent pancreatic surgery were included in this study. Univariate and multivariate analyses were applied to identify the prognostic factors for PanNETs. Prognostic nomogram and its calibration curve then used R (version 3.3.2) to predict lymph node (LN) metastasis. Results Among these 95 patients, 52 (54.7%) patients were diagnosed as grade 1 (G1) NET (mitotic count <2/10 HPF, Ki-67 ≤2%), 32 (33.7%) as G2 NET (mitotic count 2–20/10 HPF, Ki-67 3–20%), and 11 (11.6%) as G3 NEC (mitotic count >20/10 HPF, Ki-67 >20%). Increased NLR was found to relate with advanced T stage, LN metastasis, tumor thrombus formation, and advanced grade (p < 0.05 for all). Multivariate logistic regression was performed and indicated that NLR (HR 6.74; p = 0.02) was an independent prognostic factor for LN metastasis. Furthermore, we developed a nomogram based on the combination of NLR, T stage, and grade for LN metastasis with a good discrimination ability with the AUC (area under the curve) of 0.885. This nomogram showed larger AUC than those using NLR (0.725), T stage (0.808), or grade (0.708) alone as a prognostic factor, which means this system achieved a more optional performance in predicting clinical outcomes. Finally, the Kaplan–Meier curve indicated that the recurrence-free survival (RFS) of patients with high NLR (NLR >1.40, RFS 61.1 ± 4.4 months) decreased significantly as compared with those of low NLR (NLR ≤1.40, RFS 63.8 ± 2.9 month, p < 0.05). Conclusions The preoperative NLR is a potential independent predictor for LN metastasis and RFS. Our nomogram highlighted the important role of NLR in prognosis, which might be considered as a convenient indicator for lymph node metastasis, especially during the initial diagnosis for resectable PanNETs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhou Tong
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lulu Liu
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yi Zheng
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiqin Jiang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China
| | - Peng Zhao
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Weijia Fang
- Cancer Biotherapy Center, First Affiliated Hospital, School of Medicine, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China.,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China
| | - Weilin Wang
- Division of Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Surgery, Department of Surgery, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, China. .,Collaborative Innovation Center for Diagnosis and Treatment of Infectious Diseases, Hangzhou, China. .,Key Laboratory of Precision Diagnosis and Treatment for Hepatobiliary and Pancreatic Tumor of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, 310003, China.
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59
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Abstract
Immuno-oncology (I/O) research has intensified significantly in recent years due to the breakthrough development and the regulatory approval of several immune checkpoint inhibitors, leading to the rapid expansion of the new discovery of novel I/O therapies, new checkpoint inhibitors and beyond. However, many I/O questions remain unanswered, including why only certain subsets of patients respond to these treatments, who the responders would be, and how to expand patient response (the conversion of non-responders or maximizing response in partial responders). All of these require relevant I/O experimental systems, particularly relevant preclinical animal models. Compared to other oncology drug discovery, e.g. cytotoxic and targeted drugs, a lack of relevant animal models is a major obstacle in I/O drug discovery, and an urgent and unmet need. Despite the obvious importance, and the fact that much I/O research has been performed using many different animal models, there are few comprehensive and introductory reviews on this topic. This article attempts to review the efforts in development of a variety of such models, as well as their applications and limitations for readers new to the field, particularly those in the pharmaceutical industry.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qi-Xiang Li
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China.
| | - Gerold Feuer
- HuMurine Technologies, Inc., 2700 Stockton Blvd, Rm. 1403, Sacramento, CA 95817, USA
| | - Xuesong Ouyang
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA
| | - Xiaoyu An
- Crown Bioscience Inc., 3375 Scott Blvd, Suite 108, Santa Clara, CA 95054, USA; State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
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60
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Chen T, Yuan SJ, Yu XQ, Jiao LB, Hu W, Chen WL, Xie B. Effect of toad skin extracts on the pain behavior of cancer model mice and its peripheral mechanism of action. Int Immunopharmacol 2017; 42:90-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2016.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2016] [Revised: 11/01/2016] [Accepted: 11/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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Munn LL. Cancer and inflammation. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2016; 9. [PMID: 27943646 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1370] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2016] [Revised: 10/22/2016] [Accepted: 10/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The relationship between inflammation and cancer has been recognized since the 17th century,1 and we now know much about the cells, cytokines and physiological processes that are central to both inflammation and cancer.2-9 Chronic inflammation can induce certain cancers,10-17 and solid tumors, in turn, can initiate and perpetuate local inflammatory processes that foster tumor growth and dissemination.5 ,18-20 Consequently, inflammatory pathways have been targeted in attempts to control cancer.21-23 Inflammation is a central aspect of the innate immune system's response to tissue damage or infection, and also facilitates the recruitment of circulating cells and antibodies of the adaptive immune response to the tissue. Components of the innate immune response carry out a robust, but sometimes overly-conservative response, sacrificing specificity for the sake of preservation. Thus, when innate immunity goes awry, it can have profound implications. How the innate and adaptive immune systems cooperate to neutralize pathogens and repair damaged tissues is still an area of intense investigation. Further, how these systems can respond to cancer, which arises from normal 'self' cells that undergo an oncogenic transformation, has profound implications for cancer therapy. Recently, immunotherapies that activate adaptive immunity have shown unprecedented promise in the clinic, producing durable responses and dramatic increases in survival rate in patients with advanced stage melanoma.24-26 Consequently, the relationship between cancer and inflammation has now returned to the forefront of clinical oncology. WIREs Syst Biol Med 2017, 9:e1370. doi: 10.1002/wsbm.1370 For further resources related to this article, please visit the WIREs website.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lance L Munn
