51
|
Abstract
The kidney harbours different types of endothelia, each with specific structural and functional characteristics. The glomerular endothelium, which is highly fenestrated and covered by a rich glycocalyx, participates in the sieving properties of the glomerular filtration barrier and in the maintenance of podocyte structure. The microvascular endothelium in peritubular capillaries, which is also fenestrated, transports reabsorbed components and participates in epithelial cell function. The endothelium of large and small vessels supports the renal vasculature. These renal endothelia are protected by regulators of thrombosis, inflammation and complement, but endothelial injury (for example, induced by toxins, antibodies, immune cells or inflammatory cytokines) or defects in factors that provide endothelial protection (for example, regulators of complement or angiogenesis) can lead to acute or chronic renal injury. Moreover, renal endothelial cells can transition towards a mesenchymal phenotype, favouring renal fibrosis and the development of chronic kidney disease. Thus, the renal endothelium is both a target and a driver of kidney and systemic cardiovascular complications. Emerging therapeutic strategies that target the renal endothelium may lead to improved outcomes for both rare and common renal diseases.
Collapse
|
52
|
Pontarollo G, Mann A, Brandão I, Malinarich F, Schöpf M, Reinhardt C. Protease-activated receptor signaling in intestinal permeability regulation. FEBS J 2019; 287:645-658. [PMID: 31495063 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/01/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Protease-activated receptors (PARs) are a unique class of G-protein-coupled transmembrane receptors, which revolutionized the perception of proteases from degradative enzymes to context-specific signaling factors. Although PARs are traditionally known to affect several vascular responses, recent investigations have started to pinpoint the functional role of PAR signaling in the gastrointestinal (GI) tract. This organ is exposed to the highest number of proteases, either from the gut lumen or from the mucosa. Luminal proteases include the host's digestive enzymes and the proteases released by the commensal microbiota, while mucosal proteases entail extravascular clotting factors and the enzymes released from resident and infiltrating immune cells. Active proteases and, in case of a disrupted gut barrier, even entire microorganisms are capable to translocate the intestinal epithelium, particularly under inflammatory conditions. Especially PAR-1 and PAR-2, expressed throughout the GI tract, impact gut permeability regulation, a major factor affecting intestinal physiology and metabolic inflammation. In addition, PARs are critically involved in the onset of inflammatory bowel diseases, irritable bowel syndrome, and tumor progression. Due to the number of proteases involved and the multiple cell types affected, selective regulation of intestinal PARs represents an interesting therapeutic strategy. The analysis of tissue/cell-specific knockout animal models will be of crucial importance to unravel the intrinsic complexity of this signaling network. Here, we provide an overview on the implication of PARs in intestinal permeability regulation under physiologic and disease conditions.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Giulia Pontarollo
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Amrit Mann
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Inês Brandão
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany.,Centro de Apoio Tecnológico Agro Alimentar (CATAA), Zona Industrial de Castelo Branco, Portugal
| | - Frano Malinarich
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Marie Schöpf
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany
| | - Christoph Reinhardt
- Center for Thrombosis and Hemostasis (CTH), University Medical Center Mainz, Johannes Gutenberg University of Mainz, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site RheinMain, Mainz, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
53
|
Cai X, Biswas I, Panicker SR, Giri H, Rezaie AR. Activated protein C inhibits lipopolysaccharide-mediated acetylation and secretion of high-mobility group box 1 in endothelial cells. J Thromb Haemost 2019; 17:803-817. [PMID: 30865333 PMCID: PMC6494677 DOI: 10.1111/jth.14425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/30/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Essentials APC elicits cytoprotective responses in endothelial cells via EPCR-dependent cleavage of PAR1. APC inhibits LPS-mediated translocation and extracellular secretion of HMGB1 in endothelial cells. Signaling activity of APC inhibits LPS-mediated acetylation of HMGB1 by epigenetic mechanisms. APC inhibits LPS-mediated HMGB1 expression in CD31-positive endothelial cells in cremaster muscle. SUMMARY: Background Activated protein C (APC) inhibits high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) signaling and its lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-mediated release by endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR)-dependent activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) in endothelial cells. Post-translational acetylation is known to modulate the subcellular localization of HMGB1, and its hyperacetylated form is translocated to the cytoplasm of innate immune cells before being secreted into the extracellular space. Objective To determine whether APC inhibits LPS-mediated HMGB1 secretion from endothelial cells by modulating its acetylation status. Methods The subcellular localization of HMGB1 in LPS-treated endothelial cells was monitored in the absence and presence of APC by western blot analysis of fractionated cell lysates and confocal immunofluorescence microscopy. Results Both western blot and immunofluorescence data indicated that APC effectively inhibits LPS-mediated translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by EPCR-dependent and PAR1-dependent mechanisms. When EPCR was ligated by the Gla-domain of protein C/APC, thrombin also inhibited LPS-mediated HMGB1 translocation. Further studies revealed that APC inhibits the translocation of HMGB1 from the nucleus to the cytoplasm by inhibiting LPS-mediated hyperacetylation of HMGB1 by (de)acetylating enzymes. Furthermore, the translocated HMGB1 was found to be associated with lysosome-associated membrane protein 1 in LPS-treated endothelial cells. The in vivo relevance of these findings was investigated in the mouse cremaster muscle, and this demonstrated that both wild-type APC and a signaling-selective mutant of APC inhibit LPS-mediated HMGB1 expression and translocation in CD31-positive endothelial cells. Conclusion These results suggest that APC inhibits LPS-mediated cytoplasmic translocation and secretion of HMGB1 in endothelial cells by epigenetic mechanisms.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofeng Cai
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Indranil Biswas
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Sumith R. Panicker
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Hemant Giri
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
| | - Alireza R. Rezaie
- Cardiovascular Biology Research Program, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma 73104
| |
Collapse
|
54
|
Ziliotto N, Bernardi F, Jakimovski D, Zivadinov R. Coagulation Pathways in Neurological Diseases: Multiple Sclerosis. Front Neurol 2019; 10:409. [PMID: 31068896 PMCID: PMC6491577 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2018] [Accepted: 04/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Significant progress has been made in understanding the complex interactions between the coagulation system and inflammation and autoimmunity. Increased blood-brain-barrier (BBB) permeability, a key event in the pathophysiology of multiple sclerosis (MS), leads to the irruption into the central nervous system of blood components that include virtually all coagulation/hemostasis factors. Besides their cytotoxic deposition and role as a possible trigger of the coagulation cascade, hemostasis components cause inflammatory response and immune activation, sustaining neurodegenerative events in MS. Early studies showing the contribution of altered hemostasis in the complex pathophysiology of MS have been strengthened by recent studies using methodologies that permitted deeper investigation. Fibrin(ogen), an abundant protein in plasma, has been identified as a key contributor to neuroinflammation. Perturbed fibrinolysis was found to be a hallmark of progressive MS with abundant cortical fibrin(ogen) deposition. The immune-modulatory function of the intrinsic coagulation pathway still remains to be elucidated in MS. New molecular details in key hemostasis components participating in MS pathophysiology, and particularly involved in inflammatory and immune responses, could favor the development of novel therapeutic targets to ameliorate the evolution of MS. This review article introduces essential information on coagulation factors, inhibitors, and the fibrinolytic pathway, and highlights key aspects of their involvement in the immune system and inflammatory response. It discusses how hemostasis components are (dys)regulated in MS, and summarizes histopathological post-mortem human brain evidence, as well as cerebrospinal fluid, plasma, and serum studies of hemostasis and fibrinolytic pathways in MS. Studies of disease-modifying treatments as potential modifiers of coagulation factor levels, and case reports of autoimmunity affecting hemostasis in MS are also discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Ziliotto
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy.,Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Francesco Bernardi
- Department of Life Sciences and Biotechnology, University of Ferrara, Ferrara, Italy
| | - Dejan Jakimovski
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| | - Robert Zivadinov
- Department of Neurology, Jacobs School of Medicine and Biomedical Sciences, Buffalo Neuroimaging Analysis Center, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States.,Clinical Translational Science Institute, Center for Biomedical Imaging, University at Buffalo, State University of New York, Buffalo, NY, United States
| |
Collapse
|
55
|
Thrombomodulin Regulation of Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20081851. [PMID: 30991642 PMCID: PMC6514922 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20081851] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2019] [Revised: 04/08/2019] [Accepted: 04/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The multifaceted role of mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) in modulating signal transduction pathways in inflammatory conditions such as infection, cardiovascular disease, and cancer has been well established. Recently, coagulation factors have also emerged as key players in regulating intracellular signaling pathways during inflammation. Among coagulation factors, thrombomodulin, as a high affinity receptor for thrombin on vascular endothelial cells, has been discovered to be a potent anti-inflammatory and anti-tumorigenic signaling molecule. The protective signaling function of thrombomodulin is separate from its well-recognized role in the clotting cascade, which is to function as an anti-coagulant receptor in order to switch the specificity of thrombin from a procoagulant to an anti-coagulant protease. The underlying protective signaling mechanism of thrombomodulin remains largely unknown, though a few published reports link the receptor to the regulation of MAPKs under different (patho)physiological conditions. The goal of this review is to summarize what is known about the regulatory relationship between thrombomodulin and MAPKs.
