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Wang B, Ye C, Zhong X, Chai Y, Chen S, Yuan R. Electrochemical Biosensor for Organophosphate Pesticides and Huperzine-A Detection Based on Pd Wormlike Nanochains/Graphitic Carbon Nitride Nanocomposites and Acetylcholinesterase. ELECTROANAL 2015. [DOI: 10.1002/elan.201500339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
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Dystrophin induced cognitive impairment: mechanisms, models and therapeutic strategies. Ann Neurosci 2015; 22:108-18. [PMID: 26130916 PMCID: PMC4480258 DOI: 10.5214/ans.0972.7531.221210] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/23/2014] [Revised: 01/19/2015] [Accepted: 03/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Existence of conserved domains in dystrophin and its associated complexes provide an opportunity to understand the role of dystrophin associated signalling and its association with neuronal metabolism in a variety of model organisms. We critically reviewed the studies till 2013 through established search engines and databases. Thus, we review the role of dystrophin and its isoforms in different animal models at developmental stages in the neuronal metabolism to enhance the therapeutic strategies. Dystrophin interacts with other proteins in such a way that, when affected, it results in co-morbidities including autism and other neuropsychiatric disorders. It is speculated that various signalling molecules may converge to disrupt neuronal metabolism not adequately studied. TGF-β, RhoGAP and CAM mediated signalling molecules are the chief cause of mortalities due to respiratory and cardiac involvement but remain underevaluated targets for cognitive impairment in DMD/BMD. Manipulation of these signalling pathways could be potent intervention in dystrophin induced cognitive impairment while complementary therapeutic approaches may also be helpful in the treatment of cognitive impairment associated with DMD/BMD.
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Jiang WW, Liu F, Gao X, He J, Cheng X, Peng LY, Wu XD, Zhao QS. Huperserines A–E, Lycopodium alkaloids from Huperzia serrata. Fitoterapia 2014; 99:72-7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fitote.2014.09.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 09/04/2014] [Indexed: 12/01/2022]
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Low molecular weight precursor applicable for Alzheimer disease drugs synthesis (AChE and BChE inhibition, BACE inhibition, antioxidant properties and in silico modulation). J Appl Biomed 2014. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jab.2014.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
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MENG CONG, LIU CHUAN, LIU YUANWEI, WU FAN. Oxysophoridine attenuates the injury caused by acute myocardial infarction in rats through anti-oxidative, anti-inflammatory and anti-apoptotic pathways. Mol Med Rep 2014; 11:527-32. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2014.2748] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 06/20/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Study of the effect of antidepressant drugs and donepezil on aluminum-induced memory impairment and biochemical alterations in rats. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014. [DOI: 10.1007/s00580-014-1994-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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Danta CC, Piplani P. The discovery and development of new potential antioxidant agents for the treatment of neurodegenerative diseases. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:1205-22. [PMID: 25056182 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.942218] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Several neurodegenerative disorders (NDs) including Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases have had associations with the oxidative process and free radical damage. Consequently, in past decades, several natural and synthetic antioxidants have been assessed as therapeutic agents but have shown limitations in bioavailability, metabolic susceptibility and permeability to the blood brain barrier. Given these issues, medicinal chemists are hard at work to modify/improve the chemical structures of these antioxidants, thereby improving their efficacy. AREAS COVERED In this review, the authors critically analyze several biological mechanisms involved in the generation of free radicals. Additionally, they analyze free radicals' role in the generation of oxidative stress and in the progression of many NDs. Further, the authors review a collection of natural and synthetic antioxidants, their role as free radical scavengers along with their mechanisms of action and their potential for preventing neurodegenerative diseases. EXPERT OPINION So far, preclinical studies on several antioxidants have shown promise for treating NDs, despite their limitations. The authors do highlight the lack of the adequate animal models for preclinical assessment and this does hinder further progression into clinical trials. Further studies are necessary to fully investigate the potential of these antioxidants as ND therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chhanda Charan Danta
- Panjab University, University Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences , Chandigarh-160014 , India
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Sui X, Gao C. Huperzine A ameliorates damage induced by acute myocardial infarction in rats through antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory mechanisms. Int J Mol Med 2013; 33:227-33. [PMID: 24190328 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2013.1546] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Accepted: 10/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), an alkaloid used in traditional Chinese medicine and isolated from Huperzia serrata, has been shown to possess diverse biological activities. The present study was undertaken to evaluate the cardioprotective potential of HupA in myocardial ischemic damage using a rat model of acute myocardial infarction. HupA significantly diminished the infarct size and inhibited the activities of myocardial enzymes, including creatine kinase (CK), the MB isoenzyme of creatine kinase (CK-MB), lactate dehydrogenase (LDH) and cardiac troponin T (cTnT). A significantly reduced activity of malondialdehyde (MDA) and elevated activities of superoxide dismutase (SOD), of the non-enzymatic scavenger enzyme, glutathione (GSH), as well as of glutathione peroxidase (GSH-PX) were found in the HupA-treated groups. Furthermore, decreased protein levels of caspase-3 and Bax, and increased levels of Bcl-2 were observed in the infarcted hearts of the rats treated with various concentrations of HupA. In addition, treatment with HupA markedly inhibited the expression of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) subunit p65, tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-1β (IL-1β). These findings suggest that the cardioprotective potential of HupA is associated with its antioxidant, anti-apoptotic and anti-inflammatory properties in acute myocardial infarction in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xizhong Sui
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, The PLA General Hospital, Medical School of Chinese PLA, Beijing 100098, P.R. China
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Cutuli D, De Bartolo P, Caporali P, Tartaglione AM, Oddi D, D'Amato FR, Nobili A, D'Amelio M, Petrosini L. Neuroprotective effects of donepezil against cholinergic depletion. ALZHEIMERS RESEARCH & THERAPY 2013; 5:50. [PMID: 24401551 PMCID: PMC3978431 DOI: 10.1186/alzrt215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Intraparenchymal injections of the immunotoxin 192-IgG-saporin into medial septum and nucleus basalis magnocellularis causes a selective depletion of basal forebrain cholinergic neurons. Thus, it represents a valid model to mimic a key component of the cognitive deficits associated with aging and dementia. Here we administered donepezil, a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor developed for treating Alzheimer’s disease, 15 days before 192-IgG-saporin injection, and thus we examined donepezil effects on neurodegeneration and cognitive deficits. Methods Caspase-3 activity and cognitive performances of lesioned rats pre-treated with donepezil or saline were analyzed and compared to the outcomes obtained in pre-treated sham-lesioned rats. Results Cholinergic depletion increased hippocampal and neocortical caspase-3 activity and impaired working memory, spatial discrimination, social novelty preference, and ultrasonic vocalizations, without affecting anxiety levels and fear conditioning. In lesioned animals, donepezil pre-treatment reduced hippocampal and neocortical caspase-3 activity and improved working memory and spatial discrimination performances and partially rescued ultrasonic vocalizations, without preventing social novelty alterations. Conclusions Present data indicate that donepezil pre-treatment exerts beneficial effects on behavioral deficits induced by cholinergic depletion, attenuating the concomitant hippocampal and neocortical neurodegeneration.
