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Li F, Zhang A, Shi Y, Ma Y, Du Y. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 prevents the differentiation of human lung fibroblasts via microRNA-27b targeting the vitamin D receptor. Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:967-74. [PMID: 26311239 PMCID: PMC4564074 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2015] [Accepted: 08/14/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary fibroblasts have key roles in the formation and maintenance of lung structure and function, and are involved in tissue repair and remodeling. Transforming growth factor-β1 (TGF-β1) induces differentiation of fibroblasts into myofibroblasts, the key effector cells in fibrotic states, which are characterized by the expression of α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) markers. 1α,25-Dihydroxyvitamin D3 [1,25(OH)2D3] has been implicated in regulating differentiation, and the vitamin D receptor (VDR) may be a regulator of TGF-β signaling. In addition, there is presently only limited information regarding microRNA (miRNA) regulation of lung fibroblast differentiation. To determine the role of 1,25(OH)2D3 in regulating the differentiation of fibroblasts induced by TGF-β1 and the functional importance of miR-27b, cell culture systems, cell transfection and the 3′ untranslated region (3′UTR) luciferase assay were employed. 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibited differentiation and downregulated miR-27b expression in human lung fibroblasts induced by TGF-β1. In addition, human lung fibroblasts were transfected with miR-27b mimic or miR-27b inhibitor, and demonstrated that the overexpression of miR-27b decreased the VDR protein expression and increased the expression of α-SMA, while reducing levels of miR-27b had opposing effects. Finally, the luciferase reporter assays were performed to confirm that miR-27b directly targeted VDR 3′UTR. Taken together, these results suggest that 1,25(OH)2D3 inhibits lung fibroblast differentiation induced by TGF-β1 via miR-27b targeting VDR 3′UTR, which may be used as a novel treatment strategy in differentiation pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Li
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Aizhen Zhang
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Yiwei Shi
- Department of Respiratory Diseases, The First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
| | - Yuehong Ma
- Central Laboratory, Shanxi Provincial People's Hospital, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030012, P.R. China
| | - Yongcheng Du
- Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, Shanxi 030001, P.R. China
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53
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Blick C, Ramachandran A, McCormick R, Wigfield S, Cranston D, Catto J, Harris AL. Identification of a hypoxia-regulated miRNA signature in bladder cancer and a role for miR-145 in hypoxia-dependent apoptosis. Br J Cancer 2015; 113:634-44. [PMID: 26196183 PMCID: PMC4647685 DOI: 10.1038/bjc.2015.203] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Revised: 04/27/2015] [Accepted: 05/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxia leads to the stabilisation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) transcription factor that drives the expression of target genes including microRNAs (miRNAs). MicroRNAs are known to regulate many genes involved in tumourigenesis. The aim of this study was to identify hypoxia-regulated miRNAs (HRMs) in bladder cancer and investigate their functional significance. METHODS Bladder cancer cell lines were exposed to normoxic and hypoxic conditions and interrogated for the expression of 384 miRNAs by qPCR. Functional studies were carried out using siRNA-mediated gene knockdown and chromatin immunoprecipitations. Apoptosis was quantified by annexin V staining and flow cytometry. RESULTS The HRM signature for NMI bladder cancer lines includes miR-210, miR-193b, miR-145, miR-125-3p, miR-708 and miR-517a. The most hypoxia-upregulated miRNA was miR-145. The miR-145 was a direct target of HIF-1α and two hypoxia response elements were identified within the promoter region of the gene. Finally, the hypoxic upregulation of miR-145 contributed to increased apoptosis in RT4 cells. CONCLUSIONS We have demonstrated the hypoxic regulation of a number of miRNAs in bladder cancer. We have shown that miR-145 is a novel, robust and direct HIF target gene that in turn leads to increased cell death in NMI bladder cancer cell lines.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Blick
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - A Ramachandran
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
- Cancer Research UK London Research Institute, Lincoln's Inn Fields Laboratories, London WC2A 3LY, UK
| | - R McCormick
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - S Wigfield
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
| | - D Cranston
- Department of Urology, Churchill Hospital, Oxford OX3 7LE, UK
| | - J Catto
- The Academic Department of Urology and Institute for Cancer Studies, University of Sheffield, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK
| | - A L Harris
- Molecular Oncology Laboratories, Weatherall Institute of Molecular Medicine, University of Oxford, John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford OX3 9DS, UK
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Zhao X, Wang K, Hu F, Qian C, Guan H, Feng K, Zhou Y, Chen Z. MicroRNA-101 protects cardiac fibroblasts from hypoxia-induced apoptosis via inhibition of the TGF-β signaling pathway. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2015; 65:155-64. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2015.06.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 05/26/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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55
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The role of microRNAs in coronary artery disease: From pathophysiology to diagnosis and treatment. Atherosclerosis 2015; 241:624-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.06.037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2015] [Revised: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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MicroRNA-204 Targets Runx2 to Attenuate BMP-2-induced Osteoblast Differentiation of Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells. J Cardiovasc Pharmacol 2015; 66:63-71. [DOI: 10.1097/fjc.0000000000000244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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57
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Pontes TB, Moreira-Nunes CDFA, Maués JHDS, Lamarão LM, de Lemos JAR, Montenegro RC, Burbano RMR. The miRNA Profile of Platelets Stored in a Blood Bank and Its Relation to Cellular Damage from Storage. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0129399. [PMID: 26121269 PMCID: PMC4486185 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0129399] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2014] [Accepted: 05/07/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Millions of blood products are transfused each year, and many lives are directly affected by transfusion. Platelet concentrate (PC) is one of the main products derived from blood. Even under good storage conditions, PC is likely to suffer cell damage. The shape of platelets changes after 5 to 7 days of storage at 22°C. Taking into consideration that some platelet proteins undergo changes in their shape and functionality during PC storage. Sixteen PC bags were collected and each PC bag tube was cut into six equal pieces to perform experiments with platelets from six different days of storage. Thus, on the first day of storage, 1/6 of the tube was used for miRNA extraction, and the remaining 5/6 was stored under the same conditions until extraction of miRNAs on each the following five days. Samples were sequenced on an Illumina Platform to demonstrate the most highly expressed miRNAs. Three miRNAs, mir127, mir191 and mir320a were validated by real-time quantitative PCR (RQ-PCR) in 100 PC bags tubes. Our method suggests, the use of the miRNAs mir127 and mir320a as biomarkers to assess the "validity period" of PC bags stored in blood banks for long periods. Thus, bags can be tested on the 5th day of storage for the relative expression levels of mir127 and mir320a. Thus, we highlight candidate miRNAs as biomarkers of storage damage that can be used as tools to evaluate the quality of stored PC. The use of miRNAs as biomarkers of damage is unprecedented and will contribute to improved quality of blood products for transfusions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thaís Brilhante Pontes
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, 66075110, Brazil
| | | | - Jersey Heitor da Silva Maués
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, 66075110, Brazil
| | - Letícia Martins Lamarão
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Foundation Center for Hemotherapy and Hematology of Pará (HEMOPA), Belém, PA, 66033–000, Brazil
| | - José Alexandre Rodrigues de Lemos
- Laboratory of Genetics and Molecular Biology, Foundation Center for Hemotherapy and Hematology of Pará (HEMOPA), Belém, PA, 66033–000, Brazil
- Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, 66075110, Brazil
| | - Raquel Carvalho Montenegro
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, 66075110, Brazil
| | - Rommel Mário Rodriguez Burbano
- Laboratory of Human Cytogenetics, Institute of Biological Sciences, Federal University of Pará, Belém, PA, 66075110, Brazil
- * E-mail:
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Li C, Chen X, Huang J, Sun Q, Wang L. Clinical impact of circulating miR-26a, miR-191, and miR-208b in plasma of patients with acute myocardial infarction. Eur J Med Res 2015; 20:58. [PMID: 26044724 PMCID: PMC4459687 DOI: 10.1186/s40001-015-0148-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Accepted: 05/25/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Aberrant expression of several types of miRNAs has been reported in acute myocardial infarction (AMI). The objective of our study was to compare miRNA expression in AMI patients and normal healthy people and determine whether miR-26a, miR-191, and miR-208b could be measured in plasma as indicators for AMI. Methods Detection of AMI patients and normal persons by using miRNA microarray chip analysis and miR-26a, miR-191, and miR-208b was screened out. Eighty-seven AMI patients and eighty-seven homogeneous healthy individuals were recruited. Total mRNA including miRNA was isolated and miR-26a, miR-191, and miR-208b expression were determined by qRT-PCR. Receiver operating characteristic curve analysis was performed to evaluate the instructive power of miR-26a, miR-191, and miR-208b for AMI. Dual-luciferase reporter assays indicated p21 is a direct target of miR-208b. Results miR-26a and miR-191 were low expressed in AMI compared with normal healthy people, but miR-208b was expressed at a high level in AMI. miR-26a showed an area under the curve (AUC) of 0.745, with a sensitivity of 73.6 % and a specificity of 72.4 %.The AUC for miR-191 was 0.669, with a sensitivity of 62.1 % and a specificity of 69.0 %.The AUC for miR-208b was 0.674, with a sensitivity of 59.8 % and a specificity of 73.6 %. Conclusions miR-208b was significantly increased in the AMI compared with healthy people, while miR-26a and miR-191 were decreased. miR-26a, miR-191, and miR-208b were potential indices of AMI, and miR-208b was more effective in patients with non-ST-elevation myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chencheng Li
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China.
