51
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Tang H, Wu K, Wang J, Vinjamuri S, Gu Y, Song S, Wang Z, Zhang Q, Balistrieri A, Ayon RJ, Rischard F, Vanderpool R, Chen J, Zhou G, Desai AA, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Yuan JXJ, Makino A. Pathogenic Role of mTORC1 and mTORC2 in Pulmonary Hypertension. JACC Basic Transl Sci 2018; 3:744-762. [PMID: 30623134 PMCID: PMC6314964 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacbts.2018.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2018] [Revised: 06/23/2018] [Accepted: 08/16/2018] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptors and tyrosine kinase receptors signal through the phosphoinositide 3-kinase/Akt/mTOR pathway to induce cell proliferation, survival, and growth. mTOR is a kinase present in 2 functionally distinct complexes, mTORC1 and mTORC2. Functional disruption of mTORC1 by knockout of Raptor (regulatory associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin) in smooth muscle cells ameliorated the development of experimental PH. Functional disruption of mTORC2 by knockout of Rictor (rapamycin insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin) caused spontaneous PH by up-regulating platelet-derived growth factor receptors. Use of mTOR inhibitors (e.g., rapamycin) to treat PH should be accompanied by inhibitors of platelet-derived growth factor receptors (e.g., imatinib).
Concentric lung vascular wall thickening due to enhanced proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells is an important pathological cause for the elevated pulmonary vascular resistance reported in patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension. We identified a differential role of mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR) complex 1 and complex 2, two functionally distinct mTOR complexes, in the development of pulmonary hypertension (PH). Inhibition of mTOR complex 1 attenuated the development of PH; however, inhibition of mTOR complex 2 caused spontaneous PH, potentially due to up-regulation of platelet-derived growth factor receptors in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells, and compromised the therapeutic effect of the mTOR inhibitors on PH. In addition, we describe a promising therapeutic strategy using combination treatment with the mTOR inhibitors and the platelet-derived growth factor receptor inhibitors on PH and right ventricular hypertrophy. The data from this study provide an important mechanism-based perspective for developing novel therapies for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension and right heart failure.
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Key Words
- EC, endothelial cell
- FOXO3a, Forkhead box O3a
- GPCR, G protein-coupled receptor
- HPH, hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension
- PA, pulmonary artery
- PAEC, pulmonary arterial endothelial cell
- PAH, pulmonary arterial hypertension
- PASMC, pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cell
- PDGF, platelet-derived growth factor
- PDGFR, platelet-derived growth factor receptor
- PH, pulmonary hypertension
- PI3K, phosphoinositide 3-kinase
- PTEN, phosphatase and tensin homolog
- PVR, pulmonary vascular resistance
- RVH, right ventricular hypertrophy
- RVSP, right ventricular systolic pressure
- Raptor
- Raptor, regulatory associated protein of mammalian target of rapamycin
- Rictor
- Rictor, rapamycin insensitive companion of mammalian target of rapamycin
- SM, smooth muscle
- TKR, tyrosine kinase receptor
- WT, wild-type
- mTOR
- mTORC1, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 1
- mTORC2, mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2
- pAKT, phosphorylated AKT
- pulmonary hypertension
- right ventricle
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Kang Wu
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Sujana Vinjamuri
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Yali Gu
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shanshan Song
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ziyi Wang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qian Zhang
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Angela Balistrieri
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ramon J Ayon
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Franz Rischard
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Rebecca Vanderpool
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Guofei Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Illinois College of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Cardiology, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen M Black
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Division of Pulmonary, Allergy, Critical Care and Sleep Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Guangzhou Institute of Respiratory Disease, First Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
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Jiang Y, Zhou Y, Peng G, Liu N, Tian H, Pan D, Liu L, Yang X, Li C, Li W, Chen L, Ran P, Dai A. Topotecan prevents hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension and inhibits hypoxia-inducible factor-1α and TRPC channels. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2018; 104:161-170. [PMID: 30266526 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2018.09.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2018] [Revised: 08/15/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/23/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND This study aimed to investigate the effects of topotecan (TPT) on the hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) in a rat model, and to explore the underlying mechanism. METHODS The experiments were carried out in vitro using rat PASMCs and in vivo using a rat model of hypoxia-induced PAH. RESULTS TPT significantly suppressed the hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF-1α and TRPC1/4/6 expression both in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from normal rats and in pulmonary arteries from PAH model rats. Furthermore, TPT effectively inhibited intracellular Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i) change (Ca2+ influx) in PASMCs from both normal rats and PAH model rats. Importantly, TPT treatment significantly inhibited the hypoxia-induced proliferation, migration and a contractile-to-synthetic phenotypic switching of normal rat PASMCs in vitro, where the effect was abrogated by overexpression of TRPC1/4/6. Furthermore, TPT administration potently attenuated the hypoxia-induced PAH-associated pulmonary arteriolar remodeling in PAH model rats, as evidenced by amelioration of elevated hemodynamic parameters, and enhanced right ventricle hypertrophy and wall thickening. CONCLUSION TPT ameliorates the hypoxia-induced pulmonary vascular remodeling in PAH, and the mechanism is associated with TPT-mediated inhibition of hypoxia-induced upregulation of HIF-1α and TRPC1/4/6 expression, Ca2+ influx, and PASMCs proliferation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongliang Jiang
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Yumin Zhou
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Gongyong Peng
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China
| | - Nian Liu
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Heshen Tian
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Dan Pan
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Lei Liu
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Xing Yang
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Chao Li
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Wen Li
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Ling Chen
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China
| | - Pixin Ran
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Diseases, The First Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, PR China.
| | - Aiguo Dai
- Respiratory Medicine, Hunan Provincial People's Hospital, Changsha, PR China; Institute of Respiratory Medicine, Changsha Medical College, Changsha, PR China.
