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Schwartz SM, Virmani R, Majesky MW. An update on clonality: what smooth muscle cell type makes up the atherosclerotic plaque? F1000Res 2018; 7:F1000 Faculty Rev-1969. [PMID: 30613386 PMCID: PMC6305222 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.15994.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 50 years ago, Earl Benditt and his son John described the clonality of the atherosclerotic plaque. This led Benditt to propose that the atherosclerotic lesion was a smooth muscle neoplasm, similar to the leiomyomata seen in the uterus of most women. Although the observation of clonality has been confirmed many times, interest in the idea that atherosclerosis might be a form of neoplasia waned because of the clinical success of treatments for hyperlipemia and because animal models have made great progress in understanding how lipid accumulates in the plaque and may lead to plaque rupture. Four advances have made it important to reconsider Benditt's observations. First, we now know that clonality is a property of normal tissue development. Second, this is even true in the vessel wall, where we now know that formation of clonal patches in that wall is part of the development of smooth muscle cells that make up the tunica media of arteries. Third, we know that the intima, the "soil" for development of the human atherosclerotic lesion, develops before the fatty lesions appear. Fourth, while the cells comprising this intima have been called "smooth muscle cells", we do not have a clear definition of cell type nor do we know if the initial accumulation is clonal. As a result, Benditt's hypothesis needs to be revisited in terms of changes in how we define smooth muscle cells and the quite distinct developmental origins of the cells that comprise the muscular coats of all arterial walls. Finally, since clonality of the lesions is real, the obvious questions are do these human tumors precede the development of atherosclerosis, how do the clones develop, what cell type gives rise to the clones, and in what ways do the clones provide the soil for development and natural history of atherosclerosis?
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Renu Virmani
- CV Path Institute, Gaithersberg, Maryland, 20878, USA
| | - Mark W. Majesky
- Center for Developmental Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Seattle Children's Hospital Research Institute, Seattle, WA, 98112, USA
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Nomura S, Taniura T, Shouzu A, Omoto S, Suzuki M, Okuda Y, Ito T. Effects of sarpogrelate, eicosapentaenoic acid and pitavastatin on arterioslcerosis obliterans-related biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes (SAREPITASO study). Vasc Health Risk Manag 2018; 14:225-232. [PMID: 30271161 PMCID: PMC6151091 DOI: 10.2147/vhrm.s171143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim was to evaluate the significance of arteriosclerosis obliterans-related biomarkers in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM), and to compare the effects of sarpogrelate, eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) and pitavastatin on these markers. PATIENTS AND METHODS Seventy-two arteriosclerosis obliterans patients with T2DM were classified into two groups, pitavastatin with either sarpogrelate (PS) or EPA (PE). We observed no differences in all biomarkers between the PS and PE groups before treatments. RESULTS The levels of body mass index, hemoglobin A1c, soluble E-selectin, soluble vascular cell adhesion molecule 1, plasminogen activator inhibitor-1 and platelet-derived microparticle in the PE group decreased significantly after treatment. The ankle branchial pressure index and adiponectin levels significantly increased in the PE group after treatment compared with the PS group. CONCLUSION These results suggest that combination therapy using pitavastatin and EPA possesses an antiatherosclerotic effect and may be beneficial for prevention of vascular complications in patients with T2DM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shosaku Nomura
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata,
| | | | - Akira Shouzu
- Division of Internal Medicine, Saiseikai Izuo Hospital, Osaka
| | - Seitaro Omoto
- Division of Internal Medicine, Korigaoka Yukeikai Hospital, Hirakata
| | | | - Yoshinori Okuda
- Division of Internal Medicine, Meisei Memorial Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Tomoki Ito
- First Department of Internal Medicine, Kansai Medical University, Hirakata,
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Brown BA, Williams H, Bond AR, Angelini GD, Johnson JL, George SJ. Carotid artery ligation induced intimal thickening and proliferation is unaffected by ageing. J Cell Commun Signal 2018; 12:529-537. [PMID: 29185213 PMCID: PMC6039339 DOI: 10.1007/s12079-017-0431-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 10/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
Following interventions to treat atherosclerosis, such as coronary artery bypass graft surgery, restenosis occurs in approximately 40% of patients. Identification of proteins regulating intimal thickening could represent targets to prevent restenosis. Our group previously demonstrated that in a murine model of vascular occlusion, Wnt4 protein expression and β-catenin signalling was upregulated which promoted vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation and intimal thickening. In this study, the effect of age on VSMC proliferation, intimal hyperplasia and Wnt4 expression was investigated. In vitro proliferation of VSMCs isolated from young (2 month) or old (18-20 month) C57BL6/J mice was assessed by immunocytochemistry for EdU incorporation. As previously reported, 400 ng/mL recombinant Wnt4 protein increased proliferation of VSMCs from young mice. However, this response was absent in VSMCs from old mice. As our group previously reported reduced intimal hyperplasia in Wnt4+/- mice compared to wildtype controls, we hypothesised that impaired Wnt4 signalling with age may result in reduced neointimal formation. To investigate this, carotid artery ligation was performed in young and old mice and neointimal area was assessed 21 days later. Surprisingly, neointimal area and percentage lumen occlusion were not significantly affected by age. Furthermore, neointimal cell density and proliferation were also unchanged. These data suggest that although Wnt4-mediated proliferation was impaired with age in primary VSMCs, carotid artery ligation induced neointimal formation and proliferation were unchanged in old mice. These results imply that Wnt4-mediated proliferation is unaffected by age in vivo, suggesting that therapeutic Wnt4 inhibition could inhibit restenosis in patients of all ages.
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Affiliation(s)
- B A Brown
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - H Williams
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - A R Bond
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - G D Angelini
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - J L Johnson
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK
| | - S J George
- Bristol Medical School, , University of Bristol, Research Floor Level Seven, Bristol Royal Infirmary, Upper Maudlin Street, Bristol, BS2 8HW, UK.
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Enzyme-modified non-oxidized LDL (ELDL) induces human coronary artery smooth muscle cell transformation to a migratory and osteoblast-like phenotype. Sci Rep 2018; 8:11954. [PMID: 30097618 PMCID: PMC6086911 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-30073-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzyme modified non-oxidative LDL (ELDL) is effectively taken up by vascular smooth muscle cells (SMC) and mediates transition into foam cells and produces phenotypic changes in SMC function. Our data show that incubation of human coronary artery SMC (HCASMC) with low concentration of ELDL (10 μg/ml) results in significantly enhanced foam cell formation compared to oxidized LDL (200 μg/ml; p < 0.01) or native LDL (200 μg/ml; p < 0.01). Bioinformatic network analysis identified activation of p38 MAPK, NFkB, ERK as top canonical pathways relevant for biological processes linked to cell migration and osteoblastic differentiation in ELDL-treated cells. Functional studies confirmed increased migration of HCASMC upon stimulation with ELDL (10 μg/ml) or Angiopoietin like protein 4, (ANGPTL4, 5 μg/ml), and gain in osteoblastic gene profile with significant increase in mRNA levels for DMP-1, ALPL, RUNX2, OPN/SPP1, osterix/SP7, BMP and reduction in mRNA for MGP and ENPP1. Enhanced calcification of HCASMC by ELDL was demonstrated by Alizarin Red staining. In summary, ELDL is highly potent in inducing foam cells in HCASMC and mediates a phenotypic switch with enhanced migration and osteoblastic gene profile. These results point to the potential of ELDL to induce migratory and osteoblastic effects in human smooth muscle cells with potential implications for migration and calcification of SMCs in human atherosclerosis.
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55
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Pettersen Ø, Wiseth R, Hegbom K, Nordhaug DO. Pedicled Vein Grafts in Coronary Surgery Exhibit Reduced Intimal Hyperplasia at 6 Months. J Am Coll Cardiol 2018; 68:427-9. [PMID: 27443441 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2016.04.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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Petersen KS, Keogh JB, Lister NB, Clifton PM. Dietary quality and carotid intima media thickness in type 1 and type 2 diabetes: Follow-up of a randomised controlled trial. Nutr Metab Cardiovasc Dis 2018; 28:830-838. [PMID: 29853429 DOI: 10.1016/j.numecd.2018.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Revised: 05/02/2018] [Accepted: 05/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS The relationship between dietary intake and carotid intima media thickness (IMT) and pulse wave velocity (PWV) in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes has not been well studied. We investigated the association between dietary intake and common carotid artery intima media thickness (CCA IMT) and PWV in a cohort with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. METHODS AND RESULTS A one-year randomised controlled trial was conducted to investigate the effect of improving dietary quality on CCA IMT. These subjects were followed up again approximately 12 months after the completion of the trial (i.e. approximately 24 month since baseline). The study cohort included 87 subjects that had dietary intake and CCA IMT measured at baseline and after a mean of 2.3 years' follow-up. PWV was measured in a subsample of this cohort. Age and baseline mean CCA IMT were strongly associated with mean CCA IMT at 24 months. After adjustment for age and baseline mean CCA IMT, baseline consumption of carbohydrate (r = -0.28; p = 0.01), sugars (r = -0.27; p = 0.01), fibre (r = -0.26; p = 0.02), magnesium (r = -0.25; p = 0.02) and the Alternate Health Eating Index (AHEI) score (r = -0.23; p = 0.03) were inversely associated with mean CCA IMT at 24 months. Mixed linear modelling showed an interaction between mean CCA IMT and AHEI at baseline (p = 0.024). Those who were in the highest AHEI tertile at baseline had greater CCA IMT regression at 24 months compared to those in the lowest tertile, after adjustment for baseline age, BMI, smoking pack years, time since diabetes diagnosis, and mean arterial pressure at baseline (mean -0.043 mm; 95% CI -0.084, -0.003; p = 0.029). CONCLUSIONS In this prospective analysis greater diet quality at baseline, as measured by the AHEI, was associated with greater CCA IMT regression after approximately two years. This suggests that greater diet quality is associated with better longer term vascular health in individuals with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
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Affiliation(s)
- K S Petersen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - J B Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - N B Lister
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA, Australia
| | - P M Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences, Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide SA, Australia.