| | - Xiaonan Chen
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Junwen Huang
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
| | - Qianqian Sun
- College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450001, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Emergency, the First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, 450052, China
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Roche PL, Filomeno KL, Bagchi RA, Czubryt MP. Intracellular Signaling of Cardiac Fibroblasts. Compr Physiol 2015; 5:721-60. [DOI: 10.1002/cphy.c140044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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Schulte C, Zeller T. microRNA-based diagnostics and therapy in cardiovascular disease-Summing up the facts. Cardiovasc Diagn Ther 2015; 5:17-36. [PMID: 25774345 DOI: 10.3978/j.issn.2223-3652.2014.12.03] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2014] [Accepted: 12/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Circulating microRNAs (miRNAs) are discussed as potential disease-specific biomarkers in cardiovascular disease. Their diagnostic value has been examined in numerous studies and animal models with respect to coronary artery disease (CAD) and myocardial infarction (MI) and the prognostic abilities of circulating miRNAs in risk stratification of future disease have been evaluated. Various miRNAs are described to complement protein-based biomarkers or classical risk factors in the diagnosis of CAD or MI and even represent potential new biomarkers in the discrimination of unstable angina pectoris (UAP). Signatures consisting of sets of multiple miRNAs seem to improve the predictive power compared to single miRNAs. Furthermore, the emerging field of miRNA-based therapeutics has reached cardiovascular research. The first promising in vitro results are raising hope for future clinical application. However, methods and material used for RNA isolation, miRNA detection and normalization steps still lack ways of standardization and need to be considered carefully. This article reviews the current knowledge of miRNAs in cardiovascular disease focusing on CAD and MI and will provide an overview regarding the use of circulating miRNAs as biomarkers and potential therapeutic targets in the field of CAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Schulte
- 1 Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany ; 2 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Tanja Zeller
- 1 Department of General and Interventional Cardiology, University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, 20246 Hamburg, Germany ; 2 German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Hamburg/Lübeck/Kiel, Hamburg, Germany
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Modulation of miRNAs in Pulmonary Hypertension. Int J Hypertens 2015; 2015:169069. [PMID: 25861465 PMCID: PMC4377470 DOI: 10.1155/2015/169069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/19/2014] [Revised: 02/18/2015] [Accepted: 02/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) have emerged as a new class of posttranscriptional regulators of many cardiac and vascular diseases. They are a class of small, noncoding RNAs that contributes crucial roles typically through binding of the 3′-untranslated region of mRNA. A single miRNA may influence several signaling pathways associated with cardiac remodeling by targeting multiple genes. Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a rare disorder characterized by progressive obliteration of pulmonary (micro) vasculature that results in elevated vascular resistance, leading to right ventricular hypertrophy (RVH) and RV failure. The pathology of PH involves vascular cell remodeling including pulmonary arterial endothelial cell (PAEC) dysfunction and pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell (PASMC) proliferation. There is no cure for this disease. Thus, novel intervention pathways that govern PH induced RVH may result in new treatment modalities. Current therapies are limited to reverse the vascular remodeling. Recent studies have demonstrated the roles of various miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PH and pulmonary disorders. This review provides an overview of recent discoveries on the role of miRNAs in the pathogenesis of PH and discusses the potential for miRNAs as therapeutic targets and biomarkers of PH at clinical setting.
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Schiano C, Vietri MT, Grimaldi V, Picascia A, De Pascale MR, Napoli C. Epigenetic-related therapeutic challenges in cardiovascular disease. Trends Pharmacol Sci 2015; 36:226-35. [PMID: 25758254 DOI: 10.1016/j.tips.2015.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2014] [Revised: 02/06/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Progress in human genetic and genomic research has led to the identification of genetic variants associated with specific cardiovascular diseases (CVDs), but the pathogenic mechanisms remain unclear. Recent studies have analyzed the involvement of epigenetic mechanisms such as DNA methylation and histone modifications in the development and progression of CVD. Preliminary work has investigated the correlations between DNA methylation, histone modifications, and RNA-based mechanisms with CVDs including atherosclerosis, heart failure (HF), myocardial infarction (MI), and cardiac hypertrophy. Remarkably, both in utero programming and postnatal hypercholesterolemia may affect the epigenetic signature in the human cardiovascular system, thereby providing novel early epigenetic-related pharmacological insights. Interestingly, some dietary compounds, including polyphenols, cocoa, and folic acid, can modulate DNA methylation status, whereas statins may promote epigenetic-based control in CVD prevention through histone modifications. We review recent findings on the epigenetic control of cardiovascular system and new challenges for therapeutic strategies in CVDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Concetta Schiano
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Teresa Vietri
- Department of Biochemistry, Biophysics and General Pathology, Second University of Naples, Via Luigi De Crecchio 7, 80138 Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Grimaldi
- Unità Operativa Complessa Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT), Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology (LIT), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy.
| | - Antonietta Picascia
- Unità Operativa Complessa Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT), Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology (LIT), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Rosaria De Pascale
- Unità Operativa Complessa Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT), Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology (LIT), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
| | - Claudio Napoli
- Institute of Diagnostic and Nuclear Development (SDN), Istituto Di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico (IRCCS), Via Emanuele Gianturco 113, 80143 Naples, Italy; Unità Operativa Complessa Division of Immunohematology, Transfusion Medicine and Transplant Immunology (SIMT), Regional Reference Laboratory of Transplant Immunology (LIT), Azienda Ospedaliera Universitaria (AOU), Second University of Naples, Piazza Luigi Miraglia 2, 80138, Naples, Italy
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63
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Utility of circulating microRNAs as clinical biomarkers for cardiovascular diseases. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:821823. [PMID: 25710029 PMCID: PMC4330947 DOI: 10.1155/2015/821823] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2014] [Accepted: 11/26/2014] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNA molecules that regulate gene and protein expression by translational repression and/or mRNA degradation. miRNAs are implicated in the pathogenesis of various cardiovascular diseases and have become potential targets for therapeutic intervention. Their stability and presence in variety of readily accessible cell types including whole blood, serum, plasma, and other body fluids render them as potential source of a clinical biomarker. This review provides a brief overview of miRNA biogenesis and function, the diagnostic potential of circulating extracellular miRNA and their specific role in vivo in various cardiovascular settings, and their future perspective as clinical biomarkers. It is clearly evident from experimental studies that miRNAs are responsible for the regulation of several biological functions and alterations in cardiovascular diseases. Current data supports the concept of using circulating miRNAs as a biomarker in cardiovascular disease. It remains to be seen, however, whether circulating miRNAs can fulfil this role to improve risk and severity prediction.
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64
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Noncoding RNAs in diabetes vascular complications. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 89:42-50. [PMID: 25536178 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2014] [Revised: 11/18/2014] [Accepted: 12/05/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is the most common metabolic disorder and is recognised as a dominant health threat of our time. Diabetes induces a widespread damage of the macro- and microvasculature in different organs and tissues and disrupts the endogenous vascular repair mechanisms, thus causing diffuse and severe complications. Moreover, diabetic patients respond poorly to surgical interventions aiming to "revascularise" (i.e., to restore blood flow supply) the ischemic myocardium or lower limbs. The molecular causes underpinning diabetes vascular complications are still underappreciated and druggable molecular targets for therapeutic interventions have not yet clearly emerged. Moreover, diabetes itself and diabetes complications are often silent killers, requiring new prognostic, diagnostic and predictive biomarkers for use in the clinical practice. Noncoding RNA (ncRNAs) are emerging as new fundamental regulators of gene expression. The small microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) have opened the field capturing the attention of basic and clinical scientists for their potential to become new therapeutic targets and clinical biomarkers. More recently, long ncRNAs (lncRNAs) have started to be actively investigated, leading to first exciting reports, which further suggest their important and yet largely unexplored contribution to vascular physiology and disease. This review introduces the different ncRNA types and focuses at the ncRNA roles in diabetes vascular complications. Furthermore, we discuss the potential value of ncRNAs as clinical biomarkers, and we examine the possibilities for therapeutic intervention targeting ncRNs in diabetes. This article is part of a Special Issue titled: Non-coding RNAs.
