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Yu Y, Hou K, Ji T, Wang X, Liu Y, Zheng Y, Xu J, Hou Y, Chi G. The role of exosomal microRNAs in central nervous system diseases. Mol Cell Biochem 2021; 476:2111-2124. [PMID: 33528706 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-021-04053-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2020] [Accepted: 01/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNA), endogenous non-coding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides long, regulate gene expression by mediating translational inhibition or mRNA degradation. Exosomes are a tool for intercellular transmission of information in which miRNA exchange plays an important role. Under pathophysiological conditions in the central nervous system (CNS), cellular transmission of exosomal miRNAs can regulate signaling pathways. Exosomal miRNAs are involved in the occurrence and development of diverse CNS diseases, such as traumatic brain injury, spinal cord injury, stroke, neurodegenerative diseases, epilepsy, and glioma. The use of exosomes as transport vehicles for certain miRNAs provides a novel therapeutic strategy for CNS diseases. Furthermore, the exosomes in body fluids change with the occurrence of diseases, indicating that subtle changes in physiological and pathological processes in vivo could be recognized by analyzing exosomes. Exosomal analysis is expected to act as a novel tool for diagnosis and prediction of neurological diseases. In this review, we present the current understanding of the implications of miRNAs in CNS diseases and summarize the role and mechanism of action of exosomal miRNA in nervous system disease models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yifei Yu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Kun Hou
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Tong Ji
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Xishu Wang
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yining Liu
- Clinical Medical College, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yangyang Zheng
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinying Xu
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China
| | - Yi Hou
- Department of Regeneration Medicine, School of Pharmaceutical Science of Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.
| | - Guangfan Chi
- The Key Laboratory of Pathobiology, Ministry of Education, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Jilin University, Changchun, 130000, People's Republic of China.
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Wu Y, Li Q, Zhang R, Dai X, Chen W, Xing D. Circulating microRNAs: Biomarkers of disease. Clin Chim Acta 2021; 516:46-54. [PMID: 33485903 DOI: 10.1016/j.cca.2021.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are a class of endogenous noncoding single-stranded RNA molecules with approximately 20-24 nucleotides and are associated with a broad range of biological processes. Researchers found that microRNAs are abundant in tissues, and more importantly, there are also trace circulating microRNAs that exist in biological fluids. In recent years, circulating microRNAs had emerged as promising diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers for the noninvasive detection of diseases with high specificity and sensitivity. More importantly, specific microRNA expression signatures reflect not only the existence of early-stage diseases but also the dynamic development of advanced-stage diseases, disease prognosis prediction, and drug resistance. To date, an increasing number of potential miRNA biomarkers have been reported, but their practical application prospects are still unclear. Therefore, microRNAs, as potential diagnostic and prognostic biomarkers in a variety of diseases, need to be updated, as they are of great importance in the diagnosis, prognosis and prediction of therapeutic responses. In this review, we summary our current understanding of microRNAs as potential biomarkers in the major diseases (e.g., cancers and cardio-cerebrovascular diseases), which provide the basis for the design of diagnosis and treatment plan and the improvement of the cure rate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yudong Wu
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Qian Li
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Renshuai Zhang
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Xiaoli Dai
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China
| | - Wujun Chen
- Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China.
| | - Dongming Xing
- The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; Qingdao Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao 266071, China; School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing 100084, China.