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Liang W, Lam WP, Tang HC, Leung PC, Yew DT. Current Evidence of Chinese Herbal Constituents with Effects on NMDA Receptor Blockade. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2013; 6:1039-54. [PMID: 24276380 PMCID: PMC3817734 DOI: 10.3390/ph6081039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2013] [Revised: 08/06/2013] [Accepted: 08/19/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
NMDA receptor (NMDA-R) is an important molecular entity governing a wide range of functions in the central nervous system. For example, the NMDA-R is involved in memory and cognition, and impairment of both (as in Alzheimer's Disease) is attributed to NMDA-mediated neurotoxicity. With greater understanding of the NMDA-R structure, antagonists with varying degrees of binding-site and subtype selectivity have been developed and put into clinical use. Discovery of target-specific Chinese herbs have also been made in parallel. This article provides an overview of the known active sites on the NMDA-R, followed by a discussion of the relevant herbs and their constituents. Experimental evidence supporting the inhibitory role of the herbal compounds on the NMDA-R is highlighted. For some of the compounds, potential research directions are also proposed to further elucidate the underlying mechanisms of the herbs. It is envisaged that future investigations based on the present data will allow more clinically relevant herbs to be identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Willmann Liang
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; E-Mails: (W.P.L.); (H.C.T.); (P.C.L.)
| | | | | | | | - David T. Yew
- Institute of Chinese Medicine, The Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong; E-Mails: (W.P.L.); (H.C.T.); (P.C.L.)
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Čolović MB, Krstić DZ, Lazarević-Pašti TD, Bondžić AM, Vasić VM. Acetylcholinesterase inhibitors: pharmacology and toxicology. Curr Neuropharmacol 2013; 11:315-35. [PMID: 24179466 PMCID: PMC3648782 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x11311030006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1380] [Impact Index Per Article: 125.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2012] [Revised: 01/04/2013] [Accepted: 02/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetylcholinesterase is involved in the termination of impulse transmission by rapid hydrolysis of the neurotransmitter acetylcholine in numerous cholinergic pathways in the central and peripheral nervous systems. The enzyme inactivation, induced by various inhibitors, leads to acetylcholine accumulation, hyperstimulation of nicotinic and muscarinic receptors, and disrupted neurotransmission. Hence, acetylcholinesterase inhibitors, interacting with the enzyme as their primary target, are applied as relevant drugs and toxins. This review presents an overview of toxicology and pharmacology of reversible and irreversible acetylcholinesterase inactivating compounds. In the case of reversible inhibitors being commonly applied in neurodegenerative disorders treatment, special attention is paid to currently approved drugs (donepezil, rivastigmine and galantamine) in the pharmacotherapy of Alzheimer's disease, and toxic carbamates used as pesticides. Subsequently, mechanism of irreversible acetylcholinesterase inhibition induced by organophosphorus compounds (insecticides and nerve agents), and their specific and nonspecific toxic effects are described, as well as irreversible inhibitors having pharmacological implementation. In addition, the pharmacological treatment of intoxication caused by organophosphates is presented, with emphasis on oxime reactivators of the inhibited enzyme activity administering as causal drugs after the poisoning. Besides, organophosphorus and carbamate insecticides can be detoxified in mammals through enzymatic hydrolysis before they reach targets in the nervous system. Carboxylesterases most effectively decompose carbamates, whereas the most successful route of organophosphates detoxification is their degradation by corresponding phosphotriesterases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mirjana B Čolović
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Danijela Z Krstić
- University School of Medicine, Institute of Medical Chemistry, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Tamara D Lazarević-Pašti
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Aleksandra M Bondžić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
| | - Vesna M Vasić
- Department of Physical Chemistry, Vinča Institute of Nuclear Sciences, University of Belgrade, Belgrade, Serbia
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Kushwaha R, Payne CM, Downie AB. Uses of phage display in agriculture: a review of food-related protein-protein interactions discovered by biopanning over diverse baits. COMPUTATIONAL AND MATHEMATICAL METHODS IN MEDICINE 2013; 2013:653759. [PMID: 23710253 PMCID: PMC3655605 DOI: 10.1155/2013/653759] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 04/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
This review highlights discoveries made using phage display that impact the use of agricultural products. The contribution phage display made to our fundamental understanding of how various protective molecules serve to safeguard plants and seeds from herbivores and microbes is discussed. The utility of phage display for directed evolution of enzymes with enhanced capacities to degrade the complex polymers of the cell wall into molecules useful for biofuel production is surveyed. Food allergies are often directed against components of seeds; this review emphasizes how phage display has been employed to determine the seed component(s) contributing most to the allergenic reaction and how it has played a central role in novel approaches to mitigate patient response. Finally, an overview of the use of phage display in identifying the mature seed proteome protection and repair mechanisms is provided. The identification of specific classes of proteins preferentially bound by such protection and repair proteins leads to hypotheses concerning the importance of safeguarding the translational apparatus from damage during seed quiescence and environmental perturbations during germination. These examples, it is hoped, will spur the use of phage display in future plant science examining protein-ligand interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rekha Kushwaha
- Department of Horticulture, Agricultural Science Center North, University of Kentucky, Room 308J, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Seed Biology Group, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
| | - Christina M. Payne
- Department of Chemical and Materials Engineering, University of Kentucky, Room 159, F. Paul Anderson Tower, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Center for Computational Sciences, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40506, USA
| | - A. Bruce Downie
- Seed Biology Group, University of Kentucky, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
- Department of Horticulture, University of Kentucky, Room 401A, Plant Science Building, Lexington, KY 40546, USA
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Tunsaringkarn T, Zapuang K, Rungsiyothin A. The Correlative Study of Serum Pseudo-cholinesterase, Biological Parameters and Symptoms Among Occupational Workers. Indian J Clin Biochem 2013; 28:396-402. [PMID: 24426243 DOI: 10.1007/s12291-013-0322-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/04/2012] [Accepted: 03/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Cholinesterase is one of many important enzymes needed for acetylcholine hydrolysis. This study aimed to evaluate the serum pseudo-cholinesterase (BuChE) level and its relation to biological parameters (hematological and biochemical parameters) and symptoms among occupational workers, gasoline station worker in Bangkok, Thailand. Our results revealed that the average BuChE level was in normal range, but it had strong relation to hemoglobin (Hb), hematocrit (Hct), blood urea nitrogen (BUN), creatinine (Cr) and serum glutamic pyruvic trans-aminase (SGPT) (Linear regression analysis, p < 0.05, p < 0.05, p < 0.01, p = 0.001 and p < 0.01 respectively). Although, BuChE was not related to white blood cell parameters, but it may exhibit the skin irritation (p = 0.058) of the workers as it showed significant correlation to conjunctivitis and nausea (Pearson's correlation, p < 0.01 and p < 0.05). In conclusion, this finding may explain that BuChE was significantly related to red blood cells (RBC), liver and kidney functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tanasorn Tunsaringkarn
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Institute Building 2-3, Soi Chulalongkorn 62 Phyathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Kalaya Zapuang
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Institute Building 2-3, Soi Chulalongkorn 62 Phyathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
| | - Anusorn Rungsiyothin
- College of Public Health Sciences, Chulalongkorn University, Institute Building 2-3, Soi Chulalongkorn 62 Phyathai Rd., Bangkok, 10330 Thailand
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64
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Huperzine A promotes hippocampal neurogenesis in vitro and in vivo. Brain Res 2013; 1506:35-43. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2013.02.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2012] [Revised: 02/02/2013] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Traditional Chinese medicine: a promising candidate for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Transl Neurodegener 2013; 2:6. [PMID: 23445907 PMCID: PMC3599149 DOI: 10.1186/2047-9158-2-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2012] [Accepted: 02/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Alzheimer’s disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disorder, characterized clinically by insidious onset of memory and cognition impairment, emergence of psychiatric symptoms and behavioral disorder, and impairment of activities of daily living (ADL). Traditional Chinese medicine (TCM) is practiced in the Chinese health care system for more than 2,000 years. In recent years, scientists have isolated many novel compounds from herbs, some of which improve dementia with fewer side effects than conventional drugs and are regarded as potential anti-AD drugs. In this review, we summarize the latest research progress on TCM showing their possible role of treatment of AD and other demented diseases and possible pharmacological actions.
