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Taking it out of context: The role of contextual coherence during social event segmentation. Atten Percept Psychophys 2019; 81:2003-2013. [PMID: 31140138 DOI: 10.3758/s13414-019-01752-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Social event segmentation, or parsing of the ongoing dynamic content into discrete social events, is thought to represent a mechanism that supports the expert human ability to navigate complex social environments. Here, we examined whether this ability is influenced by the temporal coherence of the context and by different sources of perceptual information. To do so, we created two video clips, one in which several situations unfolded in a contextually consistent manner, and the other in which the order of these situations was scrambled using a random sequence. Participants viewed each clip and were asked to mark social and nonsocial events in counterbalanced blocks of trials. We analyzed key-press behaviour as well as visual and auditory signals within the clips. Results showed that participants agreed on similar social and nonsocial events regardless of context availability, with greater agreement for social relative to nonsocial events. Context, however, modulated the reliance on sources of perceptual information, such that visual and auditory information was used differently when context was unavailable. Together, these data show that contextual coherence does not determine social event segmentation but serves a modulatory role in perceivers' reliance on perceptual sources of information when identifying events in complex social environments.
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Walbrin J, Koldewyn K. Dyadic interaction processing in the posterior temporal cortex. Neuroimage 2019; 198:296-302. [PMID: 31100434 PMCID: PMC6610332 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2019.05.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 04/04/2019] [Accepted: 05/10/2019] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Recent behavioural evidence shows that visual displays of two individuals interacting are not simply encoded as separate individuals, but as an interactive unit that is 'more than the sum of its parts'. Recent functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) evidence shows the importance of the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) in processing human social interactions, and suggests that it may represent human-object interactions as qualitatively 'greater' than the average of their constituent parts. The current study aimed to investigate whether the pSTS or other posterior temporal lobe region(s): 1) Demonstrated evidence of a dyadic information effect - that is, qualitatively different responses to an interacting dyad than to averaged responses of the same two interactors, presented in isolation, and; 2) Significantly differentiated between different types of social interactions. Multivoxel pattern analysis was performed in which a classifier was trained to differentiate between qualitatively different types of dyadic interactions. Above-chance classification of interactions was observed in 'interaction selective' pSTS-I and extrastriate body area (EBA), but not in other regions of interest (i.e. face-selective STS and mentalizing-selective temporo-parietal junction). A dyadic information effect was not observed in the pSTS-I, but instead was shown in the EBA; that is, classification of dyadic interactions did not fully generalise to averaged responses to the isolated interactors, indicating that dyadic representations in the EBA contain unique information that cannot be recovered from the interactors presented in isolation. These findings complement previous observations for congruent grouping of human bodies and objects in the broader lateral occipital temporal cortex area. pSTS and EBA classify between different dynamic interactions. EBA is sensitive to (uniquely) dyadic interaction information. These findings support previous evidence for grouping of interacting people/objects in LOTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Walbrin
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, Wales, UK.
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53
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Bas-Hoogendam JM, van Steenbergen H, Tissier RLM, van der Wee NJA, Westenberg PM. Altered Neurobiological Processing of Unintentional Social Norm Violations: A Multiplex, Multigenerational Functional Magnetic Resonance Imaging Study on Social Anxiety Endophenotypes. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2019; 5:981-990. [PMID: 31031203 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2019.03.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Revised: 02/21/2019] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with social anxiety disorder (SAD) fear negative evaluation in social situations. Specifically, previous work indicated that social anxiety is associated with increased medial prefrontal cortex activation in response to unintentional social norm (SN) transgressions, accompanied by increased embarrassment ratings for such SN violations. Here, we used data from the multiplex, multigenerational LFLSAD (Leiden Family Lab study on Social Anxiety Disorder), which involved two generations of families genetically enriched for SAD, and investigated whether these neurobiological and behavioral correlates of unintentional SN processing are SAD endophenotypes. Of four endophenotype criteria, we examined two: first, the cosegregation of these characteristics with social anxiety (SA) within families of SAD probands (criterion 4), and second, the heritability of the candidate endophenotypes (criterion 3). METHODS Participants (n = 110, age range 9.0-61.5 years, eight families) performed the revised Social Norm Processing Task; functional magnetic resonance imaging data and behavioral ratings related to this paradigm were used to examine whether brain activation in response to processing unintentional SN violations and ratings of embarrassment were associated with SA levels. Next, heritability of these measurements was estimated. RESULTS As expected, voxelwise functional magnetic resonance imaging analyses revealed positive associations between SA levels and brain activation in the medial prefrontal cortex and medial temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and superior temporal sulcus, and these brain activation levels displayed moderate to moderately high heritability. Furthermore, although SA levels correlated positively with behavioral ratings of embarrassment for SN transgressions, these behavioral characteristics were not heritable. CONCLUSIONS These results show, for the first time, that brain responses in the medial prefrontal cortex and medial temporal gyrus, superior temporal gyrus, and superior temporal sulcus, related to processing unintentional SN violations, provide a neurobiological candidate endophenotype of SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janna Marie Bas-Hoogendam
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands.
| | - Henk van Steenbergen
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | | | - Nic J A van der Wee
- Department of Psychiatry, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - P Michiel Westenberg
- Institute of Psychology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands; Leiden Institute for Brain and Cognition, Leiden, The Netherlands
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54
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Tops S, Habel U, Radke S. Genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms of the oxytocin receptor gene (OXTR) and the (clinical) implications for social behavior. Horm Behav 2019; 108:84-93. [PMID: 29505762 DOI: 10.1016/j.yhbeh.2018.03.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2017] [Revised: 02/16/2018] [Accepted: 03/01/2018] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Oxytocin and the oxytocin receptor (OXTR) play an important role in a large variety of social behaviors. The oxytocinergic system interacts with environmental cues and is highly dependent on interindividual factors. Deficits in this system have been linked to mental disorders associated with social impairments, such as autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This review focuses on the modulation of social behavior by alterations in two domains of the oxytocinergic system. We discuss genetic and epigenetic regulatory mechanisms and alterations in these mechanisms that were found to have clinical implications for ASD. We propose possible explanations how these alterations affect the biological pathways underlying the aberrant social behavior and point out avenues for future research. We advocate the need for integration studies that combine multiple measures covering a broad range of social behaviors and link these to genetic and epigenetic profiles.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sanne Tops
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany.
| | - Ute Habel
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - BRAIN Institute I, Jülich/Aachen, Germany
| | - Sina Radke
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen, Germany; Jülich Aachen Research Alliance (JARA) - BRAIN Institute I, Jülich/Aachen, Germany
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55
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Rodríguez-Rajo P, Leno Colorado D, Enseñat-Cantallops A, García-Molina A. Rehabilitation of social cognition impairment after traumatic brain injury: A systematic review. Neurologia 2018; 37:S0213-4853(18)30202-0. [PMID: 30553571 DOI: 10.1016/j.nrl.2018.07.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2018] [Revised: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Many studies have described the presence of difficulty processing and generating social behaviour in patients who have suffered a traumatic brain injury (TBI). These difficulties in social cognition (SC) deteriorate personal relationships in the family, at work, or in the community. However, therapeutic programmes aiming to improve SC continue to be an outstanding issue in clinical practice. We performed a systematic review of the existing literature on the recovery of SC in patients with TBI, assessing the methodological quality of the included studies and the therapeutic effectiveness of the rehabilitation strategies used. DEVELOPMENT We performed a bibliographic search of papers published before June 2018 in the Medline/PubMed, Google Scholar, PsycINFO, and ClinicalTrials.gov databases. Of the 198 potentially relevant articles, 10 met our eligibility criteria. Two of the authors independently and blindly assessed the methodological quality of these studies using the PEDro scale. CONCLUSIONS The articles included in this systematic review essentially studied the effect of different interventions aimed at the rehabilitation of SC in patients with chronic TBIs. The analysis showed adequate methodological quality and an acceptable level of evidence. Future research should analyse the effect of these interventions in patients with TBIs in the sub- and post-acute phases.
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Affiliation(s)
- P Rodríguez-Rajo
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, España; Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Departament de Medicina, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, España.
| | - D Leno Colorado
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, España; Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España
| | - A Enseñat-Cantallops
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, España; Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España
| | - A García-Molina
- Institut Guttmann, Institut Universitari de Neurorehabilitació adscrit a la UAB, Badalona, Barcelona, España; Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra, Cerdanyola del Vallès, Barcelona, España; Fundació Institut d'Investigació en Ciències de la Salut Germans Trias i Pujol, Badalona, Barcelona, España
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Visual attention and action: How cueing, direct mapping, and social interactions drive orienting. Psychon Bull Rev 2018; 25:1585-1605. [PMID: 28808932 DOI: 10.3758/s13423-017-1354-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Despite considerable interest in both action perception and social attention over the last 2 decades, there has been surprisingly little investigation concerning how the manual actions of other humans orient visual attention. The present review draws together studies that have measured the orienting of attention, following observation of another's goal-directed action. Our review proposes that, in line with the literature on eye gaze, action is a particularly strong orienting cue for the visual system. However, we additionally suggest that action may orient visual attention using mechanisms, which gaze direction does not (i.e., neural direct mapping and corepresentation). Finally, we review the implications of these gaze-independent mechanisms for the study of attention to action. We suggest that our understanding of attention to action may benefit from being studied in the context of joint action paradigms, where the role of higher level action goals and social factors can be investigated.