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53
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Olschewski A, Berghausen EM, Eichstaedt CA, Fleischmann BK, Grünig E, Grünig G, Hansmann G, Harbaum L, Hennigs JK, Jonigk D, Kuebler WM, Kwapiszewska G, Pullamsetti SS, Stacher E, Weissmann N, Wenzel D, Schermuly RT. Pathobiology, pathology and genetics of pulmonary hypertension: Update from the Cologne Consensus Conference 2018. Int J Cardiol 2018; 272S:4-10. [PMID: 30314839 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2018.09.070] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/19/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
The European guidelines, which focus on clinical aspects of pulmonary hypertension (PH), provide only minimal information about the pathophysiological concepts of PH. Here, we review this topic in greater detail, focusing on specific aspects in the pathobiology, pathology and genetics, which include mechanisms of vascular inflammation, the role of transcription factors, ion channels/ion channel diseases, hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, genetics/epigenetics, metabolic dysfunction, and the potential future role of histopathology of PH in the modern era of PH therapy. In addition to new insights in the pathobiology of this disease, this working group of the Cologne Consensus Conference also highlights novel concepts and potential new therapeutic targets to further improve the treatment options in PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Olschewski
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria.
| | - Eva M Berghausen
- Department of Internal Medicine III, University Hospital of Cologne, Center for Molecular Medicine Cologne (CMMC), University of Cologne, Germany
| | - Christina A Eichstaedt
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxclinic at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany; Institute of Human Genetics, Heidelberg University, Germany
| | | | - Ekkehard Grünig
- Centre for Pulmonary Hypertension, Thoraxclinic at the University Hospital Heidelberg, Translational Lung Research Center Heidelberg (TLRC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Heidelberg, Baden-Württemberg, Germany
| | - Gabriele Grünig
- Department of Environmental Medicine, New York University School of Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Georg Hansmann
- Department of Pediatric Cardiology and Critical Care, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lars Harbaum
- University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, II Department of Medicine-Oncology, Hematology, Stem Cell Transplantation, Section of Pneumology, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Jan K Hennigs
- Department of Pediatrics, the Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Disease and the Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, CA, USA
| | - Danny Jonigk
- Institute of Pathology, Hannover Medical School, Hannover, Germany
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science, St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Departments of Physiology & Surgery, University of Toronto, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Institute of Physiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
| | - Grazyna Kwapiszewska
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Lung Vascular Research, Graz, Austria; Institute of Physiology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Soni S Pullamsetti
- Max-Planck-Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Elvira Stacher
- Institute of Pathology, Medical University of Graz, Austria
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Daniela Wenzel
- Institute of Physiology I, Life & Brain Center, University of Bonn, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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54
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Smith KA, Schumacker PT. Sensors and signals: the role of reactive oxygen species in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Physiol 2018; 597:1033-1043. [PMID: 30091476 DOI: 10.1113/jp275852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
When lung cells experience hypoxia, the functional response, termed hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction, activates a multitude of pathways with the goal of optimizing gas exchange. While previously controversial, overwhelming evidence now suggests that increased reactive oxygen species - produced at complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and released into the intermembrane space - is the cellular oxygen signal responsible for triggering hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. The increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) activate many downstream targets that ultimately lead to increased intracellular ionized calcium concentration and contraction of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells. While the specific targets of ROS signals are not completely understood, it is clear that this signalling pathway is critical for development and for normal lung function in newborns and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kimberly A Smith
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Paul T Schumacker
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Neonatology, Feinberg School of Medicine, Northwestern University, Chicago, IL, USA
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55
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McLoughlin P. Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction: Building a solid base. Exp Physiol 2018; 103:1181-1182. [PMID: 29968324 DOI: 10.1113/ep087179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Paul McLoughlin
- School of Medicine, Conway Research Institute, University College Dublin, Dublin, Ireland
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56
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Krauszman A, Mak TW, Szaszi K, Kuebler WM. Role of phosphatase and tensin homolog in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Cardiovasc Res 2018; 113:869-878. [PMID: 28430879 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvx076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2016] [Accepted: 04/16/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
Aims Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) redistributes blood flow from poorly ventilated to better aerated areas in the lung, thereby optimizing ventilation-perfusion ratio (V/Q). Pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell (PASMC) contraction in response to hypoxia is triggered by Ca2+ influx via transient receptor potential canonical 6 (TRPC6) cation channels that have translocated to caveolae in the plasma membrane. Since phosphatase and tensin homolog (PTEN) was suggested to regulate TRPC6 in endothelial cells, we aimed to define its role in the hypoxic response of PASMCs and as a putative mediator of HPV. Methods and results In isolated perfused mouse lungs, smooth muscle specific PTEN deficiency attenuated pulmonary vasoconstriction in response to hypoxia but not to angiotensin II (Ang II). Analogously, siRNA-mediated knock down of PTEN in human PASMC inhibited the hypoxia-induced increase in cytosolic Ca2+ concentration ([Ca2+]i). Co-immunoprecipitation and proximity ligation assays revealed increased interaction of PTEN with TRPC6 in human PASMC and murine lungs in response to hypoxia. In hypoxic PASMC, both PTEN and TRPC6 translocated to caveolae, and this response was blocked by pharmacological inhibition of Rho-associated protein kinase (ROCK) which in parallel prevented PTEN-TRPC6 interaction, hypoxia-induced [Ca2+]i increase, and HPV in PASMC and murine lungs, respectively. Conclusion Our data indicate a novel interplay between ROCK and [Ca2+]i signalling in HPV via PTEN, in that ROCK mediates interaction of PTEN and TRPC6 which then conjointly translocate to caveolae allowing for Ca2+ influx into and subsequent contraction of PASMC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrienn Krauszman
- Department of Surgery, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, M5B 1T8, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Tak W Mak
- Departments of Medical Biophysics and Immunology, Campbell Family Institute for Breast Cancer Research, Princess Margaret Cancer Centre, University Health Network, 620 University Ave, M5G 2C1, Toronto, ON, Canada
| | - Katalin Szaszi
- Department of Surgery, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, M5B 1T8, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Surgery
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Department of Surgery, The Keenan Research Centre for Biomedical Science at St. Michael's Hospital, 209 Victoria Street, M5B 1T8, Toronto, ON, Canada.,Department of Physiology, Institute of Physiology, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Charitéplatz 1, 10117 Berlin, Germany.,Department of Surgery.,Department of Physiology, University of Toronto, 27 King's College Circle, M5S 1A1, Toronto, ON, Canada
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57