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Greenberg BD, Carrillo MC, Ryan JM, Gold M, Gallagher K, Grundman M, Berman RM, Ashwood T, Siemers ER. Improving Alzheimer's disease phase II clinical trials. Alzheimers Dement 2012; 9:39-49. [PMID: 23164548 DOI: 10.1016/j.jalz.2012.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2012] [Accepted: 02/01/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 30 years, many drugs have been studied as possible treatments for Alzheimer's disease, but only four have demonstrated sufficient efficacy to be approved as treatments, of which three are in the same class. This lack of success has raised questions both in the pharmaceutical industry and academia about the future of Alzheimer's disease therapy. The high cost and low success rate of drug development across many disease areas can be attributed, in large part, to late-stage clinical failures (Schachter and Ramoni, Nat Rev Drug Discov 2007;6:107-8). Thus, identifying in phase II, or preferably phase I, drugs that are likely to fail would have a dramatic impact on the costs associated with developing new drugs. With this in mind, the Alzheimer's Association convened a Research Roundtable on June 23 and 24, 2011, in Washington, DC, bringing together scientists from academia, industry, and government regulatory agencies to discuss strategies for improving the probability of phase II trial results predicting success when considering the go/no-go decision-making process leading to the initiation of phase III.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barry D Greenberg
- Division of Neuroscience Drug Discovery and Development, University Health Network, Toronto, ON, Canada
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67
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Stark AC, Budson AE. Managing memory impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease. Neurodegener Dis Manag 2012. [DOI: 10.2217/nmt.12.53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
SUMMARY Memory impairment in patients with Alzheimer’s disease (AD) may be treated with cholinesterase inhibitors. Attention, alertness, initiative and memory (indirectly) may be treated with memantine. In addition to pharmacologic treatments, nonpharmacologic treatments, including external systems and devices, participation in social activities and exercise, as well as the use of habits, pictures and strategies, improve memory. We believe that although memory loss cannot be halted, both pharmacologic and nonpharmacologic treatments may help to improve AD patients’ memory and allow them to continue independent activities. Patients with mild cognitive impairment due to AD may be treated with nonpharmacologic therapies and with off-label cholinesterase inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra C Stark
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Andrew E Budson
- VA Boston Healthcare System, Department of Neurology, Boston University School of Medicine, Alzheimer’s Disease Center, Boston, MA, USA
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Cai X, Luan Y, Jiang Y, Song A, Shao W, Li Z, Zhao Z. Huperzine A-phospholipid complex-loaded biodegradable thermosensitive polymer gel for controlled drug release. Int J Pharm 2012; 433:102-11. [PMID: 22583846 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2012.05.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2012] [Revised: 04/20/2012] [Accepted: 05/01/2012] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The huperzine A-phospholipid complex loaded biodegradable thermosensitive PLGA-PEG-PLGA polymer gel was studied as injectable implant system for controlled release of huperzine-A (HA). First, HA molecules were successfully incorporated into the soybean phosphatidylcholine (SP) molecules to form the huperzine-A-soybean phosphatidylcholine complexes (HA-SPC), which was proved by FT-IR, DSC, XRD, solubility study, TEM, etc. The results indicated that hydrogen bonds and electrostatic interaction between HA and SP molecules play an important role in the formation of HA-SPC. Secondly, the HA-SPC was loaded into biodegradable PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermosensitive gel as injectable implant material to control the release of HA. The in vitro and in vivo drug release behaviors of the prepared products were studied. The in vitro release studies demonstrated that the HA-SPC-loaded gel significantly reduced the initial burst of drug release and extended the release period to about 2 weeks. The in vivo pharmacokinetics study of HA-SPC-loaded gel in rabbits showed that plasma concentration of HA (2.54-0.15ng/mL) was detected for nearly 2 weeks from delivery systems upon single subcutaneous injection. What's more, the in vitro release pattern correlated well with the in vivo pharmacokinetics profile. The present study indicates that HA-SPC loaded PLGA-PEG-PLGA thermal gel may be an attractive candidate vehicle for controlled HA release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqing Cai
- School of Pharmaceutical Science and Center for Pharmaceutical Research & Drug Delivery Systems, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong Province 250012, PR China
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Huperzine A ameliorates cognitive deficits and oxidative stress in the hippocampus of rats exposed to acute hypobaric hypoxia. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:2042-52. [PMID: 22711335 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0826-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/12/2012] [Revised: 05/14/2012] [Accepted: 06/08/2012] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
Acute exposure to high altitudes can cause neurological dysfunction due to decreased oxygen availability to the brain. In this study, the protective effects of Huperzine A on cognitive deficits along with oxidative and apoptotic damage, due to acute hypobaric hypoxia, were investigated in male Sprague-Dawley rats. Rats were exposed to simulated hypobaric hypoxia at 6,000 m in a specially fabricated animal decompression chamber while receiving daily Huperzine A orally at the dose of 0.05 or 0.1 mg/kg body weight. After exposure to hypobaric hypoxia for 5 days, rats were trained in a Morris Water Maze for 5 consecutive days. Subsequent trials revealed Huperzine A supplementation at a dose of 0.1 mg/kg body weight restored spatial memory significantly, as evident from decreased escape latency and path length to reach the hidden platform, and the increase in number of times of crossing the former platform location and time spent in the former platform quadrant. In addition, after exposure to hypobaric hypoxia, animals were sacrificed and biomarkers of oxidative damage, such as reactive oxygen species, lipid peroxidation, lactate dehydrogenase activity, reduced glutathione, oxidized glutathione and superoxide dismutase were studied in the hippocampus. Expression levels of pro-apoptotic proteins (Bax, caspase-3) and anti-apoptotic protein (Bcl-2) of hippocampal tissues were evaluated by Western blotting. There was a significant increase in oxidative stress along with increased expression of apoptotic proteins in hypoxia exposed rats, which was significantly improved by oral Huperzine A at 0.1 mg/kg body weight. These results suggest that supplementation with Huperzine A improves cognitive deficits, reduces oxidative stress and inhibits the apoptotic cascade induced by acute hypobaric hypoxia.