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57
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Cheng C, Fan L, Xia X, Eickhoff SB, Li H, Li H, Chen J, Jiang T. Rostro-caudal organization of the human posterior superior temporal sulcus revealed by connectivity profiles. Hum Brain Mapp 2018; 39:5112-5125. [PMID: 30273447 DOI: 10.1002/hbm.24349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 07/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/30/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
The posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) plays an important role in biological motion perception but is also thought to be essential for speech and facial processing. However, although there are many previous investigations of distinct functional modules within the pSTS, the functional organization of the pSTS in its full functional heterogeneity has not yet been established. Here we applied a connectivity-based parcellation strategy to delineate the human pSTS subregions based on distinct anatomical connectivity profiles and divided it into rostral and caudal subregions using diffusion tensor imaging. Subsequent multimodal connection pattern analyses revealed distinct subregional connectivity profiles. From this we inferred that the two subregions are involved in distinct functional circuits, the language processing loop and the cognition attention network. These results indicate a convergent functional architecture of the pSTS that can be revealed based on different types of connectivity and is reflected in different functions and interactions. In addition, when the subregions were performing their processing in the different functional circuits, we found asymmetry in the bilateral pSTS. Our findings may improve the understanding of the functional organization of the pSTS and provide new insights into its interactions and integration of information at the subregional level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chen Cheng
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Lingzhong Fan
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Xiaoluan Xia
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China.,Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Simon B Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany.,Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | - Hai Li
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China
| | - Haifang Li
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Junjie Chen
- College of Computer Science and Technology, Taiyuan University of Technology, Taiyuan, China
| | - Tianzi Jiang
- Brainnetome Center, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,CAS Center for Excellence in Brain Science and Intelligence Technology, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,National Laboratory of Pattern Recognition, Institute of Automation, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing, China.,The Queensland Brain Institute, University of Queensland, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
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58
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Bottenhorn KL, Flannery JS, Boeving ER, Riedel MC, Eickhoff SB, Sutherland MT, Laird AR. Cooperating yet distinct brain networks engaged during naturalistic paradigms: A meta-analysis of functional MRI results. Netw Neurosci 2018; 3:27-48. [PMID: 30793072 PMCID: PMC6326731 DOI: 10.1162/netn_a_00050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/04/2022] Open
Abstract
Cognitive processes do not occur by pure insertion and instead depend on the full complement of co-occurring mental processes, including perceptual and motor functions. As such, there is limited ecological validity to human neuroimaging experiments that use highly controlled tasks to isolate mental processes of interest. However, a growing literature shows how dynamic, interactive tasks have allowed researchers to study cognition as it more naturally occurs. Collective analysis across such neuroimaging experiments may answer broader questions regarding how naturalistic cognition is biologically distributed throughout the brain. We applied an unbiased, data-driven, meta-analytic approach that uses k-means clustering to identify core brain networks engaged across the naturalistic functional neuroimaging literature. Functional decoding allowed us to, then, delineate how information is distributed between these networks throughout the execution of dynamical cognition in realistic settings. This analysis revealed six recurrent patterns of brain activation, representing sensory, domain-specific, and attentional neural networks that support the cognitive demands of naturalistic paradigms. Although gaps in the literature remain, these results suggest that naturalistic fMRI paradigms recruit a common set of networks that allow both separate processing of different streams of information and integration of relevant information to enable flexible cognition and complex behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Emily R. Boeving
- Department of Psychology, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Michael C. Riedel
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Simon B. Eickhoff
- Institute of Systems Neuroscience, Medical Faculty, Heinrich Heine University Düsseldorf, Düsseldorf, Germany
- Institute of Neuroscience and Medicine, Brain & Behaviour (INM-7), Research Centre Jülich, Jülich, Germany
| | | | - Angela R. Laird
- Department of Physics, Florida International University, Miami, FL, USA
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59
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Anderson KL, Anderson JS, Palande S, Wang B. Topological Data Analysis of Functional MRI Connectivity in Time and Space Domains. CONNECTOMICS IN NEUROIMAGING : SECOND INTERNATIONAL WORKSHOP, CNI 2018, HELD IN CONJUNCTION WITH MICCAI 2018, GRANADA, SPAIN, SEPTEMBER 20, 2018 : PROCEEDINGS. CNI (WORKSHOP) (2ND : 2018 : GRANADA, SPAIN) 2018; 11083:67-77. [PMID: 32715304 PMCID: PMC7380262 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-00755-3_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
The functional architecture of the brain can be described as a dynamical system where components interact in flexible ways, constrained by physical connections between regions. Using correlation, either in time or in space, as an abstraction of functional connectivity, we analyzed resting state fMRI data from 1003 subjects. We compared several data preprocessing strategies and found that independent component-based nuisance regression outperformed other strategies, with the poorest reproducibility in strategies that include global signal regression. We also found that temporal vs. spatial functional connectivity can encode different aspects of cognition and personality. Topological analyses using persistent homology show that persistence barcodes are significantly correlated to individual differences in cognition and personality, with high reproducibility. Topological data analyses, including approaches to model connectivity in the time domain, are promising tools for representing high-level aspects of cognition, development, and neuropathology.
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60
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Wolf D, Mittelberg I, Rekittke LM, Bhavsar S, Zvyagintsev M, Haeck A, Cong F, Klasen M, Mathiak K. Interpretation of Social Interactions: Functional Imaging of Cognitive-Semiotic Categories During Naturalistic Viewing. Front Hum Neurosci 2018; 12:296. [PMID: 30154703 PMCID: PMC6102316 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2018.00296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Social interactions arise from patterns of communicative signs, whose perception and interpretation require a multitude of cognitive functions. The semiotic framework of Peirce's Universal Categories (UCs) laid ground for a novel cognitive-semiotic typology of social interactions. During functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI), 16 volunteers watched a movie narrative encompassing verbal and non-verbal social interactions. Three types of non-verbal interactions were coded ("unresolved," "non-habitual," and "habitual") based on a typology reflecting Peirce's UCs. As expected, the auditory cortex responded to verbal interactions, but non-verbal interactions modulated temporal areas as well. Conceivably, when speech was lacking, ambiguous visual information (unresolved interactions) primed auditory processing in contrast to learned behavioral patterns (habitual interactions). The latter recruited a parahippocampal-occipital network supporting conceptual processing and associative memory retrieval. Requesting semiotic contextualization, non-habitual interactions activated visuo-spatial and contextual rule-learning areas such as the temporo-parietal junction and right lateral prefrontal cortex. In summary, the cognitive-semiotic typology reflected distinct sensory and association networks underlying the interpretation of observed non-verbal social interactions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dhana Wolf
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Natural Media Lab, Human Technology Centre (HumTec), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Irene Mittelberg
- Natural Media Lab, Human Technology Centre (HumTec), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Center for Sign Language and Gesture (SignGes), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Linn-Marlen Rekittke
- Natural Media Lab, Human Technology Centre (HumTec), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Center for Sign Language and Gesture (SignGes), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Saurabh Bhavsar
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Mikhail Zvyagintsev
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Brain Imaging Facility, Interdisciplinary Centre for Clinical Studies (IZKF), Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Annina Haeck
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Fengyu Cong
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Faculty of Electronic Information and Electrical Engineering, Dalian University of Technology, Dalian, China
| | - Martin Klasen
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Klaus Mathiak
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychotherapy and Psychosomatics, Medical Faculty, RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Center for Sign Language and Gesture (SignGes), RWTH Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,JARA-Translational Brain Medicine, Aachen, Germany
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61
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Kesner L, Grygarová D, Fajnerová I, Lukavský J, Nekovářová T, Tintěra J, Zaytseva Y, Horáček J. Perception of direct vs. averted gaze in portrait paintings: An fMRI and eye-tracking study. Brain Cogn 2018; 125:88-99. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bandc.2018.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/15/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fredericks CA, Sturm VE, Brown JA, Hua AY, Bilgel M, Wong DF, Resnick SM, Seeley WW. Early affective changes and increased connectivity in preclinical Alzheimer's disease. ALZHEIMER'S & DEMENTIA: DIAGNOSIS, ASSESSMENT & DISEASE MONITORING 2018; 10:471-479. [PMID: 30302368 PMCID: PMC6174255 DOI: 10.1016/j.dadm.2018.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Introduction Affective changes precede cognitive decline in mild Alzheimer's disease and may relate to increased connectivity in a “salience network” attuned to emotionally significant stimuli. The trajectory of affective changes in preclinical Alzheimer's disease, and its relationship to this network, is unknown. Methods One hundred one cognitively normal older adults received longitudinal assessments of affective symptoms, then amyloid-PET. We hypothesized amyloid-positive individuals would show enhanced emotional reactivity associated with salience network connectivity. We tested whether increased global connectivity in key regions significantly related to affective changes. Results In participants later found to be amyloid positive, emotional reactivity increased with age, and interpersonal warmth declined in women. These individuals showed higher global connectivity within the right insula and superior temporal sulcus; higher superior temporal sulcus connectivity predicted increasing emotional reactivity and decreasing interpersonal warmth. Conclusions Affective changes should be considered an early preclinical feature of Alzheimer's disease. These changes may relate to higher functional connectivity in regions critical for social-emotional processing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carolyn A. Fredericks
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Corresponding author. Tel.: 650 721 5357; Fax: 650 725 0390.