Collapse
|
56
|
The Cardioprotective Signaling Activity of Activated Protein C in Heart Failure and Ischemic Heart Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20071762. [PMID: 30974752 PMCID: PMC6479968 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20071762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Revised: 04/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a vitamin-K dependent plasma serine protease, which functions as a natural anticoagulant to downregulate thrombin generation in the clotting cascade. APC also modulates cellular homeostasis by exhibiting potent cytoprotective and anti-inflammatory signaling activities. The beneficial cytoprotective effects of APC have been extensively studied and confirmed in a number of preclinical disease and injury models including sepsis, type-1 diabetes and various ischemia/reperfusion diseases. It is now well-known that APC modulates downstream cell signaling networks and transcriptome profiles when it binds to the endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) to activate protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) on various cell types. However, despite much progress, details of the downstream signaling mechanism of APC and its crosstalk with other signaling networks are far from being fully understood. In this review, we focus on the cardioprotective properties of APC in ischemic heart disease and heart failure with a special emphasis on recent discoveries related to the modulatory effect of APC on AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK), PI3K/AKT, and mTORC1 signaling pathways. The cytoprotective properties of APC might provide a novel strategy for future therapies in cardiac diseases.
Collapse
|
57
|
Thrombin promotes pericyte coverage by Tie2 activation in a rat model of intracerebral hemorrhage. Brain Res 2019; 1708:58-68. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2018.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
|
58
|
Festoff BW, Citron BA. Thrombin and the Coag-Inflammatory Nexus in Neurotrauma, ALS, and Other Neurodegenerative Disorders. Front Neurol 2019; 10:59. [PMID: 30804878 PMCID: PMC6371052 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2019.00059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2018] [Accepted: 01/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review details our current understanding of thrombin signaling in neurodegeneration, with a focus on amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS, Lou Gehrig's disease) as well as future directions to be pursued. The key factors are multifunctional and involved in regulatory pathways, namely innate immune and the coagulation cascade activation, that are essential for normal nervous system function and health. These two major host defense systems have a long history in evolution and include elements and regulators of the coagulation pathway that have significant impacts on both the peripheral and central nervous system in health and disease. The clotting cascade responds to a variety of insults to the CNS including injury and infection. The blood brain barrier is affected by these responses and its compromise also contributes to these detrimental effects. Important molecules in signaling that contribute to or protect against neurodegeneration include thrombin, thrombomodulin (TM), protease activated receptor 1 (PAR1), damage associated molecular patterns (DAMPs), such as high mobility group box protein 1 (HMGB1) and those released from mitochondria (mtDAMPs). Each of these molecules are entangled in choices dependent upon specific signaling pathways in play. For example, the particular cleavage of PAR1 by thrombin vs. activated protein C (APC) will have downstream effects through coupled factors to result in toxicity or neuroprotection. Furthermore, numerous interactions influence these choices such as the interplay between HMGB1, thrombin, and TM. Our hope is that improved understanding of the ways that components of the coagulation cascade affect innate immune inflammatory responses and influence the course of neurodegeneration, especially after injury, will lead to effective therapeutic approaches for ALS, traumatic brain injury, and other neurodegenerative disorders.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Barry W Festoff
- pHLOGISTIX LLC, Fairway, KS, United States.,Department of Neurology, University of Kansas Medical Center, Kansas City, KS, United States
| | - Bruce A Citron
- Laboratory of Molecular Biology Research & Development, VA New Jersey Health Care System, East Orange, NJ, United States.,Department of Pharmacology, Physiology & Neuroscience, Rutgers New Jersey Medical School, Newark, NJ, United States
| |
Collapse
|
59
|
β-arrestin-2 in PAR-1-biased signaling has a crucial role in endothelial function via PDGF-β in stroke. Cell Death Dis 2019; 10:100. [PMID: 30718498 PMCID: PMC6361911 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-1375-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2018] [Revised: 01/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin aggravates ischemic stroke and activated protein C (APC) has a neuroprotective effect. Both proteases interact with protease-activated receptor 1, which exhibits functional selectivity and leads to G-protein- and β-arrestin-mediated-biased signal transduction. We focused on the effect of β-arrestin in PAR-1-biased signaling on endothelial function after stroke or high-fat diet (HFD). Thrombin had a rapid disruptive effect on endothelial function, but APC had a slow protective effect. Paralleled by prolonged MAPK 42/44 signaling activation by APC via β-arrestin-2, a lower cleavage rate of PAR-1 for APC than thrombin was quantitatively visualized by bioluminescence video imaging. HFD-fed mice showed lower β-arrestin-2 levels and more severe ischemic injury. The expression of β-arrestin-2 in capillaries and PDGF-β secretion in HFD-fed mice were reduced in penumbra lesions. These results suggested that β-arrestin-2-MAPK-PDGF-β signaling enhanced protection of endothelial function and barrier integrity after stroke.
Collapse
|
60
|
Jourde-Chiche N, Fakhouri F, Dou L, Bellien J, Burtey S, Frimat M, Jarrot PA, Kaplanski G, Le Quintrec M, Pernin V, Rigothier C, Sallée M, Fremeaux-Bacchi V, Guerrot D, Roumenina LT. Endothelium structure and function in kidney health and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2019. [PMID: 30607032 DOI: 10.1038/s4158] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 04/05/2023]
Abstract
The kidney harbours different types of endothelia, each with specific structural and functional characteristics. The glomerular endothelium, which is highly fenestrated and covered by a rich glycocalyx, participates in the sieving properties of the glomerular filtration barrier and in the maintenance of podocyte structure. The microvascular endothelium in peritubular capillaries, which is also fenestrated, transports reabsorbed components and participates in epithelial cell function. The endothelium of large and small vessels supports the renal vasculature. These renal endothelia are protected by regulators of thrombosis, inflammation and complement, but endothelial injury (for example, induced by toxins, antibodies, immune cells or inflammatory cytokines) or defects in factors that provide endothelial protection (for example, regulators of complement or angiogenesis) can lead to acute or chronic renal injury. Moreover, renal endothelial cells can transition towards a mesenchymal phenotype, favouring renal fibrosis and the development of chronic kidney disease. Thus, the renal endothelium is both a target and a driver of kidney and systemic cardiovascular complications. Emerging therapeutic strategies that target the renal endothelium may lead to improved outcomes for both rare and common renal diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Noemie Jourde-Chiche
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Nephrologie et Transplantation Renale, AP-HM Hopital de la Conception, Marseille, France.
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France.
| | - Fadi Fakhouri
- Centre de Recherche en Transplantation et Immunologie, INSERM, Université de Nantes and Department of Nephrology, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Nantes, Nantes, France
| | - Laetitia Dou
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Jeremy Bellien
- Department of Pharmacology, Rouen University Hospital and INSERM, Normandy University, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen, France
| | - Stéphane Burtey
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Nephrologie et Transplantation Renale, AP-HM Hopital de la Conception, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Marie Frimat
- Université de Lille, INSERM, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, U995, Lille Inflammation Research International Center (LIRIC), Lille, France
- Nephrology Department, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lille, Lille, France
| | - Pierre-André Jarrot
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital de La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Gilles Kaplanski
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Marseille, Service de Médecine Interne et d'Immunologie Clinique, Hôpital de La Conception, Marseille, France
| | - Moglie Le Quintrec
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lapeyronie, Département de Néphrologie Dialyse et Transplantation Rénale, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), Montpellier, France
| | - Vincent Pernin
- Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Lapeyronie, Département de Néphrologie Dialyse et Transplantation Rénale, Montpellier, France
- Institute for Regenerative Medicine and Biotherapy (IRMB), Montpellier, France
| | - Claire Rigothier
- Tissue Bioengineering, Université de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
- Service de Néphrologie Transplantation, Dialyse et Aphérèse, Centre Hospitalier Universitaire de Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Marion Sallée
- Aix-Marseille University, Centre de Nephrologie et Transplantation Renale, AP-HM Hopital de la Conception, Marseille, France
- Aix-Marseille University, C2VN, INSERM 1263, Institut National de la Recherche Agronomique (INRA) 1260, Faculte de Pharmacie, Marseille, France
| | - Veronique Fremeaux-Bacchi
- Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Service d'Immunologie Biologique, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Paris, France
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006, Paris, France
| | - Dominique Guerrot
- Normandie Université, Université de Rouen Normandie, Rouen University Hospital, Department of Nephrology, Rouen, France
| | - Lubka T Roumenina
- INSERM, UMR_S 1138, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, F-75006, Paris, France.