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53
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Yousif G, Qadri S, Haik M, Haik Y, Parray AS, Shuaib A. Circulating Exosomes of Neuronal Origin as Potential Early Biomarkers for Development of Stroke. Mol Diagn Ther 2021; 25:163-180. [DOI: 10.1007/s40291-020-00508-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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54
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Li Y, Tang Y, Yang GY. Therapeutic application of exosomes in ischaemic stroke. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2021; 6:483-495. [PMID: 33431513 PMCID: PMC8485240 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2020-000419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/05/2020] [Revised: 08/28/2020] [Accepted: 09/18/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Ischaemic stroke is a leading cause of long-term disability in the world, with limited effective treatments. Increasing evidence demonstrates that exosomes are involved in ischaemic pathology and exhibit restorative therapeutic effects by mediating cell–cell communication. The potential of exosome therapy for ischaemic stroke has been actively investigated in the past decade. In this review, we mainly discuss the current knowledge of therapeutic applications of exosomes from different cell types, different exosomal administration routes, and current advances of exosome tracking and targeting in ischaemic stroke. We also briefly summarised the pathology of ischaemic stroke, exosome biogenesis, exosome profile changes after stroke as well as registered clinical trials of exosome-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongfang Li
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of medcine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yaohui Tang
- Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Medx Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
| | - Guo-Yuan Yang
- Department of Neurology, Ruijin Hospital, School of medcine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China .,Neuroscience and Neuroengineering Center, Medx Research Institute, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Biomedical Engineering, Shanghai, China
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Chiang CS, Fu SJ, Hsu CL, Jeng CJ, Tang CY, Huang YS, Tang SC. Neuronal Exosomes Secreted under Oxygen-Glucose Deprivation/Reperfusion Presenting Differentially Expressed miRNAs and Affecting Neuronal Survival and Neurite Outgrowth. Neuromolecular Med 2021; 23:404-415. [PMID: 33389598 DOI: 10.1007/s12017-020-08641-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2020] [Accepted: 11/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Ischemia/reperfusion is a key feature of acute ischemic stroke, which causes neuron dysfunction and death. Exosomes, small extracellular vesicles produced by most cell types, are implicated in the mediation of cellular interactions with their environment. Here, we investigated the contents and functions of exosomes from neurons under ischemic reperfusion injury. First, rat cortical primary neuronal cell cultures were placed in an oxygen- and glucose-deprived (OGD) medium, followed by reperfusion in a normoxic conditioned medium (OGD/R) to mimic ischemia/reperfusion in vitro. The neuron-derived exosomes were harvested from the conditioned medium under normoxia and OGD/R. Through next-generation sequencing, exosomal miRNA expression levels in normoxic and OGD/R condition were compared. Their functional activity in terms of neuron viability and quantitative analysis of neurite outgrowth were examined. The expression levels of 45 exosomal miRNAs were significantly different between normoxic and OGD/R conditions. Bioinformatics analysis of dysregulated exosomal miRNAs identified multiple pathways involved in cell survival and death processes and neuronal signaling. Moreover, treatment with exosomes from OGD/R to cultured cortical neurons significantly impaired neuronal cell viability and reduced neurite outgrowth in terms of the number of primary or total neurites as well as length of primary neurites, compared with exosomes from normoxic conditions. miRNA-packed exosomes released by neurons under OGD/R challenge may contribute to post ischemic neuronal injury and provide further understanding of the effect of stressed neurons on neighboring neuronal functions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chien-Sung Chiang
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan
| | - Ssu-Ju Fu
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chia-Lang Hsu
- Department of Medical Research, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chung-Jiuan Jeng
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Chih-Yung Tang
- Department of Physiology, National Taiwan University Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Shuian Huang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Sung-Chun Tang
- Department of Neurology, National Taiwan University Hospital, No. 7 Chung-Shan South Road, Taipei, 10055, Taiwan.
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Yao Y, Fang X, Yuan J, Qin F, Yu T, Xia D, Li Z, Lai N. Interleukin-6 in Cerebrospinal Fluid Small Extracellular Vesicles as a Potential Biomarker for Prognosis of Aneurysmal Subarachnoid Haemorrhage. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2021; 17:1423-1431. [PMID: 34012263 PMCID: PMC8128493 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s304394] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aneurysmal subarachnoid hemorrhage (aSAH) is a severe form of stroke characterized by high rates of mortality and disability. Identifying circulating biomarkers is helpful to improve outcomes. In this study, for the first time, we identify interleukin-6 (IL-6) in cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) small extracellular vesicles (sEVs) as potential biomarkers for prognosis of aSAH. METHODS We extracted small extracellular vesicles from the CSF of 103 aSAH patients and 40 healthy controls in a prospective observational study. Subsequently, we measured IL-6sEVs levels using an enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Results were statistically analyzed to determine the function of IL-6sEVs for disease monitoring of aSAH. RESULTS CSF IL-6 sEVs showed distinct pattern differences between healthy controls and aSAH patients. The concentration of IL-6sEVs in CSF is significantly correlated with the severity of aSAH patients. The areas under the receiver operating characteristic curves of IL-6sEVs for identifying severe aSAH patient from aSAH patients were 0.900. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, IL-6sEVs were associated with neurological outcome at 1 year. IL-6sEVs levels were greater and positively associated with disease processes and outcome. CONCLUSION There is a neuroinflammatory cascade in aSAH patients. IL-6sEVs in CSF may be a biomarker for the progression of aSAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Yao