| | - Virginia E. Sturm
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jesse A. Brown
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Alice Y. Hua
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Murat Bilgel
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Dean F. Wong
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Science, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - Susan M. Resnick
- Laboratory of Behavioral Neuroscience, National Institute on Aging, Baltimore, MD, USA
| | - William W. Seeley
- Memory and Aging Center, Department of Neurology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
- Department of Pathology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, USA
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The "social brain" is highly sensitive to the mere presence of social information: An automated meta-analysis and an independent study. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0196503. [PMID: 29723244 PMCID: PMC5933734 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0196503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
How the human brain processes social information is an increasingly researched topic in psychology and neuroscience, advancing our understanding of basic human cognition and psychopathologies. Neuroimaging studies typically seek to isolate one specific aspect of social cognition when trying to map its neural substrates. It is unclear if brain activation elicited by different social cognitive processes and task instructions are also spontaneously elicited by general social information. In this study, we investigated whether these brain regions are evoked by the mere presence of social information using an automated meta-analysis and confirmatory data from an independent study of simple appraisal of social vs. non-social images. Results of 1,000 published fMRI studies containing the keyword of “social” were subject to an automated meta-analysis (http://neurosynth.org). To confirm that significant brain regions in the meta-analysis were driven by a social effect, these brain regions were used as regions of interest (ROIs) to extract and compare BOLD fMRI signals of social vs. non-social conditions in the independent study. The NeuroSynth results indicated that the dorsal and ventral medial prefrontal cortex, posterior cingulate cortex, bilateral amygdala, bilateral occipito-temporal junction, right fusiform gyrus, bilateral temporal pole, and right inferior frontal gyrus are commonly engaged in studies with a prominent social element. The social–non-social contrast in the independent study showed a strong resemblance to the NeuroSynth map. ROI analyses revealed that a social effect was credible in 9 out of the 11 NeuroSynth regions in the independent dataset. The findings support the conclusion that the “social brain” is highly sensitive to the mere presence of social information.
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Abstract
The present study sought to evaluate whether social priming modulates neural responses to ostracism, such that making arbitrary interpersonal decisions increases the experience of social exclusion more than making arbitrary physical decisions. This exploratory event-related potential (ERP) study utilized the Lunchroom task, in which adults (N = 28) first selected one of two options that included either interpersonal or physical descriptors. Participants then received ostracism outcome feedback within a lunchroom scenario in which they were either excluded (e.g. sitting alone) or included (e.g. surrounded by others). While the N2 component was sensitive to priming decision condition, only the P3 component discriminated between ostracism decisions. Further inspection of the neural sources indicated that the amygdala, anterior cingulate cortex, and superior temporal gyrus were more engaged for exclusion than inclusion conditions during both N2 and P3 temporal windows. Evaluation of temporal source dynamics suggest that the effects of ostracism are predominant between 250-500 ms and were larger following interpersonal than physical decisions. These results suggest that being ostracized evokes a larger neural response that is modulated following priming of the social brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caitlin M Hudac
- a Department of Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA.,b Center on Human Development and Disability , University of Washington , Seattle , WA , USA
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65
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Pokorny JJ, Hatt NV, Rogers SJ, Rivera SM. What Are You Doing With That Object? Comparing the Neural Responses of Action Understanding in Adolescents With and Without Autism. J Autism Dev Disord 2018; 48:809-823. [PMID: 29168088 PMCID: PMC5826790 DOI: 10.1007/s10803-017-3338-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
Understanding another's actions, including what they are doing and why they are doing it, can be difficult for individuals with autism spectrum disorder (ASD). This understanding is supported by the action observation (AON) and mentalizing (MZN) networks, as well as the superior temporal sulcus. We examined these areas in children with ASD and typically developing controls by having participants view eating and placing actions performed in conventional and unconventional ways while functional magnetic resonance images were collected. We found an effect of action-type, but not conventionality, in both groups, and a between groups difference only when viewing conventional eating actions. Findings suggest there are not global AON/MZN deficits in ASD, and observing unconventional actions may not spontaneously activate the MZN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer J Pokorny
- The MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Naomi V Hatt
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA
| | - Sally J Rogers
- The MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
- Psychiatry and Behavioral Sciences, University of California Davis, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA
| | - Susan M Rivera
- The MIND (Medical Investigation of Neurodevelopmental Disorders) Institute, University of California Davis Medical Center, Sacramento, CA, 95817, USA.
- Department of Psychology, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95616, USA.
- Center for Mind and Brain, University of California Davis, Davis, CA, 95618, USA.
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66
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Sperdin HF, Coito A, Kojovic N, Rihs TA, Jan RK, Franchini M, Plomp G, Vulliemoz S, Eliez S, Michel CM, Schaer M. Early alterations of social brain networks in young children with autism. eLife 2018; 7:31670. [PMID: 29482718 PMCID: PMC5828667 DOI: 10.7554/elife.31670] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Social impairments are a hallmark of Autism Spectrum Disorders (ASD), but empirical evidence for early brain network alterations in response to social stimuli is scant in ASD. We recorded the gaze patterns and brain activity of toddlers with ASD and their typically developing peers while they explored dynamic social scenes. Directed functional connectivity analyses based on electrical source imaging revealed frequency specific network atypicalities in the theta and alpha frequency bands, manifesting as alterations in both the driving and the connections from key nodes of the social brain associated with autism. Analyses of brain-behavioural relationships within the ASD group suggested that compensatory mechanisms from dorsomedial frontal, inferior temporal and insular cortical regions were associated with less atypical gaze patterns and lower clinical impairment. Our results provide strong evidence that directed functional connectivity alterations of social brain networks is a core component of atypical brain development at early stages of ASD. Newborns are attracted to voices, faces and social gestures. Paying attention to these social cues in everyday life helps infants and young children learn how to interact with others. During this period of development, a network of connections forms between different parts of the brain that helps children to understand other people’s social behaviors. During their first year of life, infants who later develop autism spectrum disorders (ASD) pay less attention to social cues. This early indifference to these important signals leads to social deficits in children with ASD. They are less able to understand other people’s behaviors or engage in typical social interactions. It’s not yet clear why children with ASD are less attuned to social cues. But is likely that the development of brain networks essential for understanding social behavior suffers as a result. Studying how such networks develop in typical very young children and those with ASD may help scientist learn more. Now, Sperdin et al. confirm there are differences in the social brain-networks of very young children with ASD compared with their typical peers. In the experiment, 3-year-old children with ASD and without watched videos of other children playing, while Sperdin et al. recorded what they looked at and what happened in their brains. Eyemovements were measured with a tracker, and the brain activity was recorded using an electroencephalogram (EEG), which uses sensors placed on the scalp to measure electrical signals. What children with ASD looked at was different than their typical peers, and these differences corresponded with alterations in the brain networks that process social information. Children with ASD who had less severe symptoms had stronger activity in these brain networks. What they looked at also was more similar to typical children. This suggests less severely affected children with ASD may be able to compensate that way. Identifying ASD-like behaviors and brain differences early in life may help scientists to better understand what causes the condition. It may also help clinicians provide more individualized therapies early in life when the brain is most adaptable. Long-term studies of these brain-network differences in children with ASD are necessary to better understand how therapies can influence these changes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holger Franz Sperdin
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Ana Coito
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Nada Kojovic
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Tonia Anahi Rihs
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Reem Kais Jan
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland.,College of Medicine, Mohammed Bin Rashid University of Medicine and Health Sciences, Dubai, United Arab Emirates
| | - Martina Franchini
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Gijs Plomp
- Department of Psychology, University of Fribourg, Fribourg, Switzerland
| | - Serge Vulliemoz
- EEG and Epilepsy Unit, Neurology, University Hospitals of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Stephan Eliez
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Christoph Martin Michel
- Functional Brain Mapping Laboratory, Department of Fundamental Neurosciences, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Marie Schaer
- Developmental Imaging and Psychopathology Laboratory, Department of Psychiatry, University of Geneva, Geneva, Switzerland
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67
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Hornix BE, Havekes R, Kas MJH. Multisensory cortical processing and dysfunction across the neuropsychiatric spectrum. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2018; 97:138-151. [PMID: 29496479 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2018.02.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Revised: 02/12/2018] [Accepted: 02/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Sensory processing is affected in multiple neuropsychiatric disorders like schizophrenia and autism spectrum disorders. Genetic and environmental factors guide the formation and fine-tuning of brain circuitry necessary to receive, organize, and respond to sensory input in order to behave in a meaningful and consistent manner. During certain developmental stages the brain is sensitive to intrinsic and external factors. For example, disturbed expression levels of certain risk genes during critical neurodevelopmental periods may lead to exaggerated brain plasticity processes within the sensory circuits, and sensory stimulation immediately after birth contributes to fine-tuning of these circuits. Here, the neurodevelopmental trajectory of sensory circuit development will be described and related to some example risk gene mutations that are found in neuropsychiatric disorders. Subsequently, the flow of sensory information through these circuits and the relationship to synaptic plasticity will be described. Research focusing on the combined analyses of neural circuit development and functioning are necessary to expand our understanding of sensory processing and behavioral deficits that are relevant across the neuropsychiatric spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty E Hornix
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Robbert Havekes
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Martien J H Kas
- Groningen Institute for Evolutionary Life Sciences, University of Groningen, Nijenborgh 7, 9747 AG, Groningen, The Netherlands.