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Essa MM, Vijayan RK, Castellano-Gonzalez G, Memon MA, Braidy N, Guillemin GJ. Neuroprotective effect of natural products against Alzheimer's disease. Neurochem Res 2012; 37:1829-42. [PMID: 22614926 DOI: 10.1007/s11064-012-0799-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/27/2012] [Revised: 04/24/2012] [Accepted: 05/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Nature has gifted mankind with a plethora of flora-bearing fruits, vegetables and nuts. The diverse array of bioactive nutrients present in these natural products plays a pivotal role in prevention and cure of various neurodegenerative diseases, such as Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease and other neuronal dysfunctions. Accumulated evidence suggests that naturally occurring phyto-compounds, such as polyphenolic antioxidants found in fruits, vegetables, herbs and nuts, may potentially hinder neurodegeneration, and improve memory and cognitive function. Nuts such as walnut have also demonstrated neuroprotective effect against AD. The molecular mechanisms behind the curative effects rely mainly on the action of phytonutrients on distinct signalling pathways associated with protein folding and neuroinflammation. The neuroprotective effects of various naturally occurring compounds in AD is evaluating in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Musthafa M Essa
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Agriculture and Marine Sciences, Sultan Qaboos University, Muscat, Oman
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Guo W, Liu S, Peng J, Wei X, Sun Y, Qiu Y, Gao G, Wang P, Xu Y. Examining the interactome of huperzine A by magnetic biopanning. PLoS One 2012; 7:e37098. [PMID: 22615909 PMCID: PMC3353884 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0037098] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2011] [Accepted: 04/18/2012] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Huperzine A is a bioactive compound derived from traditional Chinese medicine plant Qian Ceng Ta (Huperzia serrata), and was found to have multiple neuroprotective effects. In addition to being a potent acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, it was thought to act through other mechanisms such as antioxidation, antiapoptosis, etc. However, the molecular targets involved with these mechanisms were not identified. In this study, we attempted to exam the interactome of Huperzine A using a cDNA phage display library and also mammalian brain tissue extracts. The drugs were chemically linked on the surface of magnetic particles and the interactive phages or proteins were collected and analyzed. Among the various cDNA expressing phages selected, one was identified to encode the mitochondria NADH dehydrogenase subunit 1. Specific bindings between the drug and the target phages and target proteins were confirmed. Another enriched phage clone was identified as mitochondria ATP synthase, which was also panned out from the proteome of mouse brain tissue lysate. These data indicated the possible involvement of mitochondrial respiratory chain matrix enzymes in Huperzine A's pharmacological effects. Such involvement had been suggested by previous studies based on enzyme activity changes. Our data supported the new mechanism. Overall we demonstrated the feasibility of using magnetic biopanning as a simple and viable method for investigating the complex molecular mechanisms of bioactive molecules.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Guo
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Shupeng Liu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinliang Peng
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiaohui Wei
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Ye Sun
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangsheng Qiu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Guangwei Gao
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Peng Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuhong Xu
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- Med-X Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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72
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Ebrahimi A, Schluesener H. Natural polyphenols against neurodegenerative disorders: potentials and pitfalls. Ageing Res Rev 2012; 11:329-45. [PMID: 22336470 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2012.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 183] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2011] [Revised: 12/23/2011] [Accepted: 01/31/2012] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Within the last years, a rapidly growing number of polyphenolic compounds with neuroprotective effects have been described. Many efforts have been made to explore the mechanisms behind the neuroprotective action of polyphenols. However, many pathways and mechanisms considered for mediating these effects are rather general than specific. Moreover, despite the beneficial effects of polyphenols in experimental treatment of neurodegeneration, little has been achieved in bringing them into routine clinical applications. In this review, we have summarized the protective effects of polyphenols against neurodegeneration, and we have also discussed some of the barricades in translating these biochemical compounds, into relevant therapeutics for neurodegenerative diseases.
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Abstract
An escalating "epidemic" of diseases like Alzheimer's has not yet been met by effective symptomatic treatments or preventative strategies. Among a few current prescription drugs are cholinesterase inhibitors including galantamine, originating from the snowdrop. Research into ethnobotanicals for memory or cognition has burgeoned in recent years. Based on a multi-faceted review of medicinal plants or phytochemicals, including traditional uses, relevant bioactivities, psychological and clinical evidence on efficacy and safety, this overview focuses on those for which there is promising clinical trial evidence in people with dementia, together with at least one other of these lines of supporting evidence. With respect to cognitive function, such plants reviewed include sage, Ginkgo biloba, and complex mixtures of other traditional remedies. Behavioral and psychological symptoms of dementia (BPSD) challenge carers and lead to institutionalization. Symptoms can be alleviated by some plant species (e.g., lemon balm and lavender alleviate agitation in people with dementia; St John's wort treats depression in the normal population). The ultimate goal of disease prevention is considered from the perspective of limited epidemiological and clinical trial evidence to date. The potential value of numerous plant extracts or chemicals (e.g., curcumin) with neuroprotective but as yet no clinical data are reviewed. Given intense clinical need and carer concerns, which lead to exploration of such alternatives as herbal medicines, the following research priorities are indicated: investigating botanical agents which enhance cognition in populations with mild memory impairment or at earliest disease stages, and those for BPSD in people with dementia at more advanced stages; establishing an ongoing authoritative database on herbal medicine for dementia; and further epidemiological and follow up studies of promising phytopharmaceuticals or related nutraceuticals for disease prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elaine Perry
- Institute of Ageing and Health, Newcastle University, Newcastle upon Tyne, NE4 6BE, UK
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74
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Ha GT, Wong RK, Zhang Y. Huperzine a as potential treatment of Alzheimer's disease: an assessment on chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical studies. Chem Biodivers 2011; 8:1189-204. [PMID: 21766442 DOI: 10.1002/cbdv.201000269] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/07/2022]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is the fourth leading cause of death in adults, characterized by hallmark neuritic plaques and neurofibrillary tangles. Current treatments focus only on symptom relief. As a possible new treatment option for AD, huperzine A's chemistry, pharmacology, and clinical effectiveness are assessed. The chemical synthesis of huperzine A has been optimized, while an in vitro technique has provided a renewable plant source. Pharmacological studies showed that the drug inhibits the enzyme acetylcholinesterase reversibly and selectively. Huperzine A also displayed good pharmacokinetics with a rapid absorption and a wide distribution in the body at a low to moderate rate of elimination. Presently, inadequate toxicity data in human have been reported, yet animal studies demonstrated mild to moderate cholinergic side effects at therapeutic doses. Previous clinical trials have shown improvement in memory function using MMSE, MQ, ADAS-COG, and ADL tests. In an unpublished phase II clinical trial, the ADAS-COG and MMSE tests indicated cognitive enhancement at a dose of 0.4 mg, yet no improvement was observed at a dose of 0.2 mg. The MMSE scores indicated cognitive enhancement at 0.4 mg. Promising data suggested that huperzine A is well tolerated at doses up to 0.4 mg for 24 weeks. Therefore, huperzine A seems to be a potential treatment option for AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giang T Ha
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, Virginia Commonwealth University, Richmond, Virginia 23298, USA
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75
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[6]-Gingerol attenuates β-amyloid-induced oxidative cell death via fortifying cellular antioxidant defense system. Food Chem Toxicol 2011; 49:1261-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2011.03.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2010] [Revised: 02/14/2011] [Accepted: 03/02/2011] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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76
