51
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Brun S, Bestion E, Raymond E, Bassissi F, Jilkova ZM, Mezouar S, Rachid M, Novello M, Tracz J, Hamaï A, Lalmanach G, Vanderlynden L, Legouffe R, Stauber J, Schubert T, Plach MG, Courcambeck J, Drouot C, Jacquemot G, Serdjebi C, Roth G, Baudoin JP, Ansaldi C, Decaens T, Halfon P. GNS561, a clinical-stage PPT1 inhibitor, is efficient against hepatocellular carcinoma via modulation of lysosomal functions. Autophagy 2021; 18:678-694. [PMID: 34740311 PMCID: PMC9037544 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2021.1988357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma is the most frequent primary liver cancer. Macroautophagy/autophagy inhibitors have been extensively studied in cancer but, to date, none has reached efficacy in clinical trials. In this study, we demonstrated that GNS561, a new autophagy inhibitor, whose anticancer activity was previously linked to lysosomal cell death, displayed high liver tropism and potent antitumor activity against a panel of human cancer cell lines and in two hepatocellular carcinoma in vivo models. We showed that due to its lysosomotropic properties, GNS561 could reach and specifically inhibited its enzyme target, PPT1 (palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1), resulting in lysosomal unbound Zn2+ accumulation, impairment of cathepsin activity, blockage of autophagic flux, altered location of MTOR (mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase), lysosomal membrane permeabilization, caspase activation and cell death. Accordingly, GNS561, for which a global phase 1b clinical trial in liver cancers was just successfully achieved, represents a promising new drug candidate and a hopeful therapeutic strategy in cancer treatment. Abbreviations: ANXA5:annexin A5; ATCC: American type culture collection; BafA1: bafilomycin A1; BSA: bovine serum albumin; CASP3: caspase 3; CASP7: caspase 7; CASP8: caspase 8; CCND1: cyclin D1; CTSB: cathepsin B; CTSD: cathepsin D; CTSL: cathepsin L; CQ: chloroquine; iCCA: intrahepatic cholangiocarcinoma; DEN: diethylnitrosamine; DMEM: Dulbelcco’s modified Eagle medium; FBS: fetal bovine serum; FITC: fluorescein isothiocyanate; GAPDH: glyceraldehyde-3-phosphate dehydrogenase; HCC: hepatocellular carcinoma; HCQ: hydroxychloroquine; HDSF: hexadecylsulfonylfluoride; IC50: mean half-maximal inhibitory concentration; LAMP: lysosomal associated membrane protein; LC3-II: phosphatidylethanolamine-conjugated form of MAP1LC3; LMP: lysosomal membrane permeabilization; MALDI: matrix assisted laser desorption ionization; MAP1LC3/LC3: microtubule associated protein 1 light chain 3; MKI67: marker of proliferation Ki-67; MTOR: mechanistic target of rapamycin kinase; MRI: magnetic resonance imaging; NH4Cl: ammonium chloride; NtBuHA: N-tert-butylhydroxylamine; PARP: poly(ADP-ribose) polymerase; PBS: phosphate-buffered saline; PPT1: palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1; SD: standard deviation; SEM: standard error mean; vs, versus; Zn2+: zinc ion; Z-Phe: Z-Phe-Tyt(tBu)-diazomethylketone; Z-VAD-FMK: carbobenzoxy-valyl-alanyl-aspartyl-[O-methyl]- fluoromethylketone.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Eloïne Bestion
- Genoscience Pharma, Marseille, France.,Aix-Marseille Univ, MEPHI, APHM, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | - Eric Raymond
- Genoscience Pharma, Marseille, France.,Medical Oncology, Paris Saint-Joseph Hospital, Paris, France
| | | | - Zuzana Macek Jilkova
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, Faculté De Médecine, France.,Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, Chu Grenoble, France
| | | | | | | | | | - Ahmed Hamaï
- Institut Necker-Enfants Malades, Inserm U1151-CNRS UMR, Paris, France.,University of Paris Descartes-Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France
| | - Gilles Lalmanach
- Inserm, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude Des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe "Mécanismes Protéolytiques Dans l'Inflammation", Tours, France.,University of Tours, Tours, France
| | - Lise Vanderlynden
- Inserm, UMR1100, Centre d'Etude Des Pathologies Respiratoires, Equipe "Mécanismes Protéolytiques Dans l'Inflammation", Tours, France.,University of Tours, Tours, France
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Gael Roth
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, Faculté De Médecine, France.,Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, Chu Grenoble, France
| | - Jean-Pierre Baudoin
- Aix-Marseille Univ, MEPHI, APHM, IRD, IHU Méditerranée Infection, Marseille, France
| | | | - Thomas Decaens
- Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Research Center UGA/Inserm U 1209/CNRS 5309, La Tronche, France.,University of Grenoble Alpes, Faculté De Médecine, France.,Clinique Universitaire d'Hépato-gastroentérologie, Pôle Digidune, Chu Grenoble, France
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52
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Li J, Chen X, Kang R, Zeh H, Klionsky DJ, Tang D. Regulation and function of autophagy in pancreatic cancer. Autophagy 2021; 17:3275-3296. [PMID: 33161807 PMCID: PMC8632104 DOI: 10.1080/15548627.2020.1847462] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2020] [Revised: 10/26/2020] [Accepted: 11/02/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Oncogenic KRAS mutation-driven pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma is currently the fourth-leading cause of cancer-related deaths in the United States. Macroautophagy (hereafter "autophagy") is one of the lysosome-dependent degradation systems that can remove abnormal proteins, damaged organelles, or invading pathogens by activating dynamic membrane structures (e.g., phagophores, autophagosomes, and autolysosomes). Impaired autophagy (including excessive activation and defects) is a pathological feature of human diseases, including pancreatic cancer. However, dysfunctional autophagy has many types and plays a complex role in pancreatic tumor biology, depending on various factors, such as tumor stage, microenvironment, immunometabolic state, and death signals. As a modulator connecting various cellular events, pharmacological targeting of nonselective autophagy may lead to both good and bad therapeutic effects. In contrast, targeting selective autophagy could reduce potential side effects of the drugs used. In this review, we describe the advances and challenges of autophagy in the development and therapy of pancreatic cancer.Abbreviations: AMPK: AMP-activated protein kinase; CQ: chloroquine; csc: cancer stem cells; DAMP: danger/damage-associated molecular pattern; EMT: epithelial-mesenchymal transition; lncRNA: long noncoding RNA; MIR: microRNA; PanIN: pancreatic intraepithelial neoplasia; PDAC: pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma; PtdIns3K: phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase; SNARE: soluble NSF attachment protein receptor; UPS: ubiquitin-proteasome system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingbo Li
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Herbert Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Daniel J. Klionsky
- Life Sciences Institute and Department of Molecular, Cellular and Developmental Biology, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan, USA
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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53
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Wang Y, Jain V, Versace A, Bhardwaj M, Crissey MAS, Amaravadi RK, Winkler JD. Anticancer properties of bisaminoquinolines with modified linkers. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2021; 49:128272. [PMID: 34298133 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2021.128272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2021] [Revised: 06/28/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
We have previously reported the unique features of dimeric bisaminoquinolines as anticancer agents and have identified their cellular target as PPT1, a protein palmitoyl-thioesterase. We now report a systematic study on the role of the linker in these constructs, both with respect to the distance between the heterocycles, the linker hydrophobicity and the methylation status (primary vs. secondary vs. tertiary) of the central nitrogen atom on the observed biological activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanhao Wang
- Department of Chemistry, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Vaibhav Jain
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Amanda Versace
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Monika Bhardwaj
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Mary Ann S Crissey
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, United States
| | - Ravi K Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine and Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, United States.
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54
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Oliveira ÉAD, Chauhan J, Silva JRD, Carvalho LADC, Dias D, Carvalho DGD, Watanabe LRM, Rebecca VW, Mills G, Lu Y, da Silva ASF, Consolaro MEL, Herlyn M, Possik PA, Goding CR, Maria-Engler SS. TOP1 modulation during melanoma progression and in adaptative resistance to BRAF and MEK inhibitors. Pharmacol Res 2021; 173:105911. [PMID: 34560251 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2021] [Revised: 09/03/2021] [Accepted: 09/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
In melanomas, therapy resistance can arise due to a combination of genetic, epigenetic and phenotypic mechanisms. Due to its crucial role in DNA supercoil relaxation, TOP1 is often considered an essential chemotherapeutic target in cancer. However, how TOP1 expression and activity might differ in therapy sensitive versus resistant cell types is unknown. Here we show that TOP1 expression is increased in metastatic melanoma and correlates with an invasive gene expression signature. More specifically, TOP1 expression is highest in cells with the lowest expression of MITF, a key regulator of melanoma biology. Notably, TOP1 and DNA Single-Strand Break Repair genes are downregulated in BRAFi- and BRAFi/MEKi-resistant cells and TOP1 inhibition decreases invasion markers only in BRAFi/MEKi-resistant cells. Thus, we show three different phenotypes related to TOP1 levels: i) non-malignant cells with low TOP1 levels; ii) metastatic cells with high TOP1 levels and high invasiveness; and iii) BRAFi- and BRAFi/MEKi-resistant cells with low TOP1 levels and high invasiveness. Together, these results highlight the potential role of TOP1 in melanoma progression and resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Érica Aparecida de Oliveira
- Skin Biology Group, Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, FCF/USP, Brazil; Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Jagat Chauhan
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Julia Rezende da Silva
- Skin Biology Group, Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, FCF/USP, Brazil
| | - Larissa Anastacio da Costa Carvalho
- Skin Biology Group, Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, FCF/USP, Brazil
| | - Diogo Dias
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | | | - Luis Roberto Masao Watanabe
- Skin Biology Group, Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, FCF/USP, Brazil
| | - Vito W Rebecca
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA; Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Johns Hopkins Bloomberg School of Public Health, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | | | - Yiling Lu
- The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Aloisio Souza Felipe da Silva
- Department of Pathology, Anatomic Pathology Service, University Hospital, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | | | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Patricia A Possik
- Division of Cellular Biology, Brazilian National Cancer Institute, Brazil
| | - Colin R Goding
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Nuffield Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Oxford, Headington, Oxford, UK
| | - Silvya Stuchi Maria-Engler
- Skin Biology Group, Clinical Chemistry and Toxicology Department, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Sao Paulo, FCF/USP, Brazil.