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68
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Walbrin J, Downing P, Koldewyn K. Neural responses to visually observed social interactions. Neuropsychologia 2018; 112:31-39. [PMID: 29476765 PMCID: PMC5899757 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2018.02.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2017] [Revised: 02/02/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 11/24/2022]
Abstract
Success in the social world requires the ability to perceive not just individuals and their actions, but pairs of people and the interactions between them. Despite the complexity of social interactions, humans are adept at interpreting those interactions they observe. Although the brain basis of this remarkable ability has remained relatively unexplored, converging functional MRI evidence suggests the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is centrally involved. Here, we sought to determine whether this region is sensitive to both the presence of interactive information, as well as to the content of qualitatively different interactions (i.e. competition vs. cooperation). Using point-light human figure stimuli, we demonstrate that the right pSTS is maximally activated when contrasting dyadic interactions vs. dyads performing independent, non-interactive actions. We then used this task to localize the same pSTS region in an independent participant group, and tested responses to non-human moving shape stimuli (i.e. two circles’ movements conveying either interactive or non-interactive behaviour). We observed significant support vector machine classification for both the presence and type of interaction (i.e. interaction vs. non-interaction, and competition vs. cooperation, respectively) in the pSTS, as well as neighbouring temporo-parietal junction (TPJ). These findings demonstrate the important role that these regions play in perceiving and understanding social interactions, and lay the foundations for further research to fully characterize interaction responses in these areas. The pSTS is sensitive to visual dynamic social interactions. We show that the pSTS is sensitive to both the presence & contents of interactions. This effect is independent of face & body information.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jon Walbrin
- School of Psychology, Bangor University, UK.
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69
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Phillipou A, Rossell SL, Gurvich C, Castle DJ, Abel LA, Nibbs RG, Hughes ME. Differences in regional grey matter volumes in currently ill patients with anorexia nervosa. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 47:177-183. [PMID: 29244231 DOI: 10.1111/ejn.13793] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2017] [Revised: 10/29/2017] [Accepted: 12/01/2017] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Neurobiological findings in anorexia nervosa (AN) are inconsistent, including differences in regional grey matter volumes. Methodological limitations often contribute to the inconsistencies reported. The aim of this study was to improve on these methodologies by utilising voxel-based morphometry (VBM) analysis with the use of diffeomorphic anatomic registration through an exponentiated lie algebra algorithm (DARTEL), in a relatively large group of individuals with AN. Twenty-six individuals with AN and 27 healthy controls underwent a T1-weighted magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) scan. AN participants were found to have reduced grey matter volumes in a number of areas including regions of the basal ganglia (including the ventral striatum), and parietal and temporal cortices. Body mass index (BMI) and global scores on the Eating Disorder Examination Questionnaire (EDE-Q) were also found to correlate with grey matter volumes in a region of the brainstem (including the substantia nigra and ventral tegmental area) in AN, and predicted 56% of the variance in grey matter volumes in this area. The brain regions associated with grey matter reductions in AN are consistent with regions responsible for cognitive deficits associated with the illness including anhedonia, deficits in affect perception and saccadic eye movement abnormalities. Overall, the findings suggest reduced grey matter volumes in AN that are associated with eating disorder symptomatology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Phillipou
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Mental Health, The Austin Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Susan Lee Rossell
- Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia.,Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University & The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Caroline Gurvich
- Monash Alfred Psychiatry Research Centre, Monash University & The Alfred Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - David Jonathan Castle
- Department of Psychiatry, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia.,Department of Psychiatry, St Vincent's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Larry Allen Abel
- Department of Optometry & Vision Sciences, The University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Richard Grant Nibbs
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
| | - Matthew Edward Hughes
- Centre for Mental Health, Swinburne University of Technology, John St, Hawthorn, Melbourne, VIC, 3122, Australia
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70
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Thye MD, Bednarz HM, Herringshaw AJ, Sartin EB, Kana RK. The impact of atypical sensory processing on social impairments in autism spectrum disorder. Dev Cogn Neurosci 2018; 29:151-167. [PMID: 28545994 PMCID: PMC6987885 DOI: 10.1016/j.dcn.2017.04.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 212] [Impact Index Per Article: 35.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/06/2016] [Revised: 02/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Altered sensory processing has been an important feature of the clinical descriptions of autism spectrum disorder (ASD). There is evidence that sensory dysregulation arises early in the progression of ASD and impacts social functioning. This paper reviews behavioral and neurobiological evidence that describes how sensory deficits across multiple modalities (vision, hearing, touch, olfaction, gustation, and multisensory integration) could impact social functions in ASD. Theoretical models of ASD and their implications for the relationship between sensory and social functioning are discussed. Furthermore, neural differences in anatomy, function, and connectivity of different regions underlying sensory and social processing are also discussed. We conclude that there are multiple mechanisms through which early sensory dysregulation in ASD could cascade into social deficits across development. Future research is needed to clarify these mechanisms, and specific focus should be given to distinguish between deficits in primary sensory processing and altered top-down attentional and cognitive processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melissa D Thye
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Haley M Bednarz
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Abbey J Herringshaw
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Emma B Sartin
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States
| | - Rajesh K Kana
- Department of Psychology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35233, United States.
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71
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Lajiness-O'Neill R, Brennan JR, Moran JE, Richard AE, Flores AM, Swick C, Goodcase R, Andersen T, McFarlane K, Rusiniak K, Kovelman I, Wagley N, Ugolini M, Albright J, Bowyer SM. Patterns of altered neural synchrony in the default mode network in autism spectrum disorder revealed with magnetoencephalography (MEG): Relationship to clinical symptomatology. Autism Res 2017; 11:434-449. [PMID: 29251830 DOI: 10.1002/aur.1908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2017] [Revised: 11/05/2017] [Accepted: 11/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Disrupted neural synchrony may be a primary electrophysiological abnormality in autism spectrum disorders (ASD), altering communication between discrete brain regions and contributing to abnormalities in patterns of connectivity within identified neural networks. Studies exploring brain dynamics to comprehensively characterize and link connectivity to large-scale cortical networks and clinical symptoms are lagging considerably. Patterns of neural coherence within the Default Mode Network (DMN) and Salience Network (SN) during resting state were investigated in 12 children with ASD (MAge = 9.2) and 13 age and gender-matched neurotypicals (NT) (MAge = 9.3) with magnetoencephalography. Coherence between 231 brain region pairs within four frequency bands (theta (4-7 Hz), alpha, (8-12 Hz), beta (13-30 Hz), and gamma (30-80 Hz)) was calculated. Relationships between neural coherence and social functioning were examined. ASD was characterized by lower synchronization across all frequencies, reaching clinical significance in the gamma band. Lower gamma synchrony between fronto-temporo-parietal regions was observed, partially consistent with diminished default mode network (DMN) connectivity. Lower gamma coherence in ASD was evident in cross-hemispheric connections between: angular with inferior/middle frontal; middle temporal with middle/inferior frontal; and within right-hemispheric connections between angular, middle temporal, and inferior/middle frontal cortices. Lower gamma coherence between left angular and left superior frontal, right inferior/middle frontal, and right precuneus and between right angular and inferior/middle frontal cortices was related to lower social/social-communication functioning. Results suggest a pattern of lower gamma band coherence in a subset of regions within the DMN in ASD (angular and middle temporal cortical areas) related to lower social/social-communicative functioning. Autism Res 2018, 11: 434-449. © 2017 International Society for Autism Research, Wiley Periodicals, Inc. LAY SUMMARY Communication between different areas of the brain was observed in children with ASD and neurotypical children while awake, but not working on a task. Magnetoencephalography was used to measure tiny magnetic fields naturally generated via brain activity. The brains of children with ASD showed less communication between areas that are important for social information processing compared to the brains of neurotypical children. The amount of communication between these areas was associated with social and social communication difficulties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renée Lajiness-O'Neill
- Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan.,Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | - Casey Swick
- Eastern Michigan University, Ypsilanti, Michigan
| | | | | | | | | | - Ioulia Kovelman
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Neelima Wagley
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan.,Department of Psychology, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | | | | | - Susan M Bowyer
- University of Massachusetts, Amherst, Massachusetts.,Wayne State University, Detroit, Michigan.,Oakland University, Rochester, Michigan
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72
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Basil RA, Westwater ML, Wiener M, Thompson JC. A Causal Role of the Right Superior Temporal Sulcus in Emotion Recognition From Biological Motion. Open Mind (Camb) 2017. [DOI: 10.1162/opmi_a_00015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding the emotions of others through nonverbal cues is critical for successful social interactions. The right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) is one brain region thought to be key in the recognition of the mental states of others based on body language and facial expression. In the present study, we temporarily disrupted functional activity of the right pSTS by using continuous, theta-burst transcranial magnetic stimulation (cTBS) to test the hypothesis that the right pSTS plays a causal role in emotion recognition from body movements. Participants ( N = 23) received cTBS to the right pSTS, which was individually localized using fMRI, and a vertex control site. Before and after cTBS, we tested participants’ ability to identify emotions from point-light displays (PLDs) of biological motion stimuli and a nonbiological global motion identification task. Results revealed that accurate identification of emotional states from biological motion was reduced following cTBS to the right pSTS, but accuracy was not impaired following vertex stimulation. Accuracy on the global motion task was unaffected by cTBS to either site. These results support the causal role of the right pSTS in decoding information about others’ emotional state from their body movements and gestures.