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.,Department of Nursing, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Xinggen Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Jinlong Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Feiyun Qin
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Tao Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Dayong Xia
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Zhenbao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
| | - Niansheng Lai
- Department of Neurosurgery, First Affiliated Hospital of Wannan Medical College (Yijishan Hospital of Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China.,Key Laboratory of Non-Coding RNA Transformation Research of Anhui Higher Education Institution (Wannan Medical College), Wuhu, 241001, Anhui Province, People's Republic of China
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Crigna AT, Samec M, Koklesova L, Liskova A, Giordano FA, Kubatka P, Golubnitschaja O. Cell-free nucleic acid patterns in disease prediction and monitoring-hype or hope? EPMA J 2020; 11:603-627. [PMID: 33144898 PMCID: PMC7594983 DOI: 10.1007/s13167-020-00226-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2020] [Accepted: 10/07/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Interest in the use of cell-free nucleic acids (CFNAs) as clinical non-invasive biomarker panels for prediction and prevention of multiple diseases has greatly increased over the last decade. Indeed, circulating CFNAs are attributable to many physiological and pathological processes such as imbalanced stress conditions, physical activities, extensive apoptosis of different origin, systemic hypoxic-ischemic events and tumour progression, amongst others. This article highlights the involvement of circulating CFNAs in local and systemic processes dealing with the question, whether specific patterns of CFNAs in blood, their detection, quantity and quality (such as their methylation status) might be instrumental to predict a disease development/progression and could be further utilised for accompanying diagnostics, targeted prevention, creation of individualised therapy algorithms, therapy monitoring and prognosis. Presented considerations conform with principles of 3P medicine and serve for improving individual outcomes and cost efficacy of medical services provided to the population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adriana Torres Crigna
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Marek Samec
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Lenka Koklesova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Alena Liskova
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Frank A. Giordano
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
| | - Peter Kubatka
- Department of Medical Biology, Jessenius Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University in Bratislava, 03601 Martin, Slovakia
| | - Olga Golubnitschaja
- Predictive, Preventive, Personalised (3P) Medicine, Department of Radiation Oncology, University Hospital Bonn, Rheinische Friedrich-Wilhelms-Universität Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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58
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Huang LG, Luo YH, Xu JW, Lu QC. Plasma Exosomal MiRNAs Expression Profile in Mesial Temporal Lobe Epilepsy With Hippocampal Sclerosis: Case-Control Study and Analysis of Potential Functions. Front Mol Neurosci 2020; 13:584828. [PMID: 33240042 PMCID: PMC7680973 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2020.584828] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/16/2020] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background To explore an expression profile in plasma exosomal miRNAs of mesial temporal lobe epilepsy with hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE + HS) patients and investigate the associated clinical significance and putative pathways involved. Methods Plasma exosomal miRNAs were measured in six mTLE + HS patients who were confirmed with pre-surgical stereo-electroencephalography and six without hippocampal sclerosis (mTLE−HS) using Illumina HiSeq 2500. Then six dysregulated miRNAs were chosen for validation in an independent sample of 18 mTLE + HS patients and 18 mTLE−HS controls using RT-qPCR. Receiver operating characteristic curve was conducted to evaluate the diagnostic value of miRNAs in HS. Bioinformatic analyses were conducted to reveal in which pathways these miRNAs were involved. Results We revealed that a total of 42 exosomal miRNAs were differentially expressed in mTLE + HS. Among them, 25 were increased and 17 decreased. After validation, hsa-miR-129-5p, -214-3p, -219a-5p, and -34c-5p were confirmed as being upregulated, while hsa-miR-421 and -184 were significantly downregulated in mTLE + HS. Moreover, hsa-miR-184 had the best diagnostic value for discriminating mTLE + HS with 88.9% sensitivity and 83.3% specificity. These six miRNAs regulated several genes from neurotrophin-, hippo-, p53-, TGF- beta-, HIF- 1-, mTOR-related pathways. Conclusion Six miRNAs were dysregulated in mTLE + HS patients and targeted several genes. This result might facilitate pathological mechanistic studies of miRNAs in HS and represent potential diagnostic biomarkers. These provided the rationale for further confirmation studies in larger cohorts of prospective patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Gang Huang
- Shanghai Sixth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.,Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yun-He Luo