- Sorbonne Universités, Paris, France.
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, Paris, France.
| |
Collapse
|
61
|
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Endothelial cell protein C receptor (EPCR), a transmembrane glycoprotein present on the surface of endothelial cells and other cell types, is an essential component of the protein C (PC) anticoagulant system. EPCR is also shown to play a critical role in mediating activated protein C (APC)-induced cytoprotective signaling. The purpose of this review is to outline the mechanisms of EPCR-dependent cell signaling and discuss recent findings made in this area. RECENT FINDINGS Recent studies showed that the cleavage of protease-activated receptor (PAR)1 at a noncanonical site by APC-EPCR or the canonical site by thrombin when PC occupies EPCR induces β-arrestin-2-mediated biased cytoprotective signaling. Factor VIIa binding to EPCR is also shown to induce the cytoprotective signaling. EPCR is found to be a reliable surface marker for identifying human hematopoietic stem cells in culture. EPCR, binding to diverse ligands, is thought to play a role in the pathogenesis of severe malaria, immune functions, and cancer by either blocking the APC-mediated signaling or by mechanisms that are yet to be elucidated. SUMMARY Recent studies provide a mechanistic basis to how EPCR contributes to PAR1-mediated biased signaling. EPCR may play a role in influencing a wide array of biological functions by binding to diverse ligands.
Collapse
|
62
|
Astrocytic thrombin-evoked VEGF release is dependent on p44/42 MAPKs and PAR1. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 509:585-589. [PMID: 30606478 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.12.168] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2018] [Revised: 12/23/2018] [Accepted: 12/26/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
Intracerebral haemorrhage (ICH) often causes severe neurological deficits in survived patients, although its underlying mechanisms remain elusive. A common feature of ICH is the accumulation of thrombin around the lesion site. Previous studies showed that thrombin promotes VEGF release and angiogenesis at a late stage post ICH [1]. In current study, we explored the source for thrombin-induced VEGF release by adding thrombin or its receptor agonist peptide to the neuronal or astrocytic primarily cultures. We identified that astrocytes specifically respond to thrombin by up-regulating and releasing VEGF. Furthermore, such release is dependent on p44/42 MAPKs and PAR1, a thrombin specific receptor. Our study therefore helps clarifying the underlying mechanisms of thrombin-induced VEGF release in ICH, which will further provide novel insights into the designing principles for treating ICH and traumatic brain injuries.
Collapse
|
63
|
Identification of Arenin, a Novel Kunitz-Like Polypeptide from the Skin Secretions of Dryophytes arenicolor. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113644. [PMID: 30463246 PMCID: PMC6274936 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113644] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2018] [Revised: 11/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Amphibian skin secretions are enriched with complex cocktails of bioactive molecules such as proteins, peptides, biogenic amines, alkaloids guanidine derivatives, steroids and other minor components spanning a wide spectrum of pharmacological actions exploited for centuries in folk medicine. This study presents evidence on the protein profile of the skin secretions of the canyon tree frog, Dryophytes arenicolor. At the same time, it presents the reverse-phase liquid chromatography isolation, mass spectrometry characterization and identification at mRNA level of a novel 58 amino acids Kunitz-like polypeptide from the skin secretions of Dryophytes arenicolor, arenin. Cell viability assays performed on HDFa, CaCo2 and MCF7 cells cultured with different concentrations of arenin showed a discrete effect at low concentrations (2, 4, 8 and 16 µg/mL) suggesting a multi-target interaction in a hormetic-like dose-response. Further work is required to investigate the mechanisms underlying the variable effect on cell viability produced by different concentrations of arenin.
Collapse
|
64
|
Brummel-Ziedins KE, Gissel M, Neuhaus J, Borges ÁH, Chadwick DR, Emery S, Neaton JD, Tracy RP, Baker JV. In silico thrombin generation: Plasma composition imbalance and mortality in human immunodeficiency virus. Res Pract Thromb Haemost 2018; 2:708-717. [PMID: 30349890 PMCID: PMC6178732 DOI: 10.1002/rth2.12147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Effective HIV treatment with antiretroviral therapy has prolonged survival and shifted causes of death to non-AIDS illnesses such as cardiovascular disease. We have shown that inflammation and HIV viral load associate with pro- and anticoagulant factor imbalances resulting in increased thrombin generation when mathematically modeled. We explore the hypothesis that factor compositional imbalance, corresponding to increased in silico thrombin generation, predicts mortality among HIV+ persons. Methods In a nested case-control study of HIV+ individuals on continuous antiretroviral therapy in two large trials, we evaluated cases (any non-violent mortality, n = 114) and matched controls (n = 318). Thrombin generation in response to a tissue-factor initiator for each individual was calculated by a mathematical model incorporating levels of factors (F)II, V, VII, VIII, IX, X, antithrombin, tissue factor pathway inhibitor, and protein C (PC) measured at study entry to the trials. In silico thrombin generation metrics included clot time, maximum rate (MaxR), maximum level (MaxL), and area under the curve (AUC). Results Levels of antithrombin and PC decreased, while FV and FVIII were higher in cases vs controls. This resulted in a more procoagulant phenotype with increased MaxR, MaxL, and AUC in cases compared to controls (P < 0.05 for all). Conclusions Antithrombin, FV, FVIII, and PC were the major contributors to the increased thrombin generation associated with mortality risk. Our results suggest that mortality in HIV is associated with an increase in in silico thrombin generation via altered balance of pro- and anticoagulant factors, likely due to an inflammatory response signal, and resulting coagulopathy.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Matthew Gissel
- Department of Biochemistry University of Vermont Colchester Vermont USA
| | - Jacqueline Neuhaus
- Department of Biostatistics University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Álvaro H Borges
- Centre of Excellence for Health, Immunity, and Infections (CHIP) Department of Infectious Diseases, Rigshospitalet University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark.,Institute for Clinical Medicine University of Copenhagen Copenhagen Denmark
| | | | - Sean Emery
- Faculty of Medicine University of Queensland Brisbane Australia.,The Kirby Institute University of New South Wales Sydney Australia
| | - James D Neaton
- Department of Biostatistics University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | - Russell P Tracy
- Department of Biochemistry University of Vermont Colchester Vermont USA.,Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine University of Vermont Burlington Vermont USA
| | - Jason V Baker
- Department of Medicine University of Minnesota Minneapolis Minnesota USA.,Department of Infectious Diseases Hennepin County Medical Center Minneapolis Minnesota USA
| | | |
Collapse
|
65
|
Griffin JH, Zlokovic BV, Mosnier LO. Activated protein C, protease activated receptor 1, and neuroprotection. Blood 2018; 132:159-169. [PMID: 29866816 PMCID: PMC6043978 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-02-769026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2018] [Accepted: 05/01/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein C is a plasma serine protease zymogen whose active form, activated protein C (APC), exerts potent anticoagulant activity. In addition to its antithrombotic role as a plasma protease, pharmacologic APC is a pleiotropic protease that activates diverse homeostatic cell signaling pathways via multiple receptors on many cells. Engineering of APC by site-directed mutagenesis provided a signaling selective APC mutant with 3 Lys residues replaced by 3 Ala residues, 3K3A-APC, that lacks >90% anticoagulant activity but retains normal cell signaling activities. This 3K3A-APC mutant exerts multiple potent neuroprotective activities, which require the G-protein-coupled receptor, protease activated receptor 1. Potent neuroprotection in murine ischemic stroke models is linked to 3K3A-APC-induced signaling that arises due to APC's cleavage in protease activated receptor 1 at a noncanonical Arg46 site. This cleavage causes biased signaling that provides a major explanation for APC's in vivo mechanism of action for neuroprotective activities. 3K3A-APC appeared to be safe in ischemic stroke patients and reduced bleeding in the brain after tissue plasminogen activator therapy in a recent phase 2 clinical trial. Hence, it merits further clinical testing for its efficacy in ischemic stroke patients. Recent studies using human fetal neural stem and progenitor cells show that 3K3A-APC promotes neurogenesis in vitro as well as in vivo in the murine middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke model. These recent advances should encourage translational research centered on signaling selective APC's for both single-agent therapies and multiagent combination therapies for ischemic stroke and other neuropathologies.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Griffin
