51
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Lin C, Zhu D, Markby G, Corcoran BM, Farquharson C, Macrae VE. Isolation and Characterization of Primary Rat Valve Interstitial Cells: A New Model to Study Aortic Valve Calcification. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 29286439 PMCID: PMC5755457 DOI: 10.3791/56126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is characterized by the progressive thickening of the aortic valve leaflets. It is a condition frequently found in the elderly and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients, who commonly suffer from hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia. At present, there are no medication therapies that can stop its progression. The mechanisms that underlie this pathological process remain unclear. The aortic valve leaflet is composed of a thin layer of valve endothelial cells (VECs) on the outer surfaces of the aortic cusps, with valve interstitial cells (VICs) sandwiched between the VECs. The use of a rat model enables the in vitro study of ectopic calcification based on the in vivo physiopathological serum phosphate (Pi) and calcium (Ca) levels of patients who suffer from hyperphosphatemia and hypercalcemia. The described protocol details the isolation of a pure rat VIC population as shown by the expression of VIC markers: alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) vimentin and tissue growth factor beta (TGFβ) 1 and 2, and the absence of cluster of differentiation (CD) 31, a VEC marker. By expanding these VICs, biochemical, genetic, and imaging studies can be performed to study and unravel the key mediators underpinning CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cui Lin
- Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh;
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- Guangzhou Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, The Second Affiliated Hospital, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Guangzhou Medical University
| | - Greg Markby
- Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh
| | | | - Colin Farquharson
- Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh
| | - Vicky E Macrae
- Developmental Biology, The Roslin Institute and R(D)SVS, University of Edinburgh
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Rutkovskiy A, Malashicheva A, Sullivan G, Bogdanova M, Kostareva A, Stensløkken KO, Fiane A, Vaage J. Valve Interstitial Cells: The Key to Understanding the Pathophysiology of Heart Valve Calcification. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e006339. [PMID: 28912209 PMCID: PMC5634284 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.117.006339] [Citation(s) in RCA: 185] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Arkady Rutkovskiy
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Division of Medicine, Akershus University Hospital, Lørenskog, Norway
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Anna Malashicheva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Gareth Sullivan
- Division of Biochemistry, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Hybrid Technology Hub-Centre of Excellence, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Institute of Immunology, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- Norwegian Center for Stem Cell Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Maria Bogdanova
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Anna Kostareva
- Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St. Petersburg, Russia
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Kåre-Olav Stensløkken
- Division of Physiology, Department of Molecular Medicine, Institute of Basic Medical Sciences, University of Oslo, Norway
- Centre for Heart Failure Research, University of Oslo, Norway
| | - Arnt Fiane
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
| | - Jarle Vaage
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Oslo, Norway
- Department of Emergency Medicine and Intensive Care, Oslo University Hospital, Oslo, Norway
- ITMO University, St. Petersburg, Russia
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Lam NT, Lam H, Sturdivant NM, Balachandran K. Fabrication of a matrigel-collagen semi-interpenetrating scaffold for use in dynamic valve interstitial cell culture. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 12:045013. [PMID: 28484097 DOI: 10.1088/1748-605x/aa71be] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
The study of heart valve homeostatic and disease mechanisms are often limited by the challenges in simulating the in vivo milieu, where valve cells are surrounded by the extracellular matrix in a three-dimensional (3D) environment and experience multiple dynamic mechanical forces. Type I collagen is typically the most common 3D matrix used to culture valve cells in vitro. Unfortunately, this material has poor mechanical behavior due to an inherent propensity to compact significantly, unlike native valve leaflets. We hypothesized that incorporation of matrigel, which contains other heart valve-relevant matrix components such as type IV collagen and sulfated proteoglycans, to type I collagen would provide an appropriate physiological milieu for in vitro valve interstitial cell culture. Different semi-interpenetrating mixtures of collagen type I and matrigel were prepared and a thorough characterization of their physical, mechanical and biocompatibility properties was performed. We observed that the matrigel-collagen hydrogel was porous and degradable with tunable swelling behavior. Incorporation of matrigel not only enhanced the mechanical behavior of the composite hydrogel but also presented the cultured valve interstitial cells with a more enriched extracellular matrix network for in vitro culture. We showed that cells cultured in the composite hydrogel had comparable viability, proliferation and cell phenotype as compared with those in a collagen only gel. Importantly, the composite hydrogel was also amenable to in vitro cyclic stretching culture for 48 h. Overall, we report here the potential use of the matrigel-collagen hydrogel as a three dimensional scaffold for the dynamic mechanical culture of valve interstitial cells in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ngoc Thien Lam
- Cell and Molecular Biology Program, University of Arkansas, Fayetteville, AR 72701, United States of America
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Lee SH, Kim DH, Youn YN, Lee S, Joo HC, Chang BC, Yoo KJ. Effect of Rosuvastatin on Bovine Pericardial Aortic Tissue Valve Calcification in a Rat Subdermal Implantation Model. Korean Circ J 2017; 47:401-408. [PMID: 28567091 PMCID: PMC5449535 DOI: 10.4070/kcj.2016.0214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2016] [Revised: 10/27/2016] [Accepted: 02/16/2017] [Indexed: 11/11/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND OBJECTIVES There are pathophysiologic similarities between calcification and atherosclerosis because both are the product of an active inflammatory process. The aim of this study was to examine the effects of statin treatment on calcification in bovine pericardial tissue valves. MATERIALS AND METHODS Forty Sprague-Dawley rats were randomly divided into 4 groups according to hypercholesterolemia induction and statin intake (Group 1, n=10: normal diet without statin treatment, Group 2, n=10: normal diet with statin treatment, Group 3, n=10: high fat diet without statin treatment, Group 4, n=10: high fat diet with statin treatment). Serum lipid levels were measured just before the experiment and after 4 and 12 weeks. Bovine pericardial tissue valve cusps were surgically implanted in rat dorsal subcutis at 4 weeks. After the surgery, statin was administered daily to Groups 2 and 4. Serum interleukin-6 (IL-6) level was measured at 5 weeks. Cusps were explanted at 12 weeks and calcium levels were determined by atomic absorption spectroscopy. RESULTS Mean IL-6 was significantly higher in Group 3 at 5 weeks (7.14, 2.03, 31.70, and 6.90 pg/dL for each group, respectively). Mean calcium level in Group 3 was significantly higher among groups but Group 4 was significantly lower compared to Group 3 and was similar to Group 1, 2 (1.86, 1.92, 2.55, and 1.80 mg/g for each group, respectively, p<0.01). CONCLUSION Hypercholesterolemia may be a significant risk factor for bovine pericardial valve calcification. Statin treatment significantly attenuated calcification of bovine pericardial valve tissue in a rat subdermal implantation model and might prolong the durability of bioprostheses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Lee
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Dae-Hyun Kim
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Young-Nam Youn
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Sak Lee
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Hyun Chel Joo
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Byung Chul Chang
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
| | - Kyung-Jong Yoo
- Division of Thoracic and Cardiovascular Surgery, Severance Cardiovascular Hospital, Yonsei Cardiovascular Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Korea
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Cui L, Rashdan NA, Zhu D, Milne EM, Ajuh P, Milne G, Helfrich MH, Lim K, Prasad S, Lerman DA, Vesey AT, Dweck MR, Jenkins WS, Newby DE, Farquharson C, Macrae VE. End stage renal disease-induced hypercalcemia may promote aortic valve calcification via Annexin VI enrichment of valve interstitial cell derived-matrix vesicles. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:2985-2995. [PMID: 28369848 PMCID: PMC5575563 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25935] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Patients with end‐stage renal disease (ESRD) have elevated circulating calcium (Ca) and phosphate (Pi), and exhibit accelerated progression of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). We hypothesized that matrix vesicles (MVs) initiate the calcification process in CAVD. Ca induced rat valve interstitial cells (VICs) calcification at 4.5 mM (16.4‐fold; p < 0.05) whereas Pi treatment alone had no effect. Ca (2.7 mM) and Pi (2.5 mM) synergistically induced calcium deposition (10.8‐fold; p < 0.001) in VICs. Ca treatment increased the mRNA of the osteogenic markers Msx2, Runx2, and Alpl (p < 0.01). MVs were harvested by ultracentrifugation from VICs cultured with control or calcification media (containing 2.7 mM Ca and 2.5 mM Pi) for 16 hr. Proteomics analysis revealed the marked enrichment of exosomal proteins, including CD9, CD63, LAMP‐1, and LAMP‐2 and a concomitant up‐regulation of the Annexin family of calcium‐binding proteins. Of particular note Annexin VI was shown to be enriched in calcifying VIC‐derived MVs (51.9‐fold; p < 0.05). Through bioinformatic analysis using Ingenuity Pathway Analysis (IPA), the up‐regulation of canonical signaling pathways relevant to cardiovascular function were identified in calcifying VIC‐derived MVs, including aldosterone, Rho kinase, and metal binding. Further studies using human calcified valve tissue revealed the co‐localization of Annexin VI with areas of MVs in the extracellular matrix by transmission electron microscopy (TEM). Together these findings highlight a critical role for VIC‐derived MVs in CAVD. Furthermore, we identify calcium as a key driver of aortic valve calcification, which may directly underpin the increased susceptibility of ESRD patients to accelerated development of CAVD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lin Cui
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Nabil A Rashdan
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Dongxing Zhu
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Elspeth M Milne
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Paul Ajuh
- Gemini Biosciences Ltd, Liverpool Science Park, Liverpool, United Kingdom
| | - Gillian Milne
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Miep H Helfrich
- Institute of Medical Sciences, University of Aberdeen, Aberdeen, United Kingdom
| | - Kelvin Lim
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sai Prasad
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Daniel A Lerman
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Alex T Vesey
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Marc R Dweck
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - William S Jenkins
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - David E Newby
- University/BHF Center for Cardiovascular Sciences, University of Edinburgh, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Vicky E Macrae
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, University of Edinburgh, Easter Bush, Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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56
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Human interstitial cellular model in therapeutics of heart valve calcification. Amino Acids 2017; 49:1981-1997. [DOI: 10.1007/s00726-017-2432-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Aortic valve disease is relatively common and encompasses both congenital and acquired forms. Bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common type of cardiac malformation and predisposes to the development of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Since the description of the link between NOTCH1, BAV and CAVD approximately a decade ago, there have been significant advances in the genetic and molecular understanding of these diseases. RECENT FINDINGS Recent work has defined the congenital cardiac phenotypes linked to mutations in NOTCH1, and in addition, novel etiologic genes for BAV have been discovered using new genetic technologies in humans. Furthermore, several mouse models of BAV have been described defining the role of endothelial Notch1 in aortic valve morphogenesis, whereas others have implicated new genes. These murine models along with other cell-based studies have led to molecular insights in the pathogenesis of CAVD. SUMMARY These findings provide important insights into the molecular and genetic basis of aortic valve malformations, including BAV, specifically highlighting the etiologic role of endothelial cells. In addition, numerous investigations in to the mechanisms of CAVD demonstrate the importance of developmental origins and signaling pathways as well as communication between valve endothelial cells and the underlying interstitial cells in valve disease onset and progression.