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55
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Li J, Chen S, Zhao Y, Gong H, Wang T, Ge X, Wang Y, Zhu C, Chen L, Dai F, Xie S, Wang C, Luo W. Design, Synthesis, and Biological Evaluation of Benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-ones Derivatives as a Lysosome-Targeted Anti-metastatic Agent. Front Oncol 2021; 11:733589. [PMID: 34540699 PMCID: PMC8446683 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.733589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Lysosomes have become a hot topic in tumor therapy; targeting the lysosome is therefore a promising strategy in cancer therapy. Based on our previous lysosome-targeted bio-imaging agent, homospermine-benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one conjugate (HBC), we further developed three novel series of polyamine- benzo[cd]indol-2(1H)-one conjugates. Among them, compound 15f showed potent inhibitory activity in hepatocellular carcinoma migration both in vitro and in vivo. Our study results showed that compound 15f entered the cancer cells via the polyamine transporter localized in the lysosomes and caused autophagy and apoptosis. The mechanism of action revealed that the crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis induced by 15f was mutually reinforcing patterns. Besides, 15f also targeted lysosomes and exhibited stronger green fluorescence than HBC, which indicated its potential as an imaging agent. To summarize, compound 15f could be used as a valuable dual-functional lead compound for future development against liver-cancer metastasis and lysosome imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinghua Li
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Shuai Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yancong Zhao
- The First Affiliated Hospital, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Huiyuan Gong
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Tong Wang
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Xiaoling Ge
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Yuxia Wang
- College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chenguang Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Liang Chen
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Fujun Dai
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Songqiang Xie
- Institute of Chemical Biology, School of Pharmacy, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Chaojie Wang
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
| | - Wen Luo
- Key Laboratory of Natural Medicine and Immuno-Engineering, Henan University, Kaifeng, China
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56
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Foth M, Garrido-Laguna I, Kinsey CG. Therapeutic Targeting of Autophagy in Pancreatic Cancer. Surg Oncol Clin N Am 2021; 30:709-718. [PMID: 34511191 DOI: 10.1016/j.soc.2021.06.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
This article provides a brief review of the therapeutic opportunity of inhibiting autophagy in pancreatic cancer. The autophagic process, importance of autophagy in pancreatic cancer, relevant clinical trials, and new agents in preclinical and clinical development are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mona Foth
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA
| | - Ignacio Garrido-Laguna
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA
| | - Conan G Kinsey
- Huntsman Cancer Institute, University of Utah, 2000 Circle of Hope, Salt Lake City, UT 84112, USA; Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Oncology, University of Utah School of Medicine, 30 North 1900 East, Salt Lake City, UT 84132, USA.
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57
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Kumar P, Jagtap YA, Patwa SM, Kinger S, Dubey AR, Prajapati VK, Dhiman R, Poluri KM, Mishra A. Autophagy based cellular physiological strategies target oncogenic progression. J Cell Physiol 2021; 237:258-277. [PMID: 34448206 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.30567] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2021] [Revised: 07/27/2021] [Accepted: 08/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Evidence accumulated from past findings indicates that defective proteostasis may contribute to risk factors for cancer generation. Irregular assembly of abnormal proteins catalyzes the disturbance of cellular proteostasis and induces the ability of abnormal cellular proliferation. The autophagy mechanism plays a key role in the regular clearance of abnormal/poor lipids, proteins, and various cellular organelles. The results of functional and effective autophagy deliver normal cellular homeostasis, which establishes supportive metabolism and avoids unexpected tumorigenesis events. Still, the precise molecular mechanism of autophagy in tumor suppression has not been clear. How autophagy triggers selective or nonselective bulk degradation to dissipate tumor promotion under stress conditions is not clear. Under proteotoxic insults to knockdown the drive of tumorigenesis, it is critical for us to figure out the detailed molecular functions of autophagy in human cancers. The current article summarizes autophagy-based theragnostic strategies targeting various phases of tumorigenesis and suggests the preventive roles of autophagy against tumor progression. A better understanding of various molecular partners of autophagic flux will improve and innovate therapeutic approaches based on autophagic-susceptible effects against cellular oncogenic transformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prashant Kumar
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Yuvraj Anandrao Jagtap
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Som Mohanlal Patwa
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Sumit Kinger
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Ankur Rakesh Dubey
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
| | - Vijay Kumar Prajapati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, Central University of Rajasthan, Ajmer, Rajasthan, India
| | - Rohan Dhiman
- Laboratory of Mycobacterial Immunology, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, Odisha, India
| | - Krishna Mohan Poluri
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Roorkee, Roorkee, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Amit Mishra
- Department of Bioscience & Bioengineering, Cellular and Molecular Neurobiology Unit, Indian Institute of Technology Jodhpur, Jodhpur, Rajasthan, India
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58
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DeLiberty JM, Robb R, Gates CE, Bryant KL. Unraveling and targeting RAS-driven metabolic signaling for therapeutic gain. Adv Cancer Res 2021; 153:267-304. [PMID: 35101233 DOI: 10.1016/bs.acr.2021.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
RAS mutations are among the most frequent oncogenic drivers observed in human cancers. With a lack of available treatment options, RAS-mutant cancers account for many of the deadliest cancers in the United States. Recent studies established that altered metabolic requirements are a hallmark of cancer, and many of these alterations are driven by aberrant RAS signaling. Specifically, RAS-driven cancers are characterized by upregulated glycolysis, the differential channeling of glycolytic intermediates, upregulated nutrient scavenging pathways such as autophagy and macropinocytosis, and altered glutamine utilization and mitochondrial function. This unique metabolic landscape promotes tumorigenesis, proliferation, survival in nutrient deficient environments and confers resistance to conventional cytotoxic and targeted therapies. Emerging work demonstrates how these dependencies can be therapeutically exploited in vitro and in vivo with many metabolic inhibitors currently in clinical trials. This review aims to outline the unique metabolic requirements induced by aberrant RAS signaling and how these altered dependencies present opportunities for therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M DeLiberty
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Ryan Robb
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Claire E Gates
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States
| | - Kirsten L Bryant
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States; Lineberger Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States.
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59
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Ascenzi F, De Vitis C, Maugeri-Saccà M, Napoli C, Ciliberto G, Mancini R. SCD1, autophagy and cancer: implications for therapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2021; 40:265. [PMID: 34429143 PMCID: PMC8383407 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-021-02067-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2021] [Accepted: 08/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Autophagy is an intracellular degradation system that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional components and recycles them for other cellular functions. Over the years, a mutual regulation between lipid metabolism and autophagy has been uncovered. METHODS This is a narrative review discussing the connection between SCD1 and the autophagic process, along with the modality through which this crosstalk can be exploited for therapeutic purposes. RESULTS Fatty acids, depending on the species, can have either activating or inhibitory roles on autophagy. In turn, autophagy regulates the mobilization of fat from cellular deposits, such as lipid droplets, and removes unnecessary lipids to prevent cellular lipotoxicity. This review describes the regulation of autophagy by lipid metabolism in cancer cells, focusing on the role of stearoyl-CoA desaturase 1 (SCD1), the key enzyme involved in the synthesis of monounsaturated fatty acids. SCD1 plays an important role in cancer, promoting cell proliferation and metastasis. The role of autophagy in cancer is more complex since it can act either by protecting against the onset of cancer or by promoting tumor growth. Mounting evidence indicates that autophagy and lipid metabolism are tightly interconnected. CONCLUSION Here, we discuss controversial findings of SCD1 as an autophagy inducer or inhibitor in cancer, highlighting how these activities may result in cancer promotion or inhibition depending upon the degree of cancer heterogeneity and plasticity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Ascenzi
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Claudia De Vitis
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy
| | - Marcello Maugeri-Saccà
- Division of Medical Oncology 2, IRCCS "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Christian Napoli
- Department of Medical Surgical Sciences and Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00189, Rome, Italy
| | - Gennaro Ciliberto
- Scientific Direction, IRCCS "Regina Elena" National Cancer Institute, 00144, Rome, Italy
| | - Rita Mancini
- Department of Clinical and Molecular Medicine, Sant'Andrea Hospital, "Sapienza" University of Rome, 00161, Rome, Italy.
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60
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Huang H, He Q, Guo B, Xu X, Wu Y, Li X. Progress in Redirecting Antiparasitic Drugs for Cancer Treatment. DRUG DESIGN DEVELOPMENT AND THERAPY 2021; 15:2747-2767. [PMID: 34188451 PMCID: PMC8235938 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s308973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2021] [Accepted: 05/11/2021] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Drug repurposing is a feasible strategy in developing novel medications. Regarding the cancer field, scientists are continuously making efforts to redirect conventional drugs into cancer treatment. This approach aims at exploring new applications in the existing agents. Antiparasitic medications, including artemisinin derivatives (ARTs), quinine-related compounds, niclosamide, ivermectin, albendazole derivatives, nitazoxanide and pyrimethamine, have been deeply investigated and widely applied in treating various parasitic diseases for a long time. Generally, their pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties are well understood, while the side effects are roughly acceptable. Scientists noticed that some of these agents have anticancer potentials and explored the underlying mechanisms to achieve drug repurposing. Recent studies show that these agents inhibit cancer progression via multiple interesting ways, inducing ferroptosis induction, autophagy regulation, mitochondrial disturbance, immunoregulation, and metabolic disruption. In this review, we summarize the recent advancement in uncovering antiparasitic drugs' anticancer properties from the perspective of their pharmacological targets. Instead of paying attention to the previously discovered mechanisms, we focus more on newly emerging ones that are worth noticing. While most investigations are focusing on the mechanisms of their antiparasitic effect, more in vivo exploration in clinical trials in the future is necessary. Moreover, we also paid attention to what limits the clinical application of these agents. For some of these agents like ARTs and niclosamide, drug modification, novel delivery system invention, or drug combination are strongly recommended for future exploration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyang Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Qing He
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Binghua Guo
- School of Ophthalmology and Optometry, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, Zhejiang, 325035, People's Republic of China
| | - Xudong Xu
- Department of Clinical Medicine, School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China
| | - Yinjuan Wu
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
| | - Xuerong Li
- Department of Parasitology, Zhongshan School of Medicine, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory for Tropical Diseases Control of Ministry of Education, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,Provincial Engineering Technology Research Center for Biological Vector Control, Guangzhou, Guangdong, 510080, People's Republic of China.,CAEA Center of Excellence on Nuclear Technology Applications for Insect Control, Beijing, 100048, People's Republic of China
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61
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Autophagy Modulators in Cancer Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22115804. [PMID: 34071600 PMCID: PMC8199315 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22115804] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2021] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a process of self-degradation that plays an important role in removing damaged proteins, organelles or cellular fragments from the cell. Under stressful conditions such as hypoxia, nutrient deficiency or chemotherapy, this process can also become the strategy for cell survival. Autophagy can be nonselective or selective in removing specific organelles, ribosomes, and protein aggregates, although the complete mechanisms that regulate aspects of selective autophagy are not fully understood. This review summarizes the most recent research into understanding the different types and mechanisms of autophagy. The relationship between apoptosis and autophagy on the level of molecular regulation of the expression of selected proteins such as p53, Bcl-2/Beclin 1, p62, Atg proteins, and caspases was discussed. Intensive studies have revealed a whole range of novel compounds with an anticancer activity that inhibit or activate regulatory pathways involved in autophagy. We focused on the presentation of compounds strongly affecting the autophagy process, with particular emphasis on those that are undergoing clinical and preclinical cancer research. Moreover, the target points, adverse effects and therapeutic schemes of autophagy inhibitors and activators are presented.