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65
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Jonigk D. [Aberrant reparative tissue remodeling: histopathology and molecular pathology]. DER PATHOLOGE 2014; 35 Suppl 2:254-63. [PMID: 25394975 DOI: 10.1007/s00292-014-1955-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Not only tumorous infiltrations can lead to destruction of parenchymal organs but also the aberrant proliferation and matrix production of mesenchymal cells and vessels during a dysregulated repair attempt. This fibrogenesis is the result of a complex pathogenesis, which can be investigated in animal models but also in situ to harvest new biomarkers. This article deals particularly with the second method and summarizes molecular pathological findings in various model diseases for aberrant reparative tissue reconstruction. These model diseases include plexiform vasculopathy in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), Quilty lesions in heart transplantation, bronchiolitis obliterans (BO), inflammatory airway remodeling and Epstein-Barr virus (EBV) induced smooth muscle proliferation (posttransplantation smooth muscle tumor, PTSMT).Using in situ molecular pathology, we were able to dismiss an assumed involvement of myofibroblastic cells in vessel reconstruction of the lung in PAH. We could also for the first time perform a comprehensive molecular characterization of the vascular remodeling and prove that plexiform vasculopathy represents a complex-regulated epiphenomenon of excessive pulmonary hypertension. This method also allowed us to describe for the first time the miRNA expression in PAH in a compartment-specific manner and to draw conclusions regarding the damaged overriding regulatory mechanisms. In the same way, we were also able to describe the chimeric character of the complex neoangiogenesis in the donor organ after heart transplantation.After lung transplantation, we identified for the first time a group of tissue-based molecular markers, which can predict later occurrence of BO even in morphologically normal transbronchial biopsies. In addition, we have documented for the first time the molecular characteristics of the morphologically analogous airway reconstruction in lung-transplanted and non-transplanted patients. We could further elucidate the role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMP) and their antagonists in inflammatory airway reconstruction and deduce from this the resulting therapeutic implications. Accordingly, we were able to further clarify the origin, pathogenesis and the malignant potential of EBV-induced PTSMT and for the first time provide an evidence-based therapy recommendation and risk assessment.In summary, this article documents that in situ diagnostics can meet the requirements of the challenging parameters and issues of life sciences. It is to be expected that the technical possibilities will develop analogously to the increasing demands and the in situ method will move further into the focus of molecular pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Jonigk
- Institut für Pathologie, Medizinische Hochschule Hannover (MHH), Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625, Hannover, Deutschland,
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Goretti E, Wagner DR, Devaux Y. miRNAs as biomarkers of myocardial infarction: a step forward towards personalized medicine? Trends Mol Med 2014; 20:716-25. [PMID: 25457620 DOI: 10.1016/j.molmed.2014.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 10/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
miRNAs are small noncoding RNAs known to post-transcriptionally regulate gene expression. miRNAs are expressed in the heart where they regulate multiple pathophysiological processes. The discovery of stable cardiac miRNAs in the bloodstream has also motivated the investigation of their potential as biomarkers. This review gathers the current knowledge on the use of miRNAs as novel biomarkers to improve risk stratification, diagnosis, and prognosis of patients with myocardial infarction. In the rapidly evolving era of biomarkers, the potential of miRNAs as promising tools to move personalized medicine a step forward is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emeline Goretti
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Daniel R Wagner
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg; Division of Cardiology, Centre Hospitalier, 4 rue Barblé, L-1210 Luxembourg, Luxembourg
| | - Yvan Devaux
- Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Centre de Recherche Public de la Santé (CRP-Santé), 84 Val Fleuri, L-1526 Luxembourg, Luxembourg.
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Forini F, Kusmic C, Nicolini G, Mariani L, Zucchi R, Matteucci M, Iervasi G, Pitto L. Triiodothyronine prevents cardiac ischemia/reperfusion mitochondrial impairment and cell loss by regulating miR30a/p53 axis. Endocrinology 2014; 155:4581-90. [PMID: 25137026 DOI: 10.1210/en.2014-1106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions critically affect cardiomyocyte survival during ischemia/reperfusion (I/R) injury. In this scenario p53 activates multiple signaling pathways that impair cardiac mitochondria and promote cell death. p53 is a validated target of miR-30 whose levels fall under ischemic conditions. Although triiodothyronine (T3) rescues post-ischemic mitochondrial activity and cell viability, no data are available on its role in the modulation of p53 signaling in I/R. Here we test the hypothesis that early T3 supplementation in rats inhibits the post I/R activation of p53 pro-death cascade through the maintenance of miRNA 30a expression. In our model, T3 infusion improves the recovery of post-ischemic cardiac performance. At the molecular level, the beneficial effect of T3 is associated with restored levels of miR-30a expression in the area at risk (AAR) that correspond to p53 mRNA downregulation. The concomitant decrease in p53 protein content reduces Bax expression and limits mitochondrial membrane depolarization resulting in preserved mitochondrial function and decreased apoptosis and necrosis extent in the AAR. Also in primary cardiomyocyte culture of neonatal rats, T3 prevents both miR-30a downregulation and p53 raise induced by hypoxia. The regulatory effect of T3 is greatly suppressed by miR-30a knockdown. Overall these data suggest a new mechanism of T3-mediated cardioprotection that is targeted to mitochondria and acts, at least in part, through the regulation of miR-30a/p53 axis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Animals, Newborn
- Cells, Cultured
- Male
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Heart/drug effects
- Mitochondria, Heart/genetics
- Mitochondria, Heart/metabolism
- Mitochondria, Heart/pathology
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/genetics
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/metabolism
- Myocardial Reperfusion Injury/pathology
- Myocytes, Cardiac/drug effects
- Myocytes, Cardiac/metabolism
- Myocytes, Cardiac/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Wistar
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/genetics
- Thyroid Hormones/metabolism
- Triiodothyronine/pharmacology
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/genetics
- Tumor Suppressor Protein p53/metabolism
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Forini
- Consiglio Nazionale delle Ricerche (CNR) Institute of Clinical Physiology (F.F., C.K., G.N., L.M., G.I., L.P), Via G. Moruzzi 1, Pisa, Italy; Department of Pathology (R.Z., G.I.), University of Pisa, 56127 Pisa, Italy; Scuola Superiore Sant'Anna (M.M., G.I.), Piazza Martiri della Libertà 33, 56127 Pisa, Italy; and CNR/Tuscany Region G Monasterio Foundation (G.I.), Via G. Moruzzi 1, 56124 Pisa, Italy
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68
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Wang Y, Chen T, Tong W. miRNAs and their application in drug-induced liver injury. Biomark Med 2014; 8:161-72. [PMID: 24521012 DOI: 10.2217/bmm.13.147] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The complex miRNA regulatory network plays an important role in diverse biological activities of physiopathological processes. In addition to the discovery of and research on the extracellular miRNAs detected in multiple biofluids, the properties of tissue specificity and high stability underlie the great potential of these small miRNAs to serve as translational biomarkers for various diseases in the clinical setting, including in drug-induced liver injury. In this review, we describe the major technologies currently used and challenges in miRNA measurement and provide information on major bioinformatics resources available for current miRNA research. We also discuss novel findings in liver disease and highlight the potential of miRNAs for clinical and basic research as translational biomarkers for drug-induced liver injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuping Wang
- Division of Bioinformatics & Biostatistics, National Center for Toxicological Research, US FDA, 3900 NCTR Road, Jefferson, AR 72079, USA
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69
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Greco S, Gaetano C, Martelli F. HypoxamiR regulation and function in ischemic cardiovascular diseases. Antioxid Redox Signal 2014; 21:1202-19. [PMID: 24053126 PMCID: PMC4142792 DOI: 10.1089/ars.2013.5403] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
SIGNIFICANCE MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are deregulated and play a causal role in numerous cardiovascular diseases, including myocardial infarction, coronary artery disease, hypertension, heart failure, stroke, peripheral artery disease, kidney ischemia-reperfusion. RECENT ADVANCES One crucial component of ischemic cardiovascular diseases is represented by hypoxia. Indeed, hypoxia is a powerful stimulus regulating the expression of a specific subset of miRNAs, named hypoxia-induced miRNAs (hypoxamiR). These miRNAs are fundamental regulators of the cell responses to decreased oxygen tension. Certain hypoxamiRs seem to have a particularly pervasive role, such as miR-210 that is virtually induced in all ischemic diseases tested so far. However, its specific function may change according to the physiopathological context. CRITICAL ISSUES The discovery of HypoxamiR dates back 6 years. Thus, despite a rapid growth in knowledge and attention, a deeper insight of the molecular mechanisms underpinning hypoxamiR regulation and function is needed. FUTURE DIRECTIONS An extended understanding of the function of hypoxamiR in gene regulatory networks associated with cardiovascular diseases will allow the identification of novel molecular mechanisms of disease and indicate the development of innovative therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simona Greco
- 1 Molecular Cardiology Laboratory , IRCCS-Policlinico San Donato, Milan, Italy
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70
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Batkai S, Thum T. Analytical approaches in microRNA therapeutics. J Chromatogr B Analyt Technol Biomed Life Sci 2014; 964:146-52. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchromb.2014.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2013] [Revised: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
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71
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Haghikia A, Hoch M, Stapel B, Hilfiker-Kleiner D. STAT3 regulation of and by microRNAs in development and disease. JAKSTAT 2014; 1:143-50. [PMID: 24058763 PMCID: PMC3670237 DOI: 10.4161/jkst.19573] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2011] [Revised: 02/01/2012] [Accepted: 02/02/2012] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are endogenously expressed small non-coding RNAs acting at the post-transcriptional level where they promote mRNA degradation and block protein translation. Recent findings suggest that complex transcriptional and post-transcriptional circuits control miRNAs. STAT3 has emerged as an important regulator of their expression and biogenesis and, in turn, STAT3 signaling pathways are controlled by distinct miRNAs. We summarize the current knowledge on STAT3 mediated processing of individual miRNAs and contrariwise, the modulation of the STAT3 pathway by miRNAs in development and in pathophysiological conditions such as immune processes, infection, cancer, cardiovascular disease and pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Arash Haghikia
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology; Medical School Hannover; Hannover, Germany
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72
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Novel insights into miRNA in lung and heart inflammatory diseases. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:259131. [PMID: 24991086 PMCID: PMC4058468 DOI: 10.1155/2014/259131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2013] [Revised: 03/03/2014] [Accepted: 04/21/2014] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are noncoding regulatory sequences that govern posttranscriptional inhibition of genes through binding mainly at regulatory regions. The regulatory mechanism of miRNAs are influenced by complex crosstalk among single nucleotide polymorphisms (SNPs) within miRNA seed region and epigenetic modifications. Circulating miRNAs exhibit potential characteristics as stable biomarker. Functionally, miRNAs are involved in basic regulatory mechanisms of cells including inflammation. Thus, miRNA dysregulation, resulting in aberrant expression of a gene, is suggested to play an important role in disease susceptibility. This review focuses on the role of miRNA as diagnostic marker in pathogenesis of lung inflammatory diseases and in cardiac remodelling events during inflammation. From recent reports, In this context, the information about the models in which miRNAs expression were investigated including types of biological samples, as well as on the methods for miRNA validation and prediction/definition of their gene targets are emphasized in the review. Besides disease pathogenesis, promising role of miRNAs in early disease diagnosis and prognostication is also discussed. However, some miRNAs are also indicated with protective role. Thus, identifications and usage of such potential miRNAs as well as disruption of disease susceptible miRNAs using antagonists, antagomirs, are imperative and may provide a novel therapeutic approach towards combating the disease progression.