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58
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Song R, Fullerton DA, Ao L, Zhao KS, Reece TB, Cleveland JC, Meng X. Altered MicroRNA Expression Is Responsible for the Pro-Osteogenic Phenotype of Interstitial Cells in Calcified Human Aortic Valves. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:e005364. [PMID: 28438736 PMCID: PMC5533027 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The transition of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) to myofibroblastic and osteoblast-like phenotypes plays a critical role in calcific aortic valve disease progression. Several microRNAs (miRs) are implicated in stem cell differentiation into osteoblast. We hypothesized that an epigenetic mechanism regulates valvular pro-osteogenic activity. This study examined miR profile in AVICs of calcified valves and identified miRs responsible for AVIC phenotypic transition. METHODS AND RESULTS AVICs were isolated from normal and diseased valves. The miR microarray analysis revealed 14 upregulated and 12 downregulated miRs in diseased AVICs. Increased miR-486 and decreased miR-204 levels were associated with higher levels of myofibroblastic biomarker α-smooth muscle actin and osteoblastic biomarkers runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) and osterix (Osx). Cotransfection of miR-486 antagomir and miR-204 mimic in diseased AVICs reduced their ability to express Runx2 and Osx. The miR-486 mimic upregulated α-smooth muscle actin expression in normal AVICs through the protein kinase B pathway and moderately elevated Runx2 and Osx levels. Knockdown of α-smooth muscle actin attenuated Runx2 and Osx expression induced by miR-486. The miR-486 mimic and miR-204 antagomir synergistically promoted Runx2 and Osx expression and calcium deposition in normal AVICs and normal aortic valve tissue. CONCLUSIONS In AVICs of calcified valves, increased levels of miR-486 induce myofibroblastic transition to upregulate Runx2 and Osx expression and synergize with miR-204 deficiency to elevate cellular and valvular pro-osteogenic activity. These novel findings indicate that modulation of the epigenetic mechanism underlying valvular pro-osteogenic activity has therapeutic potential for prevention of calcific aortic valve disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | - Ke-Seng Zhao
- Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - T Brett Reece
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
| | | | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO
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Song R, Fullerton DA, Ao L, Zhao KS, Meng X. An epigenetic regulatory loop controls pro-osteogenic activation by TGF-β1 or bone morphogenetic protein 2 in human aortic valve interstitial cells. J Biol Chem 2017; 292:8657-8666. [PMID: 28377507 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m117.783308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2017] [Revised: 04/03/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is common in the elderly population, but pharmacological interventions for managing valvular calcification are unavailable. Transforming growth factor β1 (TGF-β1) and bone morphogenetic protein 2 (BMP-2) induce pro-osteogenic activation of human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) that play an important role in valvular calcification. However, the molecular mechanism underlying pro-osteogenic activation in AVICs is incompletely understood. Here, we investigated an epigenetic regulatory mechanism in human AVIC pro-osteogenic activation induced by TGF-β1 and BMP-2. Microarray and real-time PCR analyses revealed that microRNA (miR)-486 up-regulation and miR-204 down-regulation were characteristic changes in TGF-β1- and BMP-2-stimulated normal AVICs and in AVICs from calcified valves. Both TGF-β1 and BMP-2 down-regulated miR-204 through Smad pathways. Interestingly, an miR-486 antagomir diminished the effect of TGF-β1 and BMP-2 on miR-204 levels and calcium deposit formation. Furthermore, the miR-486 antagomir increased the expression of Smurf2, a Smad inhibitor, in the presence or absence of TGF-β1 or BMP-2 stimulation, whereas a miR-486 mimic reduced Smurf2 expression. Smurf2 knockdown augmented TGF-β1- or BMP-2-induced miR-204 down-regulation and resulted in increased expression of the osteoblastic biomarkers Osx and Runx2. In summary, we found that TGF-β1 and BMP-2 up-regulate miR-486 and down-regulate miR-204 in human AVICs to promote pro-osteogenic activity and that miR-486 inhibits Smurf2 expression to augment the miR-204 down-regulation. We conclude that the miR-486-Smurf2-Smad loop plays an important role in regulating AVIC pro-osteogenic activation in response to TGF-β1 or BMP-2. Targeting this regulatory loop may have therapeutic potential for suppressing aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - David A Fullerton
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Lihua Ao
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
| | - Ke-Seng Zhao
- the Department of Pathophysiology, Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou 510515, China
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado 80045 and
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60
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Association between serum alkaline phosphatase and coronary artery calcification in a sample of primary cardiovascular prevention patients. Atherosclerosis 2017; 260:81-86. [PMID: 28371683 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2017.03.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2016] [Revised: 03/15/2017] [Accepted: 03/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS A high level of serum alkaline phosphatase (ALP) is associated with an increased risk of mortality and myocardial infarction. ALP hydrolyses inorganic pyrophosphate, which is a strong inhibitor of calcium phosphate deposition. The aim of this study was to determine whether ALP is associated with the coronary artery calcium score (CACS). METHODS We examined the association of CACS, assessed by computed tomography scanning, and ALP, in 500 patients consecutively recruited, free of cardiovascular disease. The CACS were categorized into two groups: no calcification (CACS = 0) (n = 187) and with calcification (CACS>0) (n = 313). ALP activity was divided into three tertile groups: low ALP level (<55 IU/L), intermediate (55-66 IU/L) and high ALP level (>66 IU/L). RESULTS The mean age was 60.9 ± 10.8 years, 49.6% of the patients were women. ALP ranged from 22 to 164 IU/L (mean 62.6 IU/L, SD 19.3). In univariate analysis, traditional cardiovascular risk factors, statin use (p = 0.001), and ALP (p = 0.001) were significantly associated with CACS. After adjusting for cardiovascular risk factors, only age (p = 0.001) and sex (p = 0.001) were independently associated with CACS. Compared to the tertile group with low levels of ALP, the intermediate tertile group [OR 2.11, 95% CI (1.12; 3.96), p = 0.02], as well as the high tertile group [OR 3.89, 95% CI (2.01; 7.54), p = 0.001)], was independently associated with CACS. CONCLUSIONS In patients free of cardiovascular disease, high ALP levels are positively and independently associated with coronary artery calcification. The metabolic pathway of ALP and inorganic pyrophosphate could be a target for new therapies against vascular calcification.
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61
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Porras AM, van Engeland NCA, Marchbanks E, McCormack A, Bouten CVC, Yacoub MH, Latif N, Masters KS. Robust Generation of Quiescent Porcine Valvular Interstitial Cell Cultures. J Am Heart Assoc 2017; 6:JAHA.116.005041. [PMID: 28292746 PMCID: PMC5524027 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.116.005041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Background Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) in the healthy aortic valve leaflet exhibit a quiescent phenotype, with <5% of VICs exhibiting an activated phenotype. Yet, in vitro culture of VICs on tissue culture polystyrene surfaces in standard growth medium results in rapid transformation to an activated phenotype in >90% of cells. The inability to preserve a healthy VIC phenotype during in vitro studies has hampered the elucidation of mechanisms involved in calcific aortic valve disease. This study describes the generation of quiescent populations of porcine VICs in 2‐dimensional in vitro culture and their utility in studying valve pathobiology. Methods and Results Within 4 days of isolation from fresh porcine hearts, VICs cultured in standard growth conditions were predominantly myofibroblastic (activated VICs). This myofibroblastic phenotype was partially reversed within 4 days, and fully reversed within 9 days, following application of a combination of a fibroblast media formulation with culture on collagen coatings. Specifically, culture in this combination significantly reduced several markers of VIC activation, including proliferation, apoptosis, α‐smooth muscle actin expression, and matrix production, relative to standard growth conditions. Moreover, VICs raised in a fibroblast media formulation with culture on collagen coatings exhibited dramatically increased sensitivity to treatment with transforming growth factor β1, a known pathological stimulus, compared with VICs raised in either standard culture or medium with a fibroblast media formulation. Conclusions The approach using a fibroblast media formulation with culture on collagen coatings generates quiescent VICs that more accurately mimic a healthy VIC population and thus has the potential to transform the study of the mechanisms of VIC activation and dysfunction involved in the early stages of calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ana M Porras
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
| | - Nicole C A van Engeland
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Evelyn Marchbanks
- Department of Chemical and Biological Engineering, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO
| | - Ann McCormack
- Tissue Engineering, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Carlijn V C Bouten
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Eindhoven University of Technology, Eindhoven, The Netherlands
| | - Magdi H Yacoub
- Tissue Engineering, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Najma Latif
- Tissue Engineering, Magdi Yacoub Institute, Imperial College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Kristyn S Masters
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI
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62
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Shen W, Zhou J, Wang C, Xu G, Wu Y, Hu Z. High mobility group box 1 induces calcification of aortic valve interstitial cells via toll-like receptor 4. Mol Med Rep 2017; 15:2530-2536. [PMID: 28260034 PMCID: PMC5428883 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.6287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2015] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Chronic inflammation and the calcification of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) are the primary etiologies of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). However, the underlying mechanism remains to be elucidated. The present study investigated the importance of high mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) via toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) for the regulation of inflammation and calcification in AVICs. It was determined that the expression levels of HMGB1 and TLR4 were increased in the calcific region of aortic valves with CAVD. In cultured primary AVICs from wild-type mice, HMGB1 treatment demonstrated a dose-dependent increase in mineralization levels and osteogenic gene expression. These effects were significantly reduced in AVICs obtained from TLR4 knockout mice (TLR4−/−). In addition, calcification was inhibited by TLR4-specific antibodies in primary AVICs. HMGB1 induced the activation of p38 and nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) in TLR4−/− primary AVICs, and inhibited p38 and NF-κB in wild-type AVICs treated with TLR4-specific antibodies. The present study demonstrated that TLR4 may function as an essential mediator of HMGB1-induced calcification and in the activation of p38 and NF-κB.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenjun Shen
- Ningbo Medical Treatment Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 310041, P.R. China
| | - Jianqing Zhou
- Ningbo Medical Treatment Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 310041, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Ningbo Medical Treatment Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 310041, P.R. China
| | - Guangze Xu
- Ningbo Medical Treatment Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 310041, P.R. China
| | - Ying Wu
- Ningbo Medical Treatment Center, Lihuili Hospital, Ningbo, Zhejiang 310041, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohui Hu
- Department of Cardiovascular Disease, The Affiliated Tongji Hospital, Tongji University, Shanghai 210062, P.R. China
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RAGE deficiency alleviates aortic valve calcification in ApoE −/− mice via the inhibition of endoplasmic reticulum stress. Biochim Biophys Acta Mol Basis Dis 2017; 1863:781-792. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbadis.2016.12.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/23/2016] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Wu B, Wang Y, Xiao F, Butcher JT, Yutzey KE, Zhou B. Developmental Mechanisms of Aortic Valve Malformation and Disease. Annu Rev Physiol 2017; 79:21-41. [DOI: 10.1146/annurev-physiol-022516-034001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Bingruo Wu
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
| | - Yidong Wang
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
| | - Feng Xiao
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029 China
| | - Jonathan T. Butcher
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York 14853;
| | - Katherine E. Yutzey
- Division of Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio 45229;
| | - Bin Zhou
- Departments of Genetics, Pediatrics, and Medicine (Cardiology), Wilf Cardiovascular Research Institute, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, New York 10461;
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing 210029 China
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Zhou J, Zhu J, Jiang L, Zhang B, Zhu D, Wu Y. Interleukin 18 promotes myofibroblast activation of valvular interstitial cells. Int J Cardiol 2016; 221:998-1003. [PMID: 27441481 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2016.07.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2016] [Accepted: 07/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease is the main heart valve disease in the elderly. Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) play an important role in the process of valve calcification. Interleukin 18 (IL-18) is expressed in stenosis aortic valves and is positively related with the clinical severity of aortic stenosis. However, the role of IL-18 in aortic valve calcification remains unclear. This study examined whether IL-18 promotes myofibroblast and/or osteoblast transdifferention of VICs. Porcine VICs were isolated and treated with recombinant porcine IL-18. METHODS Porcine VICs were cultured and treated with IL-18. Gene and protein expression of myofibroblastic and osteoblastic markers were tested and nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) phosphorylation was also analyzed. Alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining and activity assay were also performed. RESULTS Our experiments demonstrated that IL-18 significantly enhanced alpha-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA) gene and protein expression. IL-18 treatment also promoted the expression of osteopontin (OPN) and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) mRNA, although OPN and Runx2 protein expressions were not changed. IL-18 could induce ALP activity in the presence of conditioning medium. We also demonstrated that IL-18 markedly enhanced NF-κB p65 phosphorylation in VICs. CONCLUSIONS Together these results suggest that IL-18 promotes the myofibroblast differentiation of VICs and accelerates calcification in the presence of conditioning medium via the NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingxin Zhou
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Jinfu Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Li Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Busheng Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Dan Zhu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, Shanghai Chest Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China.