- Minhang Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
| | - Ji-Wen Xu
- School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin-Chi Lu
- School of Medicine, Renji Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
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59
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Haupt M, Zheng X, Kuang Y, Lieschke S, Janssen L, Bosche B, Jin F, Hein K, Kilic E, Venkataramani V, Hermann DM, Bähr M, Doeppner TR. Lithium modulates miR-1906 levels of mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicles contributing to poststroke neuroprotection by toll-like receptor 4 regulation. Stem Cells Transl Med 2020; 10:357-373. [PMID: 33146943 PMCID: PMC7900596 DOI: 10.1002/sctm.20-0086] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Lithium is neuroprotective in preclinical stroke models. In addition to that, poststroke neuroregeneration is stimulated upon transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs). Preconditioning of MSCs with lithium further enhances the neuroregenerative potential of MSCs, which act by secreting extracellular vesicles (EVs). The present work analyzed whether MSC preconditioning with lithium modifies EV secretion patterns, enhancing the therapeutic potential of such derived EVs (Li‐EVs) in comparison with EVs enriched from native MSCs. Indeed, Li‐EVs significantly enhanced the resistance of cultured astrocytes, microglia, and neurons against hypoxic injury when compared with controls and to native EV‐treated cells. Using a stroke mouse model, intravenous delivery of Li‐EVs increased neurological recovery and neuroregeneration for as long as 3 months in comparison with controls and EV‐treated mice, albeit the latter also showed significantly better behavioral test performance compared with controls. Preconditioning of MSCs with lithium also changed the secretion patterns for such EVs, modifying the contents of various miRNAs within these vesicles. As such, Li‐EVs displayed significantly increased levels of miR‐1906, which has been shown to be a new regulator of toll‐like receptor 4 (TLR4) signaling. Li‐EVs reduced posthypoxic and postischemic TLR4 abundance, resulting in an inhibition of the nuclear factor kappa‐light‐chain‐enhancer of activated B cells (NF‐κB) signaling pathway, decreased proteasomal activity, and declined both inducible NO synthase and cyclooxygenase‐2 expression, all of which culminated in reduced levels of poststroke cerebral inflammation. Conclusively, the present study demonstrates, for the first time, an enhanced therapeutic potential of Li‐EVs compared with native EVs, interfering with a novel signaling pathway that yields both acute neuroprotection and enhanced neurological recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matteo Haupt
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Xuan Zheng
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Yaoyun Kuang
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Simone Lieschke
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Lisa Janssen
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Bert Bosche
- MediClin Clinic Reichshof, Department of Neurocritical Care, First Stage Rehabilitation and Weaning, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Medical Faculty, Institute of Neurophysiology, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Fengyan Jin
- Cancer Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, People's Republic of China
| | - Katharina Hein
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Ertugrul Kilic
- Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Vivek Venkataramani
- Institute of Pathology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Dirk M Hermann
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany
| | - Mathias Bähr
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany
| | - Thorsten R Doeppner
- Department of Neurology, University Medical Center Goettingen, Goettingen, Germany.,Department of Neurology, University Hospital Essen, University of Duisburg-Essen, Essen, Germany.,Regenerative and Restorative Medical Research Center, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
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Can miRNAs Be Considered as Diagnostic and Therapeutic Molecules in Ischemic Stroke Pathogenesis?-Current Status. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21186728. [PMID: 32937836 PMCID: PMC7555634 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21186728] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2020] [Revised: 09/08/2020] [Accepted: 09/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Ischemic stroke is one of the leading causes of death worldwide. Clinical manifestations of stroke are long-lasting and causing economic burden on the patients and society. Current therapeutic modalities to treat ischemic stroke (IS) are unsatisfactory due to the intricate pathophysiology and poor functional recovery of brain cellular compartment. MicroRNAs (miRNA) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNA molecules, which can act as translation inhibitors and play a pivotal role in the pathophysiology associated with IS. Moreover, miRNAs may be used as potential diagnostic and therapeutic tools in clinical practice; yet, the complete role of miRNAs is enigmatic during IS. In this review, we explored the role of miRNAs in the regulation of stroke risk factors viz., arterial hypertension, metabolic disorders, and atherosclerosis. Furthermore, the role of miRNAs were reviewed during IS pathogenesis accompanied by excitotoxicity, oxidative stress, inflammation, apoptosis, angiogenesis, neurogenesis, and Alzheimer's disease. The functional role of miRNAs is a double-edged sword effect in cerebral ischemia as they could modulate pathological mechanisms associated with risk factors of IS. miRNAs pertaining to IS pathogenesis could be potential biomarkers for stroke; they could help researchers to identify a particular stroke type and enable medical professionals to evaluate the severity of brain injury. Thus, ascertaining the role of miRNAs may be useful in deciphering their diagnostic role consequently it is plausible to envisage a suitable therapeutic modality against IS.