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73
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Ticini LF, Urgesi C, Kotz SA. Modulating Mimetic Preference with Theta Burst Stimulation of the Inferior Parietal Cortex. Front Psychol 2017; 8:2101. [PMID: 29250021 PMCID: PMC5717539 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.02101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2017] [Accepted: 11/17/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
We like an object more when we see someone else reaching for it. To what extent is action observation causally linked to object valuation? In this study, we set out to answer to this question by applying continuous theta burst stimulation (cTBS) over the left inferior parietal lobule (IPL). Previous studies pointed to this region as critical in the representation of others' actions and in tool manipulation. However, it is unclear to what extent IPL's involvement simply reflects action observation, rather than a casual role in objects' valuation. To clarify this issue, we measured cTBS-dependent modulations of participants' “mimetic preference ratings”, i.e., the difference between the ratings of pairs of familiar objects that were (vs. were not) reached out for by other individuals. Our result shows that cTBS increased mimetic preference ratings for tools, when compared to a control condition without stimulation. This effect was selective for items that were reached for or manipulated by another individual, whilst it was not detected in non-tool objects. Although preliminary, this finding suggests that the automatic and covert simulation of an observed action, even when there is no intention to act on an object, influences explicit affective judgments for objects. This work supports embodied cognition theories by substantiating that our subjective preference is grounded in action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca F Ticini
- Division of Neuroscience and Experimental Psychology, Faculty of Biological, Medical and Health Sciences, School of Biological Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom
| | - Cosimo Urgesi
- Department of Languages and Literatures, Communication, Education and Society, University of Udine, Udine, Italy.,Istituto di Ricovero e Cura a Carattere Scientifico "Eugenio Medea", Bosisio Parini, Italy
| | - Sonja A Kotz
- Department of Neuropsychology, Max Planck Institute for Human Cognitive and Brain Sciences, Leipzig, Germany.,Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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74
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James KH. The Importance of Handwriting Experience on the Development of the Literate Brain. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2017. [DOI: 10.1177/0963721417709821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022]
Abstract
Handwriting experience can have significant effects on the ability of young children to recognize letters. Why handwriting has this facilitative effect and how this is accomplished were explored in a series of studies using overt behavioral measures and functional neuroimaging of the brain in 4- to 5-year-old children. My colleagues and I showed that early handwriting practice affects visual symbol recognition because it results in the production of variable visual forms that aid in symbol understanding. Further, the mechanisms that support this understanding lay in the communication between visual and motor systems in the brain: Handwriting serves to link visual processing with motor experience, facilitating subsequent letter recognition skills. These results are interpreted in the larger context of the facilitatory effect that learning through action has on perceptual capabilities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karin H. James
- Department of Psychological and Brain Sciences, Indiana University
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75
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The neural representation of human versus nonhuman bipeds and quadrupeds. Sci Rep 2017; 7:14040. [PMID: 29070901 PMCID: PMC5656636 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-14424-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2017] [Accepted: 10/10/2017] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
How do humans recognize humans among other creatures? Recent studies suggest that a preference for conspecifics may emerge already in perceptual processing, in regions such as the right posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), implicated in visual perception of biological motion. In the current functional MRI study, participants viewed point-light displays of human and nonhuman creatures moving in their typical bipedal (man and chicken) or quadrupedal mode (crawling-baby and cat). Stronger activity for man and chicken versus baby and cat was found in the right pSTS responsive to biological motion. The novel effect of pedalism suggests that, if right pSTS contributes to recognizing of conspecifics, it does so by detecting perceptual features (e.g. bipedal motion) that reliably correlate with their appearance. A searchlight multivariate pattern analysis could decode humans and nonhumans across pedalism in the left pSTS and bilateral posterior cingulate cortex. This result implies a categorical human-nonhuman distinction, independent from within-category physical/perceptual variation. Thus, recognizing conspecifics involves visual classification based on perceptual features that most frequently co-occur with humans, such as bipedalism, and retrieval of information that determines category membership above and beyond visual appearance. The current findings show that these processes are at work in separate brain networks.
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76
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Perceiving social interactions in the posterior superior temporal sulcus. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2017; 114:E9145-E9152. [PMID: 29073111 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1714471114] [Citation(s) in RCA: 147] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Primates are highly attuned not just to social characteristics of individual agents, but also to social interactions between multiple agents. Here we report a neural correlate of the representation of social interactions in the human brain. Specifically, we observe a strong univariate response in the posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS) to stimuli depicting social interactions between two agents, compared with (i) pairs of agents not interacting with each other, (ii) physical interactions between inanimate objects, and (iii) individual animate agents pursuing goals and interacting with inanimate objects. We further show that this region contains information about the nature of the social interaction-specifically, whether one agent is helping or hindering the other. This sensitivity to social interactions is strongest in a specific subregion of the pSTS but extends to a lesser extent into nearby regions previously implicated in theory of mind and dynamic face perception. This sensitivity to the presence and nature of social interactions is not easily explainable in terms of low-level visual features, attention, or the animacy, actions, or goals of individual agents. This region may underlie our ability to understand the structure of our social world and navigate within it.
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77
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Brefczynski-Lewis JA, Lewis JW. Auditory object perception: A neurobiological model and prospective review. Neuropsychologia 2017; 105:223-242. [PMID: 28467888 PMCID: PMC5662485 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.04.034] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 04/27/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Interaction with the world is a multisensory experience, but most of what is known about the neural correlates of perception comes from studying vision. Auditory inputs enter cortex with its own set of unique qualities, and leads to use in oral communication, speech, music, and the understanding of emotional and intentional states of others, all of which are central to the human experience. To better understand how the auditory system develops, recovers after injury, and how it may have transitioned in its functions over the course of hominin evolution, advances are needed in models of how the human brain is organized to process real-world natural sounds and "auditory objects". This review presents a simple fundamental neurobiological model of hearing perception at a category level that incorporates principles of bottom-up signal processing together with top-down constraints of grounded cognition theories of knowledge representation. Though mostly derived from human neuroimaging literature, this theoretical framework highlights rudimentary principles of real-world sound processing that may apply to most if not all mammalian species with hearing and acoustic communication abilities. The model encompasses three basic categories of sound-source: (1) action sounds (non-vocalizations) produced by 'living things', with human (conspecific) and non-human animal sources representing two subcategories; (2) action sounds produced by 'non-living things', including environmental sources and human-made machinery; and (3) vocalizations ('living things'), with human versus non-human animals as two subcategories therein. The model is presented in the context of cognitive architectures relating to multisensory, sensory-motor, and spoken language organizations. The models' predictive values are further discussed in the context of anthropological theories of oral communication evolution and the neurodevelopment of spoken language proto-networks in infants/toddlers. These phylogenetic and ontogenetic frameworks both entail cortical network maturations that are proposed to at least in part be organized around a number of universal acoustic-semantic signal attributes of natural sounds, which are addressed herein.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie A Brefczynski-Lewis
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, West Virginia University, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA
| | - James W Lewis
- Blanchette Rockefeller Neuroscience Institute, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA; Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, & Neuroscience, West Virginia University, PO Box 9229, Morgantown, WV 26506, USA.
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78
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Dance expertise modulates visual sensitivity to complex biological movements. Neuropsychologia 2017; 104:168-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropsychologia.2017.08.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/07/2017] [Revised: 08/07/2017] [Accepted: 08/13/2017] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
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79
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Fenoglio A, Georgieff MK, Elison JT. Social brain circuitry and social cognition in infants born preterm. J Neurodev Disord 2017; 9:27. [PMID: 28728548 PMCID: PMC5516343 DOI: 10.1186/s11689-017-9206-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Preterm birth is associated with an increased risk of adverse neurologic, psychiatric, and cognitive outcomes. The brain circuits involved in processing social information are critical to all of these domains, but little work has been done to examine whether and how these circuits may be especially sensitive to prematurity. This paper contains a brief summary of some of the cognitive, psychiatric, and social outcomes associated with prematurity, followed by a description of findings from the modest body of research into social-cognitive development in infants and children born preterm. Next, findings from studies of structural and functional brain development in infants born preterm are reviewed, with an eye toward the distinctive role of the brain circuits implicated in social functioning. The goal of this review is to investigate the extent to which the putative "social brain" may have particular developmental susceptibilities to the insults associated with preterm birth, and the role of early social-cognitive development in later neurodevelopmental outcomes. Much work has been done to characterize neurobehavioral outcomes in the preterm population, but future research must incorporate both brain and behavioral measures to identify early biomarkers linked to later emerging social-cognitive clinical impairment in order to guide effective, targeted intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angela Fenoglio
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
| | - Michael K. Georgieff
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neonatology, University of Minnesota, 6th Floor East Building, MB630, 2450 Riverside Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA
| | - Jed T. Elison
- Institute of Child Development, University of Minnesota, 51 East River Parkway, Minneapolis, MN 55455 USA
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Neonatology, University of Minnesota, 6th Floor East Building, MB630, 2450 Riverside Ave, Minneapolis, MN 55454 USA
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80
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Bach P, Schenke KC. Predictive social perception: Towards a unifying framework from action observation to person knowledge. SOCIAL AND PERSONALITY PSYCHOLOGY COMPASS 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/spc3.12312] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
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81
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Ferstl Y, Bülthoff H, de la Rosa S. Action recognition is sensitive to the identity of the actor. Cognition 2017; 166:201-206. [PMID: 28582683 DOI: 10.1016/j.cognition.2017.05.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2017] [Revised: 05/24/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Recognizing who is carrying out an action is essential for successful human interaction. The cognitive mechanisms underlying this ability are little understood and have been subject of discussions in embodied approaches to action recognition. Here we examine one solution, that visual action recognition processes are at least partly sensitive to the actor's identity. We investigated the dependency between identity information and action related processes by testing the sensitivity of neural action recognition processes to clothing and facial identity information with a behavioral adaptation paradigm. Our results show that action adaptation effects are in fact modulated by both clothing information and the actor's facial identity. The finding demonstrates that neural processes underlying action recognition are sensitive to identity information (including facial identity) and thereby not exclusively tuned to actions. We suggest that such response properties are useful to help humans in knowing who carried out an action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ylva Ferstl
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Department for Perception, Cognition and Action, Spemanstr. 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Heinrich Bülthoff
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Department for Perception, Cognition and Action, Spemanstr. 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
| | - Stephan de la Rosa
- Max Planck Institute for Biological Cybernetics, Department for Perception, Cognition and Action, Spemanstr. 38, 72076 Tübingen, Germany.