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English WR, Ireland-Zecchini H, Baker AH, Littlewood TD, Bennett MR, Murphy G. Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinase-3 (TIMP-3) induces FAS dependent apoptosis in human vascular smooth muscle cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0195116. [PMID: 29617412 PMCID: PMC5884528 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0195116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2017] [Accepted: 03/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Over expression of Tissue Inhibitor of Metalloproteinases-3 (TIMP-3) in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) induces apoptosis and reduces neointima formation occurring after saphenous vein interposition grafting or coronary stenting. In studies to address the mechanism of TIMP-3-driven apoptosis in human VSMCs we find that TIMP-3 increased activation of caspase-8 and apoptosis was inhibited by expression of Cytokine response modifier A (CrmA) and dominant negative FAS-Associated protein with Death Domain (FADD). TIMP-3 induced apoptosis did not cause mitochondrial depolarisation, increase activation of caspase-9 and was not inhibited by over-expression of B-cell Lymphoma 2 (Bcl2), indicating a mitochondrial independent/type-I death receptor pathway. TIMP-3 increased levels of the First Apoptosis Signal receptor (FAS) and depletion of FAS with shRNA showed TIMP-3-induced apoptosis was FAS dependent. TIMP-3 induced formation of the Death-Inducing Signalling Complex (DISC), as detected by immunoprecipitation and by immunofluorescence. Cellular-FADD-like IL-1 converting enzyme-Like Inhibitory Protein (c-FLIP) localised with FAS at the cell periphery in the absence of TIMP-3 and this localisation was lost on TIMP-3 expression with c-FLIP adopting a perinuclear localisation. Although TIMP-3 inhibited FAS shedding, this did not increase total surface levels of FAS but instead increased FAS levels within localised regions at the cell surface. A Disintegrin And Metalloproteinase 17 (ADAM17) is inhibited by TIMP-3 and depletion of ADAM17 with shRNA significantly decreased FAS shedding. However ADAM17 depletion did not induce apoptosis or replicate the effects of TIMP-3 by increasing localised clustering of cell surface FAS. ADAM17-depleted cells could activate caspase-3 when expressing levels of TIMP-3 that were otherwise sub-apoptotic, suggesting a partial role for ADAM17 mediated ectodomain shedding in TIMP-3 mediated apoptosis. We conclude that TIMP-3 induced apoptosis in VSMCs is highly dependent on FAS and is associated with changes in FAS and c-FLIP localisation, but is not solely dependent on shedding of the FAS ectodomain.
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Affiliation(s)
- William R. English
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
- Department of Oncology and Metabolism, University of Sheffield School of Medicine, Sheffield, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
| | - Heather Ireland-Zecchini
- Microscopy Core Facility, Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew H. Baker
- BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow, United Kingdom
| | | | - Martin R. Bennett
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Cambridge, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Murphy
- Cancer Research UK Cambridge Research Institute, University of Cambridge, Li Ka Shing Centre, Robinson Way, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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58
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Zhao Y, Yang Y, Xing R, Cui X, Xiao Y, Xie L, You P, Wang T, Zeng L, Peng W, Li D, Chen H, Liu M. Hyperlipidemia induces typical atherosclerosis development in Ldlr and Apoe deficient rats. Atherosclerosis 2018; 271:26-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2018.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/26/2017] [Revised: 02/08/2018] [Accepted: 02/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
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Liao J, Hong T, Xu J, Zeng E, Tang B, Lai W. Expression of Connexin43 in Cerebral Arteries of Patients with Moyamoya Disease. J Stroke Cerebrovasc Dis 2018; 27:1107-1114. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jstrokecerebrovasdis.2017.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2017] [Revised: 10/22/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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Liao M, Yang P, Wang F, Berceli SA, Ali YH, Chan KL, Jiang Z. Smooth muscle cell-specific Tgfbr1 deficiency attenuates neointimal hyperplasia but promotes an undesired vascular phenotype for injured arteries. Physiol Rep 2018; 4:4/23/e13056. [PMID: 27923978 PMCID: PMC5357823 DOI: 10.14814/phy2.13056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2016] [Revised: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 11/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) and inward wall remodeling cause arterial restenosis and failure of bypass vein grafts. Previous studies from our group suggest that transforming growth factor (TGF) β promotes these pathologies via regulating cell kinetics at the early stage and matrix metabolism at the late stage. Although these temporal TGFβ effects may result from its signaling in different cell groups, the responsible cell type has not been identified. In the current study, we evaluated the effect of smooth muscle cell (SMC)‐specific TGFβ signaling through its type I receptor TGFBR1 on NIH and wall remodeling of the injured femoral arteries (FAs). An inducible Cre/loxP system was employed to delete SMC Tgfbr1 (Tgfbr1iko). Mice not carrying the Cre allele (Tgfbr1f/f) served as controls. The injured FAs were evaluated on d3, d7, and d28 postoperatively. Tgfbr1iko attenuated NIH by 92%, but had insignificant influence on arterial caliber when compared with Tgfbr1f/f controls on d28. This attenuation correlated with greater cellularity and reduced collagen content. Compared with Tgfbr1f/fFAs, however, Tgfbr1ikoFAs exhibited persistent neointimal cell proliferation and cell apoptosis, with both events at a greater rate on d28. Tgfbr1ikoFAs additionally contained fewer SMCs and more inflammatory infiltrates in the neointima and displayed a thicker adventitia than did Tgfbr1f/fFAs. More MMP9 proteins were detected in the adventitia of Tgfbr1ikoFAs than in that of Tgfbr1f/f controls. Our results suggest that disruption of SMC Tgfbr1 inhibits arterial NIH in the short term, but the overall vascular phenotype may not favor long‐term performance of the injured arteries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingmei Liao
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida.,Department of Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Pu Yang
- Department of Surgery, Central South University Xiangya Hospital, Changsha, Hunan, China
| | - Fen Wang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Scott A Berceli
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida.,Malcom Randall VA Medical Center, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Yasmin H Ali
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Kelvin L Chan
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
| | - Zhihua Jiang
- Division of Vascular Surgery and Endovascular Therapy, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, Florida
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Progression and Characterization of the Accelerated Atherosclerosis in Iliac Artery of New Zealand White Rabbits: Effect of Simvastatin. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2018; 69:314-325. [PMID: 28207427 DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000477] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Although atherosclerosis is described in New Zealand White rabbit's iliac artery, yet details of time-dependent atherosclerosis progression are not well known. Further, a well characterized accelerated model of atherosclerosis is also required for the screening of candidate drugs to target specific steps of atherosclerosis development. The present study extensively characterizes the time-dependent plaque composition and functional responses of the atherosclerosis in rabbit iliac artery and its modification by simvastatin. METHODS Atherosclerosis was induced with a combination of balloon injury and atherogenic diet (AD) (1% cholesterol, 6% peanut oil) in rabbit's iliac artery. Atherosclerosis progression was evaluated on days 8, 10, 15, 21, 35, and 56 after AD feeding. The plaque characterization was done using histology, real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction, and vasoreactivity experiments. The standard anti-hyperlipidemic drug, simvastatin (5 mg·kg·d), was used to investigate its effect on atherosclerotic changes. RESULTS Plasma lipids were elevated in a progressive manner after AD feeding from days 8 to 56. Similarly, arterial lipids, Monocyte Chemoattractant Protein-1 (MCP-1) level along with infiltration of macrophages in the lesion area were also increased from day 15 onward. This resulted in a significant increase in the plaque area and intimal-medial thickness ratio in contrast to normal animals. Inflammatory milieu was observed with a significant increase in expression of pro-inflammatory regulators like MCP-1, Tumor Necrosis Factor-α (TNF-α) and Vascular Cell Adhesion Molecule-1 (VCAM-1), whereas anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin 10 decreased as disease progressed. Endothelial dysfunction was also observed, specifically Acetylcholine (ACh)-induced vasorelaxation was reduced from day 8 onward, whereas the phenylephrine-induced vasoconstriction response was progressively reduced from day 15 in the iliac artery. Ground substances including proteoglycans, α-actin, and collagen content along with metalloproteinase-9 and Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases-1 (TIMP-1) inhibitors were significantly augmented at later time points, day 21 onward. Simvastatin treatment for 35 days, at a dose having no significant effect on plasma lipid levels, significantly reduced atherosclerotic progression as evident by reduced macrophage content, inflammatory burden, and extracellular matrix component like proteoglycans and metalloproteinase-9. CONCLUSIONS The authors observed that AD feeding with balloon injury in the rabbit iliac artery accelerated the progression of atherosclerosis and exhibited predominant features of type III human lesion within 8 weeks (56 days). Simvastatin treatment for 35 days exhibited anti-atherosclerotic efficacy without significantly lowering the circulating lipids. The current study thus provides an insight into the time-dependent atherosclerotic progression in rabbit iliac artery and highlights its utility for anti-atherosclerotic evaluation of the candidate drugs.
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Model-based vascular elastography improves the detection of flow-induced carotid artery remodeling in mice. Sci Rep 2017; 7:12081. [PMID: 28935983 PMCID: PMC5608712 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-12321-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Increased arterial thickness measured with ultrasound correlates with future cardiovascular events, but conventional ultrasound imaging techniques cannot distinguish between intima, media, or atherosclerotic plaque in the carotid artery. In this work, we evaluated how well vascular elastography can detect intimal changes in a mouse model of carotid remodeling. We ligated the left external and internal branches of the carotid artery of male FVB mice and performed sham operations for 2 weeks. High-resolution ultrasound imaging accurately detected lower blood velocities and low blood volume flow in the carotid arteries after ligation in FVB mice. However, ultrasound could not detect differences in the carotid wall even at 2 weeks post-surgery. The Young’s modulus was measured based on displacements of the carotid artery wall, and Young’s modulus was 2-fold greater in shams at 1 week post ligation, and 3-fold greater 2 weeks after ligation. Finally, the higher Young’s modulus was most associated with higher intimal thickness but not medial or adventitial thickness as measured by histology. In conclusion, we developed a robust ultrasound-based elastography method for early detection of intimal changes in small animals.