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Wu TY, Chen CP, Jinn TR. Traditional Chinese medicines and Alzheimer’s disease. Taiwan J Obstet Gynecol 2011; 50:131-5. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tjog.2011.04.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/10/2011] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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Stough C, Camfield D, Kure C, Tarasuik J, Downey L, Lloyd J, Zangara A, Scholey A, Reynolds J. Improving general intelligence with a nutrient-based pharmacological intervention. INTELLIGENCE 2011. [DOI: 10.1016/j.intell.2011.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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78
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Fu LM, Li JT. A systematic review of single chinese herbs for Alzheimer's disease treatment. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2011; 2011:640284. [PMID: 19737808 PMCID: PMC3136754 DOI: 10.1093/ecam/nep136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/08/2009] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The objectives here are to provide a systematic review of the current evidence concerning the use of Chinese herbs in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD) and to understand their mechanisms of action with respect to the pathophysiology of the disease. AD, characterized microscopically by deposition of amyloid plaques and formation of neurofibrillary tangles in the brain, has become the most common cause of senile dementia. The limitations of western medications have led us to explore herbal medicine. In particular, many Chinese herbs have demonstrated some interesting therapeutic properties. The following databases were searched from their inception: MEDLINE (PUBMED), ALT HEALTH WATCH (EBSCO), CINAH and Cochrane Central. Only single Chinese herbs are included. Two reviewers independently extracted the data and performed quality assessment. The quality assessment of a clinical trial is based on the Jadad criteria. Seven Chinese herbs and six randomized controlled clinical trials were identified under the predefined criteria. Ginkgo biloba, Huperzine A (Lycopodium serratum) and Ginseng have been assessed for their clinical efficacy with limited favorable evidence. No serious adverse events were reported. Chinese herbs show promise in the treatment of AD in terms of their cognitive benefits and more importantly, their mechanisms of action that deal with the fundamental pathophysiology of the disease. However, the current evidence in support of their use is inconclusive or inadequate. Future research should place emphasis on herbs that can treat the root of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Min Fu
- Department of Western Medicine, Southern California University of Health Sciences, Whittier, CA 90604, USA
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79
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Mishra M, Huang J, Lee YY, Chua DSK, Lin X, Hu JM, Heese K. Gastrodia elata modulates amyloid precursor protein cleavage and cognitive functions in mice. Biosci Trends 2011; 5:129-38. [DOI: 10.5582/bst.2011.v5.3.129] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Manisha Mishra
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Junjie Huang
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Yin Yeng Lee
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University
| | | | - Xiaoyan Lin
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University
| | - Jiang-Miao Hu
- Kunming Institute of Botany, Chinese Academy of Science
| | - Klaus Heese
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, School of Biological Sciences, College of Science, Nanyang Technological University
- Institute of Advanced Studies, Nanyang Technological University
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80
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Piau A, Nourhashémi F, Hein C, Caillaud C, Vellas B. Progress in the development of new drugs in Alzheimer's disease. J Nutr Health Aging 2011; 15:45-57. [PMID: 21267520 DOI: 10.1007/s12603-011-0012-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Alzheimer's disease (AD) is an age-related neurodegenerative disease with a global prevalence estimated at 26.55 million in 2006. During the past decades, several agents have been approved that enhance cognition of AD patients. However, the effectiveness of these treatments are limited or controversial and they do not modify disease progression. Recent advances in understanding AD pathogenesis have led to the development of numerous compounds that might modify the disease process. AD is mainly characterized neuropathologically by the presence of two kinds of protein aggregates: extracellular plaques of Abeta-peptide and intracellular neurofibrillary tangles. Abeta and tau could interfere in an original way contributing to a cascade of events leading to neuronal death and transmitter deficits. Investigation for novel therapeutic approaches targeting the presumed underlying pathogenic mechanisms is major focus of research. Antiamyloid agents targeting production, accumulation, clearance, or toxicity associated with Abeta peptide, are some approaches under investigation to limit extracellular plaques of Abeta-peptide accumulation. We can state as an example: Abeta passive and active immunization, secretases modulation, Abeta degradation enhancement, or antiaggregation and antifibrillization agents. Tau-related therapies are also under clinical investigation but few compounds are available. Another alternative approach under development is neuroprotective agents such as antioxidants, anti-inflammatory drugs, compounds acting against glutamate mediated neurotoxicity. Neurorestorative approaches through neurotrophin or cell therapy also represent a minor avenue in AD research. Finally, statins, receptor for advanced glycation end products inhibitors, thiazolidinediones, insulin, and hormonal therapies are some other ways of research for a therapeutic approach of Alzheimer's disease. Taking into account AD complexity, it becomes clear that polypharmacology with drugs targeting different sites could be the future treatment approach and a majority of the recent drugs under evaluation seems to act on multiple targets. This article exposes general classes of disease-modifying therapies under investigation.
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81
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Malkova L, Kozikowski AP, Gale K. The effects of huperzine A and IDRA 21 on visual recognition memory in young macaques. Neuropharmacology 2010; 60:1262-8. [PMID: 21185313 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2010.12.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2010] [Revised: 11/29/2010] [Accepted: 12/15/2010] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Nootropic agents or cognitive enhancers are purported to improve mental functions such as cognition, memory, or attention. The aim of our study was to determine the effects of two possible cognitive enhancers, huperzine A and IDRA 21, in normal young adult monkeys performing a visual memory task of varying degrees of difficulty. Huperzine A is a reversible acetylcholinesterase (AChE) inhibitor, its administration results in regionally specific increases in acetylcholine levels in the brain. In human clinical trials, Huperzine A resulted in cognitive improvement in patients with mild to moderate form of Alzheimer's disease (AD) showing its potential as a palliative agent in the treatment of AD. IDRA 21 is a positive allosteric modulator of glutamate AMPA receptors. It increases excitatory synaptic strength by attenuating rapid desensitization of AMPA receptors and may thus have beneficial therapeutic effects to ameliorate memory deficits in patients with cognitive impairments, including AD. The present study evaluated the effects of the two drugs in normal, intact, young adult monkeys to determine whether they can result in cognitive enhancement in a system that is presumably functioning optimally. Six young pigtail macaques (Macaca nemestrina) were trained on delayed non-matching-to-sample task, a measure of visual recognition memory, up to criterion of 90% correct responses on each of the four delays (10s, 30s, 60s, and 90s). They were then tested on two versions of the task: Task 1 included the four delays intermixed within a session and the monkeys performed it with the accuracy of 90%. Task 2 included, in each of 24 trials, a list of six objects presented in succession. Two objects from the list were then presented for choice paired with novel objects and following two of the four delays intermixed within a session. This task with a higher mnemonic demand yielded an average performance of 64% correct. Oral administration of huperzine A did not significantly affect the monkeys' performance on either task. However, a significant negative correlation was found between the baseline performance on each delay and the change in performance under huperzine A, suggesting that under conditions in which the subjects were performing poorly (55-69%), the drug resulted in improved performance, whereas no improvement was obtained when the baseline was close to 90%. In fact, when the subjects were performing very well, huperzine A tended to reduce the performance accuracy, indicating that in a system that functions optimally, the increased availability of acetylcholine does not improve performance or memory, especially when the animals are close to the maximum performance. In contrast, oral administration of IDRA 21 significantly improved performance on Task 2, especially on the longest delay. This finding supports the potential use of this drug in treatment of cognitive and memory disorders. This article is part of a Special Issue entitled 'Trends in neuropharmacology: in memory of Erminio Costa'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ludise Malkova
- Department of Pharmacology and the Interdisciplinary Program in Neuroscience, Georgetown University Medical Center, 3900 Reservoir Rd. NW, Washington, DC 20007, USA.