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82
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Baldassano C, Beck DM, Fei-Fei L. Human-Object Interactions Are More than the Sum of Their Parts. Cereb Cortex 2017; 27:2276-2288. [PMID: 27073216 DOI: 10.1093/cercor/bhw077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Understanding human-object interactions is critical for extracting meaning from everyday visual scenes and requires integrating complex relationships between human pose and object identity into a new percept. To understand how the brain builds these representations, we conducted 2 fMRI experiments in which subjects viewed humans interacting with objects, noninteracting human-object pairs, and isolated humans and objects. A number of visual regions process features of human-object interactions, including object identity information in the lateral occipital complex (LOC) and parahippocampal place area (PPA), and human pose information in the extrastriate body area (EBA) and posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS). Representations of human-object interactions in some regions, such as the posterior PPA (retinotopic maps PHC1 and PHC2) are well predicted by a simple linear combination of the response to object and pose information. Other regions, however, especially pSTS, exhibit representations for human-object interaction categories that are not predicted by their individual components, indicating that they encode human-object interactions as more than the sum of their parts. These results reveal the distributed networks underlying the emergent representation of human-object interactions necessary for social perception.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Diane M Beck
- Department of Psychology and Beckman Institute, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign, Urbana, IL 61801, USA
| | - Li Fei-Fei
- Department of Computer Science, Stanford University, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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83
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Venezia JH, Vaden KI, Rong F, Maddox D, Saberi K, Hickok G. Auditory, Visual and Audiovisual Speech Processing Streams in Superior Temporal Sulcus. Front Hum Neurosci 2017; 11:174. [PMID: 28439236 PMCID: PMC5383672 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2017.00174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The human superior temporal sulcus (STS) is responsive to visual and auditory information, including sounds and facial cues during speech recognition. We investigated the functional organization of STS with respect to modality-specific and multimodal speech representations. Twenty younger adult participants were instructed to perform an oddball detection task and were presented with auditory, visual, and audiovisual speech stimuli, as well as auditory and visual nonspeech control stimuli in a block fMRI design. Consistent with a hypothesized anterior-posterior processing gradient in STS, auditory, visual and audiovisual stimuli produced the largest BOLD effects in anterior, posterior and middle STS (mSTS), respectively, based on whole-brain, linear mixed effects and principal component analyses. Notably, the mSTS exhibited preferential responses to multisensory stimulation, as well as speech compared to nonspeech. Within the mid-posterior and mSTS regions, response preferences changed gradually from visual, to multisensory, to auditory moving posterior to anterior. Post hoc analysis of visual regions in the posterior STS revealed that a single subregion bordering the mSTS was insensitive to differences in low-level motion kinematics yet distinguished between visual speech and nonspeech based on multi-voxel activation patterns. These results suggest that auditory and visual speech representations are elaborated gradually within anterior and posterior processing streams, respectively, and may be integrated within the mSTS, which is sensitive to more abstract speech information within and across presentation modalities. The spatial organization of STS is consistent with processing streams that are hypothesized to synthesize perceptual speech representations from sensory signals that provide convergent information from visual and auditory modalities.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Kenneth I Vaden
- Department of Otolaryngology-Head and Neck Surgery, Medical University of South CarolinaCharleston, SC, USA
| | - Feng Rong
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
| | - Dale Maddox
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
| | - Kourosh Saberi
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
| | - Gregory Hickok
- Department of Cognitive Sciences, Center for Cognitive Neuroscience and Engineering, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
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84
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Perez-Osorio J, Müller HJ, Wykowska A. Expectations regarding action sequences modulate electrophysiological correlates of the gaze-cueing effect. Psychophysiology 2017; 54:942-954. [PMID: 28370027 DOI: 10.1111/psyp.12854] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 12/28/2016] [Accepted: 02/01/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Predictive mechanisms of the brain are important for social cognition, as they enable inferences about others' goals and intentions, thereby allowing for generation of expectations regarding what will happen next in the social environment. Therefore, attentional selection is modulated by expectations regarding behavior of others (Perez-Osorio, Müller, Wiese, & Wykowska, 2015). In this article, we examined-using the ERPs of the EEG signal-which stages of processing are influenced by expectations about others' action steps. We used a paradigm in which a gaze-cueing procedure was embedded in successively presented naturalistic photographs composing an action sequence. Our results showed (a) behavioral gaze-cueing effects modulated by whether the observed agent gazed at an object that was expected to be gazed at, according to the action sequence; (b) the N1 component locked to the onset of a target was modulated both by spatial gaze validity and participants' expectations about where the agent would gaze to perform an action; (c) a more positive amplitude, locked to the shift of gaze direction for action-congruent gaze, relative to incongruent and neutral conditions-over parieto-occipital areas in the time window between 280 and 380 ms. Taken together, these findings revealed that confirmation or violation of expectations concerning others' goal-oriented actions modulate attentional selection processes, as indexed by early ERP components.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jairo Perez-Osorio
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Graduate School of Systemic Neurosciences, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hermann J Müller
- Department of Psychology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, Munich, Germany.,Department of Psychological Sciences, Birkbeck College, University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Agnieszka Wykowska
- Center for Human Technologies, Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia, Genoa, Italy.,Engineering Psychology, Luleå University of Technology, Luleå, Sweden
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85
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Ding X, Ding J, Hua B, Xiong X, Xiao L, Peng F, Chen L, Pan X, Wang Q. Abnormal cortical functional activity in patients with ischemic white matter lesions: A resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging study. Neurosci Lett 2017; 644:10-17. [PMID: 28189742 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2017.02.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2016] [Revised: 01/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
There is increasing evidence that white matter lesions (WMLs) are associated with cognitive impairments. The purpose of this study was to explore the relationship of WMLs with cognitive impairments from the aspect of cortical functional activity. Briefly, Sixteen patients with ischemic WMLs and 13 controls participated in this study. A regional homogeneity (ReHo) approach was used to investigate altered neural coherence in patients with ischemic WMLs during the resting state. A correlation analysis was further performed between regions with altered ReHo and cognitive test scores, including Mini-Mental State Examination (MMSE) and Montreal Cognitive Assessment (MoCA), in the patient group. Finally, we found regions with altered ReHo values in patients with ischemic WMLs to be involved in default mode network (DMN), frontal-parietal control network (FPCN), dorsal attention network (DAN), motor network and right temporal cortex. Moreover, some altered regions belonging to DMN, FPCN and motor network were significantly correlated with cognitive test scores. Our results provide neuroimaging evidence for the impairments of memory, attention, executive and motor function in patients with ischemic WMLs. It is interesting to note that the decreased ReHo was mainly in the anterior brain regions, while increased ReHo in the posterior brain regions, which may indicate a failure down regulation of spontaneous activity in posterior regions. In summary, this study indicates an important role of specific cortical dysfunction in cognitive associated with WMLs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Ding
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No. 270 Tianhui Road, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Jurong Ding
- School of Automation and Electronic Information, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, No. 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Road, Zigong, 64300, China
| | - Bo Hua
- School of Automation and Electronic Information, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, No. 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Road, Zigong, 64300, China
| | - Xingzhong Xiong
- School of Automation and Electronic Information, Sichuan University of Science and Engineering, No. 180 Xueyuan Street, Huixing Road, Zigong, 64300, China
| | - Li Xiao
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No. 270 Tianhui Road, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Fang Peng
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No. 270 Tianhui Road, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Lin Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No. 270 Tianhui Road, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Xianfang Pan
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No. 270 Tianhui Road, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China
| | - Qingsong Wang
- Department of Neurology, Chengdu Military General Hospital, No. 270 Tianhui Road, Rongdu Avenue, Jinniu District, Chengdu, Sichuan, 610083, China.
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86
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Croy I, Geide H, Paulus M, Weidner K, Olausson H. Affective touch awareness in mental health and disease relates to autistic traits - An explorative neurophysiological investigation. Psychiatry Res 2016; 245:491-496. [PMID: 27639880 DOI: 10.1016/j.psychres.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 08/29/2016] [Accepted: 09/08/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Affective touch is important for social interaction within families and groups and there is evidence that unmyelinated C tactile fibers are involved in this process. Individuals with autism spectrum disorders show alterations in the perception and processing of affective touch. sThus, we hypothesized that affective touch awareness based on C tactile fiber activation is impaired in individuals with high levels of autistic trait. The pleasantness perception of optimal and suboptimal C tactile stimuli was tested in an explorative study in 70 patients recruited from an outpatient psychotherapy clinic and 69 healthy comparison subjects. All participants completed questionnaires about autistic traits, depressive symptomatology, childhood maltreatment, and about the daily amount of touch. Relative to comparison subjects, patients reported engaging in touch less frequently in daily life and rated touch less pleasant. Reduced valence ratings of touch were explained by childhood maltreatment but not by any particular disorder or depression severity. Among all tested variables, the affective touch awareness correlated with autistic traits only - in patients as well as in comparison subjects. Taken together, individuals with mental health issues have a lower baseline of expression and reception of affective touch. Autistic traits and childhood maltreatment modulate the experience of affective touch.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona Croy
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany; Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden.
