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Choi S, Kim DY, Ahn Y, Lee EJ, Park JH. Suppression of Foxo3-Gatm by miR-132-3p Accelerates Cyst Formation by Up-Regulating ROS in Autosomal Dominant Polycystic Kidney Disease. Biomol Ther (Seoul) 2021; 29:311-320. [PMID: 33408288 PMCID: PMC8094068 DOI: 10.4062/biomolther.2020.197] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Accumulation of reactive oxygen species (ROS) is associated with the development of various diseases. However, the molecular mechanisms underlying oxidative stress that lead to such diseases like autosomal dominant polycystic kidney disease (ADPKD) remain unclear. Here, we observed that oxidative stress markers were increased in Pkd1f/f:HoxB7-Cre mice. Forkhead transcription factors of the O class (FOXOs) are known key regulators of the oxidative stress response, which have been observed with the expression of FoxO3a in an ADPKD mouse model in the present study. An integrated analysis of two datasets for differentially expressed miRNA, such as miRNA sequencing analysis of Pkd1 conditional knockout mice and microarray analysis of samples from ADPKD patients, showed that miR-132-3p was a key regulator of FOXO3a in ADPKD. miR-132-3p was significantly upregulated in ADPKD which directly targeted FOXO3 in both mouse and human cell lines. Interestingly, the mitochondrial gene Gatm was downregulated in ADPKD which led to a decreased inhibition of Foxo3. Overexpression of miR-132-3p coupled with knockdown of Foxo3 and Gatm increased ROS and accelerated cyst formation in 3D culture. This study reveals a novel mechanism involving miR-132-3p, Foxo3, and Gatm that is associated with the oxidative stress that occurs during cystogenesis in ADPKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seonju Choi
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Do Yeon Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Yejin Ahn
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Eun Ji Lee
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
| | - Jong Hoon Park
- Department of Biological Sciences and Research Institute of Women's Health, Sookmyung Women's University, Seoul 04310, Republic of Korea
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52
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Vegfa promoter gene hypermethylation at HIF1α binding site is an early contributor to CKD progression after renal ischemia. Sci Rep 2021; 11:8769. [PMID: 33888767 PMCID: PMC8062449 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-021-88000-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 04/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/08/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic hypoxia is a major contributor to Chronic Kidney Disease (CKD) after Acute Kidney Injury (AKI). However, the temporal relation between the acute insult and maladaptive renal response to hypoxia remains unclear. In this study, we analyzed the time-course of renal hemodynamics, oxidative stress, inflammation, and fibrosis, as well as epigenetic modifications, with focus on HIF1α/VEGF signaling, in the AKI to CKD transition. Sham-operated, right nephrectomy (UNx), and UNx plus renal ischemia (IR + UNx) groups of rats were included and studied at 1, 2, 3, or 4 months. The IR + UNx group developed CKD characterized by progressive proteinuria, renal dysfunction, tubular proliferation, and fibrosis. At first month post-ischemia, there was a twofold significant increase in oxidative stress and reduction in global DNA methylation that was maintained throughout the study. Hif1α and Vegfa expression were depressed in the first and second-months post-ischemia, and then Hif1α but not Vegfa expression was recovered. Interestingly, hypermethylation of the Vegfa promoter gene at the HIF1α binding site was found, since early stages of the CKD progression. Our findings suggest that renal hypoperfusion, inefficient hypoxic response, increased oxidative stress, DNA hypomethylation, and, Vegfa promoter gene hypermethylation at HIF1α binding site, are early determinants of AKI-to-CKD transition.
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Yu M, Lun J, Zhang H, Zhu L, Zhang G, Fang J. The non-canonical functions of HIF prolyl hydroxylases and their dual roles in cancer. Int J Biochem Cell Biol 2021; 135:105982. [PMID: 33894356 DOI: 10.1016/j.biocel.2021.105982] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2020] [Revised: 04/12/2021] [Accepted: 04/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) are dioxygenases using oxygen and 2-oxoglutarate as co-substrates. Under normoxia, PHDs hydroxylate the conserved prolyl residues of HIFα, leading to HIFα degradation. In hypoxia PHDs are inactivated, which results in HIFα accumulation. The accumulated HIFα enters nucleus and initiates gene transcription. Many studies have shown that PHDs have substrates other than HIFα, implying that they have HIF-independent non-canonical functions. Besides modulating protein stability, the PHDs-mediated prolyl hydroxylation affects protein-protein interaction and protein activity for alternative substrates. Increasing evidence indicates that PHDs also have hydroxylase-independent functions. They influence protein stability, enzyme activity, and protein-protein interaction in a hydroxylase-independent manner. These findings highlight the functional diversity and complexity of PHDs. Due to having inhibitory activity on HIFα, PHDs are proposed to act as tumor suppressors. However, research shows that PHDs exert either tumor-promoting or tumor-suppressing features. Here, we try to summarize the current understanding of PHDs hydroxylase-dependent and -independent functions and their roles in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengchao Yu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Jie Lun
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Hongwei Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Jinan, 250014, China
| | - Lei Zhu
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China
| | - Gang Zhang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China.