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73
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The Hypothesis of “Embryonic Recall”: Mechanotransduction as Common Denominator Linking Normal Cardiogenesis to Recovery in Adult Failing Hearts. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014. [DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1010073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
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74
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Kontaraki JE, Marketou ME, Zacharis EA, Parthenakis FI, Vardas PE. MicroRNA-9 and microRNA-126 expression levels in patients with essential hypertension: potential markers of target-organ damage. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2014; 8:368-75. [PMID: 24794206 DOI: 10.1016/j.jash.2014.03.324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/21/2014] [Revised: 03/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/21/2014] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs), as essential gene expression regulators, modulate cardiovascular development and disease and thus they are emerging as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease, including hypertension. We assessed the expression levels of the microRNAs miR-9 and miR-126 in 60 patients with untreated essential hypertension and 29 healthy individuals. All patients underwent two-dimensional echocardiography and 24-hour ambulatory blood pressure monitoring. MicroRNA expression levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Hypertensive patients showed significantly lower miR-9 (9.69 ± 1.56 vs 41.08 ± 6.06; P < .001) and miR-126 (3.88 ± 0.47 vs 8.96 ± 1.69; P < .001) expression levels compared with healthy controls. In hypertensive patients, miR-9 expression levels showed a significant positive correlation (r = 0.437; P < .001) with left ventricular mass index. Furthermore, both miR-9 (r = 0.312; P = .015) and miR-126 (r = 0.441; P < .001) expression levels in hypertensive patients showed significant positive correlations with the 24-hour mean pulse pressure. Our data reveal that miR-9 and miR-126 are closely related to essential hypertension in humans, as they show a distinct expression profile in hypertensive patients relative to healthy individuals, and they are associated with clinical prognostic indices of hypertensive target-organ damage in hypertensive patients. Thus, they may possibly represent potential biomarkers and candidate therapeutic targets in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna E Kontaraki
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Greece.
| | - Maria E Marketou
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | | | | | - Panos E Vardas
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
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75
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Duellman T, Warren C, Yang J. Single nucleotide polymorphism-specific regulation of matrix metalloproteinase-9 by multiple miRNAs targeting the coding exon. Nucleic Acids Res 2014; 42:5518-31. [PMID: 24627221 PMCID: PMC4027190 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gku197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Microribonucleic acids (miRNAs) work with exquisite specificity and are able to distinguish a target from a non-target based on a single nucleotide mismatch in the core nucleotide domain. We questioned whether miRNA regulation of gene expression could occur in a single nucleotide polymorphism (SNP)-specific manner, manifesting as a post-transcriptional control of expression of genetic polymorphisms. In our recent study of the functional consequences of matrix metalloproteinase (MMP)-9 SNPs, we discovered that expression of a coding exon SNP in the pro-domain of the protein resulted in a profound decrease in the secreted protein. This missense SNP results in the N38S amino acid change and a loss of an N-glycosylation site. A systematic study demonstrated that the loss of secreted protein was due not to the loss of an N-glycosylation site, but rather an SNP-specific targeting by miR-671-3p and miR-657. Bioinformatics analysis identified 41 SNP-specific miRNA targeting MMP-9 SNPs, mostly in the coding exon and an extension of the analysis to chromosome 20, where the MMP-9 gene is located, suggesting that SNP-specific miRNAs targeting the coding exon are prevalent. This selective post-transcriptional regulation of a target messenger RNA harboring genetic polymorphisms by miRNAs offers an SNP-dependent post-transcriptional regulatory mechanism, allowing for polymorphic-specific differential gene regulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tyler Duellman
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, SMI 301, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA
| | | | - Jay Yang
- Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin, SMI 301, 1300 University Ave., Madison, WI 53706, USA Department of Anesthesiology, University of Wisconsin, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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76
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Bacalini MG, Friso S, Olivieri F, Pirazzini C, Giuliani C, Capri M, Santoro A, Franceschi C, Garagnani P. Present and future of anti-ageing epigenetic diets. Mech Ageing Dev 2014; 136-137:101-15. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mad.2013.12.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2013] [Revised: 12/06/2013] [Accepted: 12/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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77
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Affiliation(s)
- Priyatansh Gurha
- From the Center for Cardiovascular Genetics, Institute of Molecular Medicine and Department of Medicine, University of Texas Health Sciences Center at Houston, and Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
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78
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Kontaraki JE, Marketou ME, Zacharis EA, Parthenakis FI, Vardas PE. Differential expression of vascular smooth muscle-modulating microRNAs in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells: novel targets in essential hypertension. J Hum Hypertens 2013; 28:510-6. [PMID: 24284386 DOI: 10.1038/jhh.2013.117] [Citation(s) in RCA: 80] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/04/2013] [Revised: 09/18/2013] [Accepted: 10/10/2013] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Vascular smooth muscle cell (VSMC) phenotypic plasticity has a critical role in the pathophysiology of arterial remodeling in essential hypertension. MicroRNAs are emerging as potential biomarkers and therapeutic targets in cardiovascular disease. We assessed the expression levels of the microRNAs miR-143, miR-145, miR-21, miR-133 and miR-1, which are implicated in VSMC phenotypic modulation, in 60 patients with essential hypertension and 29 healthy individuals. All patients underwent 24-h ambulatory blood pressure (BP) monitoring. MicroRNA levels in peripheral blood mononuclear cells were quantified by real-time reverse transcription polymerase chain reaction. Hypertensive patients showed lower miR-143 (2.20±0.25 versus 4.19±0.57, P<0.001), miR-145 (13.51±1.73 versus 22.38±3.31, P=0.010) and miR-133 (8.15±1.32 versus 37.03±8.18, P<0.001) and higher miR-21 (3.08±0.32 versus 2.06±0.31, P=0.048) and miR-1 (33.94±5.19 versus 12.35±2.13 P=0.006) expression levels compared with controls. In hypertensive patients, we observed correlations of miR-143 (r = -0.380, P=0.003), miR-145 (r=-0.405, P=0.001), miR-21 (r=-0.486, P<0.001) and miR-133 (r=0.479, P<0.001) expression levels with 24-h diastolic BP. Furthermore, we observed correlations of miR-21 (r=-0.291, P=0.024), miR-1 (r=-0.312, P=0.015) and miR-133 (r=0.310, P=0.016) levels with the dipping status. Associations of miR-143 (r=-0.292, P=0.025), miR-145 (r=-0.399, P=0.002), miR-21 (r=-0.343, P=0.008) and miR-133 (r=0.370, P=0.004) levels with 24-h mean pulse pressure were also found. Our data provide important evidence that VSMC-modulating microRNAs are closely related to essential hypertension in humans and they may represent potential therapeutic targets in essential hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- J E Kontaraki
- Molecular Cardiology Laboratory, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - M E Marketou
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | - E A Zacharis
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | - F I Parthenakis
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
| | - P E Vardas
- Department of Cardiology, Heraklion University Hospital, Crete, Greece
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79