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Mu YP, Lin DC, Zheng SY, Jiao HX, Sham JSK, Lin MJ. Transient Receptor Potential Melastatin-8 Activation Induces Relaxation of Pulmonary Artery by Inhibition of Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Normoxic and Chronic Hypoxic Pulmonary Hypertensive Rats. J Pharmacol Exp Ther 2018; 365:544-555. [PMID: 29622593 DOI: 10.1124/jpet.117.247320] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2017] [Accepted: 04/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is characterized by enhanced vasoconstriction and vascular remodeling, which are attributable to the alteration of Ca2+ homeostasis in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). It is well established that store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) is augmented in PASMCs during PH and that it plays a crucial role in PH development. Our previous studies showed that the melastatin-related transient receptor potential 8 (TRPM8) is down-regulated in PASMCs of PH animal models, and activation of TRPM8 causes relaxation of pulmonary arteries (PAs). However, the mechanism of TRPM8-induced PA relaxation is unclear. Here we examined the interaction of TRPM8 and SOCE in PAs and PASMCs of normoxic and chronic hypoxic pulmonary hypertensive (CHPH) rats, a model of human group 3 PH. We found that TRPM8 was down-regulated and TRPM8-mediated cation entry was reduced in CHPH-PASMCs. Activation of TRPM8 with icilin caused concentration-dependent relaxation of cyclopiazonic acid (CPA) and endothelin-1 contracted endothelium-denuded PAs, and the effect was abolished by the SOCE antagonist Gd3+ Application of icilin to PASMCs suppressed CPA-induced Mn2+ quenching and Ca2+ entry, which was reversed by the TRPM8 antagonist N-(3-aminopropyl)-2-([(3-methylphenyl)methyl])-oxy-N-(2-thienylmethyl)benzamide hydrochloride salt (AMTB). Moreover, the inhibitory effects of icilin on SOCE in PA and PASMCs of CHPH rats were significantly augmented due to enhanced SOCE activity in PH. Our results, therefore, demonstrated a novel mechanism of TRPM8-mediated inhibition of SOCE in pulmonary vasculature. Because SOCE is important for vascular remodeling and enhanced vasoconstriction, down-regulation of TRPM8 in PASMCs of CHPH rats may minimize its inhibitory influence to allow unimpeded SOCE activity for PH development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun-Ping Mu
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., J.S.K.S., M.-J.L.) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., M.-J.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China; and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.-P.M., J.S.K.S.)
| | - Da-Cen Lin
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., J.S.K.S., M.-J.L.) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., M.-J.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China; and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.-P.M., J.S.K.S.)
| | - Si-Yi Zheng
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., J.S.K.S., M.-J.L.) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., M.-J.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China; and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.-P.M., J.S.K.S.)
| | - Hai-Xia Jiao
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., J.S.K.S., M.-J.L.) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., M.-J.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China; and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.-P.M., J.S.K.S.)
| | - James S K Sham
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., J.S.K.S., M.-J.L.) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., M.-J.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China; and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.-P.M., J.S.K.S.)
| | - Mo-Jun Lin
- Key Laboratory of Fujian Province Universities on Ion Channel and Signal Transduction in Cardiovascular Diseases (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., J.S.K.S., M.-J.L.) and Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology (Y.-P.M., D.-C.L., S.-Y.Z., H.-X.J., M.-J.L.), School of Basic Medical Sciences, Fujian Medical University, Fuzhou, Fujian Province, People's Republic of China; and Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland (Y.-P.M., J.S.K.S.)
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Abstract
Following its initial description over a century ago, pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH) continues to challenge researchers committed to understanding its pathobiology and finding a cure. The last two decades have seen major developments in our understanding of the genetics and molecular basis of PAH that drive cells within the pulmonary vascular wall to produce obstructive vascular lesions; presently, the field of PAH research has taken numerous approaches to dissect the complex amalgam of genetic, molecular and inflammatory pathways that interact to initiate and drive disease progression. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of PAH pathology and the role that genetic factors and environmental influences share in the development of vascular lesions and abnormal cell function. We also discuss how animal models can assist in elucidating gene function and the study of novel therapeutics, while at the same time addressing the limitations of the most commonly used rodent models. Novel experimental approaches based on application of next generation sequencing, bioinformatics and epigenetics research are also discussed as these are now being actively used to facilitate the discovery of novel gene mutations and mechanisms that regulate gene expression in PAH. Finally, we touch on recent discoveries concerning the role of inflammation and immunity in PAH pathobiology and how they are being targeted with immunomodulatory agents. We conclude that the field of PAH research is actively expanding and the major challenge in the coming years is to develop a unified theory that incorporates genetic and mechanistic data to address viable areas for disease modifying drugs that can target key processes that regulate the evolution of vascular pathology of PAH.
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59
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He X, Song S, Ayon RJ, Balisterieri A, Black SM, Makino A, Wier WG, Zang WJ, Yuan JXJ. Hypoxia selectively upregulates cation channels and increases cytosolic [Ca 2+] in pulmonary, but not coronary, arterial smooth muscle cells. Am J Physiol Cell Physiol 2018; 314:C504-C517. [PMID: 29351410 DOI: 10.1152/ajpcell.00272.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling, particularly the mechanism via store-operated Ca2+ entry (SOCE) and receptor-operated Ca2+ entry (ROCE), plays a critical role in the development of acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction and chronic hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that chronic hypoxia differentially regulates the expression of proteins that mediate SOCE and ROCE [stromal interacting molecule (STIM), Orai, and canonical transient receptor potential channel TRPC6] in pulmonary (PASMC) and coronary (CASMC) artery smooth muscle cells. The resting cytosolic [Ca2+] ([Ca2+]cyt) and the stored [Ca2+] in the sarcoplasmic reticulum were not different in CASMC and PASMC. Seahorse measurement showed a similar level of mitochondrial bioenergetics (basal respiration and ATP production) between CASMC and PASMC. Glycolysis was significantly higher in PASMC than in CASMC. The amplitudes of cyclopiazonic acid-induced SOCE and OAG-induced ROCE in CASMC are slightly, but significantly, greater than in PASMC. The frequency and the area under the curve of Ca2+ oscillations induced by ATP and histamine were also larger in CASMC than in PASMC. Na+/Ca2+ exchanger-mediated increases in [Ca2+]cyt did not differ significantly between CASMC and PASMC. The basal protein expression levels of STIM1/2, Orai1/2, and TRPC6 were higher in CASMC than in PASMC, but hypoxia (3% O2 for 72 h) significantly upregulated protein expression levels of STIM1/STIM2, Orai1/Orai2, and TRPC6 and increased the resting [Ca2+]cyt only in PASMC, but not in CASMC. The different response of essential components of store-operated and receptor-operated Ca2+ channels to hypoxia is a unique intrinsic property of PASMC, which is likely one of the important explanations why hypoxia causes pulmonary vasoconstriction and induces pulmonary vascular remodeling, but causes coronary vasodilation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xi He
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China.,Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Shanshan Song
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ramon J Ayon
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Angela Balisterieri
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephen M Black
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ayako Makino
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
| | - W Gil Wier
- Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
| | - Wei-Jin Zang
- Department of Pharmacology, Xi'an Jiaotong University Health Science Center, Xi'an, Shannxi Province, China
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona.,Department of Physiology, The University of Arizona College of Medicine , Tucson, Arizona
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60