| | - Yanhu Wu
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, the First Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Cui L, Houston DA, Farquharson C, MacRae VE. Characterisation of matrix vesicles in skeletal and soft tissue mineralisation. Bone 2016; 87:147-58. [PMID: 27072517 DOI: 10.1016/j.bone.2016.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 106] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Revised: 03/25/2016] [Accepted: 04/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The importance of matrix vesicles (MVs) has been repeatedly highlighted in the formation of cartilage, bone, and dentin since their discovery in 1967. These nano-vesicular structures, which are found in the extracellular matrix, are believed to be one of the sites of mineral nucleation that occurs in the organic matrix of the skeletal tissues. In the more recent years, there have been numerous reports on the observation of MV-like particles in calcified vascular tissues that could be playing a similar role. Therefore, here, we review the characteristics MVs possess that enable them to participate in mineral deposition. Additionally, we outline the content of skeletal tissue- and soft tissue-derived MVs, and discuss their key mineralisation mediators that could be targeted for future therapeutic use.
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Affiliation(s)
- L Cui
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK.
| | - D A Houston
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - C Farquharson
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
| | - V E MacRae
- The Roslin Institute and Royal (Dick) School of Veterinary Studies, The University of Edinburgh Easter Bush Campus, Edinburgh, Midlothian, EH25 9RG, UK
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67
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Lee SH, Choi JH. Involvement of Immune Cell Network in Aortic Valve Stenosis: Communication between Valvular Interstitial Cells and Immune Cells. Immune Netw 2016; 16:26-32. [PMID: 26937229 PMCID: PMC4770097 DOI: 10.4110/in.2016.16.1.26] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Revised: 01/14/2016] [Accepted: 01/16/2016] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve stenosis is a heart disease prevalent in the elderly characterized by valvular calcification, fibrosis, and inflammation, but its exact pathogenesis remains unclear. Previously, aortic valve stenosis was thought to be caused by chronic passive and degenerative changes associated with aging. However, recent studies have demonstrated that atherosclerotic processes and inflammation can induce valvular calcification and bone deposition, leading to valvular stenosis. In particular, the most abundant cell type in cardiac valves, valvular interstitial cells, can differentiate into myofibroblasts and osteoblast-like cells, leading to valvular calcification and stenosis. Differentiation of valvular interstitial cells can be trigged by inflammatory stimuli from several immune cell types, including macrophages, dendritic cells, T cells, B cells, and mast cells. This review indicates that crosstalk between immune cells and valvular interstitial cells plays an important role in the development of aortic valve stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seung Hyun Lee
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
| | - Jae-Hoon Choi
- Department of Life Science, College of Natural Sciences, Research Institute of Natural Sciences, Hanyang University, Seoul 04763, Korea
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68
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Masjedi S, Amarnath A, Baily KM, Ferdous Z. Comparison of calcification potential of valvular interstitial cells isolated from individual aortic valve cusps. Cardiovasc Pathol 2015; 25:185-194. [PMID: 26874039 DOI: 10.1016/j.carpath.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2015] [Revised: 11/26/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is one of the most prevalent disorders among the elderly in developed countries. CAVD develops via cell-mediated processes, and clinical data show that CAVD initiates mostly in the noncoronary cusp of the aortic valve. Valvular interstitial cells (VICs) populate the inside of heart valves and are a heterogeneous cell population. The goal of this study is to elucidate the difference in calcification potential among VICs isolated from the left, right, and noncoronary cusps of porcine aortic valves. METHODS AND RESULTS VICs were isolated from each of the aortic valve cusps and cultured in calcifying medium for 14days to induce calcification. The samples were assessed for calcium deposits, nodule formation, and calcific markers using alizarin red and Von Kossa staining, alkaline phosphatase (ALP) staining, ALP enzyme activity assay, and Western blot. Extracellular matrix production and degradation were measured using collagen and glycosaminoglycan (GAG) assay and gelatin zymography. We observed that VICs isolated from the noncoronary cusp expressed greatest amount of the above calcific markers as compared to the coronary cusps. Also, collagen and GAG content was the greatest in noncoronary VICs. However, our zymography results showed significant difference only for active matrix metalloproteinase-2 expression between right and noncoronary VICs. CONCLUSION Our results suggest that VICs among the three cusps within aortic valve might be inherently different, where a subpopulation of VICs might be predisposed to calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shirin Masjedi
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Adithi Amarnath
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Katherine M Baily
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996
| | - Zannatul Ferdous
- Department of Mechanical, Aerospace, and Biomedical Engineering, The University of Tennessee, Knoxville, TN 37996.
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Huk DJ, Austin BF, Horne TE, Hinton RB, Ray WC, Heistad DD, Lincoln J. Valve Endothelial Cell-Derived Tgfβ1 Signaling Promotes Nuclear Localization of Sox9 in Interstitial Cells Associated With Attenuated Calcification. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2015; 36:328-38. [PMID: 26634652 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.115.306091] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2015] [Accepted: 11/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Aortic valve disease, including calcification, affects >2% of the human population and is caused by complex interactions between multiple risk factors, including genetic mutations, the environment, and biomechanics. At present, there are no effective treatments other than surgery, and this is because of the limited understanding of the mechanisms that underlie the condition. Previous work has shown that valve interstitial cells within the aortic valve cusps differentiate toward an osteoblast-like cell and deposit bone-like matrix that leads to leaflet stiffening and calcific aortic valve stenosis. However, the mechanisms that promote pathological phenotypes in valve interstitial cells are unknown. APPROACH AND RESULTS Using a combination of in vitro and in vivo tools with mouse, porcine, and human tissue, we show that in valve interstitial cells, reduced Sox9 expression and nuclear localization precedes the onset of calcification. In vitro, Sox9 nuclear export and calcific nodule formation is prevented by valve endothelial cells. However, in vivo, loss of Tgfβ1 in the endothelium leads to reduced Sox9 expression and calcific aortic valve disease. CONCLUSIONS Together, these findings suggest that reduced nuclear localization of Sox9 in valve interstitial cells is an early indicator of calcification, and therefore, pharmacological targeting to prevent nuclear export could serve as a novel therapeutic tool in the prevention of calcification and stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle J Huk
- From the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (D.J.H.); Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (D.J.H., B.F.A., T.E.H., J.L.); Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (R.B.H.); Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biophysics, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (W.C.R., J.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (D.D.H.)
| | - Blair F Austin
- From the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (D.J.H.); Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (D.J.H., B.F.A., T.E.H., J.L.); Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (R.B.H.); Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biophysics, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (W.C.R., J.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (D.D.H.)
| | - Tori E Horne
- From the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (D.J.H.); Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (D.J.H., B.F.A., T.E.H., J.L.); Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (R.B.H.); Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biophysics, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (W.C.R., J.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (D.D.H.)
| | - Robert B Hinton
- From the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (D.J.H.); Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (D.J.H., B.F.A., T.E.H., J.L.); Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (R.B.H.); Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biophysics, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (W.C.R., J.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (D.D.H.)
| | - William C Ray
- From the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (D.J.H.); Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (D.J.H., B.F.A., T.E.H., J.L.); Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (R.B.H.); Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biophysics, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (W.C.R., J.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (D.D.H.)
| | - Donald D Heistad
- From the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (D.J.H.); Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (D.J.H., B.F.A., T.E.H., J.L.); Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (R.B.H.); Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biophysics, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (W.C.R., J.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (D.D.H.)
| | - Joy Lincoln
- From the Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology Graduate Program, Leonard M. Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL (D.J.H.); Center for Cardiovascular Research and The Heart Center at Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (D.J.H., B.F.A., T.E.H., J.L.); Division of Cardiology, The Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH (R.B.H.); Battelle Center for Mathematical Medicine, Nationwide Children's Hospital Research Institute, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); The Ohio State University Interdisciplinary Graduate Program in Biophysics, Columbus, OH (W.C.R.); Department of Pediatrics, The Ohio State University, Columbus, OH (W.C.R., J.L.); and Division of Cardiovascular Medicine and Department of Pharmacology, University of Iowa Carver College of Medicine, Iowa City, IA (D.D.H.).