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, CA; and
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA
| | | |
Collapse
|
66
|
Gandhi DM, Majewski MW, Rosas R, Kentala K, Foster TJ, Greve E, Dockendorff C. Characterization of Protease-Activated Receptor (PAR) ligands: Parmodulins are reversible allosteric inhibitors of PAR1-driven calcium mobilization in endothelial cells. Bioorg Med Chem 2018; 26:2514-2529. [PMID: 29685684 PMCID: PMC5937995 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2018.04.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/05/2018] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Several classes of ligands for Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) have shown impressive anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective activities, including PAR2 antagonists and the PAR1-targeting parmodulins. In order to support medicinal chemistry studies with hundreds of compounds and to perform detailed mode-of-action studies, it became important to develop a reliable PAR assay that is operational with endothelial cells, which mediate the cytoprotective effects of interest. We report a detailed protocol for an intracellular calcium mobilization assay with adherent endothelial cells in multiwell plates that was used to study a number of known and new PAR1 and PAR2 ligands, including an alkynylated version of the PAR1 antagonist RWJ-58259 that is suitable for the preparation of tagged or conjugate compounds. Using the cell line EA.hy926, it was necessary to perform media exchanges with automated liquid handling equipment in order to obtain optimal and reproducible antagonist concentration-response curves. The assay is also suitable for study of PAR2 ligands; a peptide antagonist reported by Fairlie was synthesized and found to inhibit PAR2 in a manner consistent with reports using epithelial cells. The assay was used to confirm that vorapaxar acts as an irreversible antagonist of PAR1 in endothelium, and parmodulin 2 (ML161) and the related parmodulin RR-90 were found to inhibit PAR1 reversibly, in a manner consistent with negative allosteric modulation.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Disha M Gandhi
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Mark W Majewski
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Ricardo Rosas
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Kaitlin Kentala
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Trevor J Foster
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Eric Greve
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA
| | - Chris Dockendorff
- Department of Chemistry, Marquette University, P.O. Box 1881, Milwaukee, WI 53201-1881, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
67
|
Healy LD, Rigg RA, Griffin JH, McCarty OJ. Regulation of immune cell signaling by activated protein C. J Leukoc Biol 2018; 103:10.1002/JLB.3MIR0817-338R. [PMID: 29601101 PMCID: PMC6165708 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.3mir0817-338r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2017] [Revised: 01/31/2018] [Accepted: 02/07/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Innate immune cells are an essential part of the host defense response, promoting inflammation through release of proinflammatory cytokines or formation of neutrophil extracellular traps. While these processes are important for defense against infectious agents or injury, aberrant activation potentiates pathologic inflammatory disease. Thus, understanding regulatory mechanisms that limit neutrophil extracellular traps formation and cytokine release is of therapeutic interest for targeting pathologic diseases. Activated protein C is an endogenous serine protease with anticoagulant activity as well as anti-inflammatory and cytoprotective functions, the latter of which are mediated through binding cell surface receptors and inducing intracellular signaling. In this review, we discuss certain leukocyte functions, namely neutrophil extracellular traps formation and cytokine release, and the inhibition of these processes by activated protein C.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Laura D. Healy
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Rachel A. Rigg
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - John H. Griffin
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Owen J.T. McCarty
- Department of Cell, Developmental & Cancer Biology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
- Division of Hematology & Medical Oncology, School of Medicine, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| |
Collapse
|
68
|
Sinha RK, Wang Y, Zhao Z, Xu X, Burnier L, Gupta N, Fernández JA, Martin G, Kupriyanov S, Mosnier LO, Zlokovic BV, Griffin JH. PAR1 biased signaling is required for activated protein C in vivo benefits in sepsis and stroke. Blood 2018; 131:1163-1171. [PMID: 29343482 PMCID: PMC5855020 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2017-10-810895] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) cleaves protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) in vitro at R46 to initiate beneficial cell signaling; however, thrombin and APC can cleave at R41. To elucidate PAR1-dependent aspects of the pharmacologic in vivo mechanisms of APC, we generated C57BL/6 mouse strains carrying QQ41 or QQ46 point mutations in PAR1 (F2r gene). Using these strains, we determined whether or not recombinant murine signaling-selective APC mutants would reduce septic death or provide neuroprotection against ischemic stroke when mice carried PAR1-homozygous mutations that prevent cleavage at either R41 or R46. Intercrossing PAR1+/R46Q mice generated expected numbers of PAR1+/+, PAR1+/R46Q, and R46Q/R46Q offspring whereas intercrossing PAR1+/R41Q mice gave decreased R41Q/R41Q homozygotes (resembling intercrossing PAR1+/PAR1-knockout mice). QQ41-PAR1 and QQ46-PAR1 brain endothelial cells showed the predicted retention or loss of cellular responses to thrombin receptor-activating peptide, thrombin, or APC for each PAR1 mutation. In sepsis studies, exogenous APC reduced mortality from 50% to 10% in Escherichia coli-induced pneumonia for wild-type (Wt) PAR1 and QQ41-PAR1 mice (P < .01) but had no benefit for QQ46-PAR1 mice. In transient distal middle cerebral artery occlusion stroke studies, exogenous APC significantly reduced infarct size, edema, and neuronal apoptosis for Wt mice and QQ41-PAR1 mice but had no detectable benefits for mice carrying QQ46-PAR1. In functional studies of forelimb-asymmetry and foot-fault tests at 24 hours after stroke induction, signaling-selective APC was beneficial for Wt and QQ41-PAR1 mice but not QQ46-PAR1 mice. These results support the concept that APC-induced, PAR1-dependent biased signaling following R46 cleavage is central to the in vivo benefits of APC.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
| | - Yaoming Wang
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Zhen Zhao
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - Xiao Xu
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | - Naveen Gupta
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| | | | - Greg Martin
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | | | | | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles, CA; and
| | - John H Griffin
- The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA
| |
Collapse
|
69
|
Abstract
Idiopathic Pulmonary Fibrosis (IPF) is a devastating chronic, progressive and irreversible disease that remains refractory to current therapies. Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) and their inhibitors, tissue inhibitors of MMPs (TIMPs), have been implicated in the development of pulmonary fibrosis since decades. Coagulation signalling deregulation, which influences several key inflammatory and fibro-proliferative responses, is also essential in IPF pathogenesis, and a growing body of evidence indicates that Protease-Activated Receptors (PARs) inhibition in IPF may be promising for future evaluation. Therefore, proteases and anti-proteases aroused great biomedical interest over the past years, owing to the identification of their potential roles in lung fibrosis. During these last decades, numerous other proteases and anti-proteases have been studied in lung fibrosis, such as matriptase, Human airway trypsin-like protease (HAT), Hepatocyte growth factor activator (HGFA)/HGFA activator inhibitor (HAI) system, Plasminogen activator inhibitor (PAI)-1, Protease nexine (PN)-1, cathepsins, calpains, and cystatin C. Herein, we provide a general overview of the proteases and anti-proteases unbalance during lung fibrogenesis and explore potential therapeutics for IPF.