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Ranchoux B, Harvey LD, Ayon RJ, Babicheva A, Bonnet S, Chan SY, Yuan JXJ, Perez VDJ. Endothelial dysfunction in pulmonary arterial hypertension: an evolving landscape (2017 Grover Conference Series). Pulm Circ 2018; 8:2045893217752912. [PMID: 29283043 PMCID: PMC5798691 DOI: 10.1177/2045893217752912] [Citation(s) in RCA: 90] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/18/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Endothelial dysfunction is a major player in the development and progression of vascular pathology in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH), a disease associated with small vessel loss and obstructive vasculopathy that leads to increased pulmonary vascular resistance, subsequent right heart failure, and premature death. Over the past ten years, there has been tremendous progress in our understanding of pulmonary endothelial biology as it pertains to the genetic and molecular mechanisms that orchestrate the endothelial response to direct or indirect injury, and how their dysregulation can contribute to the pathogenesis of PAH. As one of the major topics included in the 2017 Grover Conference Series, discussion centered on recent developments in four areas of pulmonary endothelial biology: (1) angiogenesis; (2) endothelial-mesenchymal transition (EndMT); (3) epigenetics; and (4) biology of voltage-gated ion channels. The present review will summarize the content of these discussions and provide a perspective on the most promising aspects of endothelial dysfunction that may be amenable for therapeutic development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Lloyd D. Harvey
- University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute Division of Cardiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Ramon J. Ayon
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Aleksandra Babicheva
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | | | - Stephen Y. Chan
- University of Pittsburgh Vascular Medicine Institute Division of Cardiology, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Jason X.-J. Yuan
- Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, The University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, AZ, USA
| | - Vinicio de Jesus Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
- The Vera Moulton Wall Center for Pulmonary Vascular Medicine, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University Medical Center, Stanford, CA, USA
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61
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Tang H, Desai AA, Yuan JXJ. Genetic Insights into Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. Application of Whole-Exome Sequencing to the Study of Pathogenic Mechanisms. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2017; 194:393-7. [PMID: 27525458 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.201603-0577ed] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- 1 Department of Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Arizona
| | - Ankit A Desai
- 1 Department of Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Arizona
| | - Jason X-J Yuan
- 1 Department of Medicine University of Arizona College of Medicine Tucson, Arizona
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62
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Siebel C, Lendahl U. Notch Signaling in Development, Tissue Homeostasis, and Disease. Physiol Rev 2017; 97:1235-1294. [PMID: 28794168 DOI: 10.1152/physrev.00005.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 587] [Impact Index Per Article: 83.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Notch signaling is an evolutionarily highly conserved signaling mechanism, but in contrast to signaling pathways such as Wnt, Sonic Hedgehog, and BMP/TGF-β, Notch signaling occurs via cell-cell communication, where transmembrane ligands on one cell activate transmembrane receptors on a juxtaposed cell. Originally discovered through mutations in Drosophila more than 100 yr ago, and with the first Notch gene cloned more than 30 yr ago, we are still gaining new insights into the broad effects of Notch signaling in organisms across the metazoan spectrum and its requirement for normal development of most organs in the body. In this review, we provide an overview of the Notch signaling mechanism at the molecular level and discuss how the pathway, which is architecturally quite simple, is able to engage in the control of cell fates in a broad variety of cell types. We discuss the current understanding of how Notch signaling can become derailed, either by direct mutations or by aberrant regulation, and the expanding spectrum of diseases and cancers that is a consequence of Notch dysregulation. Finally, we explore the emerging field of Notch in the control of tissue homeostasis, with examples from skin, liver, lung, intestine, and the vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chris Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, California; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech Inc., DNA Way, South San Francisco, California; and Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
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63
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Jie Z, Baoqin W, Changan L, Xiangli T, Zegeng L. Qibai Pingfei capsule medicated serum inhibits the proliferation of hypoxia-induced pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells via the Ca 2+ /calcineurin/nuclear factor of activated T-cells 3 pathway. J TRADIT CHIN MED 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/s0254-6272(17)30153-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
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64
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Strielkov I, Pak O, Sommer N, Weissmann N. Recent advances in oxygen sensing and signal transduction in hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. J Appl Physiol (1985) 2017; 123:1647-1656. [PMID: 28751366 DOI: 10.1152/japplphysiol.00103.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction (HPV) is a physiological reaction, which adapts lung perfusion to regional ventilation and optimizes gas exchange. Impaired HPV may cause systemic hypoxemia, while generalized HPV contributes to the development of pulmonary hypertension. The triggering mechanisms underlying HPV are still not fully elucidated. Several hypotheses are currently under debate, including a possible decrease as well as an increase in reactive oxygen species as a triggering event. Recent findings suggest an increase in the production of reactive oxygen species in pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells by complex III of the mitochondrial electron transport chain and occurrence of oxygen sensing at complex IV. Other essential components are voltage-dependent potassium and possibly L-type, transient receptor potential channel 6, and transient receptor potential vanilloid 4 channels. The release of arachidonic acid metabolites appears also to be involved in HPV regulation. Further investigation of the HPV mechanisms will facilitate the development of novel therapeutic strategies for the treatment of HPV-related disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ievgen Strielkov
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen , Germany
| | - Oleg Pak
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen , Germany
| | - Natasha Sommer
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen , Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardiopulmonary System, University of Giessen Lung Center, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen , Germany
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65
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Li YX, Run L, Shi T, Zhang YJ. CTRP9 regulates hypoxia-mediated human pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation, apoptosis and migration via TGF-β1/ERK1/2 signaling pathway. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 490:1319-1325. [PMID: 28688765 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2017.07.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2017] [Accepted: 07/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hypoxia is an important risk factor for pulmonary arterial remodeling in pulmonary arterial hypertension (PAH). Vascular remodeling in hypoxia-induced PAH is driven by excessive proliferation and migration of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs). The purpose of the present study was to explore the expression of CTRP9 in rats model of hypoxia-induced PAH and investigate the effects of CTRP9 on HPASMCs function in vitro and determine the underlying mechanisms. We established a rat model of hypoxic PAH, which showed a downregulation of CTRP9 expression. In HPASMCs cultured under the condition of hypoxia, treatment with CTRP9 notably restrained cell proliferation responses to hypoxia accompanied with decreased two biomarkers of cell proliferation Ki-67 and PCNA. Meanwhile, CTRP9 strikingly promoted hypoxia-mediated cell apoptosis as reflected by upregulation of Bax and downregulation of Bcl-2, as well as enhanced Caspase 3 activity. Additionally, CTRP9 treatment dramatically prevented the migratory potential by declined the expression of MMP-2 and MMP-9. Moreover treatment with CTRP9 augmented hypoxia-mediated differentiation by elevating the expression level of differentiation markers α-SMA and SM22. Mechanistically, anti-proliferative effects conferred by CTRP9 are mediated through suppression of TGF-β1/ERK1/2 pathway. Collectively, we identified CTRP9 as a novel mediator of PASMC growth in hypoxia-mediated PAH, indicating that CTRP9 in the pulmonary vasculature may be an underlying mechanism in the development of hypoxia-induced PAH. Our study, for the first time, established that CTRP9 plays a protective role of CTRP9 in pulmonary vascular remodeling, pointing to its potential clinical value for patients with PAH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xin Li
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China.