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Feng Y, Han M, Liu B. The role of valve interstitial cells in valve disease. Anatol J Cardiol 2015; 15:897-8. [PMID: 26574759 PMCID: PMC5336939 DOI: 10.5152/anatoljcardiol.2015.17023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Yang Feng
- The Second Hospital of Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang; Hebei-China.
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71
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Hjortnaes J, Shapero K, Goettsch C, Hutcheson JD, Keegan J, Kluin J, Mayer JE, Bischoff J, Aikawa E. Valvular interstitial cells suppress calcification of valvular endothelial cells. Atherosclerosis 2015; 242:251-260. [PMID: 26232165 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2015.07.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 122] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2015] [Revised: 07/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/02/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common heart valve disease in the Western world. We previously proposed that valvular endothelial cells (VECs) replenish injured adult valve leaflets via endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT); however, whether EndMT contributes to valvular calcification is unknown. We hypothesized that aortic VECs undergo osteogenic differentiation via an EndMT process that can be inhibited by valvular interstitial cells (VICs). APPROACH AND RESULTS VEC clones underwent TGF-β1-mediated EndMT, shown by significantly increased mRNA expression of the EndMT markers α-SMA (5.3 ± 1.2), MMP-2 (13.5 ± 0.6) and Slug (12 ± 2.1) (p < 0.05), (compared to unstimulated controls). To study the effects of VIC on VEC EndMT, clonal populations of VICs were derived from the same valve leaflets, placed in co-culture with VECs, and grown in control/TGF-β1 supplemented media. In the presence of VICs, EndMT was inhibited, shown by decreased mRNA expression of α-SMA (0.1 ± 0.5), MMP-2 (0.1 ± 0.1), and Slug (0.2 ± 0.2) (p < 0.05). When cultured in osteogenic media, VECs demonstrated osteogenic changes confirmed by increase in mRNA expression of osteocalcin (8.6 ± 1.3), osteopontin (3.7 ± 0.3), and Runx2 (5.5 ± 1.5). The VIC presence inhibited VEC osteogenesis, demonstrated by decreased expression of osteocalcin (0.4 ± 0.1) and osteopontin (0.2 ± 0.1) (p < 0.05). Time course analysis suggested that EndMT precedes osteogenesis, shown by an initial increase of α-SMA and MMP-2 (day 7), followed by an increase of osteopontin and osteocalcin (day 14). CONCLUSIONS The data indicate that EndMT may precede VEC osteogenesis. This study shows that VICs inhibit VEC EndMT and osteogenesis, indicating the importance of VEC-VIC interactions in valve homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jesper Hjortnaes
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Kayle Shapero
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Claudia Goettsch
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joshua D Hutcheson
- Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joshua Keegan
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Jolanda Kluin
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - John E Mayer
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Joyce Bischoff
- Vascular Biology Program and Department of Surgery, Boston Children's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
| | - Elena Aikawa
- Center of Excellence in Vascular Biology, Cardiovascular Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston.,Center for Interdisciplinary Cardiovascular Sciences, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston
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Guo WT, Dong DL. Bone morphogenetic protein-4: a novel therapeutic target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy/heart failure. Heart Fail Rev 2015; 19:781-8. [PMID: 24736806 DOI: 10.1007/s10741-014-9429-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Bone morphogenetic protein-4 (BMP4) is a member of the bone morphogenetic protein family which plays a key role in the bone formation and embryonic development. In addition to these predominate and well-studied effects, the growing evidences highlight BMP4 as an important factor in cardiovascular diseases, such as hypertension, pulmonary hypertension and valve disease. Our recent works demonstrated that BMP4 mediated cardiac hypertrophy, apoptosis, fibrosis and ion channel remodeling in pathological cardiac hypertrophy. In this review, we discussed the role of BMP4 in pathological cardiac hypertrophy, as well as the recent advances about BMP4 in cardiovascular diseases closely related to pathological cardiac hypertrophy/heart failure. We put forward that BMP4 is a novel therapeutic target for pathological cardiac hypertrophy/heart failure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wen-Ting Guo
- Department of Pharmacology (the State-Province Key Laboratories of Biomedicine-Pharmaceutics of China, Key Laboratory of Cardiovascular Research, Ministry of Education), Harbin Medical University, Baojian Road 157, Harbin, 150086, Heilongjiang Province, People's Republic of China
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73
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Patel V, Carrion K, Hollands A, Hinton A, Gallegos T, Dyo J, Sasik R, Leire E, Hardiman G, Mohamed SA, Nigam S, King CC, Nizet V, Nigam V. The stretch responsive microRNA miR-148a-3p is a novel repressor of IKBKB, NF-κB signaling, and inflammatory gene expression in human aortic valve cells. FASEB J 2015; 29:1859-68. [PMID: 25630970 DOI: 10.1096/fj.14-257808] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2014] [Accepted: 12/22/2014] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Bicuspid aortic valves calcify at a significantly higher rate than normal aortic valves, a process that involves increased inflammation. Because we have previously found that bicuspid aortic valve experience greater stretch, we investigated the potential connection between stretch and inflammation in human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). Microarray, quantitative PCR (qPCR), and protein assays performed on AVICs exposed to cyclic stretch showed that stretch was sufficient to increase expression of interleukin and metalloproteinase family members by more than 1.5-fold. Conditioned medium from stretched AVICs was sufficient to activate leukocytes. microRNA sequencing and qPCR experiments demonstrated that miR-148a-3p was repressed in both stretched AVICs (43% repression) and, as a clinical correlate, human bicuspid aortic valves (63% reduction). miR-148a-3p was found to be a novel repressor of IKBKB based on data from qPCR, luciferase, and Western blot experiments. Furthermore, increasing miR-148a-3p levels in AVICs was sufficient to decrease NF-κB (nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells) signaling and NF-κB target gene expression. Our data demonstrate that stretch-mediated activation of inflammatory pathways is at least partly the result of stretch-repression of miR-148a-3p and a consequent failure to repress IKBKB. To our knowledge, we are the first to report that cyclic stretch of human AVICs activates inflammatory genes in a tissue-autonomous manner via a microRNA that regulates a central inflammatory pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vishal Patel
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Katrina Carrion
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Andrew Hollands
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Andrew Hinton
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Thomas Gallegos
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Jeffrey Dyo
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Roman Sasik
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Emma Leire
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Gary Hardiman
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Salah A Mohamed
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Sanjay Nigam
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Charles C King
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Victor Nizet
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
| | - Vishal Nigam
- *Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), Department of Pediatrics and School of Pharmacy, Pediatrics Diabetes Research Center, Departments of Pediatrics and Cellular and Molecular Medicine, and Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California, USA; Computational Science Research Center and Biomedical Informatics Research Center, San Diego State University, San Diego, California, USA; Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, USA; **Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany; and Rady Children's Hospital, San Diego, California, USA
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Lerman DA, Prasad S, Alotti N. Calcific Aortic Valve Disease: Molecular Mechanisms and Therapeutic Approaches. Eur Cardiol 2015; 10:108-112. [PMID: 27274771 PMCID: PMC4888946 DOI: 10.15420/ecr.2015.10.2.108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/28/2015] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Calcification occurs in atherosclerotic vascular lesions and In the aortic valve. Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a slow, progressive disorder that ranges from mild valve thickening without obstruction of blood flow, termed aortic sclerosis, to severe calcification with impaired leaflet motion, termed aortic stenosis. In the past, this process was thought to be 'degenerative' because of time-dependent wear and tear of the leaflets, with passive calcium deposition. The presence of osteoblasts in atherosclerotic vascular lesions and in CAVD implies that calcification is an active, regulated process akin to atherosclerosis, with lipoprotein deposition and chronic inflammation. If calcification is active, via pro-osteogenic pathways, one might expect that development and progression of calcification could be inhibited. The overlap in the clinical factors associated with calcific valve disease and atherosclerosis provides further support for a shared disease mechanism. In our recent research we used an in vitro porcine valve interstitial cell model to study spontaneous calcification and potential promoters and inhibitors. Using this model, we found that denosumab, a human monoclonal antibody targeting the receptor activator of nuclear factor-κB ligand may, at a working concentration of 50 μg/mL, inhibit induced calcium deposition to basal levels.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Alejandro Lerman
- Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
| | - Sai Prasad
- Royal Infirmary Hospital of Edinburgh (NHS Lothian), The University of Edinburgh, United Kingdom
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75
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Godby RC, Munjal C, Opoka AM, Smith JM, Yutzey KE, Narmoneva DA, Hinton RB. Cross Talk between NOTCH Signaling and Biomechanics in Human Aortic Valve Disease Pathogenesis. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2014; 1:237-256. [PMID: 29552567 PMCID: PMC5856658 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd1030237] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve disease is a burgeoning public health problem associated with significant mortality. Loss of function mutations in NOTCH1 cause bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) and calcific aortic valve disease. Because calcific nodules manifest on the fibrosa side of the cusp in low fluidic oscillatory shear stress (OSS), elucidating pathogenesis requires approaches that consider both molecular and mechanical factors. Therefore, we examined the relationship between NOTCH loss of function (LOF) and biomechanical indices in healthy and diseased human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs). An orbital shaker system was used to apply cyclic OSS, which mimics the cardiac cycle and hemodynamics experienced by AVICs in vivo. NOTCH LOF blocked OSS-induced cell alignment in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs), whereas AVICs did not align when subjected to OSS under any conditions. In healthy AVICs, OSS resulted in decreased elastin (ELN) and α-SMA (ACTA2). NOTCH LOF was associated with similar changes, but in diseased AVICs, NOTCH LOF combined with OSS was associated with increased α-SMA expression. Interestingly, AVICs showed relatively higher expression of NOTCH2 compared to NOTCH1. Biomechanical interactions between endothelial and interstitial cells involve complex NOTCH signaling that contributes to matrix homeostasis in health and disorganization in disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Richard C. Godby
- Division of Cardiology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Charu Munjal
- Division of Cardiology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Amy M. Opoka
- Division of Cardiology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - J. Michael Smith
- TriHealth Heart Institute, Cardio-Thoracic Surgery, Good Samaritan Hospital, Cincinnati, OH 45242, USA
| | - Katherine E. Yutzey
- Molecular Cardiovascular Biology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
| | - Daria A. Narmoneva
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45221, USA
| | - Robert B. Hinton
- Division of Cardiology, the Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children’s Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, OH 45229, USA
- Author to whom correspondence should be addressed; ; Tel.: +1-513-636-0389; Fax: +1-513-636-5958