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82
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Photohuperzine A-A new photoisomer of huperzine A: structure elucidation, formation kinetics and activity assessment. J Pharm Biomed Anal 2010; 52:190-4. [PMID: 20133099 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpba.2010.01.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2009] [Revised: 01/07/2010] [Accepted: 01/08/2010] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
A new photoisomer of the promising "anti-Alzheimer" drug candidate (+/-) huperzine A is described. The new substance was formed via a photoisomerization reaction and was found to be 1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tetracyclo-[7.3.1.0(2.7).0(4.7)]-trideca-2,10-diene-5-one using NMR analysis. The kinetics of its formation was studied and proven to be of first-order. The described photoisomer showed a significant loss in activity, being more than 100 times less active than (-) huperzine A itself. The new substance was named photohuperzine A, referring to its photopyridone substructure.
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83
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Semantic Web for data harmonization in Chinese medicine. Chin Med 2010; 5:2. [PMID: 20205772 PMCID: PMC2823599 DOI: 10.1186/1749-8546-5-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2009] [Accepted: 01/12/2010] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Scientific studies to investigate Chinese medicine with Western medicine have been generating a large amount of data to be shared preferably under a global data standard. This article provides an overview of Semantic Web and identifies some representative Semantic Web applications in Chinese medicine. Semantic Web is proposed as a standard for representing Chinese medicine data and facilitating their integration with Western medicine data.
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84
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Affiliation(s)
- Takahiro Koshiba
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Satoshi Yokoshima
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
| | - Tohru Fukuyama
- Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, University of Tokyo, 7-3-1 Hongo, Bunkyo-ku, Tokyo 113-0033, Japan
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85
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Gao X, Zheng CY, Yang L, Tang XC, Zhang HY. Huperzine A protects isolated rat brain mitochondria against beta-amyloid peptide. Free Radic Biol Med 2009; 46:1454-62. [PMID: 19272446 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2009.02.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2008] [Revised: 01/19/2009] [Accepted: 02/13/2009] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Our previous work in cells and animals showed that mitochondria are involved in the neuroprotective effect of huperzine A (HupA). In this study, the effects of HupA on isolated rat brain mitochondria were investigated. In addition to inhibiting the Abeta(25-35) (40 microM)-induced decrease in mitochondrial respiration, adenosine 5'-triphosphate (ATP) synthesis, enzyme activity, and transmembrane potential, HupA (0.01 or 0.1 microM) effectively prevented Abeta-induced mitochondrial swelling, reactive oxygen species increase, and cytochrome c release. More interestingly, administration of HupA to isolated mitochondria promoted the rate of ATP production and blocked mitochondrial swelling caused by normal osmosis. These results indicate that HupA protects mitochondria against Abeta at least in part by preserving membrane integrity and improving energy metabolism. These direct effects on mitochondria further extend the noncholinergic functions of HupA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 555 Zu Chong Zhi Road, Zhangjiang Hi-Tech Park, Shanghai 201203, People's Republic of China
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Complimentary and alternative medicine has an extensive worldwide history and is commonly used by older patients. A number of different alternative medicines are used by patients having Alzheimer disease. It is both desirable and expected for clinicians to be acquainted with these medications. REVIEW SUMMARY This paper discusses the available clinical trial evidence regarding 8 agents commonly used by people having Alzheimer disease. We provide an overview of the history and basic scientific evidence available for each agent, followed by a critical analysis of the evidence available from clinical trials, including the number of participants, trial duration, and specific outcomes evaluated. CONCLUSION Although many of these compounds have been associated with interesting basic science, none has shown clear clinical benefit to date. Data available for some, such as Ginkgo biloba, curcumin, and huperzine A, suggest that further evaluation is warranted. Familiarity with this literature will allow clinicians to provide meaningful recommendations to patients who wish to use these agents.
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87
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Desilets AR, Gickas JJ, Dunican KC. Role of huperzine a in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease. Ann Pharmacother 2009; 43:514-8. [PMID: 19240260 DOI: 10.1345/aph.1l402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To review the role of huperzine A in the treatment of Alzheimer's disease (AD). DATA SOURCES A literature search was conducted through MEDLINE (1950-September week 2, 2008), EMBASE (all years), Google Scholar, International Pharmaceutical Abstracts, and a bibliographic review of relevant articles. Key words included huperzine, huperin, Huperzia serrata, and Alzheimer's disease. STUDY SELECTION AND DATA EXTRACTION All clinical trials published in the English language that evaluated huperzine A in patients with AD were included in this review. Articles published in Chinese were included when English abstracts or electronic translation technology were available. DATA SYNTHESIS AD is a progressive neurodegenerative brain disorder for which there is no cure; available therapies only decrease cognitive decline. Huperzine A, an alkaloid derived from Chinese club moss (H. serrata), acts as a selective inhibitor of acetylcholinesterase and may also display neuroprotective properties. Preliminary data suggest that huperzine A may improve cognition; studies ranging from 8 to 12 weeks have found improvements in the Mini-Mental State Examination score of 1-5 points. CONCLUSIONS Although use of huperzine A has shown promising results in patients with AD, data supporting its use are limited by weak study design. Largescale, randomized, placebo-controlled trials are necessary to establish the role of huperzine A in the treatment of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia R Desilets
- Massachusetts College of Pharmacy and Health Sciences-Worcester/Manchester, MA, USA.
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88
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MK801- and scopolamine-induced amnesias are reversed by an Amazonian herbal locally used as a "brain tonic". Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2009; 202:165-72. [PMID: 18695930 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-008-1272-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2008] [Accepted: 07/21/2008] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Traditional remedies prepared from Ptychopetalum olacoides (PO) are used throughout the Amazon to alleviate age-related conditions. These formulas are mainly used by elders, and alleged effects may be related to the anticholinesterase properties identified in a standardized ethanol extract of this species [P. olacoides standardized ethanol extract (POEE)]. OBJECTIVES To further characterize the potential of this extract for developing drugs useful to treat cognitive deficits, the effects of POEE on scopolamine (scop)- and MK801-induced amnesias (acquisition, consolidation, and retrieval) in mice were investigated. RESULTS Scop (3.0 mg/kg, ip) significantly impaired memory (all three phases) in the step-down inhibitory avoidance protocol. As expected, MK801 (0.1 mg/kg, ip) was amnesic regarding acquisition and consolidation, but not retrieval. POEE (100 mg/kg, ip) reversed the scop-induced impairment in all three phases of long-term and short memories, whereas only the memory consolidation deficit was reversed with MK801-induced amnesia. CONCLUSIONS This study complements previously reported promnesic properties of this plant extract and suggests that POEE may be further developed for treating conditions associated with cognitive deficits, especially those linked with cholinergic malfunction.