| | - Lin Run
- Department of Endocrinology, Xi'an Central Hospital, Xi'an 710003, PR China
| | - Tao Shi
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
| | - Yong Jian Zhang
- Department of Cardiovascular Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710061, PR China
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66
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Malczyk M, Erb A, Veith C, Ghofrani HA, Schermuly RT, Gudermann T, Dietrich A, Weissmann N, Sydykov A. The Role of Transient Receptor Potential Channel 6 Channels in the Pulmonary Vasculature. Front Immunol 2017; 8:707. [PMID: 28670316 PMCID: PMC5472666 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2017.00707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2017] [Accepted: 05/31/2017] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Canonical or classical transient receptor potential channel 6 (TRPC6) is a Ca2+-permeable non-selective cation channel that is widely expressed in the heart, lung, and vascular tissues. The use of TRPC6-deficient (“knockout”) mice has provided important insights into the role of TRPC6 in normal physiology and disease states of the pulmonary vasculature. Evidence indicates that TRPC6 is a key regulator of acute hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction. Moreover, several studies implicated TRPC6 in the pathogenesis of pulmonary hypertension. Furthermore, a unique genetic variation in the TRPC6 gene promoter has been identified, which might link the inflammatory response to the upregulation of TRPC6 expression and ultimate development of pulmonary vascular abnormalities in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Additionally, TRPC6 is critically involved in the regulation of pulmonary vascular permeability and lung edema formation during endotoxin or ischemia/reperfusion-induced acute lung injury. In this review, we will summarize latest findings on the role of TRPC6 in the pulmonary vasculature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika Malczyk
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Alexandra Erb
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Christine Veith
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Hossein Ardeschir Ghofrani
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Ralph T Schermuly
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Thomas Gudermann
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Alexander Dietrich
- Walther Straub Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, Ludwig Maximilian University of Munich, German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Munich, Germany
| | - Norbert Weissmann
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
| | - Akylbek Sydykov
- Excellence Cluster Cardio-Pulmonary System, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Justus Liebig University of Giessen, Giessen, Germany
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67
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Landor SKJ, Lendahl U. The interplay between the cellular hypoxic response and Notch signaling. Exp Cell Res 2017; 356:146-151. [PMID: 28456549 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.04.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
The ability to sense and adapt to low oxygen levels (hypoxia) is central for most organisms and cell types. At the center of this process is a molecular mechanism, the cellular hypoxic response, in which the hypoxia inducible factors (HIFs) are stabilized by hypoxia, allowing the HIF proteins to act as master transcriptional regulators to adjust the cell to a low oxygen environment. In recent years, it has become increasingly appreciated that the cellular hypoxic response does not always operate in splendid isolation, but intersects with signaling mechanisms such as Notch signaling, a key regulatory signaling mechanism operating in most cell types controlling stem cell maintenance and differentiation. In this review, which is dedicated to the memory of Lorenz Poellinger,1 we discuss how the intersection between Notch and the cellular hypoxic response was discovered and our current understanding of the molecular basis for the cross-talk. We also provide examples of where Notch and hypoxia intersect in various physiological and disease contexts.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastian K-J Landor
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland
| | - Urban Lendahl
- Department of Cell and Molecular Biology, Karolinska Institute, SE-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Cell Biology, Åbo Akademi University, FI-20520 Turku, Finland.