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Ordway B, Gillies RJ, Damaghi M. Extracellular Acidification Induces Lysosomal Dysregulation. Cells 2021; 10:1188. [PMID: 34067971 PMCID: PMC8152284 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Many invasive cancers emerge through a years-long process of somatic evolution, characterized by an accumulation of heritable genetic and epigenetic changes and the emergence of increasingly aggressive clonal populations. In solid tumors, such as breast ductal carcinoma, the extracellular environment for cells within the nascent tumor is harsh and imposes different types of stress on cells, such as hypoxia, nutrient deprivation, and cytokine inflammation. Acidosis is a constant stressor of most cancer cells due to its production through fermentation of glucose to lactic acid in hypoxic or normoxic regions (Warburg effect). Over a short period of time, acid stress can have a profound effect on the function of lysosomes within the cells exposed to this environment, and after long term exposure, lysosomal function of the cancer cells can become completely dysregulated. Whether this dysregulation is due to an epigenetic change or evolutionary selection has yet to be determined, but understanding the mechanisms behind this dysregulation could identify therapeutic opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryce Ordway
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.O.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Robert J. Gillies
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.O.); (R.J.G.)
| | - Mehdi Damaghi
- Department of Cancer Physiology, H Lee Moffitt Cancer Center and Research Institute, Tampa, FL 33612, USA; (B.O.); (R.J.G.)
- Department of Oncological Sciences, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL 33612, USA
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Abstract
Autophagy is a regulated mechanism that removes unnecessary or dysfunctional cellular components and recycles metabolic substrates. In response to stress signals in the tumour microenvironment, the autophagy pathway is altered in tumour cells and immune cells - thereby differentially affecting tumour progression, immunity and therapy. In this Review, we summarize our current understanding of the immunologically associated roles and modes of action of the autophagy pathway in cancer progression and therapy, and discuss potential approaches targeting autophagy to enhance antitumour immunity and improve the efficacy of current cancer therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Houjun Xia
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Douglas R Green
- Department of Immunology, St. Jude Children's Research Hospital, Memphis, TN, USA.
| | - Weiping Zou
- Department of Surgery, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Center of Excellence for Cancer Immunology and Immunotherapy, University of Michigan Rogel Cancer Center, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Department of Pathology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Graduate Program in Immunology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Michigan School of Medicine, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
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64
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Vergoten G, Bailly C. Binding of hydroxychloroquine and chloroquine dimers to palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) and its glycosylated forms: a computational approach. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2021; 40:8197-8205. [PMID: 33876698 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2021.1908167] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
The lysosomal enzyme palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1) removes thioester-linked fatty acid groups from membrane-bound proteins to facilitate their proteolysis. A lack of PPT1 (due to gene mutations) causes the progressive death of cortical neurons and is responsible for infantile neural ceroid lipofuscinosis (INCL), a severe neurodegenerative disorder in children. Conversely, PPT1 is often over-expressed in cancer, and considered as a valid target to control tumor growth. Potent and selective inhibitors of PPT1 have been designed, in particular 4-amino-7-chloro-quinoline derivatives such as hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) and the dimeric analogues Lys05 and DC661. We have modeled the interaction of these three compounds with the enzyme, taking advantage of the PPT1 crystallographic structure. The molecules can fit into the palmitate site of the protein, with the dimeric compounds forming more stable complexes than the monomer. But the molecular modeling suggests that the most favorable binding sites are located outside the active site. Two sites centered on residues Met112 and Gln144 were identified, offering suitable cavities for drug binding. According to the calculated empirical energies of interaction (ΔE), the dimer DC661 forms the most stable complex at site Met112 of palmitate-bound PPT1. N-glycosylated forms of PPT1 were elaborated. Paucimannosidic glycans (M2FA and M3F) and a bulkier tetra-antennary complex glycan were introduced at asparagine residues N197, N212 and N232. These N-glycans do not impede drug binding, thus suggesting that all glycoforms of PPT1 can be targeted with these compounds.Communicated by Ramaswamy H. Sarma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gérard Vergoten
- Inserm, INFINITE - U1286, Institut de Chimie Pharmaceutique Albert Lespagnol (ICPAL), Faculté de Pharmacie, University of Lille, Lille, France
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65
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Abstract
Epidemiological studies have reported an inverse correlation between cancer and neurodegenerative disorders, and increasing evidence shows that similar genes and pathways are dysregulated in both diseases but in a contrasting manner. Given the genetic convergence of the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses (NCLs), a family of rare neurodegenerative disorders commonly known as Batten disease, and other neurodegenerative diseases, we sought to explore the relationship between cancer and the NCLs. In this review, we survey data from The Cancer Genome Atlas and available literature on the roles of NCL genes in different oncogenic processes to reveal links between all the NCL genes and cancer-related processes. We also discuss the potential contributions of NCL genes to cancer immunology. Based on our findings, we propose that further research on the relationship between cancer and the NCLs may help shed light on the roles of NCL genes in both diseases and possibly guide therapy development.
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66
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Etman SM, Mehanna RA, Bary AA, Elnaggar YSR, Abdallah OY. Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan nanoparticles loaded with quinacrine attenuate growth and metastasis of pancreatic cancer. Int J Biol Macromol 2021; 170:284-297. [PMID: 33340624 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijbiomac.2020.12.109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Revised: 12/11/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is a devastating gastrointestinal tumor with limited Chemotherapeutic options. Treatment is restricted by its poor vascularity and dense surrounding stroma. Quinacrine is a repositioned drug with an anticancer activity but suffers a limited ability to reach tumor cells. This could be enhanced using nanotechnology by the preparation of quinacrine-loaded Undaria pinnatifida fucoidan nanoparticles. The system exploited fucoidan as both a delivery system of natural origin and active targeting ligand. Lactoferrin was added as a second active targeting ligand. Single and dual-targeted particles prepared through nanoprecipitation and ionic interaction respectively were appraised. Both particles showed a size lower than 200 nm, entrapment efficiency of 80% and a pH-dependent release of the drug in the acidic environment of the tumor. The anticancer activity of quinacrine was enhanced by 5.7 folds in dual targeted particles compared to drug solution with a higher ability to inhibit migration and invasion of cancer. In vivo, these particles showed a 68% reduction in tumor volume compared to only 20% for drug solution. In addition, they showed a higher animals' survival rate with no hepatotoxicity. Hence, these particles could be an effective option for the eradication of pancreatic cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samar M Etman
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt.
| | - Radwa A Mehanna
- Medical Physiology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt; Center of Excellence for Research in Regenerative Medicine and Applications (CERRMA), Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Amany Abdel Bary
- Pathology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Alexandria University, Egypt
| | - Yosra S R Elnaggar
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt; Head of International Publication and Nanotechnology Center INCC, Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Pharos University of Alexandria, Egypt
| | - Ossama Y Abdallah
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Alexandria University, Egypt
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67
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Desideri E, Ciriolo MR. Inhibition of JNK increases the sensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to lysosomotropic drugs via LAMP2A destabilization. Cell Death Discov 2021; 7:29. [PMID: 33558496 PMCID: PMC7870977 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-021-00408-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2020] [Revised: 12/23/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Alteration of lysosomal homeostasis is common in cancer cells, which often feature an enlarged and peripheral distributed lysosomal compartment and the overexpression of cathepsins. These alterations accelerate the production of building blocks for the de novo synthesis of macromolecules and contribute to the degradation of the extracellular matrix, thus contributing to tumor growth and invasion. At the same time, they make lysosomes more fragile and more prone to lysosomal membrane permeabilization, a condition that can cause the release of proteases into the cytosol and the activation of cell death. Therefore, lysosomes represent a weak spot of cancer cells that can be targeted for therapeutic purposes. Here, we identify a novel role of the kinase JNK as keeper of lysosomal stability in hepatocellular carcinoma cells. JNK inhibition reduces the stability of LAMP2A, a lysosomal membrane protein responsible for the stability of the lysosomal membrane, promoting its degradation by the proteasome. LAMP2A decrease enhances the lysosomal damage induced by lysosomotropic agents, ultimately leading to cell death. The effect is cancer-specific, as JNK inhibition does not decrease LAMP2A in non-tumoral liver cells and does not alter their sensitivity to lysosomotropic drugs. Our finding on the new role of JNK as cancer-specific keeper of lysosomal homeostasis lays the ground for future evaluation of the efficacy of the combination of JNK inhibition and lysosomotropic agents as a potential therapeutic strategy in hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Enrico Desideri
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy.
| | - Maria Rosa Ciriolo
- Department of Biology, University of Rome "Tor Vergata", Via della Ricerca Scientifica 1, 00133, Rome, Italy. .,IRCCS San Raffaele Pisana, Via della Pisana 235, 00163, Rome, Italy.
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68
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Role of Hypoxia-Mediated Autophagy in Tumor Cell Death and Survival. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13030533. [PMID: 33573362 PMCID: PMC7866864 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13030533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2021] [Revised: 01/25/2021] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Programmed cell death or type I apoptosis has been extensively studied and its contribution to the pathogenesis of disease is well established. However, autophagy functions together with apoptosis to determine the overall fate of the cell. The cross talk between this active self-destruction process and apoptosis is quite complex and contradictory as well, but it is unquestionably decisive for cell survival or cell death. Autophagy can promote tumor suppression but also tumor growth by inducing cancer-cell development and proliferation. In this review, we will discuss how autophagy reprograms tumor cells in the context of tumor hypoxic stress. We will illustrate how autophagy acts as both a suppressor and a driver of tumorigenesis through tuning survival in a context dependent manner. We also shed light on the relationship between autophagy and immune response in this complex regulation. A better understanding of the autophagy mechanisms and pathways will undoubtedly ameliorate the design of therapeutics aimed at targeting autophagy for future cancer immunotherapies.