| | - Jing Fang
- Cancer Institute, The Affiliated Hospital of Qingdao University, Cancer Institute, Qingdao University, Qingdao, 266061, China.
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54
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Zheng H, Zhang Y, He J, Yang Z, Zhang R, Li L, Luo Z, Ye Y, Sun Q. Hydroxychloroquine Inhibits Macrophage Activation and Attenuates Renal Fibrosis After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Immunol 2021; 12:645100. [PMID: 33936063 PMCID: PMC8079743 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.645100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2020] [Accepted: 03/19/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD), which is associated with high morbidity, remains a worldwide health concern, while effective therapies remain limited. Hydroxychloroquine (HCQ), which mainly targets toll-like receptor-7 (TLR-7) and TLR-9, is associated with a lower risk of incident CKD. Taking into account that TLR-9 is involved in the development of renal fibrosis and serves as a potential therapy target for CKD, we investigated whether HCQ could attenuate CKD via TLR-9 signal pathway. The effects of HCQ on renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis were further explored using a mouse model of renal tubulointerstitial fibrosis after ischemia/reperfusion injury. Bone marrow-derived macrophages were isolated to explore the effects of HCQ in vitro. Judicious use of HCQ efficiently inhibited the activation of macrophages and MAPK signaling pathways, thereby attenuating renal fibrosis in vivo. In an in vitro model, results showed that HCQ promoted apoptosis of macrophages and inhibited activation of macrophages, especially M2 macrophages, in a dose-dependent manner. Because TLR-7 is not involved in the development of CKD post-injury, a TLR-9 knockout mouse was used to explore the mechanisms of HCQ. The effects of HCQ on renal fibrosis and macrophages decreased after depletion of TLR-9 in vivo and in vitro. Taken together, this study indicated that proper use of HCQ could be a new strategy for anti-fibrotic therapy and that TLR-9 could be a potential therapeutic target for CKD following acute kidney injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Zheng
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiannan He
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihuan Luo
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongrong Ye
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiquan Sun
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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55
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Tsuji T, Maeda Y, Kita K, Murakami K, Saya H, Takemura H, Inaki N, Oshima M, Oshima H. FOXO3 is a latent tumor suppressor for FOXO3-positive and cytoplasmic-type gastric cancer cells. Oncogene 2021; 40:3072-3086. [PMID: 33795838 PMCID: PMC8084732 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01757-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2020] [Revised: 03/03/2021] [Accepted: 03/15/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
FOXO3 is a member of the FOXO transcription factors thought to play a tumor-suppressor role in gastrointestinal cancer, while tumor-promoting function of FOXO3 has also been reported. These results suggest a context-dependent function of FOXO3 in tumor development. However, the relationship between the FOXO3 expression pattern and its role in tumorigenesis has not been elucidated. We examined the FOXO3 expression in 65 human primary gastric cancer and patient-derived xenograft tissues by immunohistochemistry and identified three subtypes according to subcellular localization: FOXO3-nuclear accumulated (FOXO3-Nuc), FOXO3-nuclear/cytoplasmic or cytoplasmic distributed (FOXO3-Cyt), and FOXO3-negative. In the FOXO3-Cyt gastric cancer cells, the expression of the constitutive active mutant FOXO3 (Act-ER FOXO3) induced the nuclear accumulation of FOXO3 and significantly suppressed colony formation and proliferation. The inhibition of the PI3K-AKT pathway by inhibitor treatment also suppressed the proliferation of FOXO3-Cyt gastric cancer cells, which was associated with the nuclear accumulation of endogenous FOXO3. Furthermore, the expression of Act-ER FOXO3 by an endogenous promoter significantly suppressed gastric tumorigenesis in Gan mice, a model of gastric cancer. Finally, treatment of FOXO3-Cyt human gastric cancer-derived organoids with an AKT inhibitor significantly suppressed the survival and proliferation. These results indicate that FOXO3 is a latent tumor suppressor for FOXO3-Cyt-type gastric cancer cells and that activation of the PI3K-AKT pathway protects this type of gastric cancer cell from FOXO3-mediated growth suppression via constitutive nuclear export. Thus, the inhibition of the PI3K-AKT pathway and nuclear translocation of endogenous FOXO3 may have therapeutic applications in the treatment of FOXO3-positive and cytoplasmic-type gastric cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Toshikatsu Tsuji
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Ishikawa Prefectural Central Hospital, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Yusuke Maeda
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kenji Kita
- Central Research Resource Branch, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Kazuhiro Murakami
- Division of Stem Cell Biology, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hideyuki Saya
- Division of Gene Regulation, Institute for Advanced Medical Research (IAMR), Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hirofumi Takemura
- Department of Thoracic, Cardiovascular and General Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Noriyuki Inaki
- Department of Gastroenterological Surgery, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Masanobu Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan
| | - Hiroko Oshima
- Division of Genetics, Cancer Research Institute, Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
- WPI Nano-Life Science Institute (Nano-LSI), Kanazawa University, Kanazawa, Japan.