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Dangwal S, Thum T. MicroRNAs in platelet physiology and pathology. Hamostaseologie 2013; 33:17-20. [PMID: 23392306 DOI: 10.5482/hamo-13-01-0002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/17/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs), highly conserved, short (approx. 22 nucleotides) non-coding RNAs, exhibit a fine-tune control over gene expression by complementary sequence binding and translational repression of protein coding mRNA transcripts. Recently, the role of miRNAs has been increasingly investigated in various physiological or pathophysiological events. Circulating platelets are crucial for coagulation physiology to maintain haemostatic balance and are involved in various pathologies such as atherosclerosis and thrombosis. Anucleate platelets lack genomic DNA but inherit diverse array of functional coding or non-coding RNAs and translational machinery from their parent cells - megakaryocytes enabling activated platelets to synthesize proteins which suggests the possibility of post transcriptional gene regulation in platelets. Expression of functionally active miRNAs in platelets changes during platelet activation indicating a role in platelet biology. Here, we present a review on recently identified platelet miRNAs and their role in platelet physiology that is essential for maintaining haemostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Dangwal
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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80
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Ghorpade DS, Sinha AY, Holla S, Singh V, Balaji KN. NOD2-nitric oxide-responsive microRNA-146a activates Sonic hedgehog signaling to orchestrate inflammatory responses in murine model of inflammatory bowel disease. J Biol Chem 2013; 288:33037-48. [PMID: 24092752 PMCID: PMC3829153 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m113.492496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 10/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Inflammatory bowel disease (IBD) is a debilitating chronic inflammatory disorder of the intestine. The interactions between enteric bacteria and genetic susceptibilities are major contributors of IBD etiology. Although genetic variants with loss or gain of NOD2 functions have been linked to IBD susceptibility, the mechanisms coordinating NOD2 downstream signaling, especially in macrophages, during IBD pathogenesis are not precisely identified. Here, studies utilizing the murine dextran sodium sulfate model of colitis revealed the crucial roles for inducible nitric-oxide synthase (iNOS) in regulating pathophysiology of IBDs. Importantly, stimulation of NOD2 failed to activate Sonic hedgehog (SHH) signaling in iNOS null macrophages, implicating NO mediated cross-talk between NOD2 and SHH signaling. NOD2 signaling up-regulated the expression of a NO-responsive microRNA, miR-146a, that targeted NUMB gene and alleviated the suppression of SHH signaling. In vivo and ex vivo studies confirmed the important roles for miR-146a in amplifying inflammatory responses. Collectively, we have identified new roles for miR-146a that established novel cross-talk between NOD2-SHH signaling during gut inflammation. Potential implications of these observations in therapeutics could increase the possibility of defining and developing better regimes to treat IBD pathophysiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Devram Sampat Ghorpade
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Akhuri Yash Sinha
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Sahana Holla
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
| | - Vikas Singh
- From the Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore 560012, India
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81
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Li J, Xu J, Cheng Y, Wang F, Song Y, Xiao J. Circulating microRNAs as mirrors of acute coronary syndromes: MiRacle or quagMire? J Cell Mol Med 2013; 17:1363-70. [PMID: 24188699 PMCID: PMC4117549 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.12148] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2013] [Accepted: 08/29/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Acute coronary syndrome (ACS), a leading cause of morbidity and mortality worldwide, is among the most serious cardiovascular diseases. Exploring novel approaches, which can complement and improve current strategies for ACS, is continuous. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are a novel class of small, short non-coding RNA that post-transcriptionally regulate genes. The tissue- or cell-specific distribution features of miRNAs and its merit of stably existing in serum and plasma make them attractive biomarkers for ACS. An early and accurate diagnosis is the pre-requisite to facilitate rapid decision making and treatment and therefore improve outcome in ACS patients. This review highlights and summarizes recent studies using circulating miRNAs as novel biomarkers for ACS including its role in diagnosis, prediction, prognosis and reaction to therapy. In addition, we also discuss the potential function of miRNAs as extracellular communicators in cell-to-cell communication. Large multicentre studies are highly needed to pave the road for using circulating miRNAs as biomarkers for ACS from the bench to the bedside. Considering the advantageous properties and the continuously increasing number of studies, circulating miRNAs definitely have the potential to be reasonable diagnostic tools once their infancy has passed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jin Li
- Regeneration Lab, School of Life Science, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China; Experimental Center of Life Sciences, Shanghai University, Shanghai, China
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82
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Wang D, Zhang H, Li M, Frid MG, Flockton AR, McKeon BA, Yeager ME, Fini MA, Morrell NW, Pullamsetti SS, Velegala S, Seeger W, McKinsey TA, Sucharov CC, Stenmark KR. MicroRNA-124 controls the proliferative, migratory, and inflammatory phenotype of pulmonary vascular fibroblasts. Circ Res 2013; 114:67-78. [PMID: 24122720 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.301633] [Citation(s) in RCA: 155] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Pulmonary hypertensive remodeling is characterized by excessive proliferation, migration, and proinflammatory activation of adventitial fibroblasts. In culture, fibroblasts maintain a similar activated phenotype. The mechanisms responsible for generation/maintenance of this phenotype remain unknown. OBJECTIVE We hypothesized that aberrant expression of microRNA-124 (miR-124) regulates this activated fibroblast phenotype and sought to determine the signaling pathways through which miR-124 exerts effects. METHODS AND RESULTS We detected significant decreases in miR-124 expression in fibroblasts isolated from calves and humans with severe pulmonary hypertension. Overexpression of miR-124 by mimic transfection significantly attenuated proliferation, migration, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression of hypertensive fibroblasts, whereas anti-miR-124 treatment of control fibroblasts resulted in their increased proliferation, migration, and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression. Furthermore, the alternative splicing factor, polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1, was shown to be a direct target of miR-124 and to be upregulated both in vivo and in vitro in bovine and human pulmonary hypertensive fibroblasts. The effects of miR-124 on fibroblast proliferation were mediated via direct binding to the 3' untranslated region of polypyrimidine tract-binding protein 1 and subsequent regulation of Notch1/phosphatase and tensin homolog/FOXO3/p21Cip1 and p27Kip1 signaling. We showed that miR-124 directly regulates monocyte chemotactic protein-1 expression in pulmonary hypertension/idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension fibroblasts. Furthermore, we demonstrated that miR-124 expression is suppressed by histone deacetylases and that treatment of hypertensive fibroblasts with histone deacetylase inhibitors increased miR-124 expression and decreased proliferation and monocyte chemotactic protein-1 production. CONCLUSIONS Stable decreases in miR-124 expression contribute to an epigenetically reprogrammed, highly proliferative, migratory, and inflammatory phenotype of hypertensive pulmonary adventitial fibroblasts. Thus, therapies directed at restoring miR-124 function, including histone deacetylase inhibitors, should be investigated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daren Wang
- From the Department of Pediatrics (D.W., H.Z., M.L., M.G.F., A.R.F., B.A.K., M.E.Y., M.A.F.), Department of Medicine (T.A.M., C.C.S.), Department of Medicine and Pediatrics (K.R.S.), Department of Medicine (N.W.M.), Department of Lung Development and Remodeling (S.S.P., S.V., W.S.), Department of Medicine (H.Z.), University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO; University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.); Addenbrooke's & Papworth Hospitals, Cambridge, United Kingdom (N.W.M.); Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research; University of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center, Bad Nauheim, Germany (S.S.P., S.V., W.S.); and Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang, China (H.Z.)