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69
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Xiao F, Li J, Huang K, Li X, Xiong Y, Wu M, Wu L, Kuang W, Lv S, Wu L, Zhu X, Guo H. Macropinocytosis: mechanism and targeted therapy in cancers. Am J Cancer Res 2021; 11:14-30. [PMID: 33520357 PMCID: PMC7840718] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is a form of endocytosis which provides an effective way for non-selective uptakes of extracellular proteins, liquids, and particles. The endocytic process is initiated by the activation of the growth factors signaling pathways. After activation of the biochemical signal, the cell starts internalizing extracellular solutes and nutrients into the irregular endocytic vesicles, known as macropinosomes that deliver them into the lysosomes for degradation. Macropinocytosis plays an important role in the nutritional supply of cancer cells. Due to the rapid expansion of cancer cells and the abnormal vascular microenvironment, cancer cells are usually deprived of oxygen and nutrients. Therefore, they must transform their metabolism to survive and grow in this harsh microenvironment. To satisfy their energy needs, cancer cells enhance the activity of macropinocytosis. Therefore, this metabolic adaptation that is used by cancer cells can be exploited to develop new targeted cancer therapies. In this review, we discuss the molecular mechanism that actuates the process of macropinocytosis in a variety of cancers, and the novel anti-cancer therapeutics in targeting macropinocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Xiao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Jingying Li
- Department of Comprehensive Intensive Care Unit, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Kai Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xin Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Yaping Xiong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Miaojing Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Wei Kuang
- Department of Emergency, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Shigang Lv
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Lei Wu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Xingen Zhu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
| | - Hua Guo
- Department of Neurosurgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
- Institute of Neuroscience, Nanchang UniversityNanchang 330006, Jiangxi, China
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70
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Demontis GC, Pezzini F, Margari E, Bianchi M, Longoni B, Doccini S, Lalowski MM, Santorelli FM, Simonati A. Electrophysiological Profile Remodeling via Selective Suppression of Voltage-Gated Currents by CLN1/PPT1 Overexpression in Human Neuronal-Like Cells. Front Cell Neurosci 2020; 14:569598. [PMID: 33390903 PMCID: PMC7772423 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2020.569598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
CLN1 disease (OMIM #256730) is an inherited neurological disorder of early childhood with epileptic seizures and premature death. It is associated with mutations in CLN1 coding for Palmitoyl-Protein Thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a lysosomal enzyme which affects the recycling and degradation of lipid-modified (S-acylated) proteins by removing palmitate residues. Transcriptomic evidence from a neuronal-like cellular model derived from differentiated SH-SY5Y cells disclosed the potential negative roles of CLN1 overexpression, affecting the elongation of neuronal processes and the expression of selected proteins of the synaptic region. Bioinformatic inquiries of transcriptomic data pinpointed a dysregulated expression of several genes coding for proteins related to voltage-gated ion channels, including subunits of calcium and potassium channels (VGCC and VGKC). In SH-SY5Y cells overexpressing CLN1 (SH-CLN1 cells), the resting potential and the membrane conductance in the range of voltages close to the resting potential were not affected. However, patch-clamp recordings indicated a reduction of Ba2+ currents through VGCC of SH-CLN1 cells; Ca2+ imaging revealed reduced Ca2+ influx in the same cellular setting. The results of the biochemical and morphological investigations of CACNA2D2/α2δ-2, an accessory subunit of VGCC, were in accordance with the downregulation of the corresponding gene and consistent with the hypothesis that a lower number of functional channels may reach the plasma membrane. The combined use of 4-AP and NS-1643, two drugs with opposing effects on Kv11 and Kv12 subfamilies of VGKC coded by the KCNH gene family, provides evidence for reduced functional Kv12 channels in SH-CLN1 cells, consistent with transcriptomic data indicating the downregulation of KCNH4. The lack of compelling evidence supporting the palmitoylation of many ion channels subunits investigated in this study stimulates inquiries about the role of PPT1 in the trafficking of channels to the plasma membrane. Altogether, these results indicate a reduction of functional voltage-gated ion channels in response to CLN1/PPT1 overexpression in differentiated SH-SY5Y cells and provide new insights into the altered neuronal excitability which may underlie the severe epileptic phenotype of CLN1 disease. It remains to be shown if remodeling of such functional channels on plasma membrane can occur as a downstream effect of CLN1 disease.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Francesco Pezzini
- Neurology (Child Neurology and Neuropathology), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elisa Margari
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Marzia Bianchi
- Research Unit for Multi-factorial Diseases, Obesity and Diabetes, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico, Rome, Italy
| | - Biancamaria Longoni
- Department of Translational Research and New Technology in Medicine, University of Pisa, Pisa, Italy
| | - Stefano Doccini
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Maciej Maurycy Lalowski
- Medicum, Biochemistry/Developmental Biology and HiLIFE-Helsinki Institute of Life Science, Meilahti Clinical Proteomics Core Facility, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Filippo Maria Santorelli
- Molecular Medicine for Neurodegenerative and Neuromuscular Diseases Unit, Istituto di Ricerca e Cura a Carattere Scientifico Stella Maris Foundation, Pisa, Italy
| | - Alessandro Simonati
- Neurology (Child Neurology and Neuropathology), Department of Neuroscience, Biomedicine and Movement, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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71
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Lim J, Murthy A. Targeting Autophagy to Treat Cancer: Challenges and Opportunities. Front Pharmacol 2020; 11:590344. [PMID: 33381037 PMCID: PMC7768823 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2020.590344] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a catabolic process that targets its cargo for lysosomal degradation. In addition to its function in maintaining tissue homeostasis, autophagy is recognized to play a context-dependent role in cancer. Autophagy may inhibit tumor initiation under specific contexts; however, a growing body of evidence supports a pro-tumorigenic role of this pathway in established disease. In this setting, autophagy drives treatment resistance, metabolic changes, and immunosuppression both in a tumor-intrinsic and extrinsic manner. This observation has prompted renewed interest in targeting autophagy for cancer therapy. Novel genetic models have proven especially insightful, revealing unique and overlapping roles of individual autophagy-related genes in tumor progression. Despite identification of pharmacologically actionable nodes in the pathway, fundamental challenges still exist for successful therapeutic inhibition of autophagy. Here we summarize the current understanding of autophagy as a driver of resistance against targeted and immuno-therapies and highlight knowledge gaps that, if addressed, may provide meaningful advances in the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Aditya Murthy
- Department of Cancer Immunology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, United States
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72
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A novel tool for detecting lysosomal membrane permeabilization by high-throughput fluorescence microscopy. Methods Cell Biol 2020; 165:1-12. [PMID: 34311858 DOI: 10.1016/bs.mcb.2020.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Lysosomes are placed at the center of cellular trafficking and degradative pathways. They also function as a signaling platform for nutrient sensing and metabolic reprogramming. Lysosomes play crucial roles in cellular adaptation in response to stress and are tightly connected to a variety of cell death modalities. Several stimuli can initiate the permeabilization of the lysosome membrane, thus causing cell death when the cellular adaptive system fail to repair or replace damaged lysosomes. The induction of lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) triggers the rapid translocation of Galectin 3/LGALS3 from the cytosol to the lysosomal lumen, making it a valuable marker of LMP. However, Galectin 3 can also be recruited to damaged endo/phagosomal membranes. To make sure that Galectin 3 labels damaged lysosomes, it is therefore important to verify its colocalization with lysosomal markers such as lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 (LAMP1). Here, we describe a simple, fast and robust protocol that allows the detection of LMP of individual lysosomes in U2OS cells expressing mCherry-tagged Galectin 3 and mGFP-tagged LAMP1. This method permits the high-throughput detection and quantification of damaged lysosomes by fluorescence microscopy. It also offers the advantage of studying, in the same experiment, the alterations in size, shape and subcellular localization of intact and damaged lysosomes.
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73
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Praharaj PP, Panigrahi DP, Bhol CS, Patra S, Mishra SR, Mahapatra KK, Behera BP, Singh A, Patil S, Bhutia SK. Mitochondrial rewiring through mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in cancer stem cells: A potential target for anti-CSC cancer therapy. Cancer Lett 2020; 498:217-228. [PMID: 33186655 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2020.10.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/31/2020] [Revised: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/23/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer stem cells (CSCs) are distinct subpopulations of cancer cells with stem cell-like abilities and are more resilient to chemotherapy, causing tumor relapse. Mitophagy, a selective form of autophagy, removes damaged unwanted mitochondria from cells through a lysosome-based degradation pathway to maintain cellular homeostasis. CSCs use mitophagy as a chief survival response mechanism for their growth, propagation, and tumorigenic ability. Mitochondrial biogenesis is a crucial cellular event replacing damaged mitochondria through the coordinated regulation of several transcription factors to achieve the bioenergetic demands of the cell. Because of the high mitochondrial content in CSCs, mitochondrial biogenesis is an interesting target to address the resistance mechanisms of anti-CSC therapy. However, to what extent both mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis are vital in promoting stemness, metabolic reprogramming, and drug resistance in CSCs has yet to be established. Therefore, in this review, we focus on understanding the interesting aspects of mitochondrial rewiring that involve mitophagy and mitochondrial biogenesis in CSCs. We also discuss their coordinated regulation in the elimination of CSCs, with respect to stemness and differentiation of the CSC phenotype, and the different aspects of tumorigenesis such as cancer initiation, progression, resistance, and tumor relapse. Finally, we address several other unanswered questions relating to targeted anti-CSC cancer therapy, which improves patient survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Prakash Priyadarshi Praharaj
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Debasna Pritimanjari Panigrahi
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Chandra Sekhar Bhol
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Srimanta Patra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Soumya Ranjan Mishra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Kewal Kumar Mahapatra
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Bishnu Prasad Behera
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Amruta Singh
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India
| | - Shankargouda Patil
- Department of Maxillofacial Surgery and Diagnostic Sciences, Division of Oral Pathology, College of Dentistry, Jazan University, Saudi Arabia
| | - Sujit Kumar Bhutia
- Cancer and Cell Death Laboratory, Department of Life Science, National Institute of Technology, Rourkela, 769008, Odisha, India.
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Molecular effects and retinopathy induced by hydroxychloroquine during SARS-CoV-2 therapy: Role of CYP450 isoforms and epigenetic modulations. Eur J Pharmacol 2020; 886:173454. [PMID: 32763298 PMCID: PMC7402235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2020.173454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/30/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
Antimalaria drugs such as chloroquine (CQ) and hydroxychloroquine (HCQ) have been administered to several inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis and systemic lupus erythematosus, and infectious diseases such as acquired immune deficiency syndrome and influenza. Recently, several patients infected with novel severe acute respiratory syndrome coronavirus 2 (SARS-CoV-2) were given HCQ, and showed a discrepant response. HCQ inhibits SARS-CoV-2 cell entry, and inflammatory cascade by interfering with lysosomal and endosomal activities, and autophagy, impeding virus-membrane fusion, and inhibiting cytokine production resulted from inflammatory pathways activation. Despite ongoing administration of HCQ in a wide spectrum of disorders, there are some reports about several side effects, especially retinopathy in some patients treated with HCQ. Cytochrome P450 (CYP450) and its isoforms are the main metabolizers of HCQ and CQ. Pharmacokinetic properties of CYP enzymes are influenced by CYP polymorphism, non-coding RNAs, and epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation, and histone acetylation. Accumulating evidence about side effects of HCQ in some patients raise the possibility that different response of patients to HCQ might be due to difference in their genome. Therefore, CYP450 genotyping especially for CYP2D6 might be helpful to refine HCQ dosage. Also, regular control of retina should be considered for patients under HCQ treatment. The major focus of the present review is to discuss about the pharmacokinetic and pharmacodynamic properties of CQ and HCQ that may be influenced by epigenetic mechanisms, and consequently cause several side effects especially retinopathy during SARS-CoV-2 therapy.