Collapse
|
70
|
Restrepo MI, Reyes LF. Pneumonia as a cardiovascular disease. Respirology 2018; 23:250-259. [PMID: 29325222 DOI: 10.1111/resp.13233] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 08/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Community-acquired pneumonia (CAP) is an important cause of death around the globe. Up to 30% of patients admitted to hospital for CAP develop cardiovascular complications (i.e. new/worsening heart failure, new/worsening arrhythmias, myocardial infarctions and/or strokes), acutely and up to 10 years thereafter. Cardiac complications result from complex interactions between preexisting conditions, relative ischaemia, upregulation of the sympathetic system, systemic inflammation and direct pathogen-mediated damage to the cardiovascular system. The exact mechanisms underlying the direct host-pathogen interactions are of great interest to identify potential therapeutic and preventative targets for CAP. In this review, we summarize the epidemiological data, risk factors and the pathogen-driven cardiovascular damage affecting patients with CAP.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Marcos I Restrepo
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Luis F Reyes
- Division of Pulmonary Diseases and Critical Care Medicine, South Texas Veterans Health Care System, San Antonio, TX, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health at San Antonio, San Antonio, TX, USA
| |
Collapse
|
71
|
Nagler M, Alberio L, Peter-Salonen K, von Tengg-Kobligk H, Lottaz D, Neerman-Arbez M, Lämmle B, Kremer Hovinga JA. Thromboembolism in patients with congenital afibrinogenaemia. Thromb Haemost 2017; 116:722-32. [DOI: 10.1160/th16-02-0082] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
SummaryFrequent arterial and venous thromboembolism in patients with congenital afibrinogenaemia (CA) is neither understood nor is a safe and effective treatment established. It was our objective to report on the clinical observations and laboratory data contributing to the understanding of the frequency, physiopathology, prognosis and treatment of CA. We observed the long-term clinical course and laboratory data in a cohort of four patients with CA and thromboembolic complications, and conducted a systematic review retrieving all available data. Four patients with CA developed recurrent and extensive arterial and venous thromboembolism (TE) from an age of 25–51 years. In two patients, a treatment strategy targeting at maintaining constantly measurable fibrinogen (Fbg) levels (≥0.5 g/l) either by regular Fbg replacement or by orthotopic liver transplantation resulted in long-term remissions. Radiological imaging documented resolved arterial thrombi after 6–12 months. In contrast, recurrent thromboembolic events were observed in two other patients with infrequent Fbg replacement. A systematic review of the literature revealed 48 reports of TE in patients with CA (median age at first event 31 years), and a favourable outcome in most patients with frequent application of Fbg, aimed at constantly measurable trough levels. Present data suggests that patients with CA are at high risk of arterial and venous thromboembolic events, probably caused by thrombin excess owing to lack of thrombin scavenging by Fbg/fibrin. Regular low-dose Fbg replacement might be a safe and effective treatment option in patients with CA and thromboembolic complications.Note: Preliminary data of this report were presented as oral presentation at the XXV Congress of the International Society on Thrombosis and Haemostasis, June 20th to 25th, Toronto, Canada.Supplementary Material to this article is available online at www.thrombosis-online.com.
Collapse
|
72
|
Lowe G, Cate HT. Coagulation proteases and cardiovascular disease. Thromb Haemost 2017; 112:858-9. [DOI: 10.1160/th14-09-0781] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2014] [Accepted: 09/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
|
73
|
De Luca C, Virtuoso A, Maggio N, Papa M. Neuro-Coagulopathy: Blood Coagulation Factors in Central Nervous System Diseases. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E2128. [PMID: 29023416 PMCID: PMC5666810 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18102128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 09/30/2017] [Accepted: 10/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Blood coagulation factors and other proteins, with modulatory effects or modulated by the coagulation cascade have been reported to affect the pathophysiology of the central nervous system (CNS). The protease-activated receptors (PARs) pathway can be considered the central hub of this regulatory network, mainly through thrombin or activated protein C (aPC). These proteins, in fact, showed peculiar properties, being able to interfere with synaptic homeostasis other than coagulation itself. These specific functions modulate neuronal networks, acting both on resident (neurons, astrocytes, and microglia) as well as circulating immune system cells and the extracellular matrix. The pleiotropy of these effects is produced through different receptors, expressed in various cell types, in a dose- and time-dependent pattern. We reviewed how these pathways may be involved in neurodegenerative diseases (amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases), multiple sclerosis, ischemic stroke and post-ischemic epilepsy, CNS cancer, addiction, and mental health. These data open up a new path for the potential therapeutic use of the agonist/antagonist of these proteins in the management of several central nervous system diseases.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ciro De Luca
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Assunta Virtuoso
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center, Tel Hashomer, 52621 Ramat Gan, Israel.
- Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine and Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv University, 6997801 Tel Aviv, Israel.
| | - Michele Papa
- Laboratory of Neuronal Networks, University of Campania "Luigi Vanvitelli", 80138 Naples, Italy.
- SYSBIO, Centre of Systems Biology, University of Milano-Bicocca, 20126 Milano, Italy.
| |
Collapse
|
74
|
Gorbacheva LR, Kiseleva EV, Savinkova IG, Strukova SM. A new concept of action of hemostatic proteases on inflammation, neurotoxicity, and tissue regeneration. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2017; 82:778-790. [DOI: 10.1134/s0006297917070033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
|
75
|
Isermann B. Homeostatic effects of coagulation protease-dependent signaling and protease activated receptors. J Thromb Haemost 2017; 15:1273-1284. [PMID: 28671351 DOI: 10.1111/jth.13721] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
A homeostatic function of the coagulation system in regard to hemostasis is well established. Homeostasis of blood coagulation depends partially on protease activated receptor (PAR)-signaling. Beyond coagulation proteases, numerous other soluble and cell-bound proteases convey cellular effects via PAR signaling. As we learn more about the mechanisms underlying cell-, tissue-, and context-specific PAR signaling, we concurrently gain new insights into physiological and pathophysiological functions of PARs. In this regard, regulation of cell and tissue homeostasis by PAR signaling is an evolving scheme. Akin to the control of blood clotting per se (the fibrin-platelet interaction) coagulation proteases coordinately regulate cell- and tissue-specific functions. This review summarizes recent insights into homeostatic regulation through PAR signaling, focusing on blood coagulation proteases. Considering the common use of drugs altering coagulation protease activity through either broad or targeted inhibitory activities, and the advent of PAR modulating drugs, an in-depth understanding of the mechanisms through which coagulation proteases and PAR signaling regulate not only hemostasis, but also cell and tissue homeostasis is required.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- B Isermann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke-University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| |
Collapse
|
76
|
Zhu J, Miao XR, Tao KM, Zhu H, Liu ZY, Yu DW, Chen QB, Qiu HB, Lu ZJ. Trypsin-protease activated receptor-2 signaling contributes to pancreatic cancer pain. Oncotarget 2017; 8:61810-61823. [PMID: 28977906 PMCID: PMC5617466 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.18696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2016] [Accepted: 05/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Pain treatment is a critical aspect of pancreatic cancer patient clinical care. This study investigated the role of trypsin-protease activated receptor-2 (PAR-2) in pancreatic cancer pain. Pancreatic tissue samples were collected from pancreatic cancer (n=22) and control patients (n=22). Immunofluorescence analyses confirmed colocalization of PAR-2 and neuronal markers in pancreatic cancer tissues. Trypsin levels and protease activities were higher in pancreatic cancer tissue specimens than in the controls. Supernatants from cultured human pancreatic cancer tissues (PC supernatants) induced substance P and calcitonin gene-related peptide release in dorsal root ganglia (DRG) neurons, and FS-NH2, a selective PAR-2 antagonist, inhibited this effect. A BALB/c nude mouse orthotopic tumor model was used to confirm the role of PAR-2 signaling in pancreatic cancer visceral pain, and male Sprague-Dawley rats were used to assess ambulatory pain. FS-NH2 treatment decreased hunch scores, mechanical hyperalgesia, and visceromotor reflex responses in tumor-bearing mice. In rats, subcutaneous injection of PC supernatant induced pain behavior, which was alleviated by treatment with FS-NH2 or FUT-175, a broad-spectrum serine protease inhibitor. Our findings suggest that trypsin-PAR-2 signaling contributes to pancreatic cancer pain in vivo. Treatment strategies targeting PAR-2 or its downstream signaling molecules might effectively relieve pancreatic cancer pain.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jiao Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Xue-Rong Miao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Kun-Ming Tao
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hai Zhu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Maternity and Infant Health Hospital of Putuo District, Shanghai 200062, China
| | - Zhi-Yun Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Da-Wei Yu
- Department of Anesthesiology, No.101 hospital of PLA, Wuxi 214000, China
| | - Qian-Bo Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Hai-Bo Qiu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Zhi-Jie Lu
- Department of Anesthesiology and Intensive Care Medicine, Eastern Hepatobiliary Surgery Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| |
Collapse
|
77
|
Khoshnam SE, Winlow W, Farzaneh M. The Interplay of MicroRNAs in the Inflammatory Mechanisms Following Ischemic Stroke. J Neuropathol Exp Neurol 2017; 76:548-561. [DOI: 10.1093/jnen/nlx036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
|
78
|
Recent Progress in Research on the Pathogenesis of Pulmonary Thromboembolism: An Old Story with New Perspectives. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2017; 2017:6516791. [PMID: 28484717 PMCID: PMC5397627 DOI: 10.1155/2017/6516791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/17/2016] [Revised: 02/26/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary thromboembolism (PTE) is part of a larger clinicopathological entity, venous thromboembolism. It is also a complex, multifactorial disorder divided into four major disease processes including venous thrombosis, thrombus in transit, acute pulmonary embolism, and pulmonary circulation reconstruction. Even when treated, some patients develop chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension. PTE is also a common fatal type of pulmonary vascular disease worldwide, but earlier studies primarily focused on the pathological changes in the blood component of the disease. With contemporary advances in molecular and cellular biology, people are becoming increasingly aware of coagulation pathways, the function of vascular smooth muscle cells, microparticles, and the inflammatory pathways that play key roles in PTE. Combined hypoxia and immune research has revealed that PTE should be regarded as a class of complex diseases caused by multiple factors involving the vascular microenvironment and vascular cell dysfunction.