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64
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McKavanagh P, Yanagawa B, Zawadowski G, Cheema A. Management and Prevention of Saphenous Vein Graft Failure: A Review. Cardiol Ther 2017; 6:203-223. [PMID: 28748523 PMCID: PMC5688971 DOI: 10.1007/s40119-017-0094-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Coronary artery bypass grafting (CABG) remains a vital treatment for patients with multivessel coronary artery disease (CAD), especially diabetics. The long-term benefit of the internal thoracic artery graft is well established and remains the gold standard for revascularization of severe CAD. It is not always possible to achieve complete revascularization through arterial grafts, necessitating the use of saphenous vein grafts (SVG). Unfortunately, SVGs do not have the same longevity, and their failure is associated with significant adverse cardiac outcomes and mortality. This paper reviews the pathogenesis of SVG failure, highlighting the difference between early, intermediate, and late failure. It also addresses the different surgical techniques that affect the incidence of SVG failure, as well as the medical and percutaneous prevention and treatment options in contemporary practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter McKavanagh
- Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada.
| | - Bobby Yanagawa
- Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - George Zawadowski
- Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Asim Cheema
- Terrence Donnelly Heart Center, Divisions of Cardiology and Cardiac Surgery, St Michael's Hospital, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
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Alpers CE, Imrey PB, Hudkins KL, Wietecha TA, Radeva M, Allon M, Cheung AK, Dember LM, Roy-Chaudhury P, Shiu YT, Terry CM, Farber A, Beck GJ, Feldman HI, Kusek JW, Himmelfarb J. Histopathology of Veins Obtained at Hemodialysis Arteriovenous Fistula Creation Surgery. J Am Soc Nephrol 2017; 28:3076-3088. [PMID: 28724774 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2016050598] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2017] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Stenosis from venous neointimal hyperplasia is common in native arteriovenous fistulas (AVFs). However, the preexisting histologic characteristics of veins at fistula creation, and associations thereof with baseline patient factors, have not been well characterized. In this study, we conducted histologic analysis of a segment of the vein used for anastomosis creation, obtained during AVF creation from 554 of the 602 participants in the multicenter Hemodialysis Fistula Maturation Cohort Study. We quantified intimal and medial areas and lengths of the internal and external elastic lamina by morphometry and assessed venous wall cells by immunohistochemistry, extracellular matrix with Movat stain, and calcium deposition by alizarin red stain. We also studied a representative subset of veins for markers of monocyte/macrophage content, cell proliferation, apoptosis, and neoangiogenesis. Neointima occupied >20% of the lumen in 57% of fully circumferential vein samples, and neointimal hyperplasia associated positively with age and inversely with black race. The neointima was usually irregularly thickened, sometimes concentric, and contained α-smooth muscle actin-expressing cells of smooth muscle or myofibroblast origin. Proteoglycans admixed with lesser amounts of collagen constituted the predominant matrix in the neointima. In 82% of vein samples, the media of vessel walls contained large aggregates of collagen. A minority of veins expressed markers of inflammation, cell proliferation, cell death, calcification, or neoangiogenesis. In conclusion, we observed preexisting abnormalities, including neointimal hyperplasia and prominent accumulation of extracellular matrix, in veins used for AVF creation from a substantial proportion of this cohort.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Peter B Imrey
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Milena Radeva
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Michael Allon
- Division of Nephrology, University of Alabama at Birmingham School of Medicine, Birmingham, Alabama
| | - Alfred K Cheung
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,Renal Section, Medical Service, Veterans Affairs Salt Lake City Healthcare System, Salt Lake City, Utah.,Department of Nephrology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, Hunan, People's Republic of China
| | - Laura M Dember
- Renal-Electrolyte and Hypertension Division and.,Division of Nephrology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Prabir Roy-Chaudhury
- Division of Nephrology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Formerly, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, University of Cincinnati College of Medicine, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Yan-Ting Shiu
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Christi M Terry
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension and.,Department of Bioengineering, University of Utah School of Medicine, Salt Lake City, Utah
| | - Alik Farber
- Division of Vascular and Endovascular Surgery, Boston Medical Center, Boston, Massachusetts; and
| | - Gerald J Beck
- Department of Quantitative Health Sciences, Lerner Research Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio.,Department of Medicine, Cleveland Clinic Lerner College of Medicine of Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Harold I Feldman
- Division of Nephrology, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Center for Clinical Epidemiology and Biostatistics and Department of Biostatistics, Epidemiology, and Informatics, Perelman School of Medicine of the University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, Pennsylvania
| | - John W Kusek
- Division of Kidney, Urologic, and Hematologic Diseases, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Jonathan Himmelfarb
- Kidney Research Institute, Division of Nephrology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
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Huhtinen A, Hongisto V, Laiho A, Löyttyniemi E, Pijnenburg D, Scheinin M. Gene expression profiles and signaling mechanisms in α 2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells. BMC SYSTEMS BIOLOGY 2017; 11:65. [PMID: 28659168 PMCID: PMC5490158 DOI: 10.1186/s12918-017-0439-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND α2-adrenoceptors are important regulators of vascular tone and blood pressure. Regulation of cell proliferation is a less well investigated consequence of α2-adrenoceptor activation. We have previously shown that α2B-adrenoceptor activation stimulates proliferation of vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). This may be important for blood vessel development and plasticity and for the pathology and therapeutics of cardiovascular disorders. The underlying cellular mechanisms have remained mostly unknown. This study explored pathways of regulation of gene expression and intracellular signaling related to α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation. RESULTS The cellular mechanisms and signaling pathways of α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked proliferation of VSMCs are complex and include redundancy. Functional enrichment analysis and pathway analysis identified differentially expressed genes associated with α2B-adrenoceptor-regulated VSMC proliferation. They included the upregulated genes Egr1, F3, Ptgs2 and Serpine1 and the downregulated genes Cx3cl1, Cav1, Rhoa, Nppb and Prrx1. The most highly upregulated gene, Lypd8, represents a novel finding in the VSMC context. Inhibitor library screening and kinase activity profiling were applied to identify kinases in the involved signaling pathways. Putative upstream kinases identified by two different screens included PKC, Raf-1, Src, the MAP kinases p38 and JNK and the receptor tyrosine kinases EGFR and HGF/HGFR. As a novel finding, the Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. CONCLUSIONS α2B-adrenoceptors may mediate their pro-proliferative effects in VSMCs by promoting the activity of bFGF and PDGF and the growth factor receptors EGFR, HGFR and VEGFR-1/2. The Src family kinase Lyn was also identified as a putative upstream kinase. Lyn is known to be expressed in VSMCs and has been identified as an important regulator of GPCR trafficking and GPCR effects on cell proliferation. Identified Ser/Thr kinases included several PKC isoforms and the β-adrenoceptor kinases 1 and 2. Cross-talk between the signaling mechanisms involved in α2B-adrenoceptor-evoked VSMC proliferation thus appears to involve PKC activation, subsequent changes in gene expression, transactivation of EGFR, and modulation of kinase activities and growth factor-mediated signaling. While many of the identified individual signals were relatively small in terms of effect size, many of them were validated by combining pathway analysis and our integrated screening approach.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Huhtinen
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
| | - Vesa Hongisto
- Toxicology Division, Misvik Biology Oy, Turku, Finland
| | - Asta Laiho
- Turku Centre for Biotechnology, University of Turku and Åbo Akademi University, Turku, Finland
| | - Eliisa Löyttyniemi
- Department of Biostatistics, Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Turku, Turku, Finland
| | - Dirk Pijnenburg
- PamGene International BV, Wolvenhoek 10, 5211HH s’Hertogenbosch, The Netherlands
| | - Mika Scheinin
- Department of Pharmacology, Drug Development and Therapeutics, Institute of Biomedicine, University of Turku, Kiinamyllynkatu 10, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
- Unit of Clinical Pharmacology, Turku University Hospital, Turku, Finland
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67
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Singh NK, Janjanam J, Rao GN. p115 RhoGEF activates the Rac1 GTPase signaling cascade in MCP1 chemokine-induced vascular smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:14080-14091. [PMID: 28655771 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.777896] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Revised: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Although the involvement of Rho proteins in the pathogenesis of vascular diseases is well studied, little is known about the role of their upstream regulators, the Rho guanine nucleotide exchange factors (RhoGEFs). Here, we sought to identify the RhoGEFs involved in monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP1)-induced vascular wall remodeling. We found that, among the RhoGEFs tested, MCP1 induced tyrosine phosphorylation of p115 RhoGEF but not of PDZ RhoGEF or leukemia-associated RhoGEF in human aortic smooth muscle cells (HASMCs). Moreover, p115 RhoGEF inhibition suppressed MCP1-induced HASMC migration and proliferation. Consistent with these observations, balloon injury (BI) induced p115 RhoGEF tyrosine phosphorylation in rat common carotid arteries, and siRNA-mediated down-regulation of its levels substantially attenuated BI-induced smooth muscle cell migration and proliferation, resulting in reduced neointima formation. Furthermore, depletion of p115 RhoGEF levels also abrogated MCP1- or BI-induced Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling, which, as we reported previously, is involved in vascular wall remodeling. Our findings also show that protein kinase N1 (PKN1) downstream of Rac1-cyclin D1/CDK6 and upstream of CDK4-PAK1 in the p115 RhoGEF-Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling axis is involved in the modulation of vascular wall remodeling. Of note, we also observed that CCR2-Gi/o-Fyn signaling mediates MCP1-induced p115 RhoGEF and Rac1 GTPase activation. These findings suggest that p115 RhoGEF is critical for MCP1-induced HASMC migration and proliferation in vitro and for injury-induced neointima formation in vivo by modulating Rac1-NFATc1-cyclin D1-CDK6-PKN1-CDK4-PAK1 signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
| | - Jagadeesh Janjanam
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163
| | - Gadiparthi N Rao
- From the Department of Physiology, University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163.