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75
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Farhan M, Silva M, Li S, Yan F, Fang J, Peng T, Hu J, Tsao M, Little P, Zheng W. The role of FOXOs and autophagy in cancer and metastasis-Implications in therapeutic development. Med Res Rev 2020; 40:2089-2113. [PMID: 32474970 PMCID: PMC7586888 DOI: 10.1002/med.21695] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2019] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 05/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly conserved intracellular degradation process that plays a crucial role in cell survival and stress reactions as well as in cancer development and metastasis. Autophagy process involves several steps including sequestration, fusion of autophagosomes with lysosomes and degradation. Forkhead box O (FOXO) transcription factors regulate the expression of genes involved in cellular metabolic activity and signaling pathways of cancer growth and metastasis. Recent evidence suggests that FOXO proteins are also involved in autophagy regulation. The relationship among FOXOs, autophagy, and cancer has been drawing attention of many who work in the field. This study summarizes the role of FOXO proteins and autophagy in cancer growth and metastasis and analyzes their potential roles in cancer disease management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Farhan
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Marta Silva
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Shuai Li
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Fengxia Yan
- Department of MedicineJinan UniversityGuangzhouChina
| | - Jiankang Fang
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Tangming Peng
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
| | - Jim Hu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Ming‐Sound Tsao
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and PathobiologyUniversity of TorontoTorontoOntarioCanada
| | - Peter Little
- School of Pharmacy, Pharmacy Australia Centre of Excellence, The University of QueenslandWoolloongabbaQueenslandAustralia
| | - Wenhua Zheng
- Faculty of Health SciencesCentre of Reproduction, Development and Aging, Institute of Translational Medicine, University of MacauTaipaMacau SARChina
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76
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Sneeggen M, Guadagno NA, Progida C. Intracellular Transport in Cancer Metabolic Reprogramming. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:597608. [PMID: 33195279 PMCID: PMC7661548 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.597608] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2020] [Accepted: 10/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor progression is a complex process consisting of several steps characterized by alterations in cellular behavior and morphology. These steps include uncontrolled cell division and proliferation, invasiveness and metastatic ability. Throughout these phases, cancer cells encounter a changing environment and a variety of metabolic stress. To meet their needs for energy while they proliferate and survive in their new environment, tumor cells need to continuously fine-tune their metabolism. The connection between intracellular transport and metabolic reprogramming during cancer progression is emerging as a central process of cellular adaptation to these changes. The trafficking of proteolytic enzymes, surface receptors, but also the regulation of downstream pathways, are all central to cancer progression. In this review, we summarize different hallmarks of cancer with a special focus on the role of intracellular trafficking in cell proliferation, epithelial to mesenchymal transition as well as invasion. We will further emphasize how intracellular trafficking contributes to the regulation of energy consumption and metabolism during these steps of cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marte Sneeggen
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
| | | | - Cinzia Progida
- Department of Biosciences, University of Oslo, Oslo, Norway
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77
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Yun HR, Jo YH, Kim J, Nguyen NNY, Shin Y, Kim SS, Choi TG. Palmitoyl Protein Thioesterase 1 Is Essential for Myogenic Autophagy of C2C12 Skeletal Myoblast. Front Physiol 2020; 11:569221. [PMID: 33178040 PMCID: PMC7593845 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2020.569221] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle differentiation is an essential process for the maintenance of muscle development and homeostasis. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are critical signaling molecules involved in muscle differentiation. Palmitoyl protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a lysosomal enzyme, is involved in removing thioester-linked fatty acid groups from modified cysteine residues in proteins. However, the role of PPT1 in muscle differentiation remains to be elucidated. Here, we found that PPT1 plays a critical role in the differentiation of C2C12 skeletal myoblasts. The expression of PPT1 gradually increased in response to mitochondrial ROS (mtROS) during muscle differentiation, which was attenuated by treatment with antioxidants. Moreover, we revealed that PPT1 transactivation occurs through nuclear factor erythroid 2-regulated factor 2 (Nrf2) binding the antioxidant response element (ARE) in its promoter region. Knockdown of PPT1 with specific small interference RNA (siRNA) disrupted lysosomal function by increasing its pH. Subsequently, it caused excessive accumulation of autophagy flux, thereby impairing muscle fiber formation. In conclusion, we suggest that PPT1 is factor a responsible for myogenic autophagy in differentiating C2C12 myoblasts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyeong Rok Yun
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yong Hwa Jo
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jieun Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Ngoc Ngo Yen Nguyen
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Yoonhwa Shin
- Department of Biomedical Science, Graduate School, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Sung Soo Kim
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- *Correspondence: Sung Soo Kim,
| | - Tae Gyu Choi
- Biomedical Science Institute, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Seoul, South Korea
- Tae Gyu Choi,
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78
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Cerulli RA, Shehaj L, Brown H, Pace J, Mei Y, Kritzer JA. Stapled Peptide Inhibitors of Autophagy Adapter LC3B. Chembiochem 2020; 21:2777-2785. [PMID: 32406996 PMCID: PMC7872222 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.202000212] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/07/2020] [Revised: 05/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
A growing body of evidence suggests that autophagy inhibition enhances the effectiveness of chemotherapy, especially in difficult-to-treat cancers. Existing autophagy inhibitors are primarily lysosomotropic agents. More specific autophagy inhibitors are highly sought-after. The microtubule-associated protein 1A/1B light chain 3B protein, LC3B, is an adapter protein that mediates key protein-protein interactions at several points in autophagy pathways. In this work, we used a known peptide ligand as a starting point to develop improved LC3B inhibitors. We obtained structure-activity relationships that quantify the binding contributions of peptide termini, individual charged residues, and hydrophobic interactions. Based on these data, we used artificial amino acids and diversity-oriented stapling to improve affinity and resistance to biological degradation, while maintaining or improving LC3B affinity and selectivity. These peptides represent the highest-affinity LC3B-selective ligands reported to date, and they will be useful tools for further elucidation of LC3B's role in autophagy and in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert A Cerulli
- Cell, Molecular and Developmental Biology Program Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, Tufts University, Boston, MA 02111, USA
| | - Livia Shehaj
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Hawley Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Jennifer Pace
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Yang Mei
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
| | - Joshua A Kritzer
- Department of Chemistry, Tufts University, Medford, MA 02155, USA
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79
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Nelvagal HR, Hurtado ML, Eaton SL, Kline RA, Lamont DJ, Sands MS, Wishart TM, Cooper JD. Comparative proteomic profiling reveals mechanisms for early spinal cord vulnerability in CLN1 disease. Sci Rep 2020; 10:15157. [PMID: 32938982 PMCID: PMC7495486 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-72075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2020] [Accepted: 08/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
CLN1 disease is a fatal inherited neurodegenerative lysosomal storage disease of early childhood, caused by mutations in the CLN1 gene, which encodes the enzyme Palmitoyl protein thioesterase-1 (PPT-1). We recently found significant spinal pathology in Ppt1-deficient (Ppt1−/−) mice and human CLN1 disease that contributes to clinical outcome and precedes the onset of brain pathology. Here, we quantified this spinal pathology at 3 and 7 months of age revealing significant and progressive glial activation and vulnerability of spinal interneurons. Tandem mass tagged proteomic analysis of the spinal cord of Ppt1−/−and control mice at these timepoints revealed a significant neuroimmune response and changes in mitochondrial function, cell-signalling pathways and developmental processes. Comparing proteomic changes in the spinal cord and cortex at 3 months revealed many similarly affected processes, except the inflammatory response. These proteomic and pathological data from this largely unexplored region of the CNS may help explain the limited success of previous brain-directed therapies. These data also fundamentally change our understanding of the progressive, site-specific nature of CLN1 disease pathogenesis, and highlight the importance of the neuroimmune response. This should greatly impact our approach to the timing and targeting of future therapeutic trials for this and similar disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hemanth R Nelvagal
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Maica Llavero Hurtado
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Samantha L Eaton
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Rachel A Kline
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Douglas J Lamont
- FingerPrints Proteomics Facility, College of Life Sciences, University of Dundee, Dundee, UK
| | - Mark S Sands
- Department of Genetics, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA.,Department of Medicine, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA
| | - Thomas M Wishart
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Midlothian, UK
| | - Jonathan D Cooper
- Division of Genetics and Genomic Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Genetics, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Neurology, Washington University in St Louis, School of Medicine, 660 S Euclid Ave, St Louis, MO, 63110, USA. .,Department of Basic and Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Psychiatry, Psychology and Neuroscience, King's College London, London, UK.
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80
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Sharma G, Ojha R, Noguera-Ortega E, Rebecca VW, Attanasio J, Liu S, Piao S, Lee JJ, Nicastri MC, Harper SL, Ronghe A, Jain V, Winkler JD, Speicher DW, Mastio J, Gimotty PA, Xu X, Wherry EJ, Gabrilovich DI, Amaravadi RK. PPT1 inhibition enhances the antitumor activity of anti-PD-1 antibody in melanoma. JCI Insight 2020; 5:133225. [PMID: 32780726 PMCID: PMC7526447 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.133225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
New strategies are needed to enhance the efficacy of anti-programmed cell death protein antibody (anti-PD-1 Ab) in cancer. Here, we report that inhibiting palmitoyl-protein thioesterase 1 (PPT1), a target of chloroquine derivatives like hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), enhances the antitumor efficacy of anti-PD-1 Ab in melanoma. The combination resulted in tumor growth impairment and improved survival in mouse models. Genetic suppression of core autophagy genes, but not Ppt1, in cancer cells reduced priming and cytotoxic capacity of primed T cells. Exposure of antigen-primed T cells to macrophage-conditioned medium derived from macrophages treated with PPT1 inhibitors enhanced melanoma-specific killing. Genetic or chemical Ppt1 inhibition resulted in M2 to M1 phenotype switching in macrophages. The combination was associated with a reduction in myeloid-derived suppressor cells in the tumor. Ppt1 inhibition by HCQ, or DC661, induced cyclic GMP-AMP synthase/stimulator of interferon genes/TANK binding kinase 1 pathway activation and the secretion of interferon-β in macrophages, the latter being a key component for augmented T cell-mediated cytotoxicity. Genetic Ppt1 inhibition produced similar findings. These data provide the rationale for this combination in melanoma clinical trials and further investigation in other cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rani Ojha
- Abramson Cancer Center and Department of Medicine
| | | | | | - John Attanasio
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Penn Institute for Immunology, and
| | - Shujing Liu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Shengfu Piao
- Abramson Cancer Center and Department of Medicine
| | | | - Michael C. Nicastri
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Vaibhav Jain
- Abramson Cancer Center and Department of Medicine
| | - Jeffrey D. Winkler
- Department of Chemistry, College of Arts & Sciences, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | | | | | - Phyllis A. Gimotty
- Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology & Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - Xiaowei Xu
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania, USA
| | - E. John Wherry
- Department of Systems Pharmacology and Translational Therapeutics and Penn Institute for Immunology, and
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81
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Nelvagal HR, Lange J, Takahashi K, Tarczyluk-Wells MA, Cooper JD. Pathomechanisms in the neuronal ceroid lipofuscinoses. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2020; 1866:165570. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2019.165570] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2019] [Revised: 09/30/2019] [Accepted: 10/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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82
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Stow JL, Hung Y, Wall AA. Macropinocytosis: Insights from immunology and cancer. Curr Opin Cell Biol 2020; 65:131-140. [PMID: 32745890 DOI: 10.1016/j.ceb.2020.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Macropinocytosis is increasingly recognized for its versatile adaptations and functions as a highly conserved, ubiquitous pathway for the bulk uptake of fluid, particulate cargo, and membranes. Innate immune cells and transformed cancer cells share the capacity for both constitutive and induced macropinocytosis, which is used for immune surveillance, ingestion of pathogens, immune response shaping, and enhancement of scavenging for nutrients as fuel for cell survival and proliferation. Immunology and cancer biology are leading a resurgence of interest in defining the molecular and physiological regulation of macropinocytosis, partly in pursuit of ways to control macropinocytic uptake in disease settings. New approaches, including high-resolution live imaging, screening of cell surface molecular inventories, biophysics, and exploration of cell microenvironments, have converged to provide new insights into macropinosome induction, formation, and maturation. Recent studies reveal mechanisms for fluid control in and by macrophage macropinosomes that impinge on membrane trafficking and cell migration. EGFR, PTEN, V-ATPase, syndecan 1, and galectin-3 have roles variably in the metabolic regulation of Ras or PI3K signaling for Rac1-mediated macropinocytosis in cancer. These molecular pathways and mechanisms contribute to the impressive adaptability of macropinocytosis in many cells and tissues and in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer L Stow
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia.