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Weinreb O, Mandel S, Bar-Am O, Yogev-Falach M, Avramovich-Tirosh Y, Amit T, Youdim MBH. Multifunctional neuroprotective derivatives of rasagiline as anti-Alzheimer's disease drugs. Neurotherapeutics 2009; 6:163-74. [PMID: 19110207 PMCID: PMC5084264 DOI: 10.1016/j.nurt.2008.10.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The recent therapeutic approach in which drug candidates are designed to possess diverse pharmacological properties and act on multiple targets has stimulated the development of the multimodal drugs, ladostigil (TV3326) [(N-propargyl-(3R) aminoindan-5yl)-ethyl methyl carbamate] and the newly designed multifunctional antioxidant iron chelator, M-30 (5-[N-methyl-N-propargylaminomethyl]-8-hydroxyquinoline). Ladostigil combines, in a single molecule, the neuroprotective/neurorestorative effects of the novel anti-Parkinsonian drug and selective monoamine oxidase (MAO)-B inhibitor, rasagiline (Azilect, Teva Pharmaceutical Co.) with the cholinesterase (ChE) inhibitory activity of rivastigmine. A second derivative of rasagiline, M-30 was developed by amalgamating the propargyl moiety of rasagiline into the skeleton of our novel brain permeable neuroprotective iron chelator, VK-28. Preclinical experiments showed that both compounds have anti-Alzheimer's disease activities and thus, the clinical development is oriented toward treatment of this type of dementia. This review discusses the multimodal effects of two rasagiline-containing hybrid molecules, namely ladostigil and M-30, concerning their neuroprotective molecular mechanisms in vivo and in vitro, including regulation of amyloid precursor protein processing, activation of protein kinase C, and mitogen-activated protein kinase signaling pathways, inhibition of cell death markers and upregulation of neurotrophic factors. Altogether, these scientific findings make these multifunctional compounds potentially valuable drugs for the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orly Weinreb
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Silvia Mandel
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Orit Bar-Am
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Merav Yogev-Falach
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Yael Avramovich-Tirosh
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Tamar Amit
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
| | - Moussa B. H. Youdim
- Eve Topf and USA National Parkinson Foundation Centers of Excellence for Neurodegenerative Diseases Research and Department of Pharmacology, Rappaport Family Research Institute, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, 31096 Haifa, Israel
- grid.6451.60000000121102151Department of Pharmacology, Technion-Faculty of Medicine, P.O.B. 9697, 31096 Haifa, Israel
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90
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Espinoza-Fonseca LM. Knowledgebase for addiction-related genes: is it possible an extrapolation to rational multi-target drug design? Bioorg Med Chem 2008; 16:9346-8. [PMID: 18815048 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2008.08.080] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2008] [Revised: 08/19/2008] [Accepted: 08/26/2008] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In recent years the single-probe-single-target approach in drug design has started to be smoothly replaced by the single-probe-multiple-target (or multi-target) one, where a single drug is able to tackle different, but disease-related targets in a selective manner. However, the design of multi-target drugs has been hindered by a lack of a systematic network of disease-related common pathways. The recent development of the knowledgebase of addiction-related genes (KARG) has provided important hints on how to rationally design multi-target probes by connecting experimental techniques with available network models. In this perspective, the use of KARG as a template to build knowledgebases of disease-related genes for the rational multi-target drug design is suggested. Moreover, it is proposed that building knowledgebases of disease-related genes will become a necessary and ubiquitous tool in the rational design of multi-target drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Michel Espinoza-Fonseca
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA.
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91
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[+]-Huperzine A treatment protects against N-methyl-d-aspartate-induced seizure/status epilepticus in rats. Chem Biol Interact 2008; 175:387-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2008.05.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2007] [Revised: 05/15/2008] [Accepted: 05/15/2008] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
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92
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Zheng CY, Zhang HY, Tang XC. Huperzine A attenuates mitochondrial dysfunction after middle cerebral artery occlusion in rats. J Neurosci Res 2008; 86:2432-40. [DOI: 10.1002/jnr.21681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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93
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Ye J, Zeng S, Zheng G, Chen G. Pharmacokinetics of Huperzine A after transdermal and oral administration in beagle dogs. Int J Pharm 2008; 356:187-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2008.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2007] [Revised: 12/18/2007] [Accepted: 01/07/2008] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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94
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Abstract
BACKGROUND Alzheimer's disease (AD) has become a major public health problem around the world due to its increasing prevalence, long duration, caregiver burden, and high financial cost of care. The degeneration of acetylcholine-containing neurons in the basal forebrain has been implicated in the symptoms of AD. Cholinesterase inhibitors may block the degradation of acetylcholine, thus increasing the efficacy of the remaining cholinergic neurons. Huperzine A is a linearly competitive, reversible inhibitor of acetyl cholinesterase that is said to have both central and peripheral activity with the ability to protect cells against hydrogen peroxide, beta-amyloid protein (or peptide), glutamate, ischemia and staurosporine-induced cytotoxicity and apoptosis. These properties might qualify Huperzine A as a promising agent for treating dementia (including AD). OBJECTIVES To assess the efficacy and safety of Huperzine A for the treatment of patients with AD. SEARCH STRATEGY The Specialized Register of the Cochrane Dementia and Cognitive Improvement Group was searched on 1 February 2006 using the search term: huperzin*. The CDCIG Specialized register contains records from all major health care databases (MEDLINE, EMBASE, PsycINFO, CINAHL, SIGLE, ISTP, INSIDE, LILACS) as well as from many trials databases and grey literature sources. In addition, the CBM and AMED databases and relevant websites were searched and some journals were hand-searched. Specialists in the field were approached for unpublished material and any publications found were searched for additional references. SELECTION CRITERIA All relevant randomized controlled trials (RCTs) studying the efficacy and safety of Huperzine A for AD. DATA COLLECTION AND ANALYSIS Data were extracted independently by two reviewers using a self-developed data extraction form and entered into RevMan 4.2.10 software. Meta-analyses were performed when more than one trial provided data on a comparable outcome on sufficiently similar patients. Random effects analyses were performed whenever heterogeneity between results appeared to be present. Standardized differences in mean outcome measures were used due to the use of different scales and periods of treatment. MAIN RESULTS Six trials including a total of 454 patients met our inclusion criteria. The methodological quality of most included trials was not high. It was shown that compared to placebo, Huperzine A had beneficial effects on the improvement of general cognitive function measured by MMSE (WMD 2.81; 95% CI 1.87 to 3.76; P < 0.00001) and ADAS-Cog at six weeks (WMD 1.91; 95% CI 1.27 to 2.55) and at 12 weeks (WMD 2.51; 95% CI 1.74 to 3.28), global clinical assessment measured by CDR (WMD -0.80; 95% CI -0.95 to -0.65) and CIBIC-plus (OR 4.32, 95% CI 2.37 to 7.90), behavioral disturbance measured by ADAS-non-Cog at six weeks (WMD -1.33, 95%CI -2.12 to -0.54) and at 12 weeks (WMD -1.52, 95% CI-2.39 to -0.65), and functional performance measured by ADL (WMD = -7.17; 95% CI -9.13 to -5.22; P < 0.00001). However, Huperzine A was not superior to placebo in the improvement of general cognitive function measured by Hasegawa Dementia Scale (HDS) (WMD: 2.78; 95% CI -0.17 to 5.73, P = 0.06) and specific cognitive function measured by Weshler Memory Scale (WMS) (WMD = 6.64; 95% CI -3.22 to 16.50; P = 0.19). No data were available on quality of life and caregiver burden. The adverse events of Huperzine A were mild and there were no significant differences of adverse events between Huperzine A groups and control groups. AUTHORS' CONCLUSIONS From the available evidence, Huperzine A seems to have some beneficial effects on improvement of general cognitive function, global clinical status, behavioral disturbance and functional performance, with no obvious serious adverse events for patients with AD. However, only one study was of adequate quality and size. There is therefore inadequate evidence to make any recommendation about its use. Rigorous design, randomized, multi-centre, large-sample trials of Huperzine A for AD are needed to further assess the effects.