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83
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Ling S, Birnbaum Y, Nanhwan MK, Thomas B, Bajaj M, Ye Y. MicroRNA-dependent cross-talk between VEGF and HIF1α in the diabetic retina. Cell Signal 2013; 25:2840-7. [PMID: 24018047 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2013.08.039] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2013] [Accepted: 08/30/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Both HIF1α (hypoxia-inducible factor alpha) and VEGF (vascular endothelial growth factor) are implicated in the pathogenesis of diabetic retinopathy (DR). Competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) are messenger RNA (mRNA) molecules that affect each other expression through competition for their shared microRNAs (miRNA). However, little is known about the role of ceRNAs in DR. We assess whether the expression of HIF1α and VEGF in DR is interdependent through sequestration of common miRNAs. We used bioinformatics to identify potential miRNAs that affect both genes and validated the interdependence of the genes by silencing or overexpression of the genes and assessed the luciferase-HIF1α 3'UTR activity. We found that HIF1α and VEGF are targeted by 12 common miRNAs. Silencing either HIF1α or VEGF increased the availabilities of the shared miRNAs, therefore suppressed the luciferase-HIF1α 3'UTR activity, whereas over-expressing HIF1α or VEGF increased the luciferase activity. HIF1α was co-expressed with VEGF in-vivo and in-vitro in DR models. Silencing HIF1α transcripts resulted in a significant reduction in VEGF protein levels and vice versa. This interdependence was miRNA- and 3'UTR-dependent, as silencing Dicer abolished the interdependence. Over-expression of a common miRNA (miR-106a) significantly reduced the expression of HIF1α and VEGF and prevented high glucose-induced increased permeability. There is a cross-talk between HIF1α and VEGF through interactions with their common miRNAs. miRNA based therapy can affect the expression of both HIF1α and VEGF and may represent a therapeutic potential for the treatment of DR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukuan Ling
- The Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, University of Texas Medical Branch; Galveston, TX, USA; School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, China; State Key Laboratory of Space Medicine Fundamentals and Application, China Astronaut Research and Training Center, Beijing, China
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84
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Abonnenc M, Nabeebaccus AA, Mayr U, Barallobre-Barreiro J, Dong X, Cuello F, Sur S, Drozdov I, Langley SR, Lu R, Stathopoulou K, Didangelos A, Yin X, Zimmermann WH, Shah AM, Zampetaki A, Mayr M. Extracellular matrix secretion by cardiac fibroblasts: role of microRNA-29b and microRNA-30c. Circ Res 2013; 113:1138-47. [PMID: 24006456 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.302400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 142] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE MicroRNAs (miRNAs), in particular miR-29b and miR-30c, have been implicated as important regulators of cardiac fibrosis. OBJECTIVE To perform a proteomics comparison of miRNA effects on extracellular matrix secretion by cardiac fibroblasts. METHODS AND RESULTS Mouse cardiac fibroblasts were transfected with pre-/anti-miR of miR-29b and miR-30c, and their conditioned medium was analyzed by mass spectrometry. miR-29b targeted a cadre of proteins involved in fibrosis, including multiple collagens, matrix metalloproteinases, and leukemia inhibitory factor, insulin-like growth factor 1, and pentraxin 3, 3 predicted targets of miR-29b. miR-29b also attenuated the cardiac fibroblast response to transforming growth factor-β. In contrast, miR-30c had little effect on extracellular matrix production but opposite effects regarding leukemia inhibitory factor and insulin-like growth factor 1. Both miRNAs indirectly affected cardiac myocytes. On transfection with pre-miR-29b, the conditioned medium of cardiac fibroblasts lost its ability to support adhesion of rat ventricular myocytes and led to a significant reduction of cardiac myocyte proteins (α-actinin, cardiac myosin-binding protein C, and cardiac troponin I). Similarly, cardiomyocytes derived from mouse embryonic stem cells atrophied under pre-miR-29 conditioned medium, whereas pre-miR-30c conditioned medium had a prohypertrophic effect. Levels of miR-29a, miR-29c, and miR-30c, but not miR-29b, were significantly reduced in a mouse model of pathological but not physiological hypertrophy. Treatment with antagomiRs to miR-29b induced excess fibrosis after aortic constriction without overt deterioration in cardiac function. CONCLUSIONS Our proteomic analysis revealed novel molecular targets of miRNAs that are linked to a fibrogenic cardiac phenotype. Such comprehensive screening methods are essential to define the concerted actions of miRNAs in cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mélanie Abonnenc
- From the King's British Heart Foundation Centre, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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85
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Lorenzen JM, Batkai S, Thum T. Regulation of cardiac and renal ischemia-reperfusion injury by microRNAs. Free Radic Biol Med 2013; 64:78-84. [PMID: 23845966 DOI: 10.1016/j.freeradbiomed.2013.06.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2013] [Revised: 06/25/2013] [Accepted: 06/26/2013] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Tissue damage caused by ischemia-reperfusion (I/R) injury represents a serious event, which often leads to deterioration or even loss of organ function. I/R injury is associated with transient tissue oxygen deprivation due to vessel occlusion and a subsequent reperfusion period following restoration of blood flow. Initial tissue damage inflicted by ischemia is aggravated in the reperfusion period through mechanisms such as burst of reactive oxygen and nitrogen species and inflammatory reactions. I/R injury occurs during surgical interventions, organ transplantation, diseases such as myocardial infarction, circulatory shock, and toxic insults. Recently, microRNAs have come into focus as powerful regulators of gene expression and potential diagnostic tools during I/R injury. These small noncoding ribonucleotides (~22 nucleotides in length) posttranscriptionally target mRNAs, culminating in suppression of protein synthesis or increase in mRNA degradation, thus fundamentally influencing organ function. This review highlights the latest developments regarding the role of microRNAs in cardiac and renal I/R injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johan M Lorenzen
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies, Germany.
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86
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Becher PM, Lindner D, Fluschnik N, Blankenberg S, Westermann D. Diagnosing heart failure with preserved ejection fraction. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2013; 7:463-74. [PMID: 23930995 DOI: 10.1517/17530059.2013.825246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Heart failure with preserved ejection fraction (HFPEF) is a common syndrome, accounting for about 50% of all patients with heart failure (HF). Morbidity and mortality are similar to patients with HF with reduced ejection fraction (HFREF), yet no effective treatment has been identified in randomized clinical trials. AREAS COVERED This article provides an overview of the available literature regarding diagnosing established HFPEF and potential new therapeutic targets for the early diagnosis of HFPEF. Vascular dysfunction, ventricular-arterial coupling, oxidative stress, extracellular matrix regulation, chronotropic incompetence, pulmonary hypertension, exercise testing and biomarkers were taken into consideration next to conventional measurements of diastolic dysfunction. EXPERT OPINION Measuring diastolic dysfunction in HFPEF is considered important in many patients. Nevertheless, today we know that other causes besides diastolic dysfunction are also involved in the pathophysiology of many HFPEF patients and need to be investigated in order to make a correct diagnosis. Therefore, further research is required to allow better and more specific diagnostic and treatment options to reduce the morbidity and mortality for this ever-expanding HF population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Moritz Becher
- University Heart Center Hamburg Eppendorf, Department of General and Interventional Cardiology , Martinistraße 52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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87
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88
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Chen YC, Bui AV, Diesch J, Manasseh R, Hausding C, Rivera J, Haviv I, Agrotis A, Htun NM, Jowett J, Hagemeyer CE, Hannan RD, Bobik A, Peter K. A novel mouse model of atherosclerotic plaque instability for drug testing and mechanistic/therapeutic discoveries using gene and microRNA expression profiling. Circ Res 2013; 113:252-65. [PMID: 23748430 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301562] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE The high morbidity/mortality of atherosclerosis is typically precipitated by plaque rupture and consequent thrombosis. However, research on underlying mechanisms and therapeutic approaches is limited by the lack of animal models that reproduce plaque instability observed in humans. OBJECTIVE Development and use of a mouse model of plaque rupture that reflects the end stage of human atherosclerosis. METHODS AND RESULTS On the basis of flow measurements and computational fluid dynamics, we applied a tandem stenosis to the carotid artery of apolipoprotein E-deficient mice on high-fat diet. At 7 weeks postoperatively, we observed intraplaque hemorrhage in ≈50% of mice, as well as disruption of fibrous caps, intraluminal thrombosis, neovascularization, and further characteristics typically seen in human unstable plaques. Administration of atorvastatin was associated with plaque stabilization and downregulation of monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 and ubiquitin. Microarray profiling of mRNA and microRNA (miR) and, in particular, its combined analysis demonstrated major differences in the hierarchical clustering of genes and miRs among nonatherosclerotic arteries, stable, and unstable plaques and allows the identification of distinct genes/miRs, potentially representing novel therapeutic targets for plaque stabilization. The feasibility of the described animal model as a discovery tool was established in a pilot approach, identifying a disintegrin and metalloprotease with thrombospondin motifs 4 (ADAMTS4) and miR-322 as potential pathogenic factors of plaque instability in mice and validated in human plaques. CONCLUSIONS The newly described mouse model reflects human atherosclerotic plaque instability and represents a discovery tool toward the development and testing of therapeutic strategies aimed at preventing plaque rupture. Distinctly expressed genes and miRs can be linked to plaque instability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yung-Chih Chen
- Baker IDI Heart & Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Australia
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89
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Jazbutyte V, Fiedler J, Kneitz S, Galuppo P, Just A, Holzmann A, Bauersachs J, Thum T. MicroRNA-22 increases senescence and activates cardiac fibroblasts in the aging heart. AGE (DORDRECHT, NETHERLANDS) 2013; 35:747-62. [PMID: 22538858 PMCID: PMC3636396 DOI: 10.1007/s11357-012-9407-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2011] [Accepted: 03/28/2012] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are small non- coding RNA molecules controlling a plethora of biological processes such as development, cellular survival and senescence. We here determined miRs differentially regulated during cardiac postnatal development and aging. Cardiac function, morphology and miR expression profiles were determined in neonatal, 4 weeks, 6 months and 19 months old normotensive male healthy C57/Bl6N mice. MiR-22 was most prominently upregulated during cardiac aging. Cardiac expression of its bioinformatically predicted target mimecan (osteoglycin, OGN) was gradually decreased with advanced age. Luciferase reporter assays validated mimecan as a bona fide miR-22 target. Both, miR-22 and its target mimecan were co- expressed in cardiac fibroblasts and smooth muscle cells. Functionally, miR-22 overexpression induced cellular senescence and promoted migratory activity of cardiac fibroblasts. Small interference RNA-mediated silencing of mimecan in cardiac fibroblasts mimicked the miR-22-mediated effects. Rescue experiments revealed that the effects of miR-22 on cardiac fibroblasts were only partially mediated by mimecan. In conclusion, miR-22 upregulation in the aging heart contributed at least partly to accelerated cardiac fibroblast senescence and increased migratory activity. Our results suggest an involvement of miR-22 in age-associated cardiac changes, such as cardiac fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginija Jazbutyte
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Jan Fiedler
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Susanne Kneitz
- Microarray Core Facility, Interdisciplinary Centre of Clinical Research, University of Würzburg, Würzburg, Germany
| | - Paolo Galuppo
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annette Just
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Angelika Holzmann
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
| | - Johann Bauersachs
- Department of Cardiology and Angiology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), IFB-Tx, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany
- Centre for Clinical and Basic Research, IRCCS San Raffaele, Rome, Italy
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90
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MicroRNAs as biomarkers for ischemic heart disease. J Cardiovasc Transl Res 2013; 6:458-70. [PMID: 23716129 DOI: 10.1007/s12265-013-9466-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/19/2013] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRs) are short, noncoding RNAs that function as posttranscriptional inhibitors of mRNA translation to protein. They are essential for normal development and homeostasis. Dysregulated expression patterns both cause and result from disease states. Generally studied as intracellular mediators, miRs can be isolated from body fluids and exhibit remarkable stability to degradation. These features, in combination with their tissue specificity, make miRs attractive candidates as blood-derived biomarkers for coronary artery disease (CAD), the most frequent cause of death worldwide. The use of miRs as biomarkers in both symptomatic and asymptomatic CAD and the influence of conventional cardiovascular risk factors and CAD treatment on their circulating levels are the topics of this review. To conclude, it highlights the remaining hurdles to tackle before this promising application of miRs can enter into routine clinical practice.