| | - Helen Geide
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
| | - Martin Paulus
- Laureate Institute for Brain Research, Tulsa, OK, USA
| | - Kerstin Weidner
- Department of Psychotherapy and Psychosomatic Medicine, Technische Universität Dresden, Germany
| | - Håkan Olausson
- Center for Social and Affective Neuroscience, Department of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, Linköping University, Linköping, Sweden
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87
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Wang Z, Zhang D, Liang B, Chang S, Pan J, Huang R, Liu M. Prediction of Biological Motion Perception Performance from Intrinsic Brain Network Regional Efficiency. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 10:552. [PMID: 27853427 PMCID: PMC5090005 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2016.00552] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/05/2015] [Accepted: 10/17/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Biological motion perception (BMP) refers to the ability to perceive the moving form of a human figure from a limited amount of stimuli, such as from a few point lights located on the joints of a moving body. BMP is commonplace and important, but there is great inter-individual variability in this ability. This study used multiple regression model analysis to explore the association between BMP performance and intrinsic brain activity, in order to investigate the neural substrates underlying inter-individual variability of BMP performance. The resting-state functional magnetic resonance imaging (rs-fMRI) and BMP performance data were collected from 24 healthy participants, for whom intrinsic brain networks were constructed, and a graph-based network efficiency metric was measured. Then, a multiple linear regression model was used to explore the association between network regional efficiency and BMP performance. We found that the local and global network efficiency of many regions was significantly correlated with BMP performance. Further analysis showed that the local efficiency rather than global efficiency could be used to explain most of the BMP inter-individual variability, and the regions involved were predominately located in the Default Mode Network (DMN). Additionally, discrimination analysis showed that the local efficiency of certain regions such as the thalamus could be used to classify BMP performance across participants. Notably, the association pattern between network nodal efficiency and BMP was different from the association pattern of static directional/gender information perception. Overall, these findings show that intrinsic brain network efficiency may be considered a neural factor that explains BMP inter-individual variability.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zengjian Wang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Delong Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Bishan Liang
- Guangdong Polytechnic Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Song Chang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | | | - Ruiwang Huang
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
| | - Ming Liu
- Key Laboratory of Mental Health and Cognitive Science of Guangdong Province, Center for the Study of Applied Psychology, School of Psychology, South China Normal University Guangzhou, China
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88
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Meaux E, Vuilleumier P. Facing mixed emotions: Analytic and holistic perception of facial emotion expressions engages separate brain networks. Neuroimage 2016; 141:154-173. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.07.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 06/26/2016] [Accepted: 07/02/2016] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
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89
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Dasgupta S, Tyler SC, Wicks J, Srinivasan R, Grossman ED. Network Connectivity of the Right STS in Three Social Perception Localizers. J Cogn Neurosci 2016; 29:221-234. [PMID: 27991030 DOI: 10.1162/jocn_a_01054] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
The posterior STS (pSTS) is an important brain region for perceptual analysis of social cognitive cues. This study seeks to characterize the pattern of network connectivity emerging from the pSTS in three core social perception localizers: biological motion perception, gaze recognition, and the interpretation of moving geometric shapes as animate. We identified brain regions associated with all three of these localizers and computed the functional connectivity pattern between them and the pSTS using a partial correlations metric that characterizes network connectivity. We find a core pattern of cortical connectivity that supports the hypothesis that the pSTS serves as a hub of the social brain network. The right pSTS was the most highly connected of the brain regions measured, with many long-range connections to pFC. Unlike other highly connected regions, connectivity to the pSTS was distinctly lateralized. We conclude that the functional importance of right pSTS is revealed when considering its role in the large-scale network of brain regions involved in various aspects of social cognition.
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90
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A neuroimaging point of view on the diversity of social cognition: evidence for extended influence of experience- and emotion-related factors on face processing. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2016; 4:147-158. [PMID: 27867832 PMCID: PMC5095154 DOI: 10.1007/s40167-016-0043-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 09/21/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Faces are key social stimuli that convey a wealth of information essential for person perception and adaptive interpersonal behaviour. Studies in the domain of cognitive, affective, and social neuroscience have put in light that the processing of faces recruits specific visual regions and activates a distributed set of brain regions related to attentional, emotional, social, and memory processes associated with the perception of faces and the extraction of the numerous information attached to them. Studies using neuroimaging techniques such as functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) have allowed localizing these brain regions and characterizing their functional properties. Magnetoencephalography (MEG) and electroencephalography (EEG) techniques are complementary to fMRI in that they offer a unique insight into the temporal dynamics of mental processes. In this article, I review the contribution of neuroimaging techniques to the knowledge on face processing and person perception with the aim of putting in light the extended influence of experience-related factors, particularly in relation with emotions, on the face processing system. Although the face processing network has evolved under evolutionary selection pressure related to sociality-related needs and is therefore highly conserved throughout the human species, neuroimaging studies put in light both the extension and the flexibility of the brain network involved in face processing. MEG and EEG allow in particular to reveal that the human brain integrates emotion- and experience-related information from the earliest stage of face processing. Altogether, this emphasizes the diversity of social cognitive processes associated with face perception.
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91
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Sparks S, Sidari M, Lyons M, Kritikos A. Pictures of you: Dot stimuli cause motor contagion in presence of a still human form. Conscious Cogn 2016; 45:135-145. [PMID: 27577527 DOI: 10.1016/j.concog.2016.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/24/2016] [Revised: 07/29/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
In this study, we investigate which visual cues induce participants to encode a non-human motion stimulus in their motor system. Participants performed reach-to-grasp actions to a target after observing a dot moving in a direct or higher-arcing path across a screen. Dot motion occurred in the presence of a meaningless (scrambled human model) stimulus, a still human model, or a human model performing a direct or exaggeratedly curved reach to a target. Our results show that observing the dot displacement causes motor contagion (changes in the height of the observer's hand trajectory) when a human form was visually present in the background (either moving or still). No contagion was evident, however, when this human context was absent (i.e., human image scrambled and not identifiable). This indicates that visual cues suggestive of human agency can determine whether or not moving stimuli are encoded in the motor system.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Sparks
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia.
| | - M Sidari
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - M Lyons
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
| | - A Kritikos
- School of Psychology, University of Queensland, St Lucia 4072, Australia
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92
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The development of social cognition in adolescence: An integrated perspective. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2016; 70:106-120. [PMID: 27545755 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2016.08.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 194] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2016] [Revised: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 08/15/2016] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Social cognitive processes are critical in navigating complex social interactions and are associated with a network of brain areas termed the 'social brain'. Here, we describe the development of social cognition, and the structural and functional changes in the social brain during adolescence, a period of life characterised by extensive changes in social behaviour and environments. Neuroimaging and behavioural studies have demonstrated that the social brain and social cognition undergo significant development in human adolescence. Development of social cognition and the social brain are discussed in the context of developments in other neural systems, such as those implicated in motivational-affective and cognitive control processes. Successful transition to adulthood requires the rapid refinement and integration of these processes and many adolescent-typical behaviours, such as peer influence and sensitivity to social exclusion, involve dynamic interactions between these systems. Considering these interactions, and how they vary between individuals and across development, could increase our understanding of adolescent brain and behavioural development.
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93
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Pelphrey KA, Morris JP. Brain Mechanisms for Interpreting the Actions of Others From Biological-Motion Cues. CURRENT DIRECTIONS IN PSYCHOLOGICAL SCIENCE 2016; 15:136-140. [PMID: 18079992 DOI: 10.1111/j.0963-7214.2006.00423.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 101] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Humans are an intensely social species. Our social abilities depend upon specialized brain systems for rapidly recognizing the faces of others, for interpreting the actions of others through an analysis of biological-motion cues, and for determining the emotional states of others via inspection of facial expression. Recent work has implicated the superior temporal sulcus (STS) region as an important component of the social brain. Functional neuroimaging studies have provided clues about how this region is involved in the visual analysis and interpretation of other people's actions. STS activity is modulated by the context within which the actions of biological entities are observed. Such a contextual influence is consistent with a broader tradition within social psychology emphasizing the powerful influences of situational and contextual factors on behavior and perception. The STS region also shows promise as a region of importance in the investigation of both typical and impaired social-cognitive development. Future work should aim to inform us better of the development of interrelationships between the STS region and other regions of the social brain, including the amygdala and the fusiform gyrus.
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94
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Sex differences in neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation revealed by fNIRS hyperscanning. Sci Rep 2016; 6:26492. [PMID: 27270754 PMCID: PMC4897646 DOI: 10.1038/srep26492] [Citation(s) in RCA: 99] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Researchers from multiple fields have sought to understand how sex moderates human social behavior. While over 50 years of research has revealed differences in cooperation behavior of males and females, the underlying neural correlates of these sex differences have not been explained. A missing and fundamental element of this puzzle is an understanding of how the sex composition of an interacting dyad influences the brain and behavior during cooperation. Using fNIRS-based hyperscanning in 111 same- and mixed-sex dyads, we identified significant behavioral and neural sex-related differences in association with a computer-based cooperation task. Dyads containing at least one male demonstrated significantly higher behavioral performance than female/female dyads. Individual males and females showed significant activation in the right frontopolar and right inferior prefrontal cortices, although this activation was greater in females compared to males. Female/female dyad’s exhibited significant inter-brain coherence within the right temporal cortex, while significant coherence in male/male dyads occurred in the right inferior prefrontal cortex. Significant coherence was not observed in mixed-sex dyads. Finally, for same-sex dyads only, task-related inter-brain coherence was positively correlated with cooperation task performance. Our results highlight multiple important and previously undetected influences of sex on concurrent neural and behavioral signatures of cooperation.