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95
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Hemendinger RA, Armstrong EJ, Persinski R, Todd J, Mougeot JL, Volvovitz F, Rosenfeld J. Huperzine a provides neuroprotection against several cell death inducers usingin vitro model systems of motor neuron cell death. Neurotox Res 2008; 13:49-61. [DOI: 10.1007/bf03033367] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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96
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Abstract
The already considerable public health burden of Alzheimer's disease will likely worsen as populations around the world age. As a result, there is considerable motivation to develop effective strategies for preventing the disease. A wide variety of such strategies are under investigation and include pharmaceuticals, nutriceuticals, diet, physical activity and cognitive activity. We review here the most promising candidates and the epidemiologic evidence for their efficacy. Although none of these have yet to be definitively shown to prevent Alzheimer's disease, further research should help to clarify what role they may play in reducing the burden of this disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- C A Szekely
- Department of Mental Health, Bloomberg School of Public Health, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
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97
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Niemitz M, Laatikainen R, Chen SN, Kleps R, Kozikowski AP, Pauli GF. Complete (1)H NMR spectral fingerprint of huperzine A. MAGNETIC RESONANCE IN CHEMISTRY : MRC 2007; 45:878-82. [PMID: 17729231 DOI: 10.1002/mrc.2061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/17/2023]
Abstract
Complete analysis of the (1)H NMR spectrum of huperzine A, 1-amino-13-ethylidene-11-methyl-6-aza-tricyclo[7.3.1.0(2, 7)]trideca-2(7),3,10-trien-5-one, a Lycopodium alkaloid and anti-Alzheimer drug lead containing an ABCD(E)(MN)(OP)X(3)Y(3)-type system of 15 nonexchangeable proton spins, is reported for the first time, and earlier assignments are corrected. The complete (1)H parameter set of 11 chemical shifts clarifies the diastereotopism of both methylene groups, and provides a total of 38 observed H,H-couplings including 31 long-range ((4-6)J) connectivities. The NMR data is consistent with the comparatively rigid alicyclic backbone predicted by molecular mechanics calculations, and forms the basis for (1)H NMR fingerprint analysis for the purpose of dereplication, purity analysis, and elucidation of structural analogs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Niemitz
- Department of Biosciences, University of Kuopio, FIN-70211 Kuopio, Finland
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98
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Ma X, Tan C, Zhu D, Gang DR, Xiao P. Huperzine A from Huperzia species--an ethnopharmacolgical review. JOURNAL OF ETHNOPHARMACOLOGY 2007; 113:15-34. [PMID: 17644292 DOI: 10.1016/j.jep.2007.05.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 175] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2007] [Revised: 05/28/2007] [Accepted: 05/30/2007] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Huperzine A (HupA), isolated originally from a traditional Chinese medicine Qiang Ceng Ta, whole plant of Huperzia serrata (Thunb. ex Murray) Trev., a member of the Huperziaceae family, has attracted intense attention since its marked anticholinesterase activity was discovered by Chinese scientists. Several members of the Huperziaceae (Huperzia and Phlegmariurus species) have been used as medicines in China for contusions, strains, swellings, schizophrenia, myasthenia gravis and organophosphate poisoning. HupA has been marketed in China as a new drug for Alzheimer's disease (AD) treatment and its derivative ZT-1 is being developed as anti-AD new drug candidate both in China and in Europe. A review of the chemistry, bioactivities, toxicology, clinical trials and natural resources of HupA source plants is presented.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaoqiang Ma
- State Key Laboratory of Drug Research, Institute of Materia Medica, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 201203, PR China
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99
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Chan ASL, Yip ECH, Yung LY, Pang H, Luk SCW, Pang SF, Wong YH. CKBM stimulates MAPKs but inhibits LPS-induced IFN-gamma in lymphocytes. Phytother Res 2006; 20:725-31. [PMID: 16775808 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.1943] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
CKBM is an herbal formula composed of five Chinese medicinal herbs (Panax ginseng, Schisandra chinensis, Fructus crataegi, Ziziphus jujuba and Glycine max) supplemented with processed Saccharomyces cerevisiae. It has been demonstrated that CKBM is capable of triggering the release of IL-6 and TNFalpha from human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. In this report, T-lymphocytic Sup-T1 cells and B-lymphocytic Ramos cells were utilized as cellular models to investigate how CKBM regulates intracellular signaling as well as the production of cytokines. CKBM stimulated the three major subgroups of mitogen-activated protein kinase (i.e. ERK, JNK and p38) in Sup-T1 cells, but only triggered the activation of ERK and p38 in Ramos cells. The induction of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPK) activations varied with the duration of treatment, as well as with the dosage of CKBM. In terms of cytokine production, treatment of CKBM alone did not trigger the release of IL-1beta and IFNgamma, but it suppressed the LPS-induced IFNgamma production from both Sup-T1 cells and Ramos cells. In view of the therapeutic effects of traditional Chinese medicines in inflammatory and autoimmune disorders, the results suggest that CKBM may exhibit its immuno-modulatory effects by regulating intracellular signaling as well as cytokine production in different lymphocytic cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony S L Chan
- Department of Biochemistry, the Molecular Neuroscience Center, and the Biotechnology Research Institute, Hong Kong University of Science and Technology, Clear Water Bay, Kowloon, Hong Kong, China
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100
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Peng Y, Jiang L, Lee DYW, Schachter SC, Ma Z, Lemere CA. Effects of huperzine A on amyloid precursor protein processing and beta-amyloid generation in human embryonic kidney 293 APP Swedish mutant cells. J Neurosci Res 2006; 84:903-11. [PMID: 16862548 DOI: 10.1002/jnr.20987] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
The amyloid precursor protein (APP) is cleaved enzymatically by nonamyloidogenic and amyloidogenic pathways. alpha-Secretase (alpha-secretase), cleaves APP within the beta-amyloid (Abeta) sequence, resulting in the release of a secreted fragment of APP (alphaAPPs) and precluding Abeta generation. In this study, we investigated the effects of an acetylcholinesterase inhibitor, huperzine A (Hup A), on APP processing and Abeta generation in human embryonic kidney 293 cells transfected with human APP bearing the Swedish mutation (HEK293 APPsw). Hup A dose dependently (0-10 microM) increased alphaAPPs release and membrane-coupled APP CTF-C83, suggesting increased APP metabolism toward the nonamyloidogenic alpha-secretase pathway. The metalloprotease inhibitor TAPI-2 inhibited the Hup A-induced increase in alphaAPPs release, further suggesting a modulatory effect of Hup A on alpha-secretase activity. The synthesis of full-length APP and cell viability were unchanged after Hup A incubation, whereas the level of Abeta(Total) was significantly decreased, suggesting an inhibitory effect of Hup A on Abeta production. Hup A-induced alphaAPPs release was significantly reduced by the protein kinase C (PKC) inhibitors GF109203X and Calphostin C. These data, together with the finding that the PKCalpha level was enhanced prior to the increase of alphaAPPs secretion, indicate that PKC may be involved in Hup A-induced alphaAPPs secretion by HEK293 APPsw cells. Our data suggest alternative pharmacological mechanisms of Hup A relevant to the treatment of Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ying Peng
- Center for Neurologic Diseases, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts 02115, USA
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