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68
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Pullamsetti SS, Perros F, Chelladurai P, Yuan J, Stenmark K. Transcription factors, transcriptional coregulators, and epigenetic modulation in the control of pulmonary vascular cell phenotype: therapeutic implications for pulmonary hypertension (2015 Grover Conference series). Pulm Circ 2017; 6:448-464. [PMID: 28090287 DOI: 10.1086/688908] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension (PH) is a complex and multifactorial disease involving genetic, epigenetic, and environmental factors. Numerous stimuli and pathological conditions facilitate severe vascular remodeling in PH by activation of a complex cascade of signaling pathways involving vascular cell proliferation, differentiation, and inflammation. Multiple signaling cascades modulate the activity of certain sequence-specific DNA-binding transcription factors (TFs) and coregulators that are critical for the transcriptional regulation of gene expression that facilitates PH-associated vascular cell phenotypes, as demonstrated by several studies summarized in this review. Past studies have largely focused on the role of the genetic component in the development of PH, while the presence of epigenetic alterations such as microRNAs, DNA methylation, histone levels, and histone deacetylases in PH is now also receiving increasing attention. Epigenetic regulation of chromatin structure is also recognized to influence gene expression in development or disease states. Therefore, a complete understanding of the mechanisms involved in altered gene expression in diseased cells is vital for the design of novel therapeutic strategies. Recent technological advances in DNA sequencing will provide a comprehensive improvement in our understanding of mechanisms involved in the development of PH. This review summarizes current concepts in TF and epigenetic control of cell phenotype in pulmonary vascular disease and discusses the current issues and possibilities in employing potential epigenetic or TF-based therapies for achieving complete reversal of PH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Soni S Pullamsetti
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany; Department of Internal Medicine, Universities of Giessen and Marburg Lung Center (UGMLC), member of the DZL, Justus-Liebig University, Giessen, Germany
| | - Frédéric Perros
- Université Paris-Sud; and Institut national de la santé et de la recherche médicale (Inserm) Unité Mixte de Recherche (UMR_S) 999, Hôpital Marie Lannelongue, Le Plessis-Robinson, France
| | - Prakash Chelladurai
- Department of Lung Development and Remodeling, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, member of the German Center for Lung Research (DZL), Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Jason Yuan
- University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona, USA
| | - Kurt Stenmark
- Cardiovascular Pulmonary Research Laboratories, Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA
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69
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Nie X, Tan J, Dai Y, Mao W, Chen Y, Qin G, Li G, Shen C, Zhao J, Chen J. Nur77 downregulation triggers pulmonary artery smooth muscle cell proliferation and migration in mice with hypoxic pulmonary hypertension via the Axin2-β-catenin signaling pathway. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 87:230-241. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2016] [Accepted: 11/03/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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70
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Yamamura A. Upregulation/downregulation of ion channels in pulmonary hypertension. Nihon Yakurigaku Zasshi 2016; 148:226-230. [PMID: 27803434 DOI: 10.1254/fpj.148.226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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71
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Jiao HX, Mu YP, Gui LX, Yan FR, Lin DC, Sham JS, Lin MJ. Increase in caveolae and caveolin-1 expression modulates agonist-induced contraction and store- and receptor-operated Ca2+ entry in pulmonary arteries of pulmonary hypertensive rats. Vascul Pharmacol 2016; 84:55-66. [DOI: 10.1016/j.vph.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2016] [Revised: 05/03/2016] [Accepted: 06/11/2016] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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72
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Guo Q, Xu H, Yang X, Zhao D, Liu S, Sun X, Huang JA. Notch activation of Ca 2+-sensing receptor mediates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Hypertens Res 2016; 40:117-129. [PMID: 27581537 DOI: 10.1038/hr.2016.118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/10/2016] [Revised: 07/15/2016] [Accepted: 07/25/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
A recent study from our group demonstrated that the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) was upregulated and that the extracellular Ca2+-induced increase in the cytosolic Ca2+ concentration [Ca2+]cyt was enhanced in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Here, we examined whether hypoxia-induced activation of Notch signaling leads to the activation and upregulation of CaSR in hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension (HPH). The activation of Notch signaling with Jag-1, a Notch ligand, can activate the function and increase the expression of CaSR in acute and chronic hypoxic PASMCs. Downregulation of Notch3 with a siRNA attenuates the extracellular Ca2+-induced increase in [Ca2+]cyt and the increase in hypoxia-induced PASMC proliferation in acute hypoxic rat PASMCs. Furthermore, we tested the prevention and rescue effects of a γ-secretase inhibitor (DAPT) in HPH rats. For the Jag-1-treated group, right ventricular systolic pressure (RVSP), right heart hypertrophy (RV/LV+S ratio), and the level of right ventricular myocardial fibrosis were higher than the hypoxia alone group. Meanwhile, DAPT treatment prevented and rescued pulmonary hypertension in HPH rats. The Notch activation of CaSR mediates hypoxia-induced pulmonary hypertension. Understanding the new molecular mechanisms that regulate [Ca2+]cyt and PASMC proliferation is critical to elucidating the pathogenesis of HPH and the development of novel therapies for pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Guo
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Hua Xu
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xinjing Yang
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Daguo Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Shenlang Liu
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Xue Sun
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Jian-An Huang
- Department of Medicine, Respiratory, Emergency and Critical Care Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Soochow University, Suzhou, China
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73
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Gao Y, Chen T, Raj JU. Endothelial and Smooth Muscle Cell Interactions in the Pathobiology of Pulmonary Hypertension. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2016; 54:451-60. [PMID: 26744837 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2015-0323tr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In the pulmonary vasculature, the endothelial and smooth muscle cells are two key cell types that play a major role in the pathobiology of pulmonary vascular disease and pulmonary hypertension. The normal interactions between these two cell types are important for the homeostasis of the pulmonary circulation, and any aberrant interaction between them may lead to various disease states including pulmonary vascular remodeling and pulmonary hypertension. It is well recognized that the endothelial cell can regulate the function of the underlying smooth muscle cell by releasing various bioactive agents such as nitric oxide and endothelin-1. In addition to such paracrine regulation, other mechanisms exist by which there is cross-talk between these two cell types, including communication via the myoendothelial injunctions and information transfer via extracellular vesicles. Emerging evidence suggests that these nonparacrine mechanisms play an important role in the regulation of pulmonary vascular tone and the determination of cell phenotype and that they are critically involved in the pathobiology of pulmonary hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuansheng Gao
- 1 Department of Physiology and Pathophysiology, Health Science Center, Peking University, Beijing, China; and
| | - Tianji Chen
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - J Usha Raj
- 2 Department of Pediatrics, College of Medicine, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
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74
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Cai Z, Zhao B, Deng Y, Shangguan S, Zhou F, Zhou W, Li X, Li Y, Chen G. Notch signaling in cerebrovascular diseases (Review). Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2883-98. [PMID: 27574001 PMCID: PMC5042775 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5641] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The Notch signaling pathway is a crucial regulator of numerous fundamental cellular processes. Increasing evidence suggests that Notch signaling is involved in inflammation and oxidative stress, and thus in the progress of cerebrovascular diseases. In addition, Notch signaling in cerebrovascular diseases is associated with apoptosis, angiogenesis and the function of blood-brain barrier. Despite the contradictory results obtained to date as to whether Notch signaling is harmful or beneficial, the regulation of Notch signaling may provide a novel strategy for the treatment of cerebrovascular diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiyou Cai
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Bin Zhao
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yanqing Deng
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Shouqin Shangguan