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56
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Song X, Liu J, Kuang F, Chen X, Zeh HJ, Kang R, Kroemer G, Xie Y, Tang D. PDK4 dictates metabolic resistance to ferroptosis by suppressing pyruvate oxidation and fatty acid synthesis. Cell Rep 2021; 34:108767. [PMID: 33626342 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2021.108767] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2020] [Revised: 12/29/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Although induction of ferroptosis, an iron-dependent form of non-apoptotic cell death, has emerged as an anticancer strategy, the metabolic basis of ferroptotic death remains poorly elucidated. Here, we show that glucose determines the sensitivity of human pancreatic ductal carcinoma cells to ferroptosis induced by pharmacologically inhibiting system xc-. Mechanistically, SLC2A1-mediated glucose uptake promotes glycolysis and, thus, facilitates pyruvate oxidation, fuels the tricyclic acid cycle, and stimulates fatty acid synthesis, which finally facilitates lipid peroxidation-dependent ferroptotic death. Screening of a small interfering RNA (siRNA) library targeting metabolic enzymes leads to identification of pyruvate dehydrogenase kinase 4 (PDK4) as the top gene responsible for ferroptosis resistance. PDK4 inhibits ferroptosis by blocking pyruvate dehydrogenase-dependent pyruvate oxidation. Inhibiting PDK4 enhances the anticancer activity of system xc- inhibitors in vitro and in suitable preclinical mouse models (e.g., a high-fat diet diabetes model). These findings reveal metabolic reprogramming as a potential target for overcoming ferroptosis resistance.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents/pharmacology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/drug therapy
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/enzymology
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/genetics
- Carcinoma, Pancreatic Ductal/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Diet, High-Fat
- Drug Resistance, Neoplasm
- Energy Metabolism
- Fatty Acids/biosynthesis
- Ferroptosis/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Glucose Transporter Type 1/genetics
- Glucose Transporter Type 1/metabolism
- Humans
- Male
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Transgenic
- Oxidation-Reduction
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/enzymology
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/genetics
- Pancreatic Neoplasms/pathology
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/genetics
- Pyruvate Dehydrogenase Acetyl-Transferring Kinase/metabolism
- Pyruvic Acid/metabolism
- Signal Transduction
- Mice
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Affiliation(s)
- Xinxin Song
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Jiao Liu
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Feimei Kuang
- The Third Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong, China
| | - Xin Chen
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Herbert J Zeh
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Rui Kang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université Paris Descartes, Sorbonne Paris Cité, 75006 Paris, France; Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, 75006 Paris, France; Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale, U1138, Paris, France; Université Pierre et Marie Curie, 75006 Paris, France; Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, 94800 Villejuif, France; Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, 17176 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yangchun Xie
- Department of Oncology, The Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Hunan, China.
| | - Daolin Tang
- Department of Surgery, UT Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX, USA.