| | - Yu Hung
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
| | - Adam A Wall
- Institute for Molecular Bioscience (IMB), The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD 4072, Australia
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83
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Albrecht LV, Tejeda-Muñoz N, Bui MH, Cicchetto AC, Di Biagio D, Colozza G, Schmid E, Piccolo S, Christofk HR, De Robertis EM. GSK3 Inhibits Macropinocytosis and Lysosomal Activity through the Wnt Destruction Complex Machinery. Cell Rep 2020; 32:107973. [PMID: 32726636 PMCID: PMC7666578 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2020.107973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2020] [Revised: 05/29/2020] [Accepted: 07/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Canonical Wnt signaling is emerging as a major regulator of endocytosis. Here, we report that Wnt-induced macropinocytosis is regulated through glycogen synthase kinase 3 (GSK3) and the β-catenin destruction complex. We find that mutation of Axin1, a tumor suppressor and component of the destruction complex, results in the activation of macropinocytosis. Surprisingly, inhibition of GSK3 by lithium chloride (LiCl), CHIR99021, or dominant-negative GSK3 triggers macropinocytosis. GSK3 inhibition causes a rapid increase in acidic endolysosomes that is independent of new protein synthesis. GSK3 inhibition or Axin1 mutation increases lysosomal activity, which can be followed with tracers of active cathepsin D, β-glucosidase, and ovalbumin degradation. Microinjection of LiCl into the blastula cavity of Xenopus embryos causes a striking increase in dextran macropinocytosis. The effects of GSK3 inhibition on protein degradation in endolysosomes are blocked by the macropinocytosis inhibitors EIPA or IPA-3, suggesting that increases in membrane trafficking drive lysosomal activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lauren V Albrecht
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Nydia Tejeda-Muñoz
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Maggie H Bui
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Andrew C Cicchetto
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Daniele Di Biagio
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Gabriele Colozza
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Ernst Schmid
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Stefano Piccolo
- Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Padua School of Medicine, viale Colombo 3, 35126 Padua, Italy
| | - Heather R Christofk
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA
| | - Edward M De Robertis
- Department of Biological Chemistry, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, CA 90095-1662, USA.
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84
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Towers CG, Wodetzki D, Thorburn A. Autophagy and cancer: Modulation of cell death pathways and cancer cell adaptations. J Cell Biol 2020; 219:jcb.201909033. [PMID: 31753861 PMCID: PMC7039213 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201909033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2019] [Revised: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is intricately linked with many intracellular signaling pathways, particularly nutrient-sensing mechanisms and cell death signaling cascades. In cancer, the roles of autophagy are context dependent. Tumor cell-intrinsic effects of autophagy can be both tumor suppressive and tumor promotional. Autophagy can therefore not only activate and inhibit cell death, but also facilitate the switch between cell death mechanisms. Moreover, autophagy can play opposing roles in the tumor microenvironment via non-cell-autonomous mechanisms. Preclinical data support a tumor-promotional role of autophagy in established tumors and during cancer therapy; this has led to the launch of dozens of clinical trials targeting autophagy in multiple cancer types. However, many questions remain: which tumors and genetic backgrounds are the most sensitive to autophagy inhibition, and which therapies should be combined with autophagy inhibitors? Additionally, since cancer cells are under selective pressure and are prone to adaptation, particularly after treatment, it is unclear if and how cells adapt to autophagy inhibition. Here we review recent literature addressing these issues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina G Towers
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Darya Wodetzki
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO
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85
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N-myristoyltransferase-1 is necessary for lysosomal degradation and mTORC1 activation in cancer cells. Sci Rep 2020; 10:11952. [PMID: 32686708 PMCID: PMC7371688 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-68615-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
N-myristoyltransferase-1 (NMT1) catalyzes protein myristoylation, a lipid modification that is elevated in cancer cells. NMT1 sustains proliferation and/or survival of cancer cells through mechanisms that are not completely understood. We used genetic and pharmacological inhibition of NMT1 to further dissect the role of this enzyme in cancer, and found an unexpected essential role for NMT1 at promoting lysosomal metabolic functions. Lysosomes mediate enzymatic degradation of vesicle cargo, and also serve as functional platforms for mTORC1 activation. We show that NMT1 is required for both lysosomal functions in cancer cells. Inhibition of NMT1 impaired lysosomal degradation leading to autophagy flux blockade, and simultaneously caused the dissociation of mTOR from the surface of lysosomes leading to decreased mTORC1 activation. The regulation of lysosomal metabolic functions by NMT1 was largely mediated through the lysosomal adaptor LAMTOR1. Accordingly, genetic targeting of LAMTOR1 recapitulated most of the lysosomal defects of targeting NMT1, including defective lysosomal degradation. Pharmacological inhibition of NMT1 reduced tumor growth, and tumors from treated animals had increased apoptosis and displayed markers of lysosomal dysfunction. Our findings suggest that compounds targeting NMT1 may have therapeutic benefit in cancer by preventing mTORC1 activation and simultaneously blocking lysosomal degradation, leading to cancer cell death.
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86
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Osman MA, Antonisamy WJ, Yakirevich E. IQGAP1 control of centrosome function defines distinct variants of triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2020; 11:2493-2511. [PMID: 32655836 PMCID: PMC7335670 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.27623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) is a heterogenous and lethal disease that lacks diagnostic markers and therapeutic targets; as such common targets are highly sought after. IQGAP1 is a signaling scaffold implicated in TNBC, but its mechanism is unknown. Here we show that IQGAP1 localizes to the centrosome, interacts with and influences the expression level and localization of key centrosome proteins like BRCA1 and thereby impacts centrosome number. Genetic mutant analyses suggest that phosphorylation cycling of IQGAP1 is important to its subcellular localization and centrosome-nuclear shuttling of BRCA1; dysfunction of this process defines two alternate mechanisms associated with cell proliferation. TNBC cell lines and patient tumor tissues differentially phenocopy these mechanisms supporting clinical existence of molecularly distinct variants of TNBC defined by IQGAP1 pathways. These variants are defined, at least in part, by differential mis-localization or stabilization of IQGAP1-BRCA1 and rewiring of a novel Erk1/2-MNK1-JNK-Akt-β-catenin signaling signature. We discuss a model in which IQGAP1 modulates centrosome-nuclear crosstalk to regulate cell division and imparts on cancer. These findings have implications on cancer racial disparities and can provide molecular tools for classification of TNBC, presenting IQGAP1 as a common target amenable to personalized medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahasin A Osman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Health Sciences Campus, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA.,Department of Molecular Pharmacology, Physiology and Biotechnology, Division of Biology and Medicine, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02912, USA
| | - William James Antonisamy
- Department of Medicine, Division of Oncology, Health Sciences Campus, University of Toledo, Toledo, OH 43614, USA
| | - Evgeny Yakirevich
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Rhode Island Hospital, Warren Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI 02903, USA
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Choi SW, Cho HH, Koo H, Cho KR, Nenning KH, Langs G, Furtner J, Baumann B, Woehrer A, Cho HJ, Sa JK, Kong DS, Seol HJ, Lee JI, Nam DH, Park H. Multi-Habitat Radiomics Unravels Distinct Phenotypic Subtypes of Glioblastoma with Clinical and Genomic Significance. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1707. [PMID: 32605068 PMCID: PMC7408408 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/22/2020] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
We aimed to evaluate the potential of radiomics as an imaging biomarker for glioblastoma (GBM) patients and explore the molecular rationale behind radiomics using a radio-genomics approach. A total of 144 primary GBM patients were included in this study (training cohort). Using multi-parametric MR images, radiomics features were extracted from multi-habitats of the tumor. We applied Cox-LASSO algorithm to build a survival prediction model, which we validated using an independent validation cohort. GBM patients were consensus clustered to reveal inherent phenotypic subtypes. GBM patients were successfully stratified by the radiomics risk score, a weighted sum of radiomics features, corroborating the potential of radiomics as a prognostic biomarker. Using consensus clustering, we identified three distinct subtypes which significantly differed in the prognosis ("heterogenous enhancing", "rim-enhancing necrotic", and "cystic" subtypes). Transcriptomic traits enriched in individual subtypes were in accordance with imaging phenotypes summarized by radiomics. For example, rim-enhancing necrotic subtype was well described by radiomics profiling (T2 autocorrelation and flat shape) and highlighted by the inflammatory genomic signatures, which well correlated to its phenotypic peculiarity (necrosis). This study showed that imaging subtypes derived from radiomics successfully recapitulated the genomic underpinnings of GBMs and thereby confirmed the feasibility of radiomics as an imaging biomarker for GBM patients with comprehensible biologic annotation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Won Choi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.W.C.); (K.R.C.); (D.-S.K.); (H.J.S.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Hwan-Ho Cho
- Department of Electrical and Computer Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea;
- Centerfor Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
| | - Harim Koo
- Department of Health Sciences and Technology, Samsung Advanced Institute for Health Sciences and Technology (SAIHST), Sungkyunkwan University, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Kyung Rae Cho
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.W.C.); (K.R.C.); (D.-S.K.); (H.J.S.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Karl-Heinz Nenning
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.-H.N.); (G.L.)
| | - Georg Langs
- Computational Imaging Research Lab, Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (K.-H.N.); (G.L.)