Collapse
|
79
|
Griffin JH, Fernández JA, Lyden PD, Zlokovic BV. Activated protein C promotes neuroprotection: mechanisms and translation to the clinic. Thromb Res 2017; 141 Suppl 2:S62-4. [PMID: 27207428 DOI: 10.1016/s0049-3848(16)30368-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
Activated protein C (APC) is a plasma serine protease that is capable of antithrombotic, anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptotic, and cell-signaling activities. Animal injury studies show that recombinant APC and some of its mutants are remarkably therapeutic for a wide range of injuries. In particular, for neurologic injuries, APC reduces damage caused by ischemia/reperfusion in the brain, by acute brain trauma, and by chronic neurodegenerative conditions. For these neuroprotective effects, APC requires endothelial cell protein C receptor. APC activates cell signaling networks with alterations in gene expression profiles by activating protease activated receptors 1 and 3. To minimize APC-induced bleeding risk, APC variants were engineered to lack > 90% anticoagulant activity but retain normal cell signaling. The neuroprotective APC mutant, 3K3A-APC which has Lys191-193 mutated to Ala191-193, is very neuroprotective and it is currently in clinical trials for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Griffin
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA; Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of California San Diego, San Diego, CA, USA.
| | - José A Fernández
- Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA, USA
| | - Patrick D Lyden
- Department of Neurology, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- Department of Neurosurgery, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA; Department of Neurosurgery, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, University of Southern California, Keck School of Medicine, Los Angeles, CA, USA
| |
Collapse
|
80
|
Shavit-Stein E, Artan-Furman A, Feingold E, Ben Shimon M, Itzekson-Hayosh Z, Chapman J, Vlachos A, Maggio N. Protease Activated Receptor 2 (PAR2) Induces Long-Term Depression in the Hippocampus through Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 (TRPV4). Front Mol Neurosci 2017; 10:42. [PMID: 28303089 PMCID: PMC5332813 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2017.00042] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Protease activated receptors (PARs) are involved in regulating synaptic transmission and plasticity in the brain. While it is well-accepted that PAR1 mediates long-term potentiation (LTP) of excitatory synaptic strength, the role of PAR2 in synaptic plasticity remains not well-understood. In this study, we assessed the role of PAR2-signaling in plasticity at hippocampal Schaffer collateral-CA1 synapses. Using field potential recordings, we report that PAR2-activation leads to long-term depression (LTD) of synaptic transmission through a protein kinase A -dependent, Transient Receptor Potential Vanilloid 4 -mediated mechanism, which requires the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. These results demonstrate that the effects of PAR2 on synaptic plasticity are distinct from what is observed upon PAR1-activation. Thus, we propose that the activation of different classes of PARs, i.e., PAR1 and PAR2, may set the threshold of synaptic plasticity in the hippocampal network by balancing LTP and LTD.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Efrat Shavit-Stein
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Avital Artan-Furman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Ekaterina Feingold
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical Center Tel HaShomer, Israel
| | - Marina Ben Shimon
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical CenterTel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | | | - Joab Chapman
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical CenterTel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel
| | - Andreas Vlachos
- Institute of Anatomy II, Faculty of Medicine, Heinrich-Heine-University Duesseldorf, Germany
| | - Nicola Maggio
- Department of Neurology, The Chaim Sheba Medical CenterTel HaShomer, Israel; Department of Neurology and Neurosurgery, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel; Sagol School of Neuroscience, Tel Aviv UniversityTel Aviv, Israel; Talpiot Medical Leadership Program, The Chaim Sheba Medical CenterTel HaShomer, Israel
| |
Collapse
|
81
|
Ebrahimi S, Rahmani F, Behnam-Rassouli R, Hoseinkhani F, Parizadeh MR, Keramati MR, Khazaie M, Avan A, Hassanian SM. Proinflammatory signaling functions of thrombin in cancer. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2323-2329. [PMID: 28004386 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Thrombin-induced activation of protease-activated receptors (PARs) represents a link between inflammation and cancer. Proinflammatory signaling functions of thrombin are associated with several inflammatory diseases including neurodegenerative, cardiovascular, and of special interest in this review cancer. Thrombin-induced inflammatory responses up-regulates expression of cytokines, adhesion molecules, angiogenic factors, and matrix-degrading proteases that facilitate tumor cells proliferation, angiogenesis, invasion, and metastasis. This review summarizes the current knowledge about the mechanisms of thrombin-mediated proinflammatory responses in cancer pathology for a better understanding and hence a better management of this disease.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Safieh Ebrahimi
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Farzad Rahmani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | | | - Fatemeh Hoseinkhani
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Parizadeh
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad Reza Keramati
- Cancer Molecular Pathology Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Majid Khazaie
- Department of Medical Physiology, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Amir Avan
- Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Molecular Medicine Group, Department of Modern Sciences and Technologies, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Seyed Mahdi Hassanian
- Department of Medical Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Metabolic Syndrome Research Center, School of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran.,Microanatomy Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| |
Collapse
|
82
|
Dumnicka P, Maduzia D, Ceranowicz P, Olszanecki R, Drożdż R, Kuśnierz-Cabala B. The Interplay between Inflammation, Coagulation and Endothelial Injury in the Early Phase of Acute Pancreatitis: Clinical Implications. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:E354. [PMID: 28208708 PMCID: PMC5343889 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18020354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2016] [Revised: 01/17/2017] [Accepted: 01/31/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Acute pancreatitis (AP) is an inflammatory disease with varied severity, ranging from mild local inflammation to severe systemic involvement resulting in substantial mortality. Early pathologic events in AP, both local and systemic, are associated with vascular derangements, including endothelial activation and injury, dysregulation of vasomotor tone, increased vascular permeability, increased leukocyte migration to tissues, and activation of coagulation. The purpose of the review was to summarize current evidence regarding the interplay between inflammation, coagulation and endothelial dysfunction in the early phase of AP. Practical aspects were emphasized: (1) we summarized available data on diagnostic usefulness of the markers of endothelial dysfunction and activated coagulation in early prediction of severe AP; (2) we reviewed in detail the results of experimental studies and clinical trials targeting coagulation-inflammation interactions in severe AP. Among laboratory tests, d-dimer and angiopoietin-2 measurements seem the most useful in early prediction of severe AP. Although most clinical trials evaluating anticoagulants in treatment of severe AP did not show benefits, they also did not show significantly increased bleeding risk. Promising results of human trials were published for low molecular weight heparin treatment. Several anticoagulants that proved beneficial in animal experiments are thus worth testing in patients.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Paulina Dumnicka
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Dawid Maduzia
- Department of Anatomy, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 12, 31-034 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Piotr Ceranowicz
- Department of Physiology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Rafał Olszanecki
- Department of Pharmacology, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Grzegórzecka 16, 31-531 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Ryszard Drożdż
- Department of Medical Diagnostics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Medyczna 9, 30-688 Kraków, Poland.
| | - Beata Kuśnierz-Cabala
- Department of Diagnostics, Chair of Clinical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, Kopernika 15A, 31-501 Kraków, Poland.
| |
Collapse
|
83
|
Griffin JH, Mosnier LO, Fernández JA, Zlokovic BV. 2016 Scientific Sessions Sol Sherry Distinguished Lecturer in Thrombosis: Thrombotic Stroke: Neuroprotective Therapy by Recombinant-Activated Protein C. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2143-2151. [PMID: 27758767 PMCID: PMC5119536 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.308038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2016] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
Abstract
APC (activated protein C), derived from the plasma protease zymogen, is antithrombotic and anti-inflammatory. In preclinical injury models, recombinant APC provides neuroprotection for multiple injuries, including ischemic stroke. APC acts directly on brain endothelial cells and neurons by initiating cell signaling that requires multiple receptors. Two or more major APC receptors mediate APC's neuroprotective cell signaling. When bound to endothelial cell protein C receptor, APC can cleave protease-activated receptor 1, causing biased cytoprotective signaling that reduces ischemia-induced injury. Pharmacological APC alleviates bleeding induced by tissue-type plasminogen activator in murine ischemic stroke studies. Remarkably, APC's signaling promotes neurogenesis. The signaling-selective recombinant variant of APC, 3K3A-APC, was engineered to lack most of the APC's anticoagulant activity but retain APC's cell signaling actions. Recombinant 3K3A-APC is in ongoing National Institutes of Health (NIH)-funded clinical trials for ischemic stroke.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- John H Griffin
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H.G., L.O.M., J.A.F.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (J.H.G.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (B.V.Z.).