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Petersen KS, Keogh JB, Lister N, Weir JM, Meikle PJ, Clifton PM. Association between dairy intake, lipids and vascular structure and function in diabetes. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:202-212. [PMID: 28572881 PMCID: PMC5437618 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i5.202] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2016] [Revised: 12/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/13/2017] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine lipid species that change in response to a change in dairy consumption. In addition, to investigate whether dairy associated lipid species are correlated with changes in measures of vascular structure and function.
METHODS A 12-mo randomised controlled trial was conducted to determine the effect of increased consumption of fruit, vegetables and dairy, compared to usual diet, on measures of vascular structure and function in adults with type 1 and type 2 diabetes (n = 108). This paper comprises post-hoc analyses investigating the relationship between dairy intake, serum lipid species and vascular health. Central and peripheral blood pressure, carotid femoral pulse wave velocity, augmentation index, serum lipid species and dietary intake were measured at baseline and 3-mo. Common carotid artery intima media thickness was measured at baseline and 12-mo.
RESULTS Serum lipid species [lysophosphatidylcholine (LPC) 14:0, LPC 15:0, LPC 16:1, phosphatidylcholine (PC) 29:0 PC 30:0, PC 31:0 and cholesterol ester (CE) 14:0] were associated with the change in full fat dairy consumption (rho 0.19-0.25; P < 0.05). The 3-mo change in some lipids was positively associated with the 3-mo change in central systolic [LPC 14:0 (rho 0.30; P = 0.007), PC 30:0 (rho 0.28; P = 0.010)] and diastolic blood pressure [LPC 14:0 (rho 0.32; P = 0.004), LPC 15:0 (rho 0.23; P = 0.04), LPC 16:1 (rho 0.23; P = 0.035), PC 29:0 (rho 0.28; P = 0.01), PC 30:0 (rho 0.36; P = 0.001), PC 31:0 (rho 0.30; P = 0.007)] and 12-mo change in common carotid artery intimal medial thickness [CE 14:0 (rho 0.22; P = 0.02)]. Pulse wave velocity and augmentation index were unrelated to dairy and lipid species.
CONCLUSION An increase in dairy associated lipids appears to be associated with an increase in blood pressure and common carotid intimal medial thickness.
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Osman I, Fairaq A, Segar L. Pioglitazone Attenuates Injury-Induced Neointima Formation in Mouse Femoral Artery Partially through the Activation of AMP-Activated Protein Kinase. Pharmacology 2017; 100:64-73. [PMID: 28482342 DOI: 10.1159/000471769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/AIMS Pioglitazone (PIO), an antidiabetic drug, has been shown to attenuate vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, which is a major event in atherosclerosis and restenosis after angioplasty. Till date, the likely contributory role of AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) toward PIO inhibition of VSMC proliferation has not been examined in vivo. This study is aimed at determining whether pharmacological inhibition of AMPK would prevent the inhibitory effect of PIO on neointima formation in a mouse model of arterial injury. METHODS Male CJ57BL/6J mice were subjected to femoral artery injury using guidewire. PIO (20 mg/kg/day) was administered orally 1 day before surgery and for 3 weeks until sacrifice in the absence or presence of compound C (an AMPK inhibitor). Injured femoral arteries were used for morphometric analysis of neointima formation. Aortic tissue lysates were used for immunoblot analysis of phosphorylated AMPK. RESULTS PIO treatment resulted in a significant decrease in intima-to-media ratio by ∼50.3% (p < 0.05, compared with vehicle control; n = 6), which was accompanied by enhanced phosphorylation of AMPK by ∼85% in the vessel wall. Compound C treatment led to a marked reduction in PIO-mediated inhibition of neointima formation. CONCLUSION PIO attenuates injury-induced neointima formation, in part, through the activation of AMPK.
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Affiliation(s)
- Islam Osman
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
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Brown BA, Williams H, George SJ. Evidence for the Involvement of Matrix-Degrading Metalloproteinases (MMPs) in Atherosclerosis. PROGRESS IN MOLECULAR BIOLOGY AND TRANSLATIONAL SCIENCE 2017; 147:197-237. [PMID: 28413029 DOI: 10.1016/bs.pmbts.2017.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Atherosclerosis leads to blockage of arteries, culminating in myocardial infarction, and stroke. The involvement of matrix-degrading metalloproteinases (MMPs) in atherosclerosis is established and many studies have highlighted the importance of various MMPs in this process. MMPs were first implicated in atherosclerosis due to their ability to degrade extracellular matrix components, which can lead to increased plaque instability. However, more recent work has highlighted a multitude of roles for MMPs in addition to breakdown of extracellular matrix proteins. MMPs are now known to be involved in various stages of plaque progression: from initial macrophage infiltration to plaque rupture. This chapter summarizes the development and progression of atherosclerotic plaques and the contribution of MMPs. We provide data from human studies showing the effect of MMP polymorphisms and the expression of MMPs in both the atherosclerotic plaque and within plasma. We also discuss work in animal models of atherosclerosis that show the effect of gain or loss of function of MMPs. Together, the data provided from these studies illustrate that MMPs are ideal targets as both biomarkers and potential drug therapies for atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bethan A Brown
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Helen Williams
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah J George
- School of Clinical Sciences, University of Bristol, Bristol, United Kingdom.
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71
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Shawky NM, Segar L. Sulforaphane inhibits platelet-derived growth factor-induced vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by targeting mTOR/p70S6kinase signaling independent of Nrf2 activation. Pharmacol Res 2017; 119:251-264. [PMID: 28212891 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2017.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2016] [Revised: 12/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Activation of nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 (Nrf2, a transcription factor) and/or inhibition of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) are implicated in the suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation. The present study has examined the likely regulatory effects of sulforaphane (SFN, an antioxidant) on Nrf2 activation and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-induced mTOR signaling in VSMCs. Using human aortic VSMCs, nuclear extraction and siRNA-mediated downregulation studies were performed to determine the role of Nrf2 on SFN regulation of PDGF-induced proliferative signaling. Immunoprecipitation and/or immunoblot studies were carried out to determine how SFN regulates PDGF-induced mTOR/p70S6K/S6 versus ERK and Akt signaling. Immunohistochemical analysis was performed to determine SFN regulation of S6 phosphorylation in the injured mouse femoral artery. SFN (5μM) inhibits PDGF-induced activation of mTOR without affecting mTOR association with raptor in VSMCs. While SFN inhibits PDGF-induced phosphorylation of p70S6K and 4E-BP1 (downstream targets of mTOR), it does not affect ERK or Akt phosphorylation. In addition, SFN diminishes exaggerated phosphorylation of S6 ribosomal protein (a downstream target of p70S6K) in VSMCs in vitro and in the neointimal layer of injured artery in vivo. Although SFN promotes Nrf2 accumulation to upregulate cytoprotective genes (e.g., heme oxygenase-1 and thioredoxin-1), downregulation of endogenous Nrf2 by target-specific siRNA reveals an Nrf2-independent effect for SFN-mediated inhibition of mTOR/p70S6K/S6 signaling and suppression of VSMC proliferation. Strategies that utilize local delivery of SFN at the lesion site may limit restenosis after angioplasty by targeting mTOR/p70S6K/S6 axis in VSMCs independent of Nrf2 activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Noha M Shawky
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mansoura University, Mansoura, Egypt
| | - Lakshman Segar
- Center for Pharmacy and Experimental Therapeutics, University of Georgia College of Pharmacy, Augusta, GA, USA; Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA; Vascular Biology Center, Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Georgia Regents University, Augusta, GA, USA; Department of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University College of Medicine, Hershey, PA, USA.
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von Scheidt M, Zhao Y, Kurt Z, Pan C, Zeng L, Yang X, Schunkert H, Lusis AJ. Applications and Limitations of Mouse Models for Understanding Human Atherosclerosis. Cell Metab 2017; 25:248-261. [PMID: 27916529 PMCID: PMC5484632 DOI: 10.1016/j.cmet.2016.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 139] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2016] [Revised: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Most of the biological understanding of mechanisms underlying coronary artery disease (CAD) derives from studies of mouse models. The identification of multiple CAD loci and strong candidate genes in large human genome-wide association studies (GWASs) presented an opportunity to examine the relevance of mouse models for the human disease. We comprehensively reviewed the mouse literature, including 827 literature-derived genes, and compared it to human data. First, we observed striking concordance of risk factors for atherosclerosis in mice and humans. Second, there was highly significant overlap of mouse genes with human genes identified by GWASs. In particular, of the 46 genes with strong association signals in CAD GWASs that were studied in mouse models, all but one exhibited consistent effects on atherosclerosis-related phenotypes. Third, we compared 178 CAD-associated pathways derived from human GWASs with 263 from mouse studies and observed that the majority were consistent between the species.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz von Scheidt
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Yuqi Zhao
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Zeyneb Kurt
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Calvin Pan
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Lingyao Zeng
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany
| | - Xia Yang
- Department of Integrative Biology and Physiology, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA
| | - Heribert Schunkert
- Deutsches Herzzentrum München, Technische Universität München, 80333 Munich, Germany; Deutsches Zentrum für Herz- und Kreislauferkrankungen (DZHK), Partner Site Munich Heart Alliance, 80336 Munich, Germany
| | - Aldons J Lusis
- Departments of Medicine, Microbiology, and Human Genetics, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, Los Angeles, Los Angeles, CA 90095, USA.