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA, USA
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Rodriguez-Ruiz ME, Garasa S, Rodriguez I, Solorzano JL, Barbes B, Yanguas A, Teijeira A, Etxeberria I, Aristu JJ, Halin C, Melero I, Rouzaut A. Intercellular Adhesion Molecule-1 and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule Are Induced by Ionizing Radiation on Lymphatic Endothelium. Int J Radiat Oncol Biol Phys 2016; 97:389-400. [PMID: 28068246 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijrobp.2016.10.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE/OBJECTIVES The goal of this study was to assess the effects of ionizing radiation on the expression of the integrin ligands ICAM-1 and VCAM that control leucocyte transit by lymphatic endothelial cells. MATERIALS/METHODS Confluent monolayers of primary human lymphatic endothelial cells (LEC) were irradiated with single dose of 2, 5, 10 or 20 Gy, with 6 MeV-x-rays using a Linear-Accelerator. ICAM-1 and VCAM expression was determined by flow cytometry. Human tissue specimens received a single dose of 20 Gy with 15 MeV-x-rays. MC38, B16-OVA or B16-VEGF-C tumors grown in C57BL/6 mice were irradiated with single dose of 20Gy using a Linear-Accelerator fitted with a 10mm Radiosurgery collimator. Clinical samples were obtained from patients previous and 4 weeks after complete standard radiotherapy. ICAM-1 and VCAM expression was detected in all tissue specimens by confocal microscopy. To understand the role of TGFβ in this process anti-TGFβ blocking mAb were injected i.p. 30min before radiotherapy. Cell adhesion to irradiated LEC was analyzed in adhesion experiments performed in the presence or in the absence of anti- TGFβ and /or anti-ICAM1 blocking mAb. RESULTS We demonstrate that lymphatic endothelial cells in tumor samples experience induction of surface ICAM-1 and VCAM when exposed to ionizing radiation in a dose- and time-dependent manner. These effects can be recapitulated in cultured LEC, and are in part mediated by TGFβ. These data are consistent with increases in ICAM-1 and VCAM expression on LYVE-1+ endothelial cells in freshly explanted human tumor tissue and in mouse transplanted tumors after radiotherapy. Finally, ICAM-1 and VCAM expression accounts for enhanced adherence of human T lymphocytes to irradiated LEC. CONCLUSION Our results show induction of ICAM-1 and VCAM on LVs in irradiated lesions and offer a starting point for elucidating the biological and therapeutic implications of targeting leukocyte traffic in combination to immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- María E Rodriguez-Ruiz
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Radiation Oncology, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain.
| | - Saray Garasa
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Inmaculada Rodriguez
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Jose Luis Solorzano
- Radiation Oncology, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Benigno Barbes
- Radiation Oncology, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alba Yanguas
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Alvaro Teijeira
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Iñaki Etxeberria
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - José Javier Aristu
- Radiation Oncology, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Cornelia Halin
- Pharmaceutical Immunology, Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ignacio Melero
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Radiation Oncology, University Clinic, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
| | - Ana Rouzaut
- Division of Immunology and Immunotherapy, Center for Applied Medical Research, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain; Department of Biochemistry and Genetics, University of Navarra, Pamplona, Spain
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Lund AW, Wagner M, Fankhauser M, Steinskog ES, Broggi MA, Spranger S, Gajewski TF, Alitalo K, Eikesdal HP, Wiig H, Swartz MA. Lymphatic vessels regulate immune microenvironments in human and murine melanoma. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3389-402. [PMID: 27525437 DOI: 10.1172/jci79434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 143] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Lymphatic remodeling in tumor microenvironments correlates with progression and metastasis, and local lymphatic vessels play complex and poorly understood roles in tumor immunity. Tumor lymphangiogenesis is associated with increased immune suppression, yet lymphatic vessels are required for fluid drainage and immune cell trafficking to lymph nodes, where adaptive immune responses are mounted. Here, we examined the contribution of lymphatic drainage to tumor inflammation and immunity using a mouse model that lacks dermal lymphatic vessels (K14-VEGFR3-Ig mice). Melanomas implanted in these mice grew robustly, but exhibited drastically reduced cytokine expression and leukocyte infiltration compared with those implanted in control animals. In the absence of local immune suppression, transferred cytotoxic T cells more effectively controlled tumors in K14-VEGFR3-Ig mice than in control mice. Furthermore, gene expression analysis of human melanoma samples revealed that patient immune parameters are markedly stratified by levels of lymphatic markers. This work suggests that the establishment of tumor-associated inflammation and immunity critically depends on lymphatic vessel remodeling and drainage. Moreover, these results have implications for immunotherapies, the efficacies of which are regulated by the tumor immune microenvironment.
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Abstract
Chronic inflammation is linked to the development and progression of multiple cancers, including those of the lung, stomach, liver, colon, breast and skin. Inflammation not only drives the oncogenic transformation of epithelial cells under the stress of chronic infection and autoimmune diseases, but also promotes the growth, progression and metastatic spread of cancers. Tumor-infiltrating inflammatory cells are comprised of a diverse population of myeloid and immune cell types, including monocytes, macrophages, dendritic cells, T and B cells, and others. Different myeloid and lymphoid cells within tumor microenvironment exert diverse, often contradicting, effects during skin cancer development and progression. The nature of tumor-immune interaction determines the rate of cancer progression and the outcome of cancer treatment. Inflammatory environment within skin tumor also inhibits naturally occurring anti-tumor immunity and limits the efficacy of cancer immunotherapy. In this article we aim to give an overview on the mechanism by which inflammation interferes with the development and therapeutic intervention of cancers, especially those of the skin.
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