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57
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Zheng H, Zhang Y, Li L, Zhang R, Luo Z, Yang Z, Ye Y, He J, Sun Q. Depletion of Toll-Like Receptor-9 Attenuates Renal Tubulointerstitial Fibrosis After Ischemia-Reperfusion Injury. Front Cell Dev Biol 2021; 9:641527. [PMID: 33644078 PMCID: PMC7907438 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2021.641527] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Toll-like receptor-9 (TLR-9) is a potent proinflammatory receptor that mediates renal injury. However, the reported effects of TLR-9 are contradictory. Here, using a traditional mouse AKI→CKD transition model, the roles of TLR-9 during the transition from acute kidney injury (AKI) to chronic kidney disease (CKD) were further explored. Using a TLR-9–/– mouse, the effects and mechanisms of TLR-9 were investigated. Loss of TLR-9 elicited no obvious effects as regards renal function or histology during AKI in the early phases (24–48 h), while TLR-9 KO attenuated renal fibrosis (as shown using fibronectin and collagen III) and epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) [E-cadherin (E-Cad) and α-smooth muscle actin (α-SMA)] on the long-term after AKI through the inhibition of macrophages infiltration, especially M2 macrophages. The roles of TLR-9 on macrophages were also explored using Raw264.7 macrophage cell line, and results indicated that the inhibition of TLR-9 on Raw 264.7 macrophages decreased the induction of M2 type macrophage in a dose-dependent manner. The roles of TLR-9 on renal tubular epithelial (RTE) cells were also explored. Conversely, TLR-9 depletion did not contribute to the improvement of fibrosis and EMT in vitro. Therefore, TLR-9 plays a critical role in the AKI→CKD transition. Attenuation of CKD post-AKI in the TLR-9 KO group mainly relies on the effects of TLR-9 on macrophages. These results also suggest that TLR-9 could be a therapeutic target for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haofeng Zheng
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yannan Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Lei Li
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Rui Zhang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zihuan Luo
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhe Yang
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yongrong Ye
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiannan He
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qiquan Sun
- Organ Transplantation Research Institute of Sun Yat-sen University, The Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, China
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58
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Chen L, Chen G, Kong X. Serum level of high mobility group box protein-1 and prognosis of patients with end-stage renal disease on hemodialysis and peritoneal dialysis. Medicine (Baltimore) 2021; 100:e24275. [PMID: 33592871 PMCID: PMC7870203 DOI: 10.1097/md.0000000000024275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To investigate serum level of high mobility group box protein-1 (HMGB1) and prognosis of patients with end-stage renal disease (ESRD) on hemodialysis (HD) and peritoneal dialysis (PD).This prospective cohort observational study included a total of 253 ESRD patients who came to our hospital for HD or PD from February 2013 to February 2015. Enzyme linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA) method was used to detect the serum level of HMGB1, interleukin (IL-6), IL-8, and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α). The kidney disease quality of life short form (KDQOL-SF) and kidney disease targeted area (KDTA) was applied for evaluating the quality of life. Kaplan-Meier (K-M) curve was performed for survival time.Serum level of HMGB1 in patients on HD was higher than PD. HMGB1 levels were gradually decreased with the treatment of HD or PD. Furthermore, HMGB1 was positively correlated with IL-6 and TNF-α. Moreover, patients with higher HMGB1 had more complications than patients with lower HMGB1, but there was no difference for the survival rate. In addition, the quality of life was associated with different dialysis methods.The serum level of HMGB1 and prognosis of ESRD patients was associated with different dialysis methods.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gaoping Chen
- Department of Surgical Oncology, The First People's Hospital of Fuyang Hangzhou, Hangzhou City, Zhejiang, China
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59
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Yu SMW, Bonventre JV. Acute kidney injury and maladaptive tubular repair leading to renal fibrosis. Curr Opin Nephrol Hypertens 2021; 29:310-318. [PMID: 32205583 DOI: 10.1097/mnh.0000000000000605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Despite improvements in acute kidney injury (AKI) detection, therapeutic options to halt the progression of AKI to chronic kidney disease (CKD) remain limited. In this review, we focus on recent discoveries related to the pathophysiology of the AKI to CKD continuum, particularly involving the renal tubular epithelial cells, and also discuss related ongoing clinical trials. While our focus is on injured renal tubular epithelial cells as initiators of the cascade of events resulting in paracrine effects on other cells of the kidney, the summation of maladaptive responses from various kidney cell types ultimately leads to fibrosis and dysfunction characteristic of CKD. RECENT FINDINGS Recent findings that we will focus on include, but are not limited to, characterizations of: the association between cell cycle arrest and cellular senescence in renal tubular epithelial cells and its contribution to renal fibrosis, chronic inflammation with persistent cytokine production and lymphocyte infiltration among unrepaired renal tubules, mitochondrial dysfunction and a unique role of cytosolic mitochondria DNA in fibrogenesis, prolyl hydroxylase domain proteins as potential therapeutic targets, and novel mechanisms involving the Hippo/yes-associated protein/transcriptional coactivator with PDZ-binding pathway. SUMMARY Potential therapeutic options to address CKD progression will be informed by a better understanding of fibrogenic pathways. Recent advances suggest additional drug targets in the various pathways leading to fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samuel M-W Yu