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Abstract
The aorta is a blood vessel that provides a low-resistance path for blood flow directed from the heart to peripheral organs and tissues. However, the aorta has another central hemodynamic function, whereby the elastic nature of the aortic wall provides a significant biomechanical buffering capacity complementing the pulsatile cardiac blood flow, and this is often referred to as Windkessel function. Stiffening of the arterial wall leads to fundamental alterations in central hemodynamics, with widespread detrimental implications for organ function. In this Recent Highlights article, we describe recent contributions in ATVB that have highlighted the novel mechanisms and consequences of arterial stiffness and the clinical conditions in which arterial stiffness occurs, with a focus on advancements in the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alicia N. Lyle
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, Emory University, Atlanta, GA, United States of America
| | - Uwe Raaz
- Molecular and Translational Vascular Medicine, Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, Heart Center at the University Medical Center Göttingen, Göttingen, Germany
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Lee YT, Lin HY, Chan YWF, Li KHC, To OTL, Yan BP, Liu T, Li G, Wong WT, Keung W, Tse G. Mouse models of atherosclerosis: a historical perspective and recent advances. Lipids Health Dis 2017; 16:12. [PMID: 28095860 PMCID: PMC5240327 DOI: 10.1186/s12944-016-0402-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 12/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerosis represents a significant cause of morbidity and mortality in both the developed and developing countries. Animal models of atherosclerosis have served as valuable tools for providing insights on its aetiology, pathophysiology and complications. They can be used for invasive interrogation of physiological function and provide a platform for testing the efficacy and safety of different pharmacological therapies. Compared to studies using human subjects, animal models have the advantages of being easier to manage, with controllable diet and environmental risk factors. Moreover, pathophysiological changes can be induced either genetically or pharmacologically to study the harmful effects of these interventions. There is no single ideal animal model, as different systems are suitable for different research objectives. A good understanding of the similarities and differences to humans enables effective extrapolation of data for translational application. In this article, we will examine the different mouse models for the study and elucidation of the pathophysiological mechanisms underlying atherosclerosis. We also review recent advances in the field, such as the role of oxidative stress in promoting endoplasmic reticulum stress, mitochondrial dysfunction and mitochondrial DNA damage, which can result in vascular inflammation and atherosclerosis. Finally, novel therapeutic approaches to reduce vascular damage caused by chronic inflammation using microRNA and nano-medicine technology, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yee Ting Lee
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Hiu Yu Lin
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | | | | | - Olivia Tsz Ling To
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Bryan P Yan
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
- Department of Epidemiology and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Tong Liu
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Guangping Li
- Tianjin Key Laboratory of Ionic-Molecular Function of Cardiovascular disease, Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Institute of Cardiology, Second Hospital of Tianjin Medical University, Tianjin, 300211 People’s Republic of China
| | - Wing Tak Wong
- School of Life Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Wendy Keung
- Stem Cell & Regenerative Medicine Consortium, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Pokfulam, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
| | - Gary Tse
- Department of Medicine and Therapeutics, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
- Li Ka Shing Institute of Health Sciences, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, SAR People’s Republic of China
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Petersen KS, Keogh JB, Meikle PJ, Garg ML, Clifton PM. Clinical and dietary predictors of common carotid artery intima media thickness in a population with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: A cross-sectional study. World J Diabetes 2017; 8:18-27. [PMID: 28138361 PMCID: PMC5237814 DOI: 10.4239/wjd.v8.i1.18] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2016] [Revised: 09/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/17/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM To determine the clinical and dietary predictors of common carotid artery intima media thickness (CCA IMT) in a cohort of subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes.
METHODS Participants with type 1 (n = 23) and type 2 diabetes (n = 127) had mean and mean maximum CCA IMT measured using B mode ultrasound. Dietary intake was measured using a food frequency questionnaire. Clinical and dietary predictors of mean and mean maximum CCA IMT were determined using linear regression analysis adjusted for potential confounders.
RESULTS The main predictors of mean and mean maximum CCA IMT were age and weight. After multivariate adjustment there were no dietary predictors of CCA IMT. However, in subjects that were not prescribed a lipid lowering medication alcohol consumption was positively associated with CCA IMT after multivariate adjustment. No difference existed in CCA IMT between subjects with type 1 or type 2 diabetes once age was adjusted for.
CONCLUSION CCA IMT was predominantly predicted by age and weight in these subjects with diabetes. The finding that CCA IMT was not different between people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes warrants further investigation in a larger cohort.
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Montezano AC, Lopes RAM, Neves KB, Rios F, Touyz RM. Isolation and Culture of Vascular Smooth Muscle Cells from Small and Large Vessels. Methods Mol Biol 2017; 1527:349-354. [PMID: 28116729 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-6625-7_27] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Primary culture of vascular smooth muscle cells is an important in vitro model for the dissection of molecular mechanisms related to a specific physiological or pathological response at the cellular level. Cultured cells also provide an excellent model to study cell biology. This chapter describes a user-friendly and practical protocol for isolation of vascular smooth muscle cells from small and large vessels by enzymatic dissociation, which can be applied to vessels from different species, including rodents and humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Augusto C Montezano
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK.
| | - Rheure A M Lopes
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Karla B Neves
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Francisco Rios
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences BHF Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
| | - Rhian M Touyz
- Kidney Research Centre, Department of Medicine, Ottawa Hospital Research Institute, University of Ottawa, Ottawa, ON, Canada
- Institute of Cardiovascular and Medical Sciences, British Heart Foundation Glasgow Cardiovascular Research Centre, University of Glasgow, 126 University Place, Glasgow, G12 8TA, UK
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Agca Y, Qian S, Agca C, Seye CI. Direct Evidence for P2Y2 Receptor Involvement in Vascular Response to Injury. J Vasc Res 2016; 53:163-171. [PMID: 27723650 DOI: 10.1159/000449059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Extracellular nucleotide release at the site of arterial injury mediates the proliferation and migration of vascular smooth muscle cells. Our aim was to investigate the role of the P2Y2 nucleotide receptor (P2Y2R) in neointimal hyperplasia. Approach and Results: Vascular injury was induced by the implantation of a polyethylene cuff around the femoral artery in wild-type and P2Y2R-deficient mice (P2Y2R-/-). Electron microscopy was used to analyze monocyte and lymphocyte influx to the intima 36 h after injury. Compared to wild-type littermates, P2Y2R-/- mice exhibited a 3-fold decreased number of mononuclear leukocytes invading the intima (p < 0.05). Concomitantly, the migration of smooth muscle cells was decreased by more than 60% (p < 0.05), resulting in a sharp inhibition of intimal thickening formation in P2Y2R-/- mice (n = 15) 14 days after cuff placement. In vitro, loss of P2Y2R significantly impaired monocyte migration in response to nucleotide agonists. Furthermore, transgenic rats overexpressing the P2Y2R developed accelerated intimal lesions resulting in more than 95% luminal stenosis (p < 0.05, n = 10). CONCLUSIONS Loss- and gain-of-function approaches established direct evidence for P2Y2R involvement in neointimal hyperplasia. Specific anti-P2Y2R therapies may be used against restenosis and bypass graft failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuksel Agca
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, University of Missouri, Columbia, Mont., USA
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Subbotin VM. Excessive intimal hyperplasia in human coronary arteries before intimal lipid depositions is the initiation of coronary atherosclerosis and constitutes a therapeutic target. Drug Discov Today 2016; 21:1578-1595. [DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2016.05.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 05/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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79
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Liu D, Pattabiraman V, Bacanamwo M, Anderson LM. Iroquois homeobox transcription factor (Irx5) promotes G1/S-phase transition in vascular smooth muscle cells by CDK2-dependent activation. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2016; 311:C179-89. [PMID: 27170637 PMCID: PMC5129766 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00293.2015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
The Iroquois homeobox (Irx5) gene is essential in embryonic development and cardiac electrophysiology. Although recent studies have reported that IRX5 protein is involved in regulation of the cell cycle and apoptosis in prostate cancer cells, little is known about the role of IRX5 in the adult vasculature. Here we report novel observations on the role of IRX5 in adult vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) during proliferation in vitro and in vivo. Comparative studies using primary human endothelial cells, VSMCs, and intact carotid arteries to determine relative expression of Irx5 in the peripheral vasculature demonstrate significantly higher expression in VSMCs. Sprague-Dawley rat carotid arteries were subjected to balloon catherization, and the presence of IRX5 was examined by immunohistochemistry after 2 wk. Results indicate markedly elevated IRX5 signal at 14 days compared with uninjured controls. Total RNA was isolated from injured and uninjured arteries, and Irx5 expression was measured by RT-PCR. Results demonstrate a significant increase in Irx5 expression at 3-14 days postinjury compared with controls. Irx5 genetic gain- and loss-of-function studies using thymidine and 5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assays resulted in modulation of DNA synthesis in primary rat aortic VSMCs. Quantitative RT-PCR results revealed modulation of cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B (p27(kip1)), E2F transcription factor 1 (E2f1), and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (Pcna) expression in Irx5-transduced VSMCs compared with controls. Subsequently, apoptosis was observed and confirmed by morphological observation, caspase-3 cleavage, and enzymatic activation compared with control conditions. Taken together, these results indicate that Irx5 plays an important role in VSMC G1/S-phase cell cycle checkpoint control and apoptosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Liu
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Vaishnavi Pattabiraman
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Medicine, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia
| | - Methode Bacanamwo
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
| | - Leonard M Anderson
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; Department of Physiology, Morehouse School of Medicine, Atlanta, Georgia; and
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80
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Batulan Z, Pulakazhi Venu VK, Li Y, Koumbadinga G, Alvarez-Olmedo DG, Shi C, O'Brien ER. Extracellular Release and Signaling by Heat Shock Protein 27: Role in Modifying Vascular Inflammation. Front Immunol 2016; 7:285. [PMID: 27507972 PMCID: PMC4960997 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2016.00285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2016] [Accepted: 07/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Heat shock protein 27 (HSP27) is traditionally viewed as an intracellular chaperone protein with anti-apoptotic properties. However, recent data indicate that a number of heat shock proteins, including HSP27, are also found in the extracellular space where they may signal via membrane receptors to alter gene transcription and cellular function. Therefore, there is increasing interest in better understanding how HSP27 is released from cells, its levels and composition in the extracellular space, and the cognate cell membrane receptors involved in effecting cell signaling. In this paper, the knowledge to date, as well as some emerging paradigms about the extracellular function of HSP27 is presented. Of particular interest is the role of HSP27 in attenuating atherogenesis by modifying lipid uptake and inflammation in the plaque. Moreover, the abundance of HSP27 in serum is an emerging new biomarker for ischemic events. Finally, HSP27 replacement therapy may represent a novel therapeutic opportunity for chronic inflammatory disorders, such as atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zarah Batulan
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Vivek Krishna Pulakazhi Venu
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Yumei Li
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Geremy Koumbadinga
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Daiana Gisela Alvarez-Olmedo
- Oncology Laboratory, Institute for Experimental Medicine and Biology of Cuyo (IMBECU), CCT CONICET , Mendoza , Argentina
| | - Chunhua Shi
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
| | - Edward R O'Brien
- Vascular Biology Laboratory, Health Research Innovation Centre, Libin Cardiovascular Institute of Alberta, University of Calgary Cumming School of Medicine , Calgary, AB , Canada
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81
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Sphingosylphosphorylcholine inhibits macrophage adhesion to vascular smooth muscle cells. Biochem Pharmacol 2016; 115:43-50. [PMID: 27402344 PMCID: PMC4981491 DOI: 10.1016/j.bcp.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Inflammation in de-endothelialised arteries contributes to the development of cardiovascular diseases. The process that initiates this inflammatory response is the adhesion of monocytes/macrophages to exposed vascular smooth muscle cells, typically stimulated by cytokines such as tumour necrosis factor-α (TNF). The aim of this study was to determine the effect of the sphingolipid sphingosylphosphorylcholine (SPC) on the interaction of monocytes/macrophages with vascular smooth muscle cells. Rat aortic smooth muscle cells and rat bone marrow-derived macrophages were co-cultured using an in vitro assay following incubation with sphingolipids to assess inter-cellular adhesion. We reveal that SPC inhibits the TNF-induced adhesion of macrophages to smooth muscle cells. This anti-adhesive effect was the result of SPC-induced changes to the smooth muscle cells (but not the macrophages) and was mediated, at least partly, via the sphingosine 1-phosphate receptor subtype 2. Lipid raft domains were also required. Although SPC did not alter expression or membrane distribution of the adhesion proteins intercellular adhesion molecule-1 and vascular cellular adhesion protein-1 in smooth muscle cells, SPC preincubation inhibited the TNF-induced increase in inducible nitric oxide synthase (NOS2) resulting in a subsequent decrease in nitric oxide production. Inhibiting NOS2 activation in smooth muscle cells led to a decrease in the adhesion of macrophages to smooth muscle cells. This study has therefore delineated a novel pathway which can inhibit the interaction between macrophages and vascular smooth muscle cells via SPC-induced repression of NOS2 expression. This mechanism could represent a potential drug target in vascular disease.