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Rahmani A, Saleki K, Javanmehr N, Khodaparast J, Saadat P, Nouri HR. Mesenchymal stem cell-derived extracellular vesicle-based therapies protect against coupled degeneration of the central nervous and vascular systems in stroke. Ageing Res Rev 2020; 62:101106. [PMID: 32565329 DOI: 10.1016/j.arr.2020.101106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/20/2020] [Accepted: 06/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Stem cell-based treatments have been suggested as promising candidates for stroke. Recently, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been reported as potential therapeutics for a wide range of diseases. In particular, clinical trial studies have suggested MSCs for stroke therapy. The focus of MSC treatments has been directed towards cell replacement. However, recent research has lately highlighted their paracrine actions. The secretion of extracellular vesicles (EVs) is offered to be the main therapeutic mechanism of MSC therapy. However, EV-based treatments may provide a wider therapeutic window compared to tissue plasminogen activator (tPA), the traditional treatment for stroke. Exosomes are nano-sized EVs secreted by most cell types, and can be isolated from conditioned cell media or body fluids such as plasma, urine, and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF). Exosomes apply their effects through targeting their cargos such as microRNAs (miRs), DNAs, messenger RNAs, and proteins at the host cells, which leads to a shift in the behavior of the recipient cells. It has been indicated that exosomes, in particular their functional cargoes, play a significant role in the coupled pathogenesis and recovery of stroke through affecting the neurovascular unit (NVU). Therefore, it seems that exosomes could be utilized as diagnostic and therapeutic tools in stroke treatment. The miRs are small endogenous non-coding RNA molecules which serve as the main functional cargo of exosomes, and apply their effects as epigenetic regulators. These versatile non-coding RNA molecules are involved in various stages of stroke and affect stroke-related factors. Moreover, the involvement of aging-induced changes to specific miRs profile in stroke further highlights the role of miRs. Thus, miRs could be utilized as diagnostic, prognostic, and therapeutic tools in stroke. In this review, we discuss the roles of stem cells, exosomes, and their application in stroke therapy. We also highlight the usage of miRs as a therapeutic choice in stroke therapy.
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62
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Stenz KT, Just J, Blauenfeldt RA, Drasbek KR. Extracellular Vesicles in Acute Stroke Diagnostics. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8080248. [PMID: 32731351 PMCID: PMC7459954 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8080248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2020] [Revised: 07/16/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
There is a large unmet need for fast and reliable diagnostics in several diseases. One such disease is stroke, where the efficacy of modern reperfusion therapies is highly time-dependent. Diagnosis of stroke and treatment initiation should be performed as soon as possible, and preferably before arrival at the stroke center. In recent years, several potential blood biomarkers for stroke have been evaluated, but without success. In this review, we will go into detail on the possibility of utilizing extracellular vesicles (EVs) released into the blood as novel biomarkers for stroke diagnostics. EVs are known to reflect the immediate state of the secreting cells and to be able to cross the blood–brain barrier, thus making them attractive as diagnostic biomarkers of brain diseases. Indeed, several studies have reported EV markers that enable differentiation between stroke patients and controls and, to a lesser extent, the ability to correctly classify the different stroke types. Most of the studies rely on the use of sophisticated and time-consuming methods to quantify specific subpopulations of the nanosized EVs. As these methods cannot be easily implemented in a rapid point of care (POC) test, technical developments followed by prospective clinical studies are needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrine Tang Stenz
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (K.T.S.); (J.J.)
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 101400, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jesper Just
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (K.T.S.); (J.J.)
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 101400, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Rolf Ankerlund Blauenfeldt
- Department of Neurology, Aarhus University Hospital, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark;
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8200 Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Kim Ryun Drasbek
- Center of Functionally Integrative Neuroscience, Department of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark; (K.T.S.); (J.J.)
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, Beijing 101400, China
- Sino-Danish Center for Education and Research, DK-8000 Aarhus, Denmark
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +45-3027-4779
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63
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MicroRNAs as sentinels and protagonists of carotid artery thromboembolism. Clin Sci (Lond) 2020; 134:169-192. [PMID: 31971230 DOI: 10.1042/cs20190651] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2019] [Revised: 12/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Stroke is the leading cause of serious disability in the world and a large number of ischemic strokes are due to thromboembolism from unstable carotid artery atherosclerotic plaque. As it is difficult to predict plaque rupture and surgical treatment of asymptomatic disease carries a risk of stroke, carotid disease continues to present major challenges with regard to clinical decision-making and revascularization. There is therefore an imminent need to better understand the molecular mechanisms governing plaque instability and rupture, as this would allow for the development of biomarkers to identify at-risk asymptomatic carotid plaque prior to disease progression and stroke. Further, it would aid in creation of therapeutics to stabilize carotid plaque. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have been implicated as key protagonists in various stages of atherosclerotic plaque initiation, development and rupture. Notably, they appear to play a crucial role in carotid artery thromboembolism. As the molecular pathways governing the role of miRNAs are being uncovered, we are learning that their involvement is complex, tissue- and stage-specific, and highly selective. Notably, miRNAs can be packaged and secreted in extracellular vesicles (EVs), where they participate in cell-cell communication. The measurement of EV-encapsulated miRNAs in the circulation may inform disease mechanisms occurring in the plaque itself, and therefore may serve as sentinels of unstable plaque as well as therapeutic targets.