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76
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Song R, Fullerton DA, Ao L, Zheng D, Zhao KS, Meng X. BMP-2 and TGF-β1 mediate biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in aortic valve interstitial cells. J Mol Med (Berl) 2014; 93:403-12. [PMID: 25412776 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-014-1229-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2014] [Revised: 10/31/2014] [Accepted: 11/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
UNLABELLED Biglycan accumulates in aortic valves affected by calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD), and soluble biglycan upregulates BMP-2 expression in human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) via Toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 and induces AVIC pro-osteogenic reprogramming, characterized by elevated pro-osteogenic activities. We sought to identify the factors responsible for biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in human AVICs. Treatment of AVICs with recombinant biglycan induced the secretion of BMP-2 and TGF-β1, but not BMP-4 or BMP-7. Biglycan upregulated TGF-β1 expression in a TLR4-dependent fashion. Neutralization of BMP-2 or TGF-β1 attenuated the expression of alkaline phosphatase (ALP), osteopontin, and runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2) in cells exposed to biglycan. However, neutralization of both BMP-2 and TGF-β1 abolished the expression of these osteogenic biomarkers and calcium deposition. Phosphorylated Smad1 and Smad3 were detected in cells exposed to biglycan, and knockdown of Smad1 or Smad3 attenuated the effect of biglycan on the expression of osteogenic biomarkers. While BMP-2 and TGF-β1 each upregulated the expression of osteogenic biomarkers, an exposure to BMP-2 plus TGF-β1 induced a greater upregulation and results in calcium deposition. We conclude that concurrent upregulation of BMP-2 and TGF-β1 is responsible for biglycan-induced pro-osteogenic reprogramming in human AVICs. The Smad 1/3 pathways are involved in the mechanism of AVIC pro-osteogenic reprogramming. KEY MESSAGE Biglycan upregulates BMP-2 and TGF-β1 in human aortic valve cells through TLRs. Both BMP-2 and TGF-β1 are required for aortic valve cell pro-osteogenic reprogramming. Smad signaling pathways are involved in mediating the pro-osteogenic effects of biglycan.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Box C-320, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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77
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Tseng H, Puperi DS, Kim EJ, Ayoub S, Shah JV, Cuchiara ML, West JL, Grande-Allen KJ. Anisotropic poly(ethylene glycol)/polycaprolactone hydrogel-fiber composites for heart valve tissue engineering. Tissue Eng Part A 2014; 20:2634-45. [PMID: 24712446 PMCID: PMC4195534 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2013.0397] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2013] [Accepted: 03/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The recapitulation of the material properties and structure of the native aortic valve leaflet, specifically its anisotropy and laminate structure, is a major design goal for scaffolds for heart valve tissue engineering. Poly(ethylene glycol) (PEG) hydrogels are attractive scaffolds for this purpose as they are biocompatible, can be modified for their mechanical and biofunctional properties, and can be laminated. This study investigated augmenting PEG hydrogels with polycaprolactone (PCL) as an analog to the fibrosa to improve strength and introduce anisotropic mechanical behavior. However, due to its hydrophobicity, PCL must be modified prior to embedding within PEG hydrogels. In this study, PCL was electrospun (ePCL) and modified in three different ways, by protein adsorption (pPCL), alkali digestion (hPCL), and acrylation (aPCL). Modified PCL of all types maintained the anisotropic elastic moduli and yield strain of unmodified anisotropic ePCL. Composites of PEG and PCL (PPCs) maintained anisotropic elastic moduli, but aPCL and pPCL had isotropic yield strains. Overall, PPCs of all modifications had elastic moduli of 3.79±0.90 MPa and 0.46±0.21 MPa in the parallel and perpendicular directions, respectively. Valvular interstitial cells seeded atop anisotropic aPCL displayed an actin distribution aligned in the direction of the underlying fibers. The resulting scaffold combines the biocompatibility and tunable fabrication of PEG with the strength and anisotropy of ePCL to form a foundation for future engineered valve scaffolds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Tseng
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | | | - Eric J. Kim
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Salma Ayoub
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Jay V. Shah
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, Texas
| | - Maude L. Cuchiara
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
| | - Jennifer L. West
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Duke University, Durham, North Carolina
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78
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Wang D, Zeng Q, Song R, Ao L, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Ligation of ICAM-1 on human aortic valve interstitial cells induces the osteogenic response: A critical role of the Notch1-NF-κB pathway in BMP-2 expression. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2014; 1843:2744-53. [PMID: 25101972 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2014.07.017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2014] [Revised: 07/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is a chronic inflammatory condition and affects a large number of elderly people. Aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) occupy an important role in valvular calcification and CAVD progression. While pro-inflammatory mechanisms are capable of inducing the osteogenic responses in AVICs, the molecular interaction between pro-inflammatory and pro-osteogenic mechanisms remains poorly understood. This study tested the hypothesis that intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) plays a role in mediating pro-osteogenic factor expression in human AVICs. AVICs were isolated from normal human aortic valves and cultured in M199 medium. Treatment with leukocyte function-associated factor-1 (LFA-1, an ICAM-1 ligand) up-regulated the expression of bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) and resulted in increased alkaline phosphatase activity and formation of calcification nodules. Pre-treatment with lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 0.05μg/ml) increased ICAM-1 levels on cell surfaces and exaggerated the pro-osteogenic response to LFA-1, and neutralization of ICAM-1 suppressed this response. Further, ligation of ICAM-1 by antibody cross-linking also up-regulated BMP-2 expression. Interestingly, LFA-1 elicited Notch1 cleavage and NF-κB activation. Inhibition of NF-κB markedly reduced LFA-1-induced BMP-2 expression, and inhibition of Notch1 cleavage with a γ-secretase inhibitor suppressed LFA-1-induced NF-κB activation and BMP-2 expression. Ligation of ICAM-1 on human AVICs activates the Notch1 pathway. Notch1 up-regulates BMP-2 expression in human AVICs through activation of NF-κB. The results demonstrate a novel role of ICAM-1 in translating a pro-inflammatory signal into a pro-osteogenic response in human AVICs and suggest that ICAM-1 on the surfaces of AVICs contributes to the mechanism of aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Anatomy, The Second Military Medical University, Shanghai, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA; Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - David A Fullerton
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.
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79
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Song R, Ao L, Zhao KS, Zheng D, Venardos N, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Soluble biglycan induces the production of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in human aortic valve interstitial cells through TLR2/4 and the ERK1/2 pathway. Inflamm Res 2014; 63:703-10. [PMID: 24875140 DOI: 10.1007/s00011-014-0743-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/14/2014] [Revised: 05/05/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Mononuclear cell infiltration in valvular tissue is one of the characteristics in calcific aortic valve disease. The inflammatory responses of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) play an important role in valvular inflammation. However, it remains unclear what may evoke AVIC inflammatory responses. Accumulation of biglycan has been found in diseased aortic valve leaflets. Soluble biglycan can function as a danger-associated molecular pattern to induce the production of proinflammatory mediators in cultured macrophages. We tested the hypothesis that soluble biglycan induces AVIC production of proinflammatory mediators involved in mononuclear cell infiltration through Toll-like receptor (TLR)-dependent signaling pathways. METHODS Human AVICs isolated from normal aortic valve leaflets were treated with specific siRNA and neutralizing antibody against TLR2 or TLR4 before biglycan stimulation. The production of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 was assessed. To determine the signaling pathway involved, phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK was analyzed, and specific inhibitors of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK were applied. RESULTS Soluble biglycan induced ICAM-1 expression and MCP-1 release in human AVICs, but had no effect on IL-6 release. TLR4 blockade and knockdown reduced ICAM-1 and MCP-1 production induced by biglycan, while knockdown and neutralization of TLR2 resulted in greater suppression of the inflammatory responses. Biglycan induced the phosphorylation of ERK1/2 and p38 MAPK, but ICAM-1 and MCP-1 production was reduced only by inhibition of the ERK1/2 pathway. Further, inhibition of ERK1/2 attenuated NF-κB activation following biglycan treatment. CONCLUSIONS Soluble biglycan induces the expression of ICAM-1 and MCP-1 in human AVICs through TLR2 and TLR4 and requires activation of the ERK1/2 pathway. AVIC inflammatory responses induced by soluble biglycan may contribute to the mechanism of chronic inflammation associated with calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, 12700 E 19th Avenue, Box C-320, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
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80
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Zeng Q, Song R, Ao L, Xu D, Venardos N, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Augmented osteogenic responses in human aortic valve cells exposed to oxLDL and TLR4 agonist: a mechanistic role of Notch1 and NF-κB interaction. PLoS One 2014; 9:e95400. [PMID: 24810405 PMCID: PMC4014478 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0095400] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Accepted: 03/24/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve calcification causes the progression of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). Stimulation of aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) with lipopolysaccharide (LPS) up-regulates the expression of osteogenic mediators, and NF-κB plays a central role in mediating AVIC osteogenic responses to Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4) stimulation. Diseased aortic valves exhibit greater levels of oxidized low-density lipoprotein (oxLDL). This study tested the hypothesis that oxLDL augments the osteogenic responses in human AVICs through modulation of NF-κB and Notch1 activation. AVICs isolated from normal human aortic valves were treated with LPS (0.1 µg/ml), oxLDL (20 µg/ml) or LPS plus oxLDL for 48 h. OxLDL alone increased cellular bone morphogenetic protein-2 (BMP-2) levels while it had no effect on alkaline phosphatase (ALP) levels. Cells exposed to LPS plus oxLDL produced higher levels of BMP-2 and ALP than cells exposed to LPS alone. Further, LPS plus oxLDL induced greater NF-κB activation, and inhibition of NF-κB markedly reduced the expression of BMP-2 and ALP in cells treated with LPS plus oxLDL. OxLDL also induced Notch1 activation and resulted in augmented Notch1 activation when it was combined with LPS. Inhibition of Notch1 cleavage attenuated NF-κB activation induced by LPS plus oxLDL, and inhibition of NF-κB suppressed the expression of BMP-2 and ALP induced by the synergistic effect of Jagged1 and LPS. These findings demonstrate that oxLDL up-regulates BMP-2 expression in human AVICs and synergizes with LPS to elicit augmented AVIC osteogenic responses. OxLDL exerts its effect through modulation of the Notch1-NF-κB signaling cascade. Thus, oxLDL may play a role in the mechanism underlying CAVD progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Rui Song
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- Department of Pathophysiology, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Lihua Ao
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Dingli Xu
- Department of Cardiology, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong, China
| | - Neil Venardos
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - David A. Fullerton
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, Colorado, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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81