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91
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Alexandru N, Georgescu A. Circulating microparticles and microRNAs as players in atherosclerosis. World J Hematol 2013; 2:16-19. [DOI: 10.5315/wjh.v2.i2.16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/17/2013] [Revised: 03/21/2013] [Accepted: 04/28/2013] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Microparticles (MPs) are extracellular membrane vesicles released from normal, apoptotic and pathological cells following a process of detachment from cells of origin. MPs are typically defined by their size, exposure of phosphatidylserine, the expression of surface antigens, proteins and genetic material, originating from their donor cells, and as important vehicles of intercellular communication across numerous biological processes. MPs contain the major source of systemic RNA including microRNA (miRNA) of which aberrant expression appears to be associated with stage and progression of atherosclerosis. The involvement and influence of miRNA during the onset and progression of atherosclerotic disease have generated a lot of interest in assessing the feasibility of therapeutic regulation of miRNAs to manipulate them with a special focus on cardiovascular disease. We speculate on the future developments of MPs which contain miRNA as new therapeutic targets for proliferative vascular diseases such as atherosclerosis.
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92
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Kim GH. MicroRNA regulation of cardiac conduction and arrhythmias. Transl Res 2013; 161:381-92. [PMID: 23274306 PMCID: PMC3619003 DOI: 10.1016/j.trsl.2012.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 95] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2012] [Revised: 12/04/2012] [Accepted: 12/06/2012] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
MicroRNAs are now recognized as important regulators of cardiovascular genes with critical roles in normal development and physiology, as well as disease development. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs approximately 22 nucleotides in length that regulate expression of target genes through sequence-specific hybridization to the 3' untranslated region of messenger RNAs and either block translation or direct degradation of their target messenger RNA. They have been shown to participate in cardiovascular disease pathogenesis including atherosclerosis, coronary artery disease, myocardial infarction, heart failure, and cardiac arrhythmias. Broadly defined, cardiac arrhythmias are a variation from the normal heart rate or rhythm. Arrhythmias are common and result in significant morbidity and mortality. Ventricular arrhythmias constitute a major cause for cardiac death, particularly sudden cardiac death in the setting of myocardial infarction and heart failure. As advances in pharmacologic, device, and ablative therapy continue to evolve, the molecular insights into the basis of arrhythmia is growing with the ambition of providing additional therapeutic options. Electrical remodeling and structural remodeling are identified mechanisms underlying arrhythmia generation; however, published studies focusing on miRNAs and cardiac conduction are sparse. Recent studies have highlighted the role of miRNAs in cardiac rhythm through regulation of key ion channels, transporters, and cellular proteins in arrhythmogenic conditions. This article aims to review the studies linking miRNAs to cardiac excitability and other processes pertinent to arrhythmia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gene H Kim
- University of Chicago, Institute for Cardiovascular Research, Chicago, IL 60637, USA.
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93
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Ling S, Birnbaum Y, Nanhwan MK, Thomas B, Bajaj M, Li Y, Li Y, Ye Y. Dickkopf-1 (DKK1) phosphatase and tensin homolog on chromosome 10 (PTEN) crosstalk via microRNA interference in the diabetic heart. Basic Res Cardiol 2013; 108:352. [PMID: 23636253 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-013-0352-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/12/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Competitive endogenous RNAs (ceRNAs) regulate mRNA transcripts containing common microRNA (miRNA) recognition elements (MREs) through sequestration of shared miRNAs. Interactions of ceRNA have been demonstrated in cancerous cells. However, a paucity of information is available relative to the interactions of ceRNAs interaction in diabetes mellitus and the myocardium. The purpose of this study is to assess the potential role of DKK1 and PTEN in ceRNA regulation utilizing their common miRNAs in diabetic cardiomyocytes. The interactions' regulation between PTEN and DKK1 were determined in two diabetic models in vivo (streptozotocin-induced type-1 DM mice and db/db mice) and in vitro (human cardiomyocytes cells exposed to hyperglycemia). The levels of DKK1 and PTEN (mRNA and protein) were upregulated in parallel in all three diabetic models. DKK1 modulates PTEN protein levels in a miRNA and 3'UTR-dependent manner. RNAi-mediated DKK1 gene silencing resulted in a decreased PTEN expression and vice versa. The effect was blocked when Dicer was inhibited. Silencing either PTEN or DKK1 resulted in an increase of the availabilities of shared miRNAs. The silencing of either PTEN or DKKI resulted in a suppression end of the luciferase-PTEN 3'UTR activity. However, the over expression of DKK1 3'UTR or PTEN 3'UTR resulted in an increase in the activity. The attenuation of DKK1 increased AKT phosphorylation, improved glucose uptake and decreased apoptosis in HCMs exposed to hyperglycemia. The effects were blocked by PI3K inhibition. DKK1 and PTEN transcripts are co-upregulated in DM and hyperglycemia. DKK1 and PTEN serve as ceRNA, affecting the expression of each other via competition for miRNAs binding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shukuan Ling
- School of Life Science and Technology, Harbin Institute of Technology, Harbin, Heilongjiang, China
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94
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Kohlstedt K, Trouvain C, Boettger T, Shi L, Fisslthaler B, Fleming I. AMP-activated protein kinase regulates endothelial cell angiotensin-converting enzyme expression via p53 and the post-transcriptional regulation of microRNA-143/145. Circ Res 2013; 112:1150-8. [PMID: 23476055 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.301282] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
RATIONALE High-angiotensin-converting enzyme (ACE)-levels are associated with cardiovascular disease, but little is known about the regulation of its expression. OBJECTIVE To assess the molecular mechanisms regulating endothelial ACE expression focusing on the role of the AMP-activated protein kinase (AMPK) and miR-143/145. METHODS AND RESULTS Shear stress decreased ACE expression in cultured endothelial cells, an effect prevented by downregulating AMPKα2 but not AMPKα1. AMPKα2(-/-) mice expressed higher ACE levels than wild-type littermates resulting in impaired hindlimb vasodilatation to the ACE substrate, bradykinin. The latter response was also evident in animals lacking the AMPKα2 subunit only in endothelial cells. In cultured endothelial cells, miR-143/145 levels were increased by shear stress in an AMPKα2-dependent manner, and miR-143/145 overexpression decreased ACE expression. The effect of shear stress was unrelated to an increase in miR-143/145 promoter activity and transcription but could be attributed to post-transcriptional regulation of precursor-miR-143/145 by AMPKα2. The AMPK substrate, p53, can enhance the post-transcriptional processing of several microRNAs, including miR-143/145. We found that shear stress elicited the AMPKα2-dependent phosphorylation of p53 (on Ser15), and that p53 downregulation prevented the shear stress-induced decrease in ACE expression. Streptozotocin-induced diabetes mellitus in mice was studied as a pathophysiological model of altered AMPK activity. Diabetes mellitus increased tissue phosphorylation of the AMPK substrates, p53 and acetyl-coenzyme A carboxylase, changes that correlated with increased miR-143/145 levels and decreased ACE expression. CONCLUSIONS AMPKα2 suppresses endothelial ACE expression via the phosphorylation of p53 and upregulation of miR-143/145. Post-transcriptional regulation of miR-143/145 may contribute to the vascular complications associated with diabetes mellitus.