| | - Julia Furtner
- Department of Biomedical Imaging and Image-Guided Therapy, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Bernhard Baumann
- Center for Medical Physics and Biomedical Engineering, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Adelheid Woehrer
- Division of Neuropathology and Neurochemistry, Department of Neurology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria;
| | - Hee Jin Cho
- Research Institute for Future Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea;
| | - Jason K. Sa
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Korea University College of Medicine, Seoul 02841, Korea;
| | - Doo-Sik Kong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.W.C.); (K.R.C.); (D.-S.K.); (H.J.S.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Ho Jun Seol
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.W.C.); (K.R.C.); (D.-S.K.); (H.J.S.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Jung-Il Lee
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.W.C.); (K.R.C.); (D.-S.K.); (H.J.S.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Do-Hyun Nam
- Department of Neurosurgery, Sungkyunkwan University, School of Medicine, Samsung Medical Center, Seoul 06351, Korea; (S.W.C.); (K.R.C.); (D.-S.K.); (H.J.S.); (J.-I.L.)
| | - Hyunjin Park
- Centerfor Neuroscience Imaging Research, Institute for Basic Science (IBS), Suwon 16419, Korea
- School of Electronic and Electrical Engineering, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon 16419, Korea
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88
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Mandhair HK, Arambasic M, Novak U, Radpour R. Molecular modulation of autophagy: New venture to target resistant cancer stem cells. World J Stem Cells 2020; 12:303-322. [PMID: 32547680 PMCID: PMC7280868 DOI: 10.4252/wjsc.v12.i5.303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 04/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/05/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a highly regulated catabolic process in which superfluous, damaged organelles and other cytoplasmic constituents are delivered to the lysosome for clearance and the generation of macromolecule substrates during basal or stressed conditions. Autophagy is a bimodal process with a context dependent role in the initiation and the development of cancers. For instance, autophagy provides an adaptive response to cancer stem cells to survive metabolic stresses, by influencing disease propagation via modulation of essential signaling pathways or by promoting resistance to chemotherapeutics. Autophagy has been implicated in a cross talk with apoptosis. Understanding the complex interactions provides an opportunity to improve cancer therapy and the clinical outcome for the cancer patients. In this review, we provide a comprehensive view on the current knowledge on autophagy and its role in cancer cells with a particular focus on cancer stem cell homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harpreet K Mandhair
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Miroslav Arambasic
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Urban Novak
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
| | - Ramin Radpour
- Department for BioMedical Research, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland
- Department of Medical Oncology, Inselspital, Bern University Hospital, University of Bern, Bern 3008, Switzerland.
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89
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Thorburn A. Crosstalk between autophagy and apoptosis: Mechanisms and therapeutic implications. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2020; 172:55-65. [PMID: 32620250 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2020.04.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The cellular recycling process of macroautophagy, which is the mechanism by which cellular material is delivered to lysosomes via double membraned vesicles called autophagosomes, is intimately connected to programmed cell death pathways, especially apoptosis. In this article, I discuss some underlying mechanisms and their implications for improving cancer therapy and propose that the approaches that have been taken to understand the autophagy-apoptosis connection to enhance cancer drug action can serve as a model for the kinds of information that should be developed to understand how autophagy controls other biological processes as well.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, United States.
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90
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Qiu K, Du Y, Liu J, Guan JL, Chao H, Diao J. Super-resolution observation of lysosomal dynamics with fluorescent gold nanoparticles. Theranostics 2020; 10:6072-6081. [PMID: 32483439 PMCID: PMC7254985 DOI: 10.7150/thno.42134] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2019] [Accepted: 04/30/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Because lysosomes play critical roles in multiple cellular functions and are associated with many diseases, studying them at the subcellular level could elucidate their functionality and support the discovery of therapeutic drugs for treating those diseases. The commonly used dyes for super-resolution imaging of lysosomes are the commercial molecular LysoTrackers. But the tolerance to changes in the lysosomal microenvironment and to lysosomal membrane permeabilization (LMP) and the photostability of the LysoTrackers are worrisome. The purpose of our study was to evaluate the feasibility of performing a fluorescent gold nanoprobe for super-resolution observation of lysosomal dynamics in living cells and compare it to the commercial LysoTrackers. Methods: The nanoprobe Cy5@Au NP contained three parts: a bio-inert gold core, a biocompatible polyethylene glycol spacer, and a fluorophore cyanine 5. Structured illumination microscopy (SIM) was employed to capture the fluorescence of Cy5@Au NPs in cells. The tolerance assays to changes in the lysosomal microenvironment and to LMP, the photobleaching assay, and the long-term lysosomes labelling assay of Cy5@Au NPs were compared with commercial LysoTrackers. The super-resolution observation of lysosomal dynamics with Cy5@Au NPs was performed. Results: Cy5@Au NPs can light up lysosomes specifically under SIM. Compared with commercial lysosomal molecular probes, Cy5@Au NPs exhibited stronger tolerance in lysosomes during various treatments, and changes in the lysosomal microenvironment and LMP did not cause Cy5@Au NPs to lose track of their targets. Cy5@Au NPs demonstrated an excellent anti-photobleaching ability, and a long-term labelling assay revealed that they could label lysosomes more than 3 d. Biological events of lysosomes such as the kiss-and-run process, fusion, fission, and mitophagy were recorded with the fluorescent Cy5@Au NPs under SIM. Conclusions: The nanoprobe Cy5@Au NP was successfully used as a lysosomal probe for the super-resolution observation in living cells and found to overcome the limitations of commercial LysoTrackers. Our results thus confirm that nanoparticles can be useful tools for subcellular super-resolution imaging and highlight new avenues for using nanoparticles in biology.
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91
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Jones TM, Carew JS, Nawrocki ST. Therapeutic Targeting of Autophagy for Renal Cell Carcinoma Therapy. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:E1185. [PMID: 32392870 PMCID: PMC7281213 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051185] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2020] [Revised: 05/02/2020] [Accepted: 05/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Kidney cancer is the 7th most prevalent form of cancer in the United States with the vast majority of cases being classified as renal cell carcinoma (RCC). Multiple targeted therapies have been developed to treat RCC, but efficacy and resistance remain a challenge. In recent years, the modulation of autophagy has been shown to augment the cytotoxicity of approved RCC therapeutics and overcome drug resistance. Inhibition of autophagy blocks a key nutrient recycling process that cancer cells utilize for cell survival following periods of stress including chemotherapeutic treatment. Classic autophagy inhibitors such as chloroquine and hydroxychloroquine have been introduced into phase I/II clinical trials, while more experimental compounds are moving forward in preclinical development. Here we examine the current state and future directions of targeting autophagy to improve the efficacy of RCC therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Steffan T. Nawrocki
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine and The University of Arizona Cancer Center, Tucson, AZ 85724, USA; (T.M.J.); (J.S.C.)
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92
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Xiang H, Zhang J, Lin C, Zhang L, Liu B, Ouyang L. Targeting autophagy-related protein kinases for potential therapeutic purpose. Acta Pharm Sin B 2020; 10:569-581. [PMID: 32322463 PMCID: PMC7161711 DOI: 10.1016/j.apsb.2019.10.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 145] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2019] [Revised: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 09/09/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy, defined as a scavenging process of protein aggregates and damaged organelles mediated by lysosomes, plays a significant role in the quality control of macromolecules and organelles. Since protein kinases are integral to the autophagy process, it is critically important to understand the role of kinases in autophagic regulation. At present, intervention of autophagic processes by small-molecule modulators targeting specific kinases has becoming a reasonable and prevalent strategy for treating several varieties of human disease, especially cancer. In this review, we describe the role of some autophagy-related kinase targets and kinase-mediated phosphorylation mechanisms in autophagy regulation. We also summarize the small-molecule kinase inhibitors/activators of these targets, highlighting the opportunities of these new therapeutic agents.
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Key Words
- 4E-BP1, eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4E-binding protein
- AKT1, AKT serine/threonine kinase 1
- AMBRA1, autophagy/beclin-1 regulator 1
- AMPK, AMP-activated protein kinase
- ARF, auxin response factor gene
- ATG, autophagy-related protein
- Autophagy
- Autophagy-related kinase
- CaMKK2, calcium/calmodulin-dependent protein kinase kinase 2
- DAPK, death associated protein kinase
- FIP200, FAK family kinase-interacting protein of 200 kDa
- GAP, GTPase-activating protein
- GO, gene ontology
- GSK3α, glycogen synthase kinase 3 alpha
- HMGB1, high mobility group protein B1
- Human disease therapy
- JNK1, C-Jun N-terminal kinase
- LC3, microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3
- LKB1, serine/threonine-protein kinase stk11
- LPS, lipopolysaccharide
- LRRK2, leucine rich repeat kinase 2
- PD, Parkinson's disease
- PI, phosphatidylinositol
- PI3 kinase, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PI3P, phosphatidylinositol triphosphate
- PIM2, proviral insertion in murine lymphomas 2
- PINK1, PTEN-induced putative kinase 1
- PIP2, phosphatidylinositol-4,5-bisphosphate
- PKACα, a protein kinase cAMP-activated catalytic subunit alpha
- PKCα, protein kinase C alpha type
- PKD1, polycystin-1
- PPIs, protein–protein interactions
- PROTAC, proteolysis targeting chimeras
- PTMs, post-translational modifications
- Phosphorylation
- Protein kinases
- Rheb, the RAS homolog enriched in brain
- Small-molecule kinase inhibitors/activators
- TAK1, transforming growth factor activated kinase-1
- TFEB, transcription factor EB
- TNBC, triple-negative breast cancer
- TSC1/2, tuberous sclerosis complex proteins 1/2
- ULK complex, ULK1–mATG13–FIP200–ATG101 complex
- ULK1, unc-51-like kinase 1
- UVRAG, ultraviolet resistance-associated gene
- mTOR, mammalian target of rapamycin
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
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Affiliation(s)
- Honggang Xiang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Jifa Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Congcong Lin
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Lan Zhang
- School of Life Science and Engineering, Southwest Jiaotong University, Chengdu 610031, China
| | - Bo Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
| | - Liang Ouyang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Collaborative Innovation Center for Biotherapy, Chengdu 610041, China
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University, Nanjing 210023, China
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93
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Ishaq M, Ojha R, Sharma AP, Singh SK. Autophagy in cancer: Recent advances and future directions. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 66:171-181. [PMID: 32201367 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.03.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 03/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Autophagy is being explored as a potential therapeutic target for enhancing the cytotoxic effects of chemotherapeutic regimens in various malignancies. Autophagy plays a very important role in cancer pathogenesis. Here, we discuss the updates on the modulation of autophagy via dynamic interactions with different organelles and the exploitation of selective autophagy for exploring therapeutic strategies. We further discuss the role of autophagy inhibitors in cancer preclinical and clinical trials, novel autophagy inhibitors, and challenges likely to be faced by clinicians while inducting autophagy modulators in clinical practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd Ishaq
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, CA, USA.
| | - Rani Ojha
- School of Medicine, Department of Pathology, Stanford University, CA, USA.