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Carrion K, Dyo J, Patel V, Sasik R, Mohamed SA, Hardiman G, Nigam V. The long non-coding HOTAIR is modulated by cyclic stretch and WNT/β-CATENIN in human aortic valve cells and is a novel repressor of calcification genes. PLoS One 2014; 9:e96577. [PMID: 24788418 PMCID: PMC4006892 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0096577] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2014] [Accepted: 04/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Aortic valve calcification is a significant and serious clinical problem for which there are no effective medical treatments. Individuals born with bicuspid aortic valves, 1–2% of the population, are at the highest risk of developing aortic valve calcification. Aortic valve calcification involves increased expression of calcification and inflammatory genes. Bicuspid aortic valve leaflets experience increased biomechanical strain as compared to normal tricuspid aortic valves. The molecular pathogenesis involved in the calcification of BAVs are not well understood, especially the molecular response to mechanical stretch. HOTAIR is a long non-coding RNA (lncRNA) that has been implicated with cancer but has not been studied in cardiac disease. We have found that HOTAIR levels are decreased in BAVs and in human aortic interstitial cells (AVICs) exposed to cyclic stretch. Reducing HOTAIR levels via siRNA in AVICs results in increased expression of calcification genes. Our data suggest that β-CATENIN is a stretch responsive signaling pathway that represses HOTAIR. This is the first report demonstrating that HOTAIR is mechanoresponsive and repressed by WNT β-CATENIN signaling. These findings provide novel evidence that HOTAIR is involved in aortic valve calcification.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katrina Carrion
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Jeffrey Dyo
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Vishal Patel
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Roman Sasik
- Department of Medicine, University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Salah A. Mohamed
- Department of Cardiac Surgery, University Clinic of Schleswig-Holstein, Campus Luebeck, Luebeck, Germany
| | - Gary Hardiman
- Department of Medicine, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina, United States of America
- Computational Science Research Center & Biomedical Informatics Research Center San Diego State University, San Diego, California, United States of America
| | - Vishal Nigam
- Department of Pediatrics (Cardiology), University of California San Diego, La Jolla, California, United States of America
- Rady Children’s Hospital San Diego, San Diego, California, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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Chester AH, El-Hamamsy I, Butcher JT, Latif N, Bertazzo S, Yacoub MH. The living aortic valve: From molecules to function. Glob Cardiol Sci Pract 2014; 2014:52-77. [PMID: 25054122 PMCID: PMC4104380 DOI: 10.5339/gcsp.2014.11] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2014] [Accepted: 04/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The aortic valve lies in a unique hemodynamic environment, one characterized by a range of stresses (shear stress, bending forces, loading forces and strain) that vary in intensity and direction throughout the cardiac cycle. Yet, despite its changing environment, the aortic valve opens and closes over 100,000 times a day and, in the majority of human beings, will function normally over a lifespan of 70–90 years. Until relatively recently heart valves were considered passive structures that play no active role in the functioning of a valve, or in the maintenance of its integrity and durability. However, through clinical experience and basic research the aortic valve can now be characterized as a living, dynamic organ with the capacity to adapt to its complex mechanical and biomechanical environment through active and passive communication between its constituent parts. The clinical relevance of a living valve substitute in patients requiring aortic valve replacement has been confirmed. This highlights the importance of using tissue engineering to develop heart valve substitutes containing living cells which have the ability to assume the complex functioning of the native valve.
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83
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Tseng H, Balaoing LR, Grigoryan B, Raphael RM, Killian TC, Souza GR, Grande-Allen KJ. A three-dimensional co-culture model of the aortic valve using magnetic levitation. Acta Biomater 2014; 10:173-82. [PMID: 24036238 PMCID: PMC10593146 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2013.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2013] [Revised: 08/31/2013] [Accepted: 09/04/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The aortic valve consists of valvular interstitial cells (VICs) and endothelial cells (VECs). While these cells are understood to work synergistically to maintain leaflet structure and valvular function, few co-culture models of these cell types exist. In this study, aortic valve co-cultures (AVCCs) were assembled using magnetic levitation and cultured for 3 days. Immunohistochemistry and quantitative reverse-transcriptase polymerase chain reaction were used to assess the maintenance of cellular phenotype and function, and the formation of extracellular matrix. AVCCs stained positive for CD31 and α-smooth muscle actin (αSMA), demonstrating that the phenotype was maintained. Functional markers endothelial nitric oxide synthase (eNOS), von Willebrand factor (VWF) and prolyl-4-hydroxylase were present. Extracellular matrix components collagen type I, laminin and fibronectin also stained positive, with reduced gene expression of these proteins in three dimensions compared to two dimensions. Genes for collagen type I, lysyl oxidase and αSMA were expressed less in AVCCs than in 2-D cultures, indicating that VICs are quiescent. Co-localization of CD31 and αSMA in the AVCCs suggests that endothelial-mesenchymal transdifferentiation might be occurring. Differences in VWF and eNOS in VECs cultured in two and three dimensions also suggests that the AVCCs possibly have anti-thrombotic potential. Overall, a co-culture model of the aortic valve was designed, and serves as a basis for future experiments to understand heart valve biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hubert Tseng
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nano3D Biosciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - Liezl R. Balaoing
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
| | - Bagrat Grigoryan
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX 77843, USA
| | - Robert M. Raphael
- Department of Bioengineering, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
- Nano3D Biosciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
| | - T. C. Killian
- Nano3D Biosciences, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Department of Physics, Rice University, Houston, TX 77005, USA
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84
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Zhou J, Bowen C, Lu G, Knapp Iii C, Recknagel A, Norris RA, Butcher JT. Cadherin-11 expression patterns in heart valves associate with key functions during embryonic cushion formation, valve maturation and calcification. Cells Tissues Organs 2013; 198:300-10. [PMID: 24356423 DOI: 10.1159/000356762] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/23/2013] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Proper fibroblast cell migration and differentiation are critical for valve formation and homeostasis, but uncontrolled myofibroblastic activation may precede osteogenic differentiation and calcification. Cadherin-11 (cad-11) is a cell-cell adhesion protein classically expressed at mesenchymal-osteoblast interfaces that participates in mesenchymal differentiation to osteochondral lineages. This suggests cad-11 may have an important role in heart valve development and pathogenesis, but its expression patterns in valves are largely unknown. In this study, we profiled the spatial and temporal expression patterns of cad-11 in embryonic chick and mouse heart development. We determined that cad-11 is expressed in both endocardial and mesenchymal cells of the atrioventricular and outflow tract cushions (pre-HH30/E14), but becomes restricted to the valve endocardial/endothelial cells during late fetal remodeling and throughout postnatal life. We then investigated changes in cad-11 expression in a murine aortic valve disease model (the ApoE(-/-)). Unlike wild-type mice, cad-11 becomes dramatically re-expressed in the interstitium. Similarly, in calcified human aortic valve leaflets, cad-11 loses endothelial confinement and becomes significantly re-expressed in the valve interstitium. Double labeling identified that 91% of myofibroblastic and 96% of osteoblastic cells in calcified aortic valves were also cad-11 positive. Collectively, our results suggest that cad-11 is important for proper embryonic cushion formation and remodeling, but may also participate in aortic valve pathogenesis if re-expressed in adulthood.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jingjing Zhou
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, N.Y., USA
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85
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Nadlonek N, Lee JH, Reece TB, Weyant MJ, Cleveland JC, Meng X, Fullerton DA. Interleukin-1 Beta induces an inflammatory phenotype in human aortic valve interstitial cells through nuclear factor kappa Beta. Ann Thorac Surg 2013; 96:155-62. [PMID: 23735716 DOI: 10.1016/j.athoracsur.2013.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2012] [Revised: 04/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/05/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Mechanisms of inflammation have been implicated in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis. When stimulated, human aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) have been shown to become inflammatory cells. Increased levels of interleukin (IL)-1β have been found in the leaflets of stenotic aortic valves. The purpose of this study was to determine the effects of IL-1β on isolated human AVICs and to determine the intracellular signaling pathway by which the effects are mediated. The results of this study demonstrated that IL-1β induces an inflammatory phenotype in human AVICs. METHODS Human AVICs were isolated from normal aortic valves from explanted hearts of patients undergoing cardiac transplantation (n = 4) and grown in culture. When grown to confluence, the cells were treated with IL-1β (10 ng/mL). Cell culture media was analyzed for IL-6, IL-8, and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay). Cell lysates were analyzed for intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (immunoblot). Inhibition of nuclear factor-κβ was by Bay 11-7085 (5 μM). Inhibition of extracellular signal regulated kinase-1/2 was by PD098059 (20 nM). Statistics were by analysis of variance, with p less than 0.05 significant. RESULTS Interluekin-1β induced an inflammatory phenotype in human AVICs. The IL-1β stimulation resulted in significantly increased production of the inflammatory cytokines, IL-6 and IL-8, the chemokine monocyte chemoattractant protein-1, and intercellular adhesion molecule-1. Inhibition of nuclear factor-κβ prevented these changes, whereas inhibition of extracellular signal regulated kinase-1/2 had no effect. CONCLUSIONS Interleukin-1β induced an inflammatory phenotype in human AVICs, which was prevented by inhibition of nuclear factor-κβ. These data implicate IL-1β in the pathogenesis of aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Nadlonek
- Division of Cardiothoracic Surgery, University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, Colorado 80045, USA
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86
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Zeng Q, Song R, Ao L, Weyant MJ, Lee J, Xu D, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Notch1 promotes the pro-osteogenic response of human aortic valve interstitial cells via modulation of ERK1/2 and nuclear factor-κB activation. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2013; 33:1580-90. [PMID: 23640488 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Calcific aortic valve disease is a leading cardiovascular disease in the elderly, and progressive calcification results in the failure of valvular function. Aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) from stenotic valves express higher levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 in response to Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation. We recently found that Toll-like receptor 4 interacts with Notch1 in human AVICs. This study tests the hypothesis that Notch1 promotes the pro-osteogenic response of human AVICs. APPROACH AND RESULTS AVICs isolated from diseased human valves expressed higher levels of bone morphogenetic protein-2 and alkaline phosphatase after lipopolysaccharide stimulation. The augmented pro-osteogenic response is associated with elevated cellular levels of Notch1 and enhanced Notch1 cleavage in response to lipopolysaccharide stimulation. Inhibition or silencing of Notch1 suppressed the pro-osteogenic response in diseased cells, and the Notch 1 ligand, Jagged1, enhanced the response in AVICs isolated from normal human valves. Interestingly, extracellular signal-regulated protein kinases 1/2 (ERK1/2) and nuclear factor-κB phosphorylation induced by lipopolysaccharide was markedly reduced by inhibition or silencing of Notch1 and enhanced by Jagged1. Inhibition of ERK1/2 or nuclear factor-κB also reduced bone morphogenetic protein-2 and alkaline phosphatase expression induced by lipopolysaccharide. CONCLUSIONS Notch1 mediates the pro-osteogenic response to Toll-like receptor 4 stimulation in human AVICs. Elevated Notch1 levels and enhanced Notch1 activation play a major role in augmentation of the pro-osteogenic response of AVICs of stenotic valves through modulation of ERK1/2 and nuclear factor-κB activation. These pathways could be potential therapeutic targets for prevention of the progression of calcific aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingchun Zeng
- Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO, USA
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87
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Bosse K, Hans CP, Zhao N, Koenig SN, Huang N, Guggilam A, LaHaye S, Tao G, Lucchesi PA, Lincoln J, Lilly B, Garg V. Endothelial nitric oxide signaling regulates Notch1 in aortic valve disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 60:27-35. [PMID: 23583836 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 117] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2012] [Revised: 03/14/2013] [Accepted: 04/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The mature aortic valve is composed of a structured trilaminar extracellular matrix that is interspersed with aortic valve interstitial cells (AVICs) and covered by endothelium. Dysfunction of the valvular endothelium initiates calcification of neighboring AVICs leading to calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). The molecular mechanism by which endothelial cells communicate with AVICs and cause disease is not well understood. Using a co-culture assay, we show that endothelial cells secrete a signal to inhibit calcification of AVICs. Gain or loss of nitric oxide (NO) prevents or accelerates calcification of AVICs, respectively, suggesting that the endothelial cell-derived signal is NO. Overexpression of Notch1, which is genetically linked to human CAVD, retards the calcification of AVICs that occurs with NO inhibition. In AVICs, NO regulates the expression of Hey1, a downstream target of Notch1, and alters nuclear localization of Notch1 intracellular domain. Finally, Notch1 and NOS3 (endothelial NO synthase) display an in vivo genetic interaction critical for proper valve morphogenesis and the development of aortic valve disease. Our data suggests that endothelial cell-derived NO is a regulator of Notch1 signaling in AVICs in the development of the aortic valve and adult aortic valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kevin Bosse
- Center for Cardiovascular and Pulmonary Research at Nationwide Children's Hospital, Columbus, OH 43205, USA
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88
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Sun W, Zhao R, Yang Y, Wang H, Shao Y, Kong X. Comparative study of human aortic and mitral valve interstitial cell gene expression and cellular function. Genomics 2013; 101:326-35. [PMID: 23542235 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygeno.2013.03.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2013] [Revised: 03/04/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Valve interstitial cells (VICs) are essential for valvular pathogenesis. However, the transcriptional profiles and cellular functions of human aortic VICs (hAVICs) and mitral VICs (hMVICs) have not been directly compared. We performed NimbleGen gene expression profiling analyses of hAVICs and hMVICs. Seventy-eight known genes were differentially expressed between hAVICs and hMVICs. Higher expression of NKX2-5, TBX15, OGN, OMD, and CDKN1C and lower expression of TBX5, MMP1, and PCDH10 were found in hAVICs compared to hMVICs. The differences in these genes, excepting OGN and OMD, remained in rheumatic VICs. We also compared cell proliferation, migration, and response to mineralization medium. hMVICs proliferated more quickly but showed more calcium deposition and alkaline phosphatase activity than hAVICs after culture in mineralization medium, indicating that hMVICs were more susceptible to in vitro calcification. Our findings reveal differences in the transcription profiles and cellular functions of hAVICs and hMVICs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Sun
- Department of Cardiology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, 300 Guangzhou Road, Nanjing 210029, PR China
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89
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Poggio P, Sainger R, Branchetti E, Grau JB, Lai EK, Gorman RC, Sacks MS, Parolari A, Bavaria JE, Ferrari G. Noggin attenuates the osteogenic activation of human valve interstitial cells in aortic valve sclerosis. Cardiovasc Res 2013; 98:402-10. [PMID: 23483047 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvt055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
AIMS Aortic valve sclerosis (AVSc) is a hallmark of several cardiovascular conditions ranging from chronic heart failure and myocardial infarction to calcific aortic valve stenosis (AVS). AVSc, present in 25-30% of patients over 65 years of age, is characterized by thickening of the leaflets with marginal effects on the mechanical proprieties of the valve making its presentation asymptomatic. Despite its clinical prevalence, few studies have investigated the pathogenesis of this disease using human AVSc specimens. Here, we investigate in vitro and ex vivo BMP4-mediated transdifferentiation of human valve interstitial cells (VICs) towards an osteogenic-like phenotype in AVSc. METHODS AND RESULTS Human specimens from 60 patients were collected at the time of aortic valve replacement (AVS) or through the heart transplant programme (Controls and AVSc). We show that non-calcified leaflets from AVSc patients can be induced to express markers of osteogenic transdifferentiation and biomineralization through the combinatory effect of BMP4 and mechanical stimulation. We show that BMP4 antagonist Noggin attenuates VIC activation and biomineralization. Additionally, patient-derived VICs were induced to transdifferentiate using either cell culture or a Tissue Engineering (TE) Aortic Valve model. We determine that while BMP4 alone is not sufficient to induce osteogenic transdifferentiation of AVSc-derived cells, the combinatory effect of BMP4 and mechanical stretch induces VIC activation towards a phenotype typical of late calcified stage of the disease. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates, for the first time using AVSc specimens, that human sclerotic aortic valves can be induced to express marker of osteogenic-like phenotype typical of advanced severe aortic stenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paolo Poggio
- Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
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90
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Nagy E, Eriksson P, Yousry M, Caidahl K, Ingelsson E, Hansson GK, Franco-Cereceda A, Bäck M. Valvular osteoclasts in calcification and aortic valve stenosis severity. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:2264-71. [PMID: 23452891 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.01.207] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/24/2012] [Revised: 12/21/2012] [Accepted: 01/18/2013] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bone remodeling in calcified aortic valves is thought to originate from microfractures at multiple sites of the valve, at which osteoclasts and osteoblasts are recruited. The aim of the present study was to assess circulating mediators of bone homeostasis, correlate them to the severity of stenosis and explore the spatio-temporal distribution of bone turnover in different parts of calcified aortic valve tissue. METHODS AND RESULTS Plasma and explanted aortic valves were obtained from 46 patients undergoing aortic valve replacement surgery. Plasma levels of tartrate-resistant acid phosphatase (TRAP), receptor activator of nuclear-κB (RANK) ligand and Runt-related transcription factor 2 (Runx2/Cbfa1) exhibited a significant correlation to the severity of aortic stenosis. mRNA levels in normal, thickened and calcified parts of aortic valves assessed by quantitative real-time PCR were significantly elevated in calcified parts of valves for TRAP (5.08 ± 1.6-fold, P<0.001) RANK ligand (8.6 ± 4.2-fold, P<0.001) and RANK (1.98 ± 0.78-fold, P=0.015). In an age, gender and aortic valve anatomy-adjusted multivariable regression analysis the local transcript levels of TRAP correlated significantly with echocardiographic parameters quantifying stenosis severity in early stages, whereas the expression level of Runx2/Cbfa1 was a predictor of the stenosis severity in advanced stages. CONCLUSIONS These findings suggest a critical role of bone turnover as a determinant of aortic stenosis severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edit Nagy
- Department of Medicine, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cardiology, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden.
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91
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Liu X, Tan M, Gong D, Han L, Lu F, Huang S, Xu Z. Characteristics of pericardial interstitial cells and their implications in pericardial fibrocalcification. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2012; 53:780-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2012.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2012] [Revised: 08/09/2012] [Accepted: 09/12/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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92
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Song R, Zeng Q, Ao L, Yu JA, Cleveland JC, Zhao KS, Fullerton DA, Meng X. Biglycan Induces the Expression of Osteogenic Factors in Human Aortic Valve Interstitial Cells via Toll-Like Receptor-2. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2711-20. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rui Song
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qingchun Zeng
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lihua Ao
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jessica A. Yu
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Joseph C. Cleveland
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ke-seng Zhao
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - David A. Fullerton
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianzhong Meng
- From the Department of Surgery, University of Colorado Denver, Aurora, CO (R.S., Q.Z., L.A., J.A.Y., J.C.C., D.A.F., X.M.); and Department of Pathophysiology (R.S., K.Z.), Guangdong Key Laboratory of Shock and Microcirculation Research, and Department of Cardiology (Q.Z.), Laboratory for Organ Failure Research, Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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Sun L, Chandra S, Sucosky P. Ex vivo evidence for the contribution of hemodynamic shear stress abnormalities to the early pathogenesis of calcific bicuspid aortic valve disease. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48843. [PMID: 23119099 PMCID: PMC3485349 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048843] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2012] [Accepted: 10/01/2012] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The bicuspid aortic valve (BAV) is the most common congenital cardiac anomaly and is frequently associated with calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD). The most prevalent type-I morphology, which results from left-/right-coronary cusp fusion, generates different hemodynamics than a tricuspid aortic valve (TAV). While valvular calcification has been linked to genetic and atherogenic predispositions, hemodynamic abnormalities are increasingly pointed as potential pathogenic contributors. In particular, the wall shear stress (WSS) produced by blood flow on the leaflets regulates homeostasis in the TAV. In contrast, WSS alterations cause valve dysfunction and disease. While such observations support the existence of synergies between valvular hemodynamics and biology, the role played by BAV WSS in valvular calcification remains unknown. The objective of this study was to isolate the acute effects of native BAV WSS abnormalities on CAVD pathogenesis. Porcine aortic valve leaflets were subjected ex vivo to the native WSS experienced by TAV and type-I BAV leaflets for 48 hours. Immunostaining, immunoblotting and zymography were performed to characterize endothelial activation, pro-inflammatory paracrine signaling, extracellular matrix remodeling and markers involved in valvular interstitial cell activation and osteogenesis. While TAV and non-coronary BAV leaflet WSS essentially maintained valvular homeostasis, fused BAV leaflet WSS promoted fibrosa endothelial activation, paracrine signaling (2.4-fold and 3.7-fold increase in BMP-4 and TGF-β1, respectively, relative to fresh controls), catabolic enzyme secretion (6.3-fold, 16.8-fold, 11.7-fold, 16.7-fold and 5.5-fold increase in MMP-2, MMP-9, cathepsin L, cathepsin S and TIMP-2, respectively) and activity (1.7-fold and 2.4-fold increase in MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity, respectively), and bone matrix synthesis (5-fold increase in osteocalcin). In contrast, BAV WSS did not significantly affect α-SMA and Runx2 expressions and TIMP/MMP ratio. This study demonstrates the key role played by BAV hemodynamic abnormalities in CAVD pathogenesis and suggests the dependence of BAV vulnerability to calcification on the local degree of WSS abnormality.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ling Sun