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Faming Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Wenqing Zhou
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoli Li
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Yanfeng Li
- Department of Neurology, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Beijing 100730, P.R. China
| | - Guanghui Chen
- Department of Neurology, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
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75
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Calcilytics enhance sildenafil-induced antiproliferation in idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 784:15-21. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.04.059] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2016] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 04/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
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Tang H, Yamamura A, Yamamura H, Song S, Fraidenburg DR, Chen J, Gu Y, Pohl NM, Zhou T, Jiménez-Pérez L, Ayon RJ, Desai AA, Goltzman D, Rischard F, Khalpey Z, Black SM, Garcia JGN, Makino A, Yuan JXJ. Pathogenic role of calcium-sensing receptors in the development and progression of pulmonary hypertension. Am J Physiol Lung Cell Mol Physiol 2016; 310:L846-59. [PMID: 26968768 DOI: 10.1152/ajplung.00050.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/08/2016] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
An increase in cytosolic free Ca(2+) concentration ([Ca(2+)]cyt) in pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMC) is a major trigger for pulmonary vasoconstriction and a critical stimulation for PASMC proliferation and migration. Previously, we demonstrated that expression and function of calcium sensing receptors (CaSR) in PASMC from patients with idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) and animals with experimental pulmonary hypertension (PH) were greater than in PASMC from normal subjects and control animals. However, the mechanisms by which CaSR triggers Ca(2+) influx in PASMC and the implication of CaSR in the development of PH remain elusive. Here, we report that CaSR functionally interacts with TRPC6 to regulate [Ca(2+)]cyt in PASMC. Downregulation of CaSR or TRPC6 with siRNA inhibited Ca(2+)-induced [Ca(2+)]cyt increase in IPAH-PASMC (in which CaSR is upregulated), whereas overexpression of CaSR or TRPC6 enhanced Ca(2+)-induced [Ca(2+)]cyt increase in normal PASMC (in which CaSR expression level is low). The upregulated CaSR in IPAH-PASMC was also associated with enhanced Akt phosphorylation, whereas blockade of CaSR in IPAH-PASMC attenuated cell proliferation. In in vivo experiments, deletion of the CaSR gene in mice (casr(-/-)) significantly inhibited the development and progression of experimental PH and markedly attenuated acute hypoxia-induced pulmonary vasoconstriction. These data indicate that functional interaction of upregulated CaSR and upregulated TRPC6 in PASMC from IPAH patients and animals with experimental PH may play an important role in the development and progression of sustained pulmonary vasoconstriction and pulmonary vascular remodeling. Blockade or downregulation of CaSR and/or TRPC6 with siRNA or miRNA may be a novel therapeutic strategy to develop new drugs for patients with pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haiyang Tang
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Aya Yamamura
- Kinjo Gakuin University School of Pharmacy, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Hisao Yamamura
- Nagoya City University Graduate School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Nagoya, Japan; and
| | - Shanshan Song
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Dustin R Fraidenburg
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Jiwang Chen
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Yali Gu
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Nicole M Pohl
- Departments of Medicine and Pharmacology, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, Illinois
| | - Tong Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | | | - Ramon J Ayon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Ankit A Desai
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - David Goltzman
- Department of Medicine and Physiology, Royal Victoria Hospital, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Franz Rischard
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Zain Khalpey
- Department of Surgery, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Tucson, Arizona
| | - Stephan M Black
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, and
| | - Joe G N Garcia
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine
| | - Ayako Makino
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, and
| | - Jason X J Yuan
- Department of Medicine, Division of Translational and Regenerative Medicine, Department of Physiology, and
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77
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Long noncoding RNA expression profiles of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension rat model. Gene 2016; 579:23-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.gene.2015.12.044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2015] [Revised: 12/14/2015] [Accepted: 12/18/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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78
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Rowan SC, Keane MP, Gaine S, McLoughlin P. Hypoxic pulmonary hypertension in chronic lung diseases: novel vasoconstrictor pathways. THE LANCET RESPIRATORY MEDICINE 2016; 4:225-36. [PMID: 26895650 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-2600(15)00517-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2015] [Revised: 12/03/2015] [Accepted: 12/07/2015] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Pulmonary hypertension is a well recognised complication of chronic hypoxic lung diseases, which are among the most common causes of death and disability worldwide. Development of pulmonary hypertension independently predicts reduced life expectancy. In chronic obstructive pulmonary disease, long-term oxygen therapy ameliorates pulmonary hypertension and greatly improves survival, although the correction of alveolar hypoxia and pulmonary hypertension is only partial. Advances in understanding of the regulation of vascular smooth muscle tone show that chronic vasoconstriction plays a more important part in the pathogenesis of hypoxic pulmonary hypertension than previously thought, and that structural vascular changes contribute less. Trials of existing vasodilators show that pulmonary hypertension can be ameliorated and systemic oxygen delivery improved in carefully selected patients, although systemic hypotensive effects limit the doses used. Vasoconstrictor pathways that are selective for the pulmonary circulation can be blocked to reduce hypoxic pulmonary hypertension without causing systemic hypotension, and thus provide potential targets for novel therapeutic strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simon C Rowan
- UCD School of Medicine, Conway Institute, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Michael P Keane
- UCD School of Medicine, Respiratory Medicine, St Vincent's University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
| | - Seán Gaine
- National Pulmonary Hypertension Unit, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, Dublin, Ireland
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79
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Urban N, Wang L, Kwiek S, Rademann J, Kuebler WM, Schaefer M. Identification and Validation of Larixyl Acetate as a Potent TRPC6 Inhibitor. Mol Pharmacol 2015; 89:197-213. [PMID: 26500253 DOI: 10.1124/mol.115.100792] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2015] [Accepted: 10/21/2015] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Classical or canonical transient receptor potential 6 (TRPC6), a nonselective and Ca(2+)-permeable cation channel, mediates pathophysiological responses within pulmonary and renal diseases that are still poorly controlled by current medication. Thus, controlling TRPC6 activity may provide a promising and challenging pharmacological approach. Recently identified chemical entities have demonstrated that TRPC6 is pharmacologically targetable. However, isotype-selectivity with regard to its closest relative, TRPC3, is difficult to achieve. Reasoning that balsams, essential oils, or incense materials that are traditionally used for inhalation may contain biologic activities to block TRPC6 activity, we embarked on a natural compound strategy to identify new TRPC6-blocking chemical entities. Within several preparations of plant extracts, a strong TRPC6-inhibitory activity was found in conifer balsams. The biologic activity was associated with nonvolatile resins, but not with essential oils. Of various conifers, the larch balsam was unique in displaying a marked TRPC6-prevalent mode of action. By testing the main constituents of larch resin, we identified larixol and larixyl acetate as blockers of Ca(2+) entry and ionic currents through diacylglycerol- or receptor-activated recombinant TRPC6 channels, exhibiting approximately 12- and 5-fold selectivity compared with its closest relatives TRPC3 and TRPC7, respectively. No significant inhibition of more distantly related TRPV or TRPM channels was seen. The potent inhibition of recombinant TRPC6 by larixyl acetate (IC50 = 0.1-0.6 µM) was confirmed for native TRPC6-like [Ca(2+)]i signals in diacylglycerol-stimulated rat pulmonary artery smooth muscle cells. In isolated mouse lungs, larix-6-yl monoacetate (CAS 4608-49-5; larixyl acetate; 5 µM) prevented acute hypoxia-induced vasoconstriction. We conclude that larch-derived labdane-type diterpenes are TRPC6-selective inhibitors and may represent a starting point for pharmacological TRPC6 modulation within experimental therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Urban
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (N.U., M.S.); Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.K., J.R.); and The Keenan Research Centre of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (L.W., W.M.K.)