| | - Laurent O Mosnier
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H.G., L.O.M., J.A.F.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (J.H.G.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (B.V.Z.)
| | - José A Fernández
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H.G., L.O.M., J.A.F.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (J.H.G.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (B.V.Z.)
| | - Berislav V Zlokovic
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA (J.H.G., L.O.M., J.A.F.); Division of Hematology/Oncology, Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego (J.H.G.); and Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Zilkha Neurogenetic Institute, Keck School of Medicine, University of Southern California, Los Angeles (B.V.Z.)
| |
Collapse
|
84
|
Abstract
The immune response to acute cerebral ischemia is a major factor in stroke pathobiology and outcome. While the immune response starts locally in occluded and hypoperfused vessels and the ischemic brain parenchyma, inflammatory mediators generated in situ propagate through the organism as a whole. This "spillover" leads to a systemic inflammatory response first, followed by immunosuppression aimed at dampening the potentially harmful proinflammatory milieu. In this overview we will outline the inflammatory cascade from its starting point in the vasculature of the ischemic brain to the systemic immune response elicited by brain ischemia. Potential immunomodulatory therapeutic approaches, including preconditioning and immune cell therapy will also be discussed.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Josef Anrather
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA.
| | - Costantino Iadecola
- Feil Family Brain and Mind Research Institute, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| |
Collapse
|
85
|
Occupancy of human EPCR by protein C induces β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling by both APC and thrombin. Blood 2016; 128:1884-1893. [PMID: 27561318 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2016-06-720581] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Accepted: 08/23/2016] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Activation of protease-activated receptor 1 (PAR1) by activated protein C (APC) and thrombin elicits paradoxical cytoprotective and cytotoxic signaling responses in vascular endothelial cells through cleavage of the receptor at Arg-46 and Arg-41 protease recognition sites, respectively. It has been reported that unlike a disruptive G-protein-mediated PAR1 signaling by thrombin, APC induces a protective β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling by unknown mechanisms. We hypothesize that the occupancy of endothelial protein C receptor (EPCR) by the Gla-domain of protein C/APC is responsible for the β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling independent of the protease cleavage site. To test this hypothesis, we monitored the signaling specificity of thrombin in endothelial cells in response to lipopolysaccharide (LPS) with or without pretreatment of cells with protein C-S195A. The PAR1-dependent recruitment of β-arrestin-2 in response to LPS by both APC and thrombin was analyzed by functional, gene silencing, and signaling assays. Results indicate that similar to APC, thrombin exerts cytoprotective effects via β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling. Similar to APC, thrombin triggered β-arrestin-2-dependent recruitment of disheveled 2 (Dvl-2) in PC-S195A pretreated cells. Further studies in HeLa cells transfected with PAR1 constructs revealed that EPCR occupancy initiates β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling independent of the protease cleavage sites. We demonstrate that EPCR occupancy recruits G-protein coupled receptor kinase 5, thereby inducing β-arrestin-2 biased PAR1 signaling by both APC and thrombin. In support of a physiological relevance for these results, intraperitoneal administration of PC-S195A conferred a cytoprotective effect for thrombin in an in vivo inflammatory model.
Collapse
|
86
|
Twarock S, Bagheri S, Bagheri S, Hohlfeld T. Platelet-vessel wall interactions and drug effects. Pharmacol Ther 2016; 167:74-84. [PMID: 27492900 DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2016.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Sören Twarock
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Saghar Bagheri
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Sayeh Bagheri
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Thomas Hohlfeld
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Klinische Pharmakologie, Heinrich-Heine-Universität Düsseldorf, Moorenstraße 5, 40225 Düsseldorf, Germany.
| |
Collapse
|
87
|
Lin J, He S, Sun X, Franck G, Deng Y, Yang D, Haemmig S, Wara AKM, Icli B, Li D, Feinberg MW. MicroRNA-181b inhibits thrombin-mediated endothelial activation and arterial thrombosis by targeting caspase recruitment domain family member 10. FASEB J 2016; 30:3216-26. [PMID: 27297585 DOI: 10.1096/fj.201500163r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/31/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Thrombogenic and inflammatory mediators, such as thrombin, induce NF-κB-mediated endothelial cell (EC) activation and dysfunction, which contribute to pathogenesis of arterial thrombosis. The role of anti-inflammatory microRNA-181b (miR-181b) on thrombosis remains unknown. Our previous study demonstrated that miR-181b inhibits downstream NF-κB signaling in response to TNF-α. Here, we demonstrate that miR-181b uniquely inhibits upstream NF-κB signaling in response to thrombin. Overexpression of miR-181b inhibited thrombin-induced activation of NF-κB signaling, demonstrated by reduction of phospho-IKK-β, -IκB-α, and p65 nuclear translocation in ECs. MiR-181b also reduced expression of NF-κB target genes VCAM-1, intercellular adhesion molecule-1, E-selectin, and tissue factor. Mechanistically, miR-181b targets caspase recruitment domain family member 10 (Card10), an adaptor protein that participates in activation of the IKK complex in response to signals transduced from protease-activated receptor-1. miR-181b reduced expression of Card10 mRNA and protein, but not protease-activated receptor-1. 3'-Untranslated region reporter assays, argonaute-2 microribonucleoprotein immunoprecipitation studies, and Card10 rescue studies revealed that Card10 is a bona fide direct miR-181b target. Small interfering RNA-mediated knockdown of Card10 expression phenocopied effects of miR-181b on NF-κB signaling and targets. Card10 deficiency did not affect TNF-α-induced activation of NF-κB signaling, which suggested stimulus-specific regulation of NF-κB signaling and endothelial responses by miR-181b in ECs. Finally, in response to photochemical injury-induced arterial thrombosis, systemic delivery of miR-181b reduced thrombus formation by 73% in carotid arteries and prolonged time to occlusion by 1.6-fold, effects recapitulated by Card10 small interfering RNA. These data demonstrate that miR-181b and Card10 are important regulators of thrombin-induced EC activation and arterial thrombosis. These studies highlight the relevance of microRNA-dependent targets in response to ligand-specific signaling in ECs.-Lin, J., He, S., Sun, X., Franck, G., Deng, Y., Yang, D., Haemmig, S., Wara, A. K. M., Icli, B., Li, D., Feinberg, M. W. MicroRNA-181b inhibits thrombin-mediated endothelial activation and arterial thrombosis by targeting caspase recruitment domain family member 10.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Jibin Lin
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Shaolin He
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Xinghui Sun
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Gregory Franck
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Yihuan Deng
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Dafeng Yang
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA; Department of Cardiology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Stefan Haemmig
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - A K M Wara
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Basak Icli
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
| | - Dazhu Li
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Cardiovascular Diseases, Union Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China; and
| | - Mark W Feinberg
- Cardiovascular Division, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA;
| |
Collapse
|
88
|
Mhatre MV, Potter JA, Lockwood CJ, Krikun G, Abrahams VM. Thrombin Augments LPS-Induced Human Endometrial Endothelial Cell Inflammation via PAR1 Activation. Am J Reprod Immunol 2016; 76:29-37. [PMID: 27108773 DOI: 10.1111/aji.12517] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Accepted: 04/07/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
PROBLEM Risk factors for preterm birth include placental abruption, giving rise to excessive decidual thrombin, and intrauterine bacterial infection. Human endometrial endothelial cells (HEECs) express Toll-like receptors (TLRs), and infection-derived agonists trigger HEECs to generate specific inflammatory responses. As thrombin, in addition to inducing coagulation, can contribute to inflammation, its effect on HEEC inflammatory responses to the TLR4 agonist, bacterial lipopolysaccharide (LPS), was investigated. METHOD OF STUDY HEECs were pre-treated with or without thrombin or specific protease-activated receptor (PAR) agonists, followed by treatment with or without LPS. Supernatants were measured for cytokines and chemokines by ELISA and multiplex analysis. RESULTS Thrombin significantly and synergistically augmented LPS-induced HEEC secretion of interleukin (IL)-6, IL-8, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor (G-CSF), and growth-regulated oncogene-alpha (GRO-α), and significantly augmented monocyte chemotactic protein (MCP)-1, tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α), and vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) secretion additively. Similar to thrombin, a PAR1 agonist synergistically augmented the LPS-induced HEEC secretion of inflammatory IL-6, IL-8, G-CSF, and GRO-α. CONCLUSION Thrombin, via PAR1 activation, synergistically augments LPS-induced HEEC production of chemokines involved in immune cell recruitment and survival, suggesting a mechanism by which intrauterine abruption and bacterial infection may together be associated with an aggravated uterine inflammatory response.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Mohak V Mhatre