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MESH Headings
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/deficiency
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/genetics
- AMP-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
- Animals
- Cells, Cultured
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/genetics
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/metabolism
- Diabetes Mellitus, Experimental/physiopathology
- Gene Expression Regulation, Enzymologic
- Genes, p53/genetics
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells
- Humans
- Mice
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Mice, Transgenic
- MicroRNAs/genetics
- MicroRNAs/metabolism
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/biosynthesis
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/deficiency
- Peptidyl-Dipeptidase A/genetics
- Phosphorylation/genetics
- RNA Processing, Post-Transcriptional/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin Kohlstedt
- Institute for Vascular Signalling, Centre for Molecular Medicine, Johann Wolfgang Goethe University, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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95
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Bonet F, Hernandez-Torres F, Esteban FJ, Aranega A, Franco D. Comparative Analyses of MicroRNA Microarrays during Cardiogenesis: Functional Perspectives. MICROARRAYS 2013; 2:81-96. [PMID: 27605182 PMCID: PMC5003481 DOI: 10.3390/microarrays2020081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2013] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 03/21/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular development is a complex process in which several transcriptional pathways are operative, providing instructions to the developing cardiomyocytes, while coping with contraction and morphogenetic movements to shape the mature heart. The discovery of microRNAs has added a new layer of complexity to the molecular mechanisms governing the formation of the heart. Discrete genetic ablation of the microRNAs processing enzymes, such as Dicer and Drosha, has highlighted the functional roles of microRNAs during heart development. Importantly, selective deletion of a single microRNA, miR-1-2, results in an embryonic lethal phenotype in which both morphogenetic, as well as impaired conduction, phenotypes can be observed. In an effort to grasp the variability of microRNA expression during cardiac morphogenesis, we recently reported the dynamic expression profile during ventricular development, highlighting the importance of miR-27 on the regulation of a key cardiac transcription factor, Mef2c. In this review, we compare the microRNA expression profile in distinct models of cardiogenesis, such as ventricular chamber development, induced pluripotent stem cell (iPS)-derived cardiomyocytes and the aging heart. Importantly, out of 486 microRNAs assessed in the developing heart, 11% (55) displayed increased expression, many of which are also differentially expressed in distinct cardiogenetic experimental models, including iPS-derived cardiomyocytes. A review on the functional analyses of these differentially expressed microRNAs will be provided in the context of cardiac development, highlighting the resolution and power of microarrays analyses on the quest to decipher the most relevant microRNAs in the developing, aging and diseased heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fernando Bonet
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén 23071, Spain.
| | - Francisco Hernandez-Torres
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén 23071, Spain.
| | - Franciso J Esteban
- System Biology Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén 23071, Spain.
| | - Amelia Aranega
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén 23071, Spain.
| | - Diego Franco
- Cardiovascular Research Group, Department of Experimental Biology, University of Jaén, Jaén 23071, Spain.
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96
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The miRNA-212/132 family regulates both cardiac hypertrophy and cardiomyocyte autophagy. Nat Commun 2013; 3:1078. [PMID: 23011132 PMCID: PMC3657998 DOI: 10.1038/ncomms2090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 458] [Impact Index Per Article: 41.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2012] [Accepted: 08/23/2012] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Pathological growth of cardiomyocytes (hypertrophy) is a major determinant for the development of heart failure, one of the leading medical causes of mortality worldwide. Here we show that the microRNA (miRNA)-212/132 family regulates cardiac hypertrophy and autophagy in cardiomyocytes. Hypertrophic stimuli upregulate cardiomyocyte expression of miR-212 and miR-132, which are both necessary and sufficient to drive the hypertrophic growth of cardiomyocytes. MiR-212/132 null mice are protected from pressure-overload-induced heart failure, whereas cardiomyocyte-specific overexpression of the miR-212/132 family leads to pathological cardiac hypertrophy, heart failure and death in mice. Both miR-212 and miR-132 directly target the anti-hypertrophic and pro-autophagic FoxO3 transcription factor and overexpression of these miRNAs leads to hyperactivation of pro-hypertrophic calcineurin/NFAT signalling and an impaired autophagic response upon starvation. Pharmacological inhibition of miR-132 by antagomir injection rescues cardiac hypertrophy and heart failure in mice, offering a possible therapeutic approach for cardiac failure. Heart failure is often a consequence of pathological growth of cardiomyocytes or cardiac hypertrophy. Here Ucar and colleagues report that the microRNAs miR-132 and miR-212 promote cardiac hypertrophy and inhibit autophagy in cardiomyocytes by downregulating the transcription factor FoxO3.
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97
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Abstract
The complexity of posttranscriptional regulation by noncoding microRNAs (miRNAs, miRs) is still not completely understood. A large fraction of the genome is under the control of miRs via (partial) complementary base pairing within the corresponding mRNA region. Myocardial infarction is characterized by strongly altered gene expression, deregulation of underlying signaling pathways, and crucial participation of several miRs in this context. Mechanistically, miR induction or repression after myocardial infarction triggers downstream events in a cell-type–specific manner, and interference with endogenous miR expression might regulate overall cardiac function. In this brief review, we (1) summarize the current knowledge about the importance of several miRs after myocardial infarction, (2) report about novel miR-based therapeutic approaches to counteract maladaptive remodeling upon cardiac ischemia, and (3) discuss briefly the use of miRs as biomarkers for cardiac ischemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan Fiedler
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Thomas Thum
- From the Institute of Molecular and Translational Therapeutic Strategies (IMTTS), Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
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98
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Dimmeler S, Nicotera P. MicroRNAs in age-related diseases. EMBO Mol Med 2013; 5:180-90. [PMID: 23339066 PMCID: PMC3569636 DOI: 10.1002/emmm.201201986] [Citation(s) in RCA: 138] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Revised: 12/03/2012] [Accepted: 12/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a complex process that is linked to an increased incidence of major diseases such as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disease, but also cancer and immune disorders. MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small non-coding RNAs, which post-transcriptionally control gene expression by inhibiting translation or inducing degradation of targeted mRNAs. MiRNAs target up to hundreds of mRNAs, thereby modulating gene expression patterns. Many miRNAs appear to be dysregulated during cellular senescence, aging and disease. However, only few miRNAs have been so far linked to age-related changes in cellular and organ functions. The present article will discuss these findings, specifically focusing on the cardiovascular and neurological systems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Dimmeler
- Institute for Cardiovascular Regeneration, Centre of Molecular Medicine, Goethe University Frankfurt, Frankfurt, Germany.
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99
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Abstract
The following represent a selection of the most read
Circulation Research
articles published between January 2010 and December 2011, presented in reverse order of publication. Articles were selected based on the number of Full Text/PDF downloads, adjusted to compensate for differences in the length of time articles have been available online.
As stated in the past, our motivation in compiling such lists of most read articles is multifarious. By highlighting these articles, we wish to direct the attention of our readers to new information that may be of particular interest to a large fraction of the community of cardiovascular scholars. In addition, a synopsis of the most popular articles can be a useful indicator of burgeoning areas of research that are likely to dominate the landscape for years to come. This “honor roll” is also meant to acknowledge the outstanding work of the authors and their efforts in advancing the frontiers of cardiovascular science. Furthermore, we believe that the articles highlighted below represent paradigms of scientific excellence, particularly with respect to the three criteria that we value most at
Circulation Research
: conceptual and/or mechanistic novelty, scientific impact, and methodological rigor. Finally, we hope that this list will provide tangible evidence of the high (and rising) level of scientific excellence of the work published in
Circulation Research
.
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100
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Bladé C, Baselga-Escudero L, Salvadó MJ, Arola-Arnal A. miRNAs, polyphenols, and chronic disease. Mol Nutr Food Res 2012; 57:58-70. [PMID: 23165995 DOI: 10.1002/mnfr.201200454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2012] [Revised: 09/03/2012] [Accepted: 09/13/2012] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
MicroRNAs (miRNAs) are small noncoding RNAs, approximately 18-25 nucleotides in length, that modulate gene expression at the posttranscriptional level. Thousands of miRNAs have been described, and it is thought that they regulate some aspects of more than 60% of all human cell transcripts. Several polyphenols have been shown to modulate miRNAs related to metabolic homeostasis and chronic diseases. Polyphenolic modulation of miRNAs is very attractive as a strategy to target numerous cell processes and potentially reduce the risk of chronic disease. Evidence is building that polyphenols can target specific miRNAs, such as miR-122, but more studies are necessary to discover and validate additional miRNA targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinta Bladé
- Department of Biochemistry and Biotechnology, Universitat Rovira i Virgili, 43007 Tarragona, Spain.
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