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64
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Wang X, Zhou H, Cheng R, Zhou X, Hou X, Chen J, Qiu J. Role of miR-326 in neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain damage pathogenesis through targeting of the δ-opioid receptor. Mol Brain 2020; 13:51. [PMID: 32228617 PMCID: PMC7104519 DOI: 10.1186/s13041-020-00579-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2019] [Accepted: 03/02/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) is a relatively common malignant complication that occurs in newborn infants, but promising therapies remain limited. In this study, we focused on the role of miR-326 and its target gene δ-opioid receptor (DOR) in the pathogenesis of neonatal HIBD. The expression levels of miR-326 and DOR after hypoxic-ischemic injury were examined both in vivo and in vitro. The direct relationship between miR-326 and DOR was confirmed by a dual-luciferase reporter assay. Further, effects of miR-326 on cell viability and apoptosis levels under oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) were analyzed. The expression levels of miR-326 were significantly lower and DOR levels were significantly higher in the HIBD group than the control group both in vivo and in vitro. Overexpression of miR-326 downregulated the expression of DOR, while suppression of miR-326 upregulated the expression of DOR. The dual-luciferase reporter assay further confirmed that DOR could be directly targeted and regulated by miR-326. MiR-326 knockdown improved cell survival and decreased cell apoptosis by decreasing the expression levels of Caspase-3 and Bax and increasing Bcl-2 expression in PC12 cells after exposure to OGD. Moreover, DOR knockdown rescued the effect of the improved cell survival and suppressed cell apoptosis induced by silencing miR-326. Our findings indicated that inhibition of miR-326 may improve cell survival and decrease cell apoptosis in neonatal HIBD through the target gene DOR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuan Wang
- Department of Newborn Infants, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Han Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, Nantong First People's Hospital, Nantong, 226001, Jiangsu, China
| | - Rui Cheng
- Department of Newborn Infants, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xiaoguang Zhou
- Department of Newborn Infants, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Xuewen Hou
- Department of Newborn Infants, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China
| | - Jun Chen
- Department of Newborn Infants, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
| | - Jie Qiu
- Department of Newborn Infants, Children's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, 210008, Jiangsu, China.
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65
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Liu W, Bai X, Zhang A, Huang J, Xu S, Zhang J. Role of Exosomes in Central Nervous System Diseases. Front Mol Neurosci 2019; 12:240. [PMID: 31636538 PMCID: PMC6787718 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2019.00240] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
There are many types of intercellular communication, and extracellular vesicles are one of the important forms of this. They are released by a variety of cell types, are heterogeneous, and can roughly be divided into microvesicles and exosomes according to their occurrence and function. Of course, exosomes do not just play a role in cell-to-cell communication. In the nervous system, exosomes can participate in intercellular communication, maintain the myelin sheath, and eliminate waste. Similarly, exosomes in the brain can play a role in central nervous system diseases, such as stroke, Alzheimer's disease (AD), Parkinson's disease (PD), prion disease, and traumatic encephalopathy (CTE), with both positive and negative effects (such as the transfer of misfolded proteins). Exosomes contain a variety of key bioactive substances and can therefore be considered as a snapshot of the intracellular environment. Studies have shown that exosomes from the central nervous system can be found in cerebrospinal fluid and peripheral body fluids, and that their contents will change with disease occurrence. Because exosomes can penetrate the blood brain barrier (BBB) and are highly stable in peripheral circulation, they can protect disease-related molecules well and therefore, using exosomes as a biomarker of central nervous system diseases is an attractive prospect as they can be used to monitor disease development and enable early diagnosis and treatment optimization. In this review, we discuss the current state of knowledge of exosomes, and introduce their pathophysiological roles in different diseases of the central nervous system as well as their roles and applications as a viable pathological biomarker.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wanying Liu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaodan Bai