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95
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Yoon HJ, Kim JS, Shin YB, Choi SH, Lee SK, Kim JJ. Neural activity during self-referential working memory and the underlying role of the amygdala in social anxiety disorder. Neurosci Lett 2016; 627:139-47. [PMID: 27260987 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2016.05.068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2016] [Revised: 05/19/2016] [Accepted: 05/30/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Self-referential processing, theory of mind, and working memory are distorted in social anxiety disorder (SAD). This study aimed to investigate characteristics of altered self-referential working memory processing and resting-state functional connectivity in patients with SAD. Twenty patients and 20 healthy controls underwent functional magnetic resonance imaging at resting-state and while performing a working memory task containing faces with self-referential positive or negative comments and three memory phases (encoding, maintenance, and retrieval). Task-related results were compared between groups and tested for correlations. Resting-state connectivity between amygdala subregions and regions showing a task-related difference was also compared between groups. Patients compared to controls showed augmented memory for the negative comments, hyperactivation of the dorsomedial prefrontal cortex and temporo-parietal junction during encoding, and hypoactivation of the dorsolateral prefrontal cortex and insula during retrieval. At resting-state, increased connectivity of amygdala subregions with multiple task-related regions was found in patients. These findings suggest that the encoding process in SAD is accompanied by altered involvement of self-referential processing and theory of mind, whereas the retrieval process reflects impaired cognitive control. These memory-related processing may be affected by predisposing resting-state hyperconnectivity with the amygdala, and may underlie a hypersensitivity to negative comments and post-event reflection in SAD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-Jun Yoon
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jin Seong Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Yu-Bin Shin
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Soo-Hee Choi
- Department of Psychiatry, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Seung-Koo Lee
- Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Jae-Jin Kim
- Institute of Behavioral Science in Medicine, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Radiology, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea; Department of Psychiatry, Yonsei University Gangnam Severance Hospital, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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96
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Thurman SM, van Boxtel JJA, Monti MM, Chiang JN, Lu H. Neural adaptation in pSTS correlates with perceptual aftereffects to biological motion and with autistic traits. Neuroimage 2016; 136:149-61. [PMID: 27164327 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2015] [Revised: 03/22/2016] [Accepted: 05/04/2016] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The adaptive nature of biological motion perception has been documented in behavioral studies, with research showing that prolonged viewing of an action can bias judgments of subsequent actions towards the opposite of its attributes. However, the neural mechanisms underlying action adaptation aftereffects remain unknown. We examined adaptation-induced changes in brain responses to an ambiguous action after adapting to walking or running actions within two bilateral regions of interest: 1) human middle temporal area (hMT+), a lower-level motion-sensitive region of cortex, and 2) posterior superior temporal sulcus (pSTS), a higher-level action-selective area. We found a significant correlation between neural adaptation strength in right pSTS and perceptual aftereffects to biological motion measured behaviorally, but not in hMT+. The magnitude of neural adaptation in right pSTS was also strongly correlated with individual differences in the degree of autistic traits. Participants with more autistic traits exhibited less adaptation-induced modulations of brain responses in right pSTS and correspondingly weaker perceptual aftereffects. These results suggest a direct link between perceptual aftereffects and adaptation of neural populations in right pSTS after prolonged viewing of a biological motion stimulus, and highlight the potential importance of this brain region for understanding differences in social-cognitive processing along the autistic spectrum.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steven M Thurman
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA.
| | - Jeroen J A van Boxtel
- School of Psychological Sciences and Monash Institute of Cognitive and Clinical Neurosciences, Monash University, Clayton 3800, Vic, Australia
| | - Martin M Monti
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Jeffrey N Chiang
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA
| | - Hongjing Lu
- Department of Psychology, University of California, Los Angeles 90095, USA; Department of Statistics, University of California, Los Angeles, 90095, USA.
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97
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Biau E, Morís Fernández L, Holle H, Avila C, Soto-Faraco S. Hand gestures as visual prosody: BOLD responses to audio–visual alignment are modulated by the communicative nature of the stimuli. Neuroimage 2016; 132:129-137. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroimage.2016.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/24/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2015] [Accepted: 02/09/2016] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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98
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Emmerling F, Schuhmann T, Lobbestael J, Arntz A, Brugman S, Sack AT. The Role of the Insular Cortex in Retaliation. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0152000. [PMID: 27096431 PMCID: PMC4838249 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0152000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 03/06/2016] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
The insular cortex has consistently been associated with various aspects of emotion regulation and social interaction, including anger processing and overt aggression. Aggression research distinguishes proactive or instrumental aggression from retaliation, i.e. aggression in response to provocation. Here, we investigated the specific role of the insular cortex during retaliation, employing a controlled behavioral aggression paradigm implementing different levels of provocation. Fifteen healthy male volunteers underwent whole brain functional magnetic resonance imaging (fMRI) to identify brain regions involved in interaction with either a provoking or a non-provoking opponent. FMRI group analyses were complemented by examining the parametric modulations of brain activity related to the individual level of displayed aggression. These analyses identified a hemispheric lateralization as well as an anatomical segregation of insular cortex with specifically the left posterior part being involved in retaliation. The left-lateralization of insular activity during retaliation is in accordance with evidence from electro-physiological studies, suggesting left-lateralized fronto-cortical dominance during anger processing and aggressive acts. The posterior localization of insular activity, on the other hand, suggests a spatial segregation within insular cortex with particularly the posterior part being involved in the processing of emotions that trigger intense bodily sensations and immediate action tendencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Franziska Emmerling
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- * E-mail:
| | - Teresa Schuhmann
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jill Lobbestael
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arnoud Arntz
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Psychology, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Suzanne Brugman
- Department of Clinical Psychological Science, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Alexander Thomas Sack
- Department of Cognitive Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Maastricht Brain Imaging Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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99
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Di Dio C, Ardizzi M, Massaro D, Di Cesare G, Gilli G, Marchetti A, Gallese V. Human, Nature, Dynamism: The Effects of Content and Movement Perception on Brain Activations during the Aesthetic Judgment of Representational Paintings. Front Hum Neurosci 2016; 9:705. [PMID: 26793087 PMCID: PMC4709505 DOI: 10.3389/fnhum.2015.00705] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Movement perception and its role in aesthetic experience have been often studied, within empirical aesthetics, in relation to the human body. No such specificity has been defined in neuroimaging studies with respect to contents lacking a human form. The aim of this work was to explore, through functional magnetic imaging (f MRI), how perceived movement is processed during the aesthetic judgment of paintings using two types of content: human subjects and scenes of nature. Participants, untutored in the arts, were shown the stimuli and asked to make aesthetic judgments. Additionally, they were instructed to observe the paintings and to rate their perceived movement in separate blocks. Observation highlighted spontaneous processes associated with aesthetic experience, whereas movement judgment outlined activations specifically related to movement processing. The ratings recorded during aesthetic judgment revealed that nature scenes received higher scored than human content paintings. The imaging data showed similar activation, relative to baseline, for all stimuli in the three tasks, including activation of occipito-temporal areas, posterior parietal, and premotor cortices. Contrast analyses within aesthetic judgment task showed that human content activated, relative to nature, precuneus, fusiform gyrus, and posterior temporal areas, whose activation was prominent for dynamic human paintings. In contrast, nature scenes activated, relative to human stimuli, occipital and posterior parietal cortex/precuneus, involved in visuospatial exploration and pragmatic coding of movement, as well as central insula. Static nature paintings further activated, relative to dynamic nature stimuli, central and posterior insula. Besides insular activation, which was specific for aesthetic judgment, we found a large overlap in the activation pattern characterizing each stimulus dimension (content and dynamism) across observation, aesthetic judgment, and movement judgment tasks. These findings support the idea that the aesthetic evaluation of artworks depicting both human subjects and nature scenes involves a motor component, and that the associated neural processes occur quite spontaneously in the viewer. Furthermore, considering the functional roles of posterior and central insula, we suggest that nature paintings may evoke aesthetic processes requiring an additional proprioceptive and sensori-motor component implemented by “motor accessibility” to the represented scenario, which is needed to judge the aesthetic value of the observed painting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cinzia Di Dio
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
| | - Martina Ardizzi
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Parma Parma, Italy
| | - Davide Massaro
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
| | | | - Gabriella Gilli
- Department of Psychology, Università Cattolica del Sacro Cuore Milan, Italy
| | | | - Vittorio Gallese
- Department of Neuroscience, University of ParmaParma, Italy; Department of Art History and Archaeology, Columbia UniversityNew York, NY, USA
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100
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Yin L, Weber B. Can beneficial ends justify lying? Neural responses to the passive reception of lies and truth-telling with beneficial and harmful monetary outcomes. Soc Cogn Affect Neurosci 2015; 11:423-32. [PMID: 26454816 DOI: 10.1093/scan/nsv127] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2015] [Accepted: 10/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Can beneficial ends justify morally questionable means? To investigate how monetary outcomes influence the neural responses to lying, we used a modified, cheap talk sender-receiver game in which participants were the direct recipients of lies and truthful statements resulting in either beneficial or harmful monetary outcomes. Both truth-telling (vs lying) as well as beneficial (vs harmful) outcomes elicited higher activity in the nucleus accumbens. Lying (vs truth-telling) elicited higher activity in the supplementary motor area, right inferior frontal gyrus, superior temporal sulcus and left anterior insula. Moreover, the significant interaction effect was found in the left amygdala, which showed that the monetary outcomes modulated the neural activity in the left amygdala only when truth-telling rather than lying. Our study identified a neural network associated with the reception of lies and truth, including the regions linked to the reward process, recognition and emotional experiences of being treated (dis)honestly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lijun Yin
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience (CENs), University of Bonn, Nachtigallenweg 86, Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, and
| | - Bernd Weber
- Center for Economics and Neuroscience (CENs), University of Bonn, Nachtigallenweg 86, Department of Epileptology, University Hospital Bonn, and Life & Brain Center, Department of NeuroCognition, University of Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53127 Bonn, Germany
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