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Julie A Potter
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Charles J Lockwood
- Department of Obstetrics & Gynecology, Morsani College of Medicine, University of South Florida, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Graciela Krikun
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| | - Vikki M Abrahams
- Department of Obstetrics, Gynecology & Reproductive Sciences, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, USA
| |
Collapse
|
89
|
Sinha RK, Yang XV, Fernández JA, Xu X, Mosnier LO, Griffin JH. Apolipoprotein E Receptor 2 Mediates Activated Protein C-Induced Endothelial Akt Activation and Endothelial Barrier Stabilization. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:518-24. [PMID: 26800564 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306795] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2015] [Accepted: 01/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Activated protein C (APC), a plasma serine protease, initiates cell signaling that protects endothelial cells from apoptosis and endothelial barrier disruption. Apolipoprotein E receptor 2 (ApoER2; LRP8) is a receptor known for mediating signaling initiated by reelin in neurons. ApoER2 contributes to APC-initiated signaling in monocytic U937 cells. The objective was to determine whether ApoER2 is required for APC's beneficial signaling in the endothelial cell surrogate EA.hy926 line. APPROACH AND RESULTS We used small interfering RNA and inhibitors to probe requirements for specific receptors for APC's antiapoptotic activity and for phosphorylation of disabled-1 by Src family kinases and of Akt. When small interfering RNA for ApoER2 or endothelial cell protein C receptor or protease activated receptor 1 was used, APC's antiapoptotic activity was ablated, indicating that each of these receptors was required. In EA.hy926 cells, APC induced a 2- to 3-fold increased phosphorylation of Ser473-Akt and Tyr232-disabled-1, a phosphorylation known to trigger disabled-1-mediated signaling in other cell types. Ser473-Akt phosphorylation was inhibited by ApoER2 small interfering RNA or by inhibitors of Src (PP2), phosphatidylinositol-3 kinase (LY303511), and protease activated receptor 1 (SCH79797). ApoER2 small interfering RNA blocked the ability of APC to prevent thrombin-induced endothelial barrier disruption in TransEndothelial Resistance assays. Binding studies using purified APC and purified immobilized wild-type and mutated ApoER2 ectodomains suggested that APC binding involves Lys49, Asp50, and Trp64 on the surface of the N-terminal LA1 domain of ApoER2. CONCLUSIONS ApoER2 contributes cooperatively with endothelial cell protein C receptor and protease activated receptor 1 to APC-initiated endothelial antiapoptotic and barrier protective signaling.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Ranjeet K Sinha
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xia V Yang
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - José A Fernández
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Xiao Xu
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - Laurent O Mosnier
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA
| | - John H Griffin
- From the Department of Molecular and Experimental Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, CA.
| |
Collapse
|
90
|
Noubouossie D, Key NS, Ataga KI. Coagulation abnormalities of sickle cell disease: Relationship with clinical outcomes and the effect of disease modifying therapies. Blood Rev 2015; 30:245-56. [PMID: 26776344 DOI: 10.1016/j.blre.2015.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2015] [Revised: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Sickle cell disease (SCD) is a hypercoagulable state. Patients exhibit increased platelet activation, high plasma levels of markers of thrombin generation, depletion of natural anticoagulant proteins, abnormal activation of the fibrinolytic system, and increased tissue factor expression, even in the non-crisis "steady state." Furthermore, SCD is characterized by an increased risk of thrombotic complications. The pathogenesis of coagulation activation in SCD appears to be multi-factorial, with contributions from ischemia-reperfusion injury and inflammation, hemolysis and nitric oxide deficiency, and increased sickle RBC phosphatidylserine expression. Recent studies in animal models suggest that activation of coagulation may contribute to the pathogenesis of SCD, but the data on the contribution of coagulation and platelet activation to SCD-related complications in humans are limited. Clinical trials of new generations of anticoagulants and antiplatelet agents, using a variety of clinical endpoints are warranted.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Denis Noubouossie
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Nigel S Key
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA
| | - Kenneth I Ataga
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, USA.
| |
Collapse
|
91
|
Platelets and protease-activated receptor-4 contribute to acetaminophen-induced liver injury in mice. Blood 2015; 126:1835-43. [PMID: 26179083 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2014-09-598656] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2014] [Accepted: 07/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acetaminophen (APAP)-induced liver injury in humans is associated with robust coagulation cascade activation and thrombocytopenia. However, it is not known whether coagulation-driven platelet activation participates in APAP hepatotoxicity. Here, we found that APAP overdose in mice caused liver damage accompanied by significant thrombocytopenia and accumulation of platelets in the liver. These changes were attenuated by administration of the direct thrombin inhibitor lepirudin. Platelet depletion with an anti-CD41 antibody also significantly reduced APAP-mediated liver injury and thrombin generation, indicated by the concentration of thrombin-antithrombin (TAT) complexes in plasma. Compared with APAP-treated wild-type mice, biomarkers of hepatocellular and endothelial damage, plasma TAT concentration, and hepatic platelet accumulation were reduced in mice lacking protease-activated receptor (PAR)-4, which mediates thrombin signaling in mouse platelets. However, selective hematopoietic cell PAR-4 deficiency did not affect APAP-induced liver injury or plasma TAT levels. These results suggest that interconnections between coagulation and hepatic platelet accumulation promote APAP-induced liver injury, independent of platelet PAR-4 signaling. Moreover, the results highlight a potential contribution of nonhematopoietic cell PAR-4 signaling to APAP hepatotoxicity.
Collapse
|
92
|
Guenther F, Melzig MF. Protease-activated receptors and their biological role - focused on skin inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015; 67:1623-33. [PMID: 26709036 DOI: 10.1111/jphp.12447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 05/10/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES For several years, protease-activated receptors (PARs) are targets of science regarding to various diseases and platelet aggregation. In the past, a number of publications related to PARs have been published, which refer to a variety of aspects. An important point of view is the inflammation of the skin, which has not been reported in detail yet. This review will provide an overview of the current knowledge on PARs, and in particular, on the involvement of PARs in terms of skin inflammation. KEY FINDINGS Wound healing is an important step after skin injury and is connected with involvement of PARs and inflammation. An important point in skin inflammation is the coagulation-dependent skin inflammation. SUMMARY PARs are a special kind of receptors, being activated by proteolytic cleavage or chemical agonists. They may play an important role in various physiological processes. It is shown that the proteases are involved in many diseases for example Parkinson's disease and Alzheimer's disease. The fact, that proteases regulate the coagulation, and are involved in interleukin and cytokine release leads to the conclusion that they are involved in inflammation processes.
Collapse
Affiliation(s)
- Florian Guenther
- Institute of Pharmacy, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | | |
Collapse
|
93
|
Abstract
The homeostatic blood protease, activated protein C (APC), can function as (1) an antithrombotic on the basis of inactivation of clotting factors Va and VIIIa; (2) a cytoprotective on the basis of endothelial barrier stabilization and anti-inflammatory and antiapoptotic actions; and (3) a regenerative on the basis of stimulation of neurogenesis, angiogenesis, and wound healing. Pharmacologic therapies using recombinant human and murine APCs indicate that APC provides effective acute or chronic therapies for a strikingly diverse range of preclinical injury models. APC reduces the damage caused by the following: ischemia/reperfusion in brain, heart, and kidney; pulmonary, kidney, and gastrointestinal inflammation; sepsis; Ebola virus; diabetes; and total lethal body radiation. For these beneficial effects, APC alters cell signaling networks and gene expression profiles by activating protease-activated receptors 1 and 3. APC's activation of these G protein-coupled receptors differs completely from thrombin's activation mechanism due to biased signaling via either G proteins or β-arrestin-2. To reduce APC-associated bleeding risk, APC variants were engineered to lack >90% anticoagulant activity but retain normal cell signaling. Such a neuroprotective variant, 3K3A-APC (Lys191-193Ala), has advanced to clinical trials for ischemic stroke. A rich data set of preclinical knowledge provides a solid foundation for potential translation of APC variants to future novel therapies.
Collapse
|