| | - Liming Wang
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (N.U., M.S.); Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.K., J.R.); and The Keenan Research Centre of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (L.W., W.M.K.)
| | - Sandra Kwiek
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (N.U., M.S.); Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.K., J.R.); and The Keenan Research Centre of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (L.W., W.M.K.)
| | - Jörg Rademann
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (N.U., M.S.); Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.K., J.R.); and The Keenan Research Centre of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (L.W., W.M.K.)
| | - Wolfgang M Kuebler
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (N.U., M.S.); Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.K., J.R.); and The Keenan Research Centre of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (L.W., W.M.K.)
| | - Michael Schaefer
- Rudolf-Boehm-Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universität Leipzig, Leipzig, Germany (N.U., M.S.); Institut für Pharmazie, Freie Universität Berlin, Berlin, Germany (S.K., J.R.); and The Keenan Research Centre of St. Michael's Hospital, Toronto, Canada (L.W., W.M.K.)
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80
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Yamamura A, Ohara N, Tsukamoto K. Inhibition of Excessive Cell Proliferation by Calcilytics in Idiopathic Pulmonary Arterial Hypertension. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0138384. [PMID: 26375676 PMCID: PMC4574199 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0138384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Idiopathic pulmonary arterial hypertension (IPAH) is a rare and progressive disease of unknown pathogenesis. Vascular remodeling due to excessive proliferation of pulmonary arterial smooth muscle cells (PASMCs) is a critical pathogenic event that leads to early morbidity and mortality. The excessive cell proliferation is closely linked to the augmented Ca2+ signaling in PASMCs. More recently, we have shown by an siRNA knockdown method that the Ca2+-sensing receptor (CaSR) is upregulated in PASMCs from IPAH patients, involved in the enhanced Ca2+ response and subsequent excessive cell proliferation. In this study, we examined whether pharmacological blockade of CaSR attenuated the excessive proliferation of PASMCs from IPAH patients by MTT assay. The proliferation rate of PASMCs from IPAH patients was much higher (~1.5-fold) than that of PASMCs from normal subjects and patients with chronic thromboembolic pulmonary hypertension (CTEPH). Treatment with NPS2143, an antagonist of CaSR or calcilytic, clearly suppressed the cell proliferation in a concentration-dependent manner (IC50 = 2.64 μM) in IPAH-PASMCs, but not in normal and CTEPH PASMCs. Another calcilytic, Calhex 231, which is structurally unrelated to NPS2143, also concentration-dependently inhibited the excessive proliferation of IPAH-PASMCs (IC50 = 1.89 μM). In contrast, R568, an activator of CaSR or calcimimetic, significantly facilitated the proliferation of IPAH-PASMCs (EC50 = 0.33 μM). Similar results were obtained by BrdU incorporation assay. These results reveal that the excessive PASMC proliferation was modulated by pharmacological tools of CaSR, showing us that calcilytics are useful for a novel therapeutic approach for pulmonary arterial hypertension.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aya Yamamura
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
- * E-mail:
| | - Naoki Ohara
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
| | - Kikuo Tsukamoto
- Department of Pharmacy, College of Pharmacy, Kinjo Gakuin University, Nagoya, Japan
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81
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Adegunsoye A, Balachandran J. Inflammatory response mechanisms exacerbating hypoxemia in coexistent pulmonary fibrosis and sleep apnea. Mediators Inflamm 2015; 2015:510105. [PMID: 25944985 PMCID: PMC4402194 DOI: 10.1155/2015/510105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Mediators of inflammation, oxidative stress, and chemoattractants drive the hypoxemic mechanisms that accompany pulmonary fibrosis. Patients with idiopathic pulmonary fibrosis commonly have obstructive sleep apnea, which potentiates the hypoxic stimuli for oxidative stress, culminating in systemic inflammation and generalized vascular endothelial damage. Comorbidities like pulmonary hypertension, obesity, gastroesophageal reflux disease, and hypoxic pulmonary vasoconstriction contribute to chronic hypoxemia leading to the release of proinflammatory cytokines that may propagate clinical deterioration and alter the pulmonary fibrotic pathway. Tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinase (TIMP-1), interleukin- (IL-) 1α, cytokine-induced neutrophil chemoattractant (CINC-1, CINC-2α/β), lipopolysaccharide induced CXC chemokine (LIX), monokine induced by gamma interferon (MIG-1), macrophage inflammatory protein- (MIP-) 1α, MIP-3α, and nuclear factor- (NF-) κB appear to mediate disease progression. Adipocytes may induce hypoxia inducible factor (HIF) 1α production; GERD is associated with increased levels of lactate dehydrogenase (LDH), alkaline phosphatase (ALP), and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α); pulmonary artery myocytes often exhibit increased cytosolic free Ca2+. Protein kinase C (PKC) mediated upregulation of TNF-α and IL-1β also occurs in the pulmonary arteries. Increased understanding of the inflammatory mechanisms driving hypoxemia in pulmonary fibrosis and obstructive sleep apnea may potentiate the identification of appropriate therapeutic targets for developing effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ayodeji Adegunsoye
- Section of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
| | - Jay Balachandran
- Section of Pulmonary & Critical Care, Department of Medicine, University of Chicago, Chicago, IL 60637, USA
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