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82
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Buratto E, Shi WY, Konstantinov IE. An intima affair adds to the dominion of the internal thoracic artery in coronary artery bypass grafting. J Thorac Cardiovasc Surg 2016; 151:1709-10. [PMID: 27016792 DOI: 10.1016/j.jtcvs.2016.02.052] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Edward Buratto
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - William Y Shi
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Igor E Konstantinov
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Children's Hospital, Murdoch Children's Research Institute, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, Australia.
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83
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Lim S, Lee SY, Seo HH, Ham O, Lee C, Park JH, Lee J, Seung M, Yun I, Han SM, Lee S, Choi E, Hwang KC. Regulation of mitochondrial morphology by positive feedback interaction between PKCδ and Drp1 in vascular smooth muscle cell. J Cell Biochem 2016; 116:648-60. [PMID: 25399916 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.25016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2014] [Accepted: 10/28/2014] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Dynamin-related protein-1 (Drp1) plays a critical role in mitochondrial fission which allows cell proliferation and Mdivi-1, a specific small molecule Drp1 inhibitor, is revealed to attenuate proliferation. However, few molecular mechanisms-related to Drp1 under stimulus for restenosis or atherosclerosis have been investigated in vascular smooth muscle cells (vSMCs). Therefore, we hypothesized that Drp1 inhibition can prevent vascular restenosis and investigated its regulatory mechanism. Angiotensin II (Ang II) or hydrogen peroxide (H2 O2 )-induced proliferation and migration in SMCs were attenuated by down-regulation of Drp1 Ser 616 phosphorylation, which was demonstrated by in vitro assays for migration and proliferation. Excessive amounts of ROS production and changes in mitochondrial membrane potential were prevented by Drp1 inhibition under Ang II and H2 O2 . Under the Ang II stimulation, activated Drp1 interacted with PKCδ and then activated MEK1/2-ERK1/2 signaling cascade and MMP2, but not MMP9. Furthermore, in ex vivo aortic ring assay, inhibition of the Drp1 had significant anti-proliferative and -migration effects for vSMCs. A formation of vascular neointima in response to a rat carotid artery balloon injury was prevented by Drp1 inhibition, which shows a beneficial effect of Drp1 regulation in the pathologic vascular condition. Drp1-mediated SMC proliferation and migration can be prevented by mitochondrial division inhibitor (Mdivi-1) in in vitro, ex vivo and in vivo, and these results suggest the possibility that Drp1 can be a new therapeutic target for restenosis or atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soyeon Lim
- Severance Integrative Research Institute for Cerebral & Cardiovascular Disease, Yonsei University Health System, Seodaemun-gu, Seoul, 120-752, Republic of Korea
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84
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Akaberi M, Iranshahi M, Mehri S. Molecular Signaling Pathways Behind the Biological Effects of Salvia Species Diterpenes in Neuropharmacology and Cardiology. Phytother Res 2016; 30:878-93. [PMID: 26988179 DOI: 10.1002/ptr.5599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2015] [Revised: 01/29/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
The genus Salvia, from the Lamiaceae family, has diverse biological properties that are primarily attributable to their diterpene contents. There is no comprehensive review on the molecular signaling pathways of these active components. In this review, we investigated the molecular targets of bioactive Salvia diterpenes responsible for the treatment of nervous and cardiovascular diseases. The effects on different pathways, including apoptosis signaling, oxidative stress phenomena, the accumulation of amyloid beta plaques, and tau phosphorylation, have all been considered to be mechanisms of the anti-Alzheimer properties of Salvia diterpenes. Additionally, effects on the benzodiazepine and kappa opioid receptors and neuroprotective effects are noted as neuropharmacological properties of Salvia diterpenes, including tanshinone IIA, salvinorin A, cryptotanshinone, and miltirone. Tanshinone IIA, as the primary diterpene of Salvia miltiorrhiza, has beneficial activities in heart diseases because of its ability to scavenge free radicals and its effects on transcription factors, such as nuclear transcription factor-kappa B (NF-κB) and the mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs). Additionally, tanshinone IIA has also been proposed to have cardioprotective properties including antiarrhythmic activities and effects on myocardial infarction. With respect to the potential therapeutic effects of Salvia diterpenes, comprehensive clinical trials are warranted to evaluate these valuable molecules as lead compounds. Copyright © 2016 John Wiley & Sons, Ltd.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Akaberi
- Student Research Committee, Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - M Iranshahi
- Biotechnology Research Center and School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - S Mehri
- Pharmaceutical Research Center, Department of Pharmacodynamics and Toxicology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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85
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Ferrer LM, Monroy AM, Lopez-Pastrana J, Nanayakkara G, Cueto R, Li YF, Li X, Wang H, Yang XF, Choi ET. Caspase-1 Plays a Critical Role in Accelerating Chronic Kidney Disease-Promoted Neointimal Hyperplasia in the Carotid Artery. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2016; 9:135-44. [PMID: 26928596 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-016-9683-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 02/17/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
To determine whether caspase-1 is critical in chronic kidney disease (CKD)-mediated arterial neointimal hyperplasia (NH), we utilized caspase(-/-) mice and induced NH in carotid artery in a CKD environment, and uremic sera-stimulated human vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMC). We made the following findings: (1) Caspase-1 inhibition corrected uremic sera-mediated downregulation of VSMC contractile markers, (2) CKD-promoted NH was attenuated in caspase(-/-) mice, (3) CKD-mediated downregulation of contractile markers was rescued in caspase null mice, and (4) expression of VSMC migration molecule αvβ3 integrin was reduced in caspase(-/-) tissues. Our results suggested that caspase-1 pathway senses CKD metabolic danger signals. Further, CKD-mediated increase of contractile markers in VSMC and increased expression of VSMC migration molecule αvβ3 integrin in NH formation were caspase-1 dependent. Therefore, caspase-1 is a novel therapeutic target for the suppression of CKD-promoted NH.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Biomarkers/metabolism
- Blood Urea Nitrogen
- Carotid Artery Diseases/enzymology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/genetics
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Carotid Artery Diseases/prevention & control
- Carotid Artery, Common/enzymology
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/physiopathology
- Caspase 1/deficiency
- Caspase 1/genetics
- Caspase 1/metabolism
- Caspase Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Cell Movement
- Cells, Cultured
- Disease Models, Animal
- Disease Progression
- Genotype
- Humans
- Hyperplasia
- Integrin alphaVbeta3/metabolism
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Muscle Contraction
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/enzymology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/physiopathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/enzymology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima
- Phenotype
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/blood
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/drug therapy
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/enzymology
- Renal Insufficiency, Chronic/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas M Ferrer
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Alexandra M Monroy
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Jahaira Lopez-Pastrana
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Gayani Nanayakkara
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ramon Cueto
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Ya-Feng Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xinyuan Li
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Hong Wang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA
| | - Xiao-Feng Yang
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Department of Pharmacology, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
| | - Eric T Choi
- Centers for Metabolic Disease Research, Cardiovascular Research and Thrombosis Research, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, 3500, North Broad Street, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
- Department of Surgery, Lewis Katz School of Medicine, Temple University, Philadelphia, PA, 19140, USA.