| | - Aditya P Sharma
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
| | - Shrawan K Singh
- Department of Urology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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94
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Wang Y, Lu H, Fang C, Xu J. Palmitoylation as a Signal for Delivery. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1248:399-424. [DOI: 10.1007/978-981-15-3266-5_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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95
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Rebecca VW, Herlyn M. Nongenetic Mechanisms of Drug Resistance in Melanoma. ANNUAL REVIEW OF CANCER BIOLOGY 2020. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-cancerbio-030419-033533] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Resistance to targeted and immune-based therapies limits cures in patients with metastatic melanoma. A growing number of reports have identified nongenetic primary resistance mechanisms including intrinsic microenvironment- and lineage plasticity–mediated processes serving critical functions in the persistence of disease throughout therapy. There is a temporally shifting spectrum of cellular identities fluidly occupied by therapy-persisting melanoma cells responsible for driving therapeutic resistance and metastasis. The key epigenetic, metabolic, and phenotypic reprogramming events requisite for the manifestation and maintenance of so-called persister melanoma populations remain poorly understood and underscore the need to comprehensively investigate actionable vulnerabilities. Here we attempt to integrate the field's observations on nongenetic mechanisms of drug resistance in melanoma. We postulate that the future design of therapeutic strategies specifically addressing therapy-persisting subpopulations of melanoma will improve the curative potential of therapy for patients with metastatic disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vito W. Rebecca
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
| | - Meenhard Herlyn
- Molecular and Cellular Oncogenesis Program and Melanoma Research Center, The Wistar Institute, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania 19104, USA
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96
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Mulcahy Levy JM, Thorburn A. Autophagy in cancer: moving from understanding mechanism to improving therapy responses in patients. Cell Death Differ 2020; 27:843-857. [PMID: 31836831 PMCID: PMC7206017 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-019-0474-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 250] [Impact Index Per Article: 62.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2019] [Revised: 11/12/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy allows for cellular material to be delivered to lysosomes for degradation resulting in basal or stress-induced turnover of cell components that provide energy and macromolecular precursors. These activities are thought to be particularly important in cancer where both tumor-promoting and tumor-inhibiting functions of autophagy have been described. Autophagy has also been intricately linked to apoptosis and programmed cell death, and understanding these interactions is becoming increasingly important in improving cancer therapy and patient outcomes. In this review, we consider how recent discoveries about how autophagy manipulation elicits its effects on cancer cell behavior can be leveraged to improve therapeutic responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean M Mulcahy Levy
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Morgan Adams Foundation Pediatric Brain Tumor Research Program, Children's Hospital Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
| | - Andrew Thorburn
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
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97
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Santiago-O’Farrill JM, Weroha SJ, Hou X, Oberg AL, Heinzen EP, Maurer MJ, Pang L, Rask P, Amaravadi RK, Becker SE, Romero I, Rubió MJ, Matias-Guiu X, Santacana M, Llombart-Cussac A, Poveda A, Lu Z, Bast RC. Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase inhibitors induce autophagy-mediated drug resistance in ovarian cancer cells, xenografts, and patient-derived xenograft models. Cancer 2020; 126:894-907. [PMID: 31714594 PMCID: PMC6992526 DOI: 10.1002/cncr.32600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Poly(adenosine diphosphate ribose) polymerase (PARP) inhibitors exhibit promising activity against ovarian cancers, but their efficacy can be limited by acquired drug resistance. This study explores the role of autophagy in regulating the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. METHODS Induction of autophagy was detected by punctate LC3 fluorescence staining, LC3I to LC3II conversion on Western blot analysis, and electron microscopy. Enhanced growth inhibition and apoptosis were observed when PARP inhibitors were used with hydroxychloroquine, chloroquine (CQ), or LYS05 to block the hydrolysis of proteins and lipids in autophagosomes or with small interfering RNA against ATG5 or ATG7 to prevent the formation of autophagosomes. The preclinical efficacy of the combination of CQ and olaparib was evaluated with a patient-derived xenograft (PDX) and the OVCAR8 human ovarian cancer cell line. RESULTS Four PARP inhibitors (olaparib, niraparib, rucaparib, and talazoparib) induced autophagy in a panel of ovarian cancer cells. Inhibition of autophagy with CQ enhanced the sensitivity of ovarian cancer cells to PARP inhibitors. In vivo, olaparib and CQ produced additive growth inhibition in OVCAR8 xenografts and a PDX. Olaparib inhibited PARP activity, and this led to increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) and an accumulation of γ-H2AX. Inhibition of autophagy also increased ROS and γ-H2AX and enhanced the effect of olaparib on both entities. Treatment with olaparib increased phosphorylation of ATM and PTEN while decreasing the phosphorylation of AKT and mTOR and inducing autophagy. CONCLUSIONS PARP inhibitor-induced autophagy provides an adaptive mechanism of resistance to PARP inhibitors in cancer cells with wild-type BRCA, and a combination of PARP inhibitors with CQ or other autophagy inhibitors could improve outcomes for patients with ovarian cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Xiaonan Hou
- Department of Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ann L. Oberg
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Ethan P. Heinzen
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Matthew J. Maurer
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Lan Pang
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Philip Rask
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ravi K. Amaravadi
- Department of Medicine, Abramson Cancer Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, USA
| | - Sarah E. Becker
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ignacio Romero
- Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - M. Jesús Rubió
- Hospital Universitario Reina Sofía de Córdoba, Córdoba, Spain
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - X. Matias-Guiu
- Hospital U Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, University of Lleida, CIBERONC
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Maria Santacana
- Hospital U Arnau de Vilanova de Lleida, IRBLLEIDA, University of Lleida, CIBERONC
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | | | - Andrés Poveda
- Instituto Valenciano de Oncología, Valencia, Spain
- MedSIR, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Zhen Lu
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Robert C. Bast
- Department of Experimental Therapeutics, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas, USA
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98
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Palve V, Liao Y, Remsing Rix LL, Rix U. Turning liabilities into opportunities: Off-target based drug repurposing in cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 68:209-229. [PMID: 32044472 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2019] [Revised: 01/29/2020] [Accepted: 02/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Targeted drugs and precision medicine have transformed the landscape of cancer therapy and significantly improved patient outcomes in many cases. However, as therapies are becoming more and more tailored to smaller patient populations and acquired resistance is limiting the duration of clinical responses, there is an ever increasing demand for new drugs, which is not easily met considering steadily rising drug attrition rates and development costs. Considering these challenges drug repurposing is an attractive complementary approach to traditional drug discovery that can satisfy some of these needs. This is facilitated by the fact that most targeted drugs, despite their implicit connotation, are not singularly specific, but rather display a wide spectrum of target selectivity. Importantly, some of the unintended drug "off-targets" are known anticancer targets in their own right. Others are becoming recognized as such in the process of elucidating off-target mechanisms that in fact are responsible for a drug's anticancer activity, thereby revealing potentially new cancer vulnerabilities. Harnessing such beneficial off-target effects can therefore lead to novel and promising precision medicine approaches. Here, we will discuss experimental and computational methods that are employed to specifically develop single target and network-based off-target repurposing strategies, for instance with drug combinations or polypharmacology drugs. By illustrating concrete examples that have led to clinical translation we will furthermore examine the various scientific and non-scientific factors that cumulatively determine the success of these efforts and thus can inform the future development of new and potentially lifesaving off-target based drug repurposing strategies for cancers that constitute important unmet medical needs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vinayak Palve
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Yi Liao
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Lily L Remsing Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA
| | - Uwe Rix
- Department of Drug Discovery, H. Lee Moffitt Cancer Center & Research Institute, Tampa, FL, 33612, USA.
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Dai Y, He F, Ji H, Zhao X, Misal S, Qi Z. Dual-Functional NIR AIEgens for High-Fidelity Imaging of Lysosomes in Cells and Photodynamic Therapy. ACS Sens 2020; 5:225-233. [PMID: 31854187 DOI: 10.1021/acssensors.9b02090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Design and synthesis of water-soluble near-infrared (NIR) emissive fluorescent molecules with aggregation-induced emission (AIE) characteristics, perfect signal-to-noise ratio for imaging of organelle, and photodynamic therapy (PDT) functions has received enormous attention. However, the dual-functional NIR AIEgens of high-fidelity tracking lysosome and ablation cancer cells was rarely reported. Herein, a series of AIE luminogens (AIEgens) with a typical AIE effect, good biocompatibility, superior photostability, high brightness, and excellent reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation ability were developed, which had different electronic push-pull strength and conjugate system size in the molecular structure. These AIEgens could specifically "light up" and dynamically long-term track the lysosomes in living cells and zebrafish with ultrahigh colocalization imaging Pearson's correlation coefficients (Rr: 0.9687) and overlap coefficient (R: 0.9967). Additionally, the MPAT of NIR luminescence as a photosensitizer was used for photodynamic ablation of cancer cells, owing to prompt generation of the ROS under green light irradiation (495-530 nm, 10 mW cm-2). Hence, this research not only expands the application range of NIR AIEgens but also provides useful insights into design of split-new method for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yanpeng Dai
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Fangru He
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Hefang Ji
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Xinxin Zhao
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Saima Misal
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
| | - Zhengjian Qi
- Jiangsu Province Hi-Tech Key Laboratory for Biomedical Research, School of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 211189, PR China
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Yuan C, Xiong Z, Shi J, Peng J, Meng X, Wang C, Hu W, Ru Z, Xie K, Yang H, Chen K, Zhang X. Overexpression of PPT2 Represses the Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma Progression by Reducing Epithelial-to-mesenchymal Transition. J Cancer 2020; 11:1151-1161. [PMID: 31956361 PMCID: PMC6959065 DOI: 10.7150/jca.36477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) is one of the most common malignant tumors of the urinary system and has a poor response to radiotherapy and chemotherapy. To date, it is urgent to find effective biomarkers for the prevention and treatment of ccRCC. The occurrence and development of ccRCC is closely related to metabolic disturbances. Palmitoyl protein thioesterase 2 (PPT2) is a lysosomal thioesterase which is highly associated with metabolism, and it has never been studied in ccRCC. In this study, we first revealed PPT2 is significantly downregulated in ccRCC, and its expression level is highly correlated with clinicopathological parameters of ccRCC patients. Our ROC curve analyses evaluated the potential of PPT2 as a novel diagnostic marker and prognostic factor. Functional experiment results showed overexpression of PPT2 represses the proliferation, migration and invasion of ccRCC cells in vitro. Mechanistic investigations demonstrated that overexpression of PPT2 represses the ccRCC progression by reducing epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT). In conclusion, PPT2 is downregulated in ccRCC. Decreased PPT2 expression may be considered as a novel diagnostic marker and prognostic factor and serve as a therapeutic target for ccRCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- ChangFei Yuan
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - ZhiYong Xiong
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Jian Shi
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - JingTao Peng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - XianGui Meng
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - Cheng Wang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - WenJun Hu
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - ZeYuan Ru
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - KaiRu Xie
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - HongMei Yang
- Department of Pathogenic Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
| | - XiaoPing Zhang
- Department of Urology, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430022, China
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