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Santanu Chandra
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
| | - Philippe Sucosky
- Department of Aerospace and Mechanical Engineering, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- Eck Institute for Global Health, University of Notre Dame, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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94
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Cloyd KL, El-Hamamsy I, Boonrungsiman S, Hedegaard M, Gentleman E, Sarathchandra P, Colazzo F, Gentleman MM, Yacoub MH, Chester AH, Stevens MM. Characterization of porcine aortic valvular interstitial cell 'calcified' nodules. PLoS One 2012; 7:e48154. [PMID: 23110195 PMCID: PMC3482191 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0048154] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2012] [Accepted: 09/20/2012] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Valve interstitial cells populate aortic valve cusps and have been implicated in aortic valve calcification. Here we investigate a common in vitro model for aortic valve calcification by characterizing nodule formation in porcine aortic valve interstitial cells (PAVICs) cultured in osteogenic (OST) medium supplemented with transforming growth factor beta 1 (TGF-β1). Using a combination of materials science and biological techniques, we investigate the relevance of PAVICs nodules in modeling the mineralised material produced in calcified aortic valve disease. PAVICs were grown in OST medium supplemented with TGF-β1 (OST+TGF-β1) or basal (CTL) medium for up to 21 days. Murine calvarial osteoblasts (MOBs) were grown in OST medium for 28 days as a known mineralizing model for comparison. PAVICs grown in OST+TGF-β1 produced nodular structures staining positive for calcium content; however, micro-Raman spectroscopy allowed live, noninvasive imaging that showed an absence of mineralized material, which was readily identified in nodules formed by MOBs and has been identified in human valves. Gene expression analysis, immunostaining, and transmission electron microscopy imaging revealed that PAVICs grown in OST+TGF-β1 medium produced abundant extracellular matrix via the upregulation of the gene for Type I Collagen. PAVICs, nevertheless, did not appear to further transdifferentiate to osteoblasts. Our results demonstrate that 'calcified' nodules formed from PAVICs grown in OST+TGF-β1 medium do not mineralize after 21 days in culture, but rather they express a myofibroblast-like phenotype and produce a collagen-rich extracellular matrix. This study clarifies further the role of PAVICs as a model of calcification of the human aortic valve.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kristy L. Cloyd
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ismail El-Hamamsy
- Division of Cardiac Surgery, Montreal Heart Institute, Montreal, Canada
| | - Suwimon Boonrungsiman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Martin Hedegaard
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen Gentleman
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Padmini Sarathchandra
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Francesca Colazzo
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Gentleman
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Texas A&M University, College Station, Texas, United States of America
| | - Magdi H. Yacoub
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Adrian H. Chester
- Harefield Heart Science Centre, Imperial College London, Harefield, Middlesex, United Kingdom
| | - Molly M. Stevens
- Department of Materials, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- Department of Bioengineering, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
- * E-mail:
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95
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Mahler GJ, Farrar EJ, Butcher JT. Inflammatory cytokines promote mesenchymal transformation in embryonic and adult valve endothelial cells. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 33:121-30. [PMID: 23104848 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.300504] [Citation(s) in RCA: 165] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Inflammatory activation of valve endothelium is an early phase of aortic valve disease pathogenesis, but subsequent mechanisms are poorly understood. Adult valve endothelial cells retain the developmental ability to undergo endothelial-to-mesenchymal transformation (EndMT), but a biological role has not been established. Here, we test whether and how inflammatory cytokines (tumor necrosis factor-α and interleukin-6) regulate EndMT in embryonic and adult valve endothelium. METHODS AND RESULTS Using in vitro 3-dimensional collagen gel culture assays with primary cells, we determined that interleukin-6 and tumor necrosis factor-α induce EndMT and cell invasion in dose-dependent manners. Inflammatory-EndMT occurred through an Akt/nuclear factor-κB-dependent pathway in both adult and embryonic stages. In embryonic valves, inflammatory-EndMT required canonical transforming growth factor-β signaling through activin receptor-like kinases 2 and 5 to drive EndMT. In adult valve endothelium, however, inflammatory-induced EndMT still occurred when activin receptor-like kinases 2 and 5 signaling was blocked. Inflammatory receptor gene expression was significantly upregulated in vivo during embryonic valve maturation. Endothelial-derived mesenchymal cells expressing activated nuclear factor-κB were found distal to calcific lesions in diseased human aortic valves. CONCLUSIONS Inflammatory cytokine-induced EndMT in valve endothelium is present in both embryonic and adult stages, acting through Akt/nuclear factor-κB, but differently using transforming growth factor-β signaling. Molecular signatures of valve EndMT may be important diagnostic and therapeutic targets in early valve disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gretchen J Mahler
- Department of Bioengineering, Binghamton University, Binghamton, NY, USA
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96
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Hirakata H, Nitta K, Inaba M, Shoji T, Fujii H, Kobayashi S, Tabei K, Joki N, Hase H, Nishimura M, Ozaki S, Ikari Y, Kumada Y, Tsuruya K, Fujimoto S, Inoue T, Yokoi H, Hirata S, Shimamoto K, Kugiyama K, Akiba T, Iseki K, Tsubakihara Y, Tomo T, Akizawa T. Japanese Society for Dialysis Therapy Guidelines for Management of Cardiovascular Diseases in Patients on Chronic Hemodialysis. Ther Apher Dial 2012; 16:387-435. [DOI: 10.1111/j.1744-9987.2012.01088.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 84] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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97
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Rajamannan NM. Oxidative-mechanical stress signals stem cell niche mediated Lrp5 osteogenesis in eNOS(-/-) null mice. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1623-34. [PMID: 22359381 DOI: 10.1002/jcb.24031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) is the most common indication for valve surgery in the USA. This study hypothesizes that CAVD develops secondary to Wnt3a/Lrp5 activation via oxidative-mechanical stress in eNOS null mice. eNOS(-/-) mice were tested with experimental diets including a control (n=20), cholesterol (n=20), cholesterol + Atorvastatin (n=20). After 23 weeks the mice were tested for the development of aortic stenosis by Echo, Histology, MicroCT, and RTPCR for bone markers. In vitro studies measured Wnt3a secretion from aortic valve endothelial cells and confirmed oxidative stress via eNOS activity. Anion exchange chromatography was performed to isolate the mitogenic protein. Myofibroblast cells were tested to induce bone formation. Cholesterol treated eNOS mice develop severe stenosis with an increase in Wnt3a, Lrp5, Runx2 (threefold increase (P<0.0001) in the bicuspid versus tricuspid aortic valves. Secretion of Wnt3a from aortic valve endothelium in the presence of abnormal oxidative stress was correlated with diminished eNOS enzymatic activity and tissue nitrite levels. Initial characterization of the architecture for a stem cell nice was determined by protein isolation using anion-exchange chromatography and cell proliferation via thymidine incorporation. Osteoblastogenesis in the myofibroblast cell occurred via Lrp5 receptor upregulation in the presence of osteogenic media. Targeting the Wnt3a/Lrp5 pathway in valve calcification and activation of osteogenesis is via an oxidative-mechanical stress in CAVD. These findings provide a foundation for treating this disease process by targeting the cross talk mechanism in a resident stem cell niche.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nalini M Rajamannan
- Division of Cardiology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611, USA.
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98
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Monzack EL, Masters KS. A time course investigation of the statin paradox among valvular interstitial cell phenotypes. Am J Physiol Heart Circ Physiol 2012; 303:H903-9. [PMID: 22904157 DOI: 10.1152/ajpheart.00263.2012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Statin drugs are prescribed primarily for their ability to lower cholesterol, but may also exert beneficial side effects unrelated to cholesterol metabolism. Previous work has described a "statin paradox," where statin treatment decreased osteoblastic markers in valve myofibroblasts while increasing those same markers in preosteoblasts. However, valvular interstitial cells (VICs) themselves are a multipotent cell type, capable of differentiating into activated, myofibroblastic VICs (aVICs) and osteoblastic VICs (obVICs), motivating the question of whether the statin paradox can exist within an individual valve containing these phenotypically distinct VIC subpopulations. In the current study, a heterogeneous initial population of porcine VICs was differentiated into aVICs or obVICs and treated with simvastatin. Gene expression analysis was conducted daily over an 8-day time course to capture temporally dynamic changes in cell phenotype induced by statin treatment. These studies demonstrated that the two VIC populations, aVICs and obVICs, exhibited differential responses to statin treatment. Specifically, simvastatin increased the expression of osteoblastic markers in obVICs, but not in aVICs, while also suppressing the myofibroblastic phenotype in both aVICs and obVICs. These results indicate that the statin paradox can exist within the heterogeneous VIC population of an individual diseased valve and that statin efficacy in the context of calcific aortic valve disease (CAVD) may be dependent upon the cellular composition of the valve. These findings may have implications for clinical usage of statins, shedding light on how statin efficacy in CAVD may be dependent upon the disease stage or why some individuals exhibit better responsiveness to statin therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elyssa L Monzack
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Madison, WI 53706, USA
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99
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Lampropoulos CE, Papaioannou I, D'Cruz DP. Osteoporosis--a risk factor for cardiovascular disease? Nat Rev Rheumatol 2012; 8:587-98. [PMID: 22890244 DOI: 10.1038/nrrheum.2012.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Osteoporosis is a serious health problem worldwide that is associated with an increased risk of fractures and mortality. Vascular calcification is a well-defined independent risk factor for cardiovascular disease (CVD) and mortality. Major advances in our understanding of the pathophysiology of osteoporosis and vascular calcification indicate that these two processes share common pathogenetic mechanisms. Multiple factors including proteins (such as bone morphogenetic proteins, receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand, osteoprotegerin, matrix Gla protein and cathepsins), parathyroid hormone, phosphate, oxidized lipids and vitamins D and K are implicated in both bone and vascular metabolism, illustrating the interaction of these two, seemingly unrelated, conditions. Many clinical studies have now confirmed the correlation between osteoporosis and vascular calcification as well as the increased risk of CVD in patients with osteoporosis. Here, we explore the proposed mechanistic similarities between osteoporosis and vascular calcification and present an overview of the clinical data that support the interaction between these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christos E Lampropoulos
- Department of Internal Medicine, General Hospital of Nafplio, Kolokotroni and Asklipiou Streets, 21100 Nafplio, Greece
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100
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Prevention of aortic valve stenosis: A realistic therapeutic target? Pharmacol Ther 2012; 135:78-93. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pharmthera.2012.04.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2012] [Accepted: 03/16/2012] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
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