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86
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Wang Z, Wang Y, Chen Y, Lv J. The IL-24 gene protects human umbilical vein endothelial cells against H₂O₂-induced injury and may be useful as a treatment for cardiovascular disease. Int J Mol Med 2016; 37:581-92. [PMID: 26820392 PMCID: PMC4771102 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2016.2466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Accepted: 01/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The aim of the present study was to investigate the protective effects of interleukin-24 (IL-24) on hydrogen peroxide (H2O2)-induced vascular endothelial injury and to examine the association between IL-24 and cardiovascular disease. Human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) were exposed to increasing concentrations of H2O2 in the presence or absence of IL-24, which was introduced via Lipofectamine® 2000-mediated transfection. The successful uptake of the IL-24 plasmid was confirmed by RT-PCR at 24 h post-transfection. The effects of H2O2 and IL-24 on the proliferation and migration of the HUVECs was determined using cell migration assays. Cell viability was determined using a Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8). Apoptosis and the measurement of the intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels were determined by flow cytometry, and the levels of caspase-3, which is associated with apoptosis, were determined by western blot analysis. Real-time PCR and western blot analysis were also used to measure the levels of multiple cardiovascular disease-associated factors. In vivo experiments were also performed using a rat model of hypertension which was constructed by angiotensin II infusion using an osmotic pump. The mRNA and protein levels of IL-24 were measured in both the control and hypertensive rats; the effects of treatment with enalapril and nifedipine on the IL-24 levels were also examined. Our results revealed that IL-24 protected against the H2O2-mediated abnormal increase in HUVEC proliferation. IL-24 also antagonized H2O2 by reducing the content of ROS in the cells, thus decreasing cellular oxidative damage, improving the cellular survival rate, reducing apoptosis and decreasing the expression of cardiovascular disease-related factors. The results from our in vivo animal experiments revealed that IL-24 expression was lower in the hypertensive rats compared to the healthy controls. Additionally, the IL-24 levels increased following anti-hypertensive therapy. The findings of our study indicate that IL-24 protects against H2O2-mediated endothelial cell damage and may thus provide a novel therapeutic strategy for treatment of cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhaoxia Wang
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yang Wang
- Bank of China Shanxi Branch, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Yunfei Chen
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
| | - Jiyuan Lv
- The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi, P.R. China
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87
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Cellular mechanisms of human atherosclerosis: Role of cell-to-cell communications in subendothelial cell functions. Tissue Cell 2015; 48:25-34. [PMID: 26747411 DOI: 10.1016/j.tice.2015.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 11/09/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The present study was undertaken in order to extend of our earlier work, focusing on the analysis of roles of cell-to-cell communications in the regulation of the subendothelial cell function. In present study, we have found that the expression of connexin43 (Cx43) is dramatically reduced in human atherosclerotic lesions, compared with undiseased intima. In atherosclerotic lesions, the number of so-called 'connexin plaques' was found to be lower in lipid-laden cells than in cells which were free from lipid inclusions. In primary cell culture, subendothelial intimal cells tended to create multicellular structures in the form of clusters. Cluster creation was accompanied by the formation of gap junctions between cells; the degree of gap junctional communication correlated with the density of cells in culture. We found that atherosclerosis-related processes such as DNA synthesis, protein synthesis and accumulation of intracellular cholesterol correlated with the degree of cell-to-cell communication. The relation of DNA and protein synthesis with cell-to-cell communication could be described as "bell-shaped". We further incubated cells, cultured from undiseased subendothelial intima, with various forms of modified LDL causing intracellular cholesterol accumulation. After the incubation of intimal cells with modified LDL, intercellular communication has "dropped" considerably. The findings indicate that intracellular lipid accumulation might be a reason for a decrease of the number of gap junctions. The findings also suggest that the disintegration of cellular network is associated with foam cell formation, the process known as a key event of atherogenesis.
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88
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Distribution of tissue characteristics of coronary plaques evaluated by integrated backscatter intravascular ultrasound: Differences between the inner and outer vessel curvature. J Cardiol 2015; 66:489-95. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jjcc.2015.01.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 01/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
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89
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Srivastava R, Zhang J, Go GW, Narayanan A, Nottoli TP, Mani A. Impaired LRP6-TCF7L2 Activity Enhances Smooth Muscle Cell Plasticity and Causes Coronary Artery Disease. Cell Rep 2015; 13:746-759. [PMID: 26489464 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.09.028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2015] [Revised: 08/19/2015] [Accepted: 09/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mutations in Wnt-signaling coreceptor LRP6 have been linked to coronary artery disease (CAD) by unknown mechanisms. Here, we show that reduced LRP6 activity in LRP6(R611C) mice promotes loss of vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) differentiation, leading to aortic medial hyperplasia. Carotid injury augmented these effects and led to partial to total vascular obstruction. LRP6(R611C) mice on high-fat diet displayed dramatic obstructive CAD and exhibited an accelerated atherosclerotic burden on LDLR knockout background. Mechanistically, impaired LRP6 activity leads to enhanced non-canonical Wnt signaling, culminating in diminished TCF7L2 and increased Sp1-dependent activation of PDGF signaling. Wnt3a administration to LRP6(R611C) mice improved LRP6 activity, led to TCF7L2-dependent VSMC differentiation, and rescued post-carotid-injury neointima formation. These findings demonstrate the critical role of intact Wnt signaling in the vessel wall, establish a causal link between impaired LRP6/TCF7L2 activities and arterial disease, and identify Wnt signaling as a therapeutic target against CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roshni Srivastava
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Jiasheng Zhang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Gwang-Woong Go
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Anand Narayanan
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Timothy P Nottoli
- Section of Comparative Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Arya Mani
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Genetics, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
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90
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Petersen KS, Clifton PM, Blanch N, Keogh JB. Effect of improving dietary quality on carotid intima media thickness in subjects with type 1 and type 2 diabetes: a 12-mo randomized controlled trial. Am J Clin Nutr 2015; 102:771-9. [PMID: 26354542 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.115.112151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 08/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND People with diabetes are at a heightened risk of cardiovascular disease compared with the general population. To our knowledge, randomized controlled trials investigating the effect of improving dietary quality on carotid intima media thickness, a marker of subclinical atherosclerosis and predictor of cardiovascular disease, have not been conducted in populations with diabetes. OBJECTIVE We aimed to determine whether increasing fruit (+1 serving; 150 g/d), vegetable (+2 servings; 150 g/d), and dairy (+1 serving; 200-250 g/d) intakes slows 12-mo common carotid artery intima media thickness (CCA IMT) progression, compared with a control group continuing to consume their usual diet, in people with type 1 and type 2 diabetes. DESIGN A 12-mo randomized controlled trial was conducted. The primary outcome was mean CCA IMT, measured at baseline and 12 mo, with B-mode ultrasound. Participants in the intervention group received counseling from a dietitian at baseline and 1, 3, 6, and 9 mo, and compliance was measured with a food-frequency questionnaire at baseline, 3 mo, and 12 mo. The control group continued consuming their usual diet. RESULTS In total, 118 participants completed the study. Vegetable (46 g/d; 95% CI: 14, 77 g/d; P < 0.001) and fruit (179 g/d; 95% CI: 119, 239 g/d; P < 0.001) intakes were increased at 3 mo in the intervention group compared with the control group. This increase was not maintained at 12 mo, but intake increased overall in the cohort (fruit, 48 g/d; vegetables, 14 g/d). An increase in dairy consumption was not achieved, but yogurt intake was higher in the intervention group at 3 mo (38 g; 95% CI: 12, 65 g; P < 0.001); this was not maintained at 12 mo. At 12 mo, CCA IMT regressed (mean ± SD: -0.01 ± 0.04 mm; P < 0.001), with a greater effect in the treatment group (mean ± SD: -0.02 ± 0.04 mm compared with -0.004 ± 0.04 mm; P = 0.009). CONCLUSION Improving dietary quality in people with well-controlled type 1 and type 2 diabetes may slow CCA IMT progression. This trial was registered at https://www.anzctr.org.au as ACTRN12613000251729.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristina S Petersen
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Peter M Clifton
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Natalie Blanch
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Jennifer B Keogh
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences & Sansom Institute for Health Research, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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91
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The Relation between eNOS -786 C/T, 4 a/b, MMP-13 rs640198 G/T, Eotaxin 426 C/T, -384 A/G, and 67 G/A Polymorphisms and Long-Term Outcome in Patients with Coronary Artery Disease. DISEASE MARKERS 2015; 2015:232048. [PMID: 26491210 PMCID: PMC4605266 DOI: 10.1155/2015/232048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2015] [Revised: 07/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Aim. The purpose of this study is to determine the association between eotaxin 426 C/T, −384 A/G, 67 G/A, eNOS −786 T/C, 4 a/b, and MMP-13 rs640198 G/T and prognosis of patients with known CAD. Methods. From total of 1161 patients referred to coronary angiography, 532 patients with angiographically confirmed CAD were selected. Their long-term outcome was followed up using hospital database. Subsequent events were assessed in this study: death or combined endpoint-myocardial infarction, unstable angina pectoris, revascularization, heart failure hospitalization, and cardioverter-defibrillator implantation. Results. The multivariate Cox regression model identified age, smoking, and 3-vessel disease as significant predictors of all-cause death. Further analysis showed that eotaxin 67 G/A (GA + AA versus GG) and eotaxin −384 A/G (GG versus GA + AA) were significant independent prognostic factors when added into the model: HR (95% CI) 2.81 (1.35–5.85), p = 0.006; HR (95% CI) 2.63 (1.19–5.83), p = 0.017; eotaxin −384 A/G was significantly associated with the event-free survival, but it did not provide the prognostic information above the effect of two- or three-vessel disease. Conclusion. The A allele in eotaxin 67 G/A polymorphism is associated with worse survival in CAD patients.