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Ao Zhang
- Epidemiology, College of Global Public Health, New York University, New York, NY, United States
| | - Juanjuan Huang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Shixin Xu
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China.,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Translational Research of TCM Prescription and Syndrome, Tianjin, China
| | - Junping Zhang
- First Teaching Hospital of Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, China
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66
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Ghoreishy A, Khosravi A, Ghaemmaghami A. Exosomal microRNA and stroke: A review. J Cell Biochem 2019; 120:16352-16361. [PMID: 31219202 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.29130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2019] [Revised: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Blood vessels rupture or occlusion in brain results in stroke. Stroke is the major reason for mortality and dysfunction worldwide. Despite several attempts, there are no any approved therapeutic approaches for stroke subjects. The most neuroprotective agents showed the positive effects in preclinical reports, while there are no significant therapeutic impacts in the clinical trials. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs which involved in the modulation of a variety of cellular and molecular pathways. Given that deregulation of these molecules is related to initiation and progression of stroke. Exosomes are nano-carriers which are able to transfer different cargos such as miRNAs to recipient cells. Increasing evidence revealed that exosomal miRNAs are one of very important factors which are involved in the pathogenesis of stroke. Hence, more understanding about the role of exosomal miRNAs in stroke pathogenesis could contribute in discovering and developing new therapeutic approaches. Moreover, it has been proved the exosomal miRNAs could be used as noninvasive biomarkers in diagnosis and monitoring response to therapy in subjects with stroke. Herein for first time, we summarized different exosomal miRNAs involved in pathogenesis of stroke.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdolreza Ghoreishy
- Department of Neurology, School of Medicine, Zanjan University of Medical Sciences, Zanjan, Iran
| | - Alireza Khosravi
- Department of Neurology, Clinical Immunology Research Center, School of Medicine, Zahedan University of Medical Science, Zahedan, Iran
| | - Amir Ghaemmaghami
- Department of Psychology, Behaviour, Genetics and Neurobiology Program, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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67
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van Kralingen JC, McFall A, Ord ENJ, Coyle TF, Bissett M, McClure JD, McCabe C, Macrae IM, Dawson J, Work LM. Altered Extracellular Vesicle MicroRNA Expression in Ischemic Stroke and Small Vessel Disease. Transl Stroke Res 2019; 10:495-508. [PMID: 30617992 PMCID: PMC6733813 DOI: 10.1007/s12975-018-0682-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Active transport of microRNAs (miRNA) in extracellular vesicles (EV) occurs in disease. Circulating EV-packaged miRNAs in the serum of stroke patients were compared to stroke mimics with matched cardio- and cerebrovascular risk factors, with corroboration of results in a pre-clinical model. An unbiased miRNA microarray was performed in stroke vs. stroke mimic patients (n = 39). Results were validated (n = 173 patients) by real-time quantitative polymerase chain reaction. miRNA expression was quantified in total serum/EV (n = 5-7) of naïve adult spontaneously hypertensive stroke-prone rats (SHRSP), their normotensive reference strain (Wistar Kyoto, WKY) and in circulating EV (n = 3), peri-infarct brain (n = 6), or EV derived from this region (n = 3) in SHRSP following transient middle cerebral artery occlusion (tMCAO). Circulating EV concentration did not differ between stroke and stroke mimic patients. The microarray identified many altered EV-packaged miRNAs: levels of miRNA-17-5p, -20b-5p and -93-5p (miRNA-17 family members) and miRNA-27b-3p were significantly (p ≤ 0.05) increased in stroke vs. stroke mimic patients. Patients with small vessel disease (SVD) consistently had the highest miRNA levels. Circulating EV concentration was unaltered between naïve SHRSP and WKY but levels of miRNA-17-5p and -93-5p were significantly increased in SHRSP. tMCAO in SHRSP did not further alter circulating EV miRNA-17 family member expression and nor did it change total miRNA-17 family levels in peri-infarct brain tissue or in EV isolated from this region at 24 h post-tMCAO. Changes in EV packaged miRNA expression was validated in patients with stroke, particularly those with SVD and corroborated pre-clinically. Together, altered circulating EV levels of miRNA-17 family members may reflect the chronic sequelae underlying cerebrovascular SVD rather than the acute ischemic stroke itself.