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92
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Du L, Zhang J, Clowes AW, Dichek DA. Efficient gene transfer and durable transgene expression in grafted rabbit veins. Hum Gene Ther 2015; 26:47-58. [PMID: 25383597 DOI: 10.1089/hum.2014.084] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Venous bypass grafts are useful treatments for obstructive coronary artery disease. However, their usefulness is limited by accelerated atherosclerosis. Genetic engineering of venous bypass grafts that prevented atherosclerosis could improve long-term graft patency and clinical outcomes. We used a rabbit model of jugular vein-to-carotid interposition grafting to develop gene therapy for vein-graft atherosclerosis. Rabbit veins were easily transduced in situ with a first-generation adenoviral vector; however, most transgene expression (∼80%) was lost within 3 days after arterial grafting. This rapid loss of transgene expression was not prevented by transducing veins after grafting or by prolonged ex vivo transduction. However, delaying vein-graft transduction for 28 days (after the vein had adapted to the arterial circulation) prevented this early loss of transgene expression. We used the delayed transduction approach to test the durability of expression of a therapeutic transgene (apolipoprotein A-I) expressed from a helper-dependent adenoviral (HDAd) vector. HDAd DNA and apolipoprotein A-I mRNA were easily detectable in transduced vein grafts. Vector DNA and mRNA declined by 4 weeks, and then persisted stably for at least 6 months. Delaying transduction for 28 days after grafting permitted initiation of vein-graft neointimal growth and medial thickening before gene transfer. However, vein-graft lumen diameter was not compromised, because of gradual outward remodeling of grafted veins. Our data highlight the promise of HDAd-mediated gene therapy, delivered to arterialized vein grafts, for preventing vein-graft atherosclerosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Du
- 1 Department of Medicine/Cardiology, University of Washington , Seattle, WA 98195
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93
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Karády J, Drobni ZD, Kolossváry M, Maurovich-Horvat P. Non-invasive Assessment of Coronary Plaque Morphology. CURRENT RADIOLOGY REPORTS 2015. [DOI: 10.1007/s40134-015-0117-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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94
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Ru X, Zheng C, Zhao Q, Lan HY, Huang Y, Wan S, Mori Y, Yao X. Transient receptor potential channel M2 contributes to neointimal hyperplasia in vascular walls. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2015; 1852:1360-71. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2015.03.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2015] [Accepted: 03/31/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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95
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Zhang Y, Jiang Z, Li L, Zhou Y, Song Z, Shu M. Geminin interference facilitates vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation by upregulation of CDK-1. Cardiovasc Drugs Ther 2015; 28:407-14. [PMID: 25189787 DOI: 10.1007/s10557-014-6550-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Geminin has been correlated with vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) proliferation, but its mechanism is unclear. We selectively silenced the geminin gene of rat VSMCs by using RNAi technology and examined how geminin regulated VSMC proliferation. METHODS By using RNA interference in A10 cells and flow cytometry, (3)H-thymidine and 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine (EdU) measurements were used to detect VSMC proliferation. We performed a Western blot, polymerase chain reaction, and immunohistochemistry to detect the expression and location of geminin and cyclin-dependent kinase-1 (CDK1) in VSMCs. RESULTS Silencing geminin significantly increased (3)H-thymidine and EdU incorporation in VSMCs. We observed a significant increase in (3)H-thymidine incorporation 24 h after a serum challenge in the geminin-RNAi-lentiviral vector group (4401.38 ± 438.39 cpm/mg), versus the non-targeting geminin-lentiviral vector (2836.88 ± 476.18 cpm/mg) and control groups (3069.50 ± 508.18 cpm/mg; P < 0.05). In the geminin-RNAi-lentiviral vector group, the EdU-positive cell rate was significantly increased (0.75 ± 0.03; P < 0.05), versus the non-targeting geminin-lentiviral vector (0.41 ± 0.0) or control group (0.40 ± 0.03). Geminin promoted VSMC proliferation, accelerating G0/G1-S cell-cycle progression (G0/G1 cells, 10 % decrease; S-phase cells, approximate 6 % increase) 12 h after serum withdrawal. Both CDK1 protein and mRNA expression were significantly increased in the positive group versus the controls. The immunofluorescence and co-immunoprecipitation results revealed a close interaction existed between CDK1 and the geminin gene in VSMC proliferation. CONCLUSIONS Geminin gene inhibition could augment VSMC proliferation by increasing CDK1 expression; thus, geminin may be a potential target for treating vascular diseases, specifically VSMCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Zhang
- Department of Cardiology, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Gaotanyan St, Shapingba District, Chongqing, 400038, People's Republic of China
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96
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Guo X, Shi N, Cui XB, Wang JN, Fukui Y, Chen SY. Dedicator of cytokinesis 2, a novel regulator for smooth muscle phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling. Circ Res 2015; 116:e71-80. [PMID: 25788409 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.116.305863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE Vascular smooth muscle cell (SMC) phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling contribute to the development of several vascular disorders such as restenosis after angioplasty, transplant vasculopathy, and atherosclerosis. The mechanisms underlying these processes, however, remain largely unknown. OBJECTIVE The objective of this study is to determine the role of dedicator of cytokinesis 2 (DOCK2) in SMC phenotypic modulation and vascular remodeling. METHODS AND RESULTS Platelet-derived growth factor-BB induced DOCK2 expression while modulating SMC phenotype. DOCK2 deficiency diminishes platelet-derived growth factor-BB or serum-induced downregulation of SMC markers. Conversely, DOCK2 overexpression inhibits SMC marker expression in primary cultured SMC. Mechanistically, DOCK2 inhibits myocardin expression, blocks serum response factor nuclear location, attenuates myocardin binding to serum response factor, and thus attenuates myocardin-induced smooth muscle marker promoter activity. Moreover, DOCK2 and Kruppel-like factor 4 cooperatively inhibit myocardin-serum response factor interaction. In a rat carotid artery balloon-injury model, DOCK2 is induced in media layer SMC initially and neointima SMC subsequently after vascular injury. Knockdown of DOCK2 dramatically inhibits the neointima formation by 60%. Most importantly, knockout of DOCK2 in mice markedly blocks ligation-induced intimal hyperplasia while restoring SMC contractile protein expression. CONCLUSIONS Our studies identified DOCK2 as a novel regulator for SMC phenotypic modulation and vascular lesion formation after vascular injury. Therefore, targeting DOCK2 may be a potential therapeutic strategy for the prevention of vascular remodeling in proliferative vascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xia Guo
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Ning Shi
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Xiao-Bing Cui
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Jia-Ning Wang
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Yoshinori Fukui
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.)
| | - Shi-You Chen
- From the Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Georgia, Athens (X.G., N.S., X.-B.C., S.-Y.C.); Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei, China (J.-N.W., S.-Y.C.); and Department of Immunobiology and Neuroscience, Kyushu University, Fukuoka, Japan (Y.F.).
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Monk BA, George SJ. The Effect of Ageing on Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Behaviour--A Mini-Review. Gerontology 2014; 61:416-26. [PMID: 25471382 DOI: 10.1159/000368576] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2014] [Accepted: 09/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Ageing is a prominent risk factor for atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease. Vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) are an integral part of atherosclerotic plaque formation, progression and subsequent rupture. Emerging evidence suggests that VSMC behaviour is modified by age, which in turn may affect disease outcome in the elderly. In this review, we discuss the effect of age on VSMC behaviour, proliferation, migration, apoptosis, inflammation, extracellular matrix synthesis and calcification. In addition, we discuss the multiple signalling factors underlying these behavioural changes including angiotensin-II, matrix metalloproteinases, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and transforming growth factor-β1. Understanding the molecular processes underpinning altered VSMC behaviour with age, may lead to the identification of novel therapeutic targets for suppressing atherosclerosis in the elderly population.
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Inverse expression of estrogen receptor alpha and apolipoprotein B in coronary intimal hyperplasia of surgically repaired congenital heart disease: A pre-atherosclerotic condition? Int J Cardiol 2014; 177:548-50. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2014.08.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/25/2014] [Accepted: 08/17/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Sobolewski P, El Fray M. Cardiac catheterization: consequences for the endothelium and potential for nanomedicine. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-NANOMEDICINE AND NANOBIOTECHNOLOGY 2014; 7:458-73. [PMID: 25429858 DOI: 10.1002/wnan.1316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/18/2014] [Revised: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Cardiac catheterization results in interactions between the catheter and surfaces and the artery lumen, which is lined by the endothelium. These interactions can range from minor rubbing to severe mechanical injury. Further, in the case of radial access, even atraumatic interactions have consequences ranging from clinical complications, such as radial spasm and radial occlusion, to lasting endothelial cell dysfunction. These consequences may be underappreciated; however, endothelial cells play a central role in maintaining vascular homeostasis via nitric oxide production. Existing treatment paradigms do not address endothelial dysfunction or damage and, thus, novel therapeutic approaches are needed. Nanomedicine, in particular, offers great potential in the form of targeted drug delivery, via functionalized coatings or nanocarriers, aimed at increased nitric oxide bioavailability or reduced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Sobolewski
- Division of Biomaterials and Microbiological Technologies, West Pomeranian University of Technology, Szczecin, Poland
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100
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Öörni K, Rajamäki K, Nguyen SD, Lähdesmäki K, Plihtari R, Lee-Rueckert M, Kovanen PT. Acidification of the intimal fluid: the perfect storm for atherogenesis. J Lipid Res 2014; 56:203-14. [PMID: 25424004 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.r050252] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Atherosclerotic lesions are often hypoxic and exhibit elevated lactate concentrations and local acidification of the extracellular fluids. The acidification may be a consequence of the abundant accumulation of lipid-scavenging macrophages in the lesions. Activated macrophages have a very high energy demand and they preferentially use glycolysis for ATP synthesis even under normoxic conditions, resulting in enhanced local generation and secretion of lactate and protons. In this review, we summarize our current understanding of the effects of acidic extracellular pH on three key players in atherogenesis: macrophages, apoB-containing lipoproteins, and HDL particles. Acidic extracellular pH enhances receptor-mediated phagocytosis and antigen presentation by macrophages and, importantly, triggers the secretion of proinflammatory cytokines from macrophages through activation of the inflammasome pathway. Acidity enhances the proteolytic, lipolytic, and oxidative modifications of LDL and other apoB-containing lipoproteins, and strongly increases their affinity for proteoglycans, and may thus have major effects on their retention and the ensuing cellular responses in the arterial intima. Finally, the decrease in the expression of ABCA1 at acidic pH may compromise cholesterol clearance from atherosclerotic lesions. Taken together, acidic extracellular pH amplifies the proatherogenic and proinflammatory processes involved in atherogenesis.
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