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Affiliation(s)
- Josie C van Kralingen
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Aisling McFall
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Emily N J Ord
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Thomas F Coyle
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Maria Bissett
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - John D McClure
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Christopher McCabe
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - I Mhairi Macrae
- Institute of Neuroscience and Psychology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Jesse Dawson
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK
| | - Lorraine M Work
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, UK. .,BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
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68
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Yu P, Chen W. Advances in the diagnosis of exosomal miRNAs in ischemic stroke. Neuropsychiatr Dis Treat 2019; 15:2339-2343. [PMID: 31695378 PMCID: PMC6707376 DOI: 10.2147/ndt.s216784] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2019] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Early diagnosis, early treatment, and improved prognosis in patients with ischemic stroke are vital requirements. Current clinical practices for the diagnosis of stroke include computed tomography, magnetic resonance imaging, and other traditional imaging methods to quickly check the location, volume, etc, in the hospital; however, diagnosis of the underlying cause of infarction is not effective with these practices. Owing to the coexistence of various etiologies, accurate and timely diagnosis using routine hematology and biochemical tests remains a challenge. Exosomes are membrane vesicles, approximately 30-150 nm in diameter, which fuse with cell membrane and are released into the extracellular space. As one of the research hotspots in the field of medicine in recent years, exosomes can participate in immune response, antigen presentation, cell migration, tumor invasion, and so on. Owing to the important role played by the miRNAs contained in exosomes, the latter have shown great potential in the diagnosis and treatment of ischemic stroke. This article reviews the progress made regarding the exosomal miRNAs as ischemic stroke biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pei Yu
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, People's Republic of China
| | - Wencheng Chen
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, Affiliated Hospital of Youjiang Medical University for Nationalities, Baise, Guangxi 533000, People's Republic of China
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69
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Abstract
Stroke is the result of blockage or rupture of blood vessels in the brain and is the leading cause of death and disability in the world. Currently only a very limited number of therapeutic approaches are available for treatment of stroke patients, and the vast majority of neuroprotective agents that tested positively in pre-clinical studies failed in clinical trials. In recent years, the clinical value of the use of exosomes for stroke treatment has received widespread attention due their unique characteristics such as low immunogenicity, low toxicity and biodegradability, ability to cross the blood–brain barrier (BBB), and their important role in communication between cells. More and more evidence suggests that the secretion of exosomes is the mechanism underlying the protection induced by mesenchymal stromal cells (MSCs) after stroke. Exosomes are thought to support brain restoration and induce repairing effects, including neurovascular remodeling, and anti-apoptosis and anti-inflammatory effects. Recent reports have focused on the clinical application of exosomes as a potential drug delivery approach. This review focuses on the ability of exosomes to interrupt the stroke-induced pathologic processes of stroke, and on publications describing how to achieve more effective treatment of stroke with exosomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shi-Bin Hong
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Discipline of Neuroscience, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,* These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Hua Yang
- 2 Department of Neurosurgery, Binhai People's Hospital, Jiangsu province, China.,* These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Anatol Manaenko
- 3 Departments of Neurology, University of Erlangen-Nuremberg, Erlangen, Germany
| | - Jianfei Lu
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Discipline of Neuroscience, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Qiyong Mei
- 4 Department of Neurosurgery, Changzheng Hospital, the Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qin Hu
- 1 Department of Anatomy, Histology and Embryology, Discipline of Neuroscience, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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70
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Wang Y, Yu L, Wang T. MicroRNA-374b inhibits the tumor growth and promotes apoptosis in non-small cell lung cancer tissue through the p38/ERK signaling pathway by targeting JAM-2. J Thorac Dis 2018; 10:5489-5498. [PMID: 30416798 DOI: 10.21037/jtd.2018.09.93] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Background MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are reportedly involved in various cancers. The present study aimed to investigate the role of miRNA-374b in cell viability, proliferation, apoptosis, and tumor formation in non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) in humans. Methods The expression level of miRNA-374b in blood and tumor tissues from NSCLC patients was analyzed by quantitative reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction (qRT-PCR). A 3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT) assay was performed to assess the viability of NSCLC cells after transfection with miRNA-374b. Colony formation assay was performed to assess the proliferation of cells pretreated with miRNA-374b. The terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-dUTP nick-end labeling (TUNEL) assay was performed to determine the role of miRNA-374b in apoptosis in NSCLC cells. A tumor formation assay was performed to assess the effects of miRNA-374b on tumorigenesis in NSCLC. Results miRNA-374b was markedly downregulated in the blood and tumor tissues from NSCLC patients. Furthermore, overexpression of miRNA-374b markedly reduced the viability of NSCLC cells, but miRNA-374b inhibitor increased the viability of NSCLC cells compared with that in negative controls. Moreover, miRNA-374b decreased the number of colonies; however, its corresponding anti-miRNA oligonucleotide (AMO) markedly increased colony formation by NSCLC cells. Also, miRNA-374b promoted the apoptosis and inhibited tumor formation in NSCLC; however, this inhibition was reversed upon treatment with the AMO. Western blot analysis revealed that miRNA-374b regulates tumor progression through the p38/ERK signaling pathway by inhibiting JAM-2 in NSCLC. Conclusions The present results indicate that miRNA-374b inhibits tumor growth and promotes apoptosis in NSCLC through the p38/ERK signaling pathway by targeting JAM-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yujun Wang
- Central of PET/CT-MR, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China.,Department of Nuclear Medicine, Hainan Provincial Cancer Hospital, Haikou 570311, China
| | - Lijuan Yu
- Central of PET/CT-MR, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Harbin Medical University, Harbin 150000, China
| | - Tao Wang
- Research Institute of Medicine and Pharmacy, Qiqihar Medical University, Qiqihar 161006, China
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