- Division of Renal Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts, USA
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60
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Han B, He C. Targeting autophagy using saponins as a therapeutic and preventive strategy against human diseases. Pharmacol Res 2021; 166:105428. [PMID: 33540047 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2021.105428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a ubiquitous mechanism for maintaining cellular homeostasis through the degradation of long-lived proteins, insoluble protein aggregates, and superfluous or damaged organelles. Dysfunctional autophagy is observed in a variety of human diseases. With advanced research into the role that autophagy plays in physiological and pathological conditions, targeting autophagy is becoming a novel tactic for disease management. Saponins are naturally occurring glycosides containing triterpenoids or steroidal sapogenins as aglycones, and some saponins are reported to modulate autophagy. Research suggests that saponins may have therapeutic and preventive efficacy against many autophagy-related diseases. Therefore, this review comprehensively summarizes and discusses the reported saponins that exhibit autophagy regulating activities. In addition, the relevant signaling pathways that the mechanisms involved in regulating autophagy and the targeted diseases were also discussed. By regulating autophagy and related pathways, saponins exhibit bioactivities against cancer, neurodegenerative diseases, atherosclerosis and other cardiac diseases, kidney diseases, liver diseases, acute pancreatitis, and osteoporosis. This review provides an overview of the autophagy-regulating activity of saponins, the underlying mechanisms and potential applications for managing various diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bing Han
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, China
| | - Chengwei He
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Institute of Chinese Medical Sciences, University of Macau, Taipa, Macao SAR, 999078, China.
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61
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Meng F, Zhang Z, Chen C, Liu Y, Yuan D, Hei Z, Luo G. PI3K/AKT activation attenuates acute kidney injury following liver transplantation by inducing FoxO3a nuclear export and deacetylation. Life Sci 2021; 272:119119. [PMID: 33508296 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2021.119119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Acute kidney injury (AKI) is a severe complication of autologous orthotopic liver transplantation (AOLT). Apoptosis has been shown to be involved in renal ischemia/reperfusion, and the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway is involved in numerous cell processes, including promoting cell survival and inhibiting apoptosis. We aimed to verify whether the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway participates in the development of post-AOLT AKI. METHODS Male Sprague-Dawley rats underwent AOLT with or without treatment with insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1, a PI3K/AKT activator) and LY294002 (a PI3K/AKT inhibitor; n = 8/group). NRK-52E cells (rat renal tubular epithelial cell line) were subjected to hypoxia-re-oxygenation to mimic renal cell I/R injury in vitro, and confirm whether silencing information regulator 1 (SIRT1) mediated the protective effects of PI3K/AKT by deacetylating forkhead protein O3a (FoxO3a). KEY FINDINGS During the reperfusion stage, kidney injury peaked at 8 h after reperfusion, then gradually recovered, which was consistent with the dynamic changes in apoptosis and the protein expressions of Bcl-2 interacting mediator of cell death (Bim), Fas ligand (FasL), and nuclear FoxO3a AKT phosphorylation and nuclear SIRT1 protein expression were also upregulated. IGF-1 application decreased Bim, FasL, and nuclear FoxO3a protein expressions, and protected against apoptosis and AKI. In NRK-52E cells, IGF-1 upregulated nuclear SIRT1 expression, reduced FoxO3a acetylation, downregulated Bim and FasL protein expressions, and attenuated apoptosis and AKI; these effects were reversed by SIRT1 blocking. CONCLUSION The activation of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway not only induced FoxO3a nuclear export but also deacetylation through upregulating nuclear SIRT1 expression to attenuate post-AOLT AKI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanbing Meng
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China; Department of Anesthesiology, the Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310009, China
| | - Zheng Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Chaojin Chen
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Yue Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China
| | - Dongdong Yuan
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Ziqing Hei
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
| | - Gangjian Luo
- Department of Anesthesiology, the Third Affiliated Hospital of Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou 510630, China.
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Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) affects over 10% of the worldwide population and kidney fibrosis is a main driver of CKD and considered a therapeutic target. The mechanisms leading to kidney fibrosis are highly complexed and can be best studied in rodent models. Here we describe the most commonly used kidney fibrosis models in mice, the unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model and the ischemia reperfusion injury (IRI) model. Both models are easy to learn and can be applied in animals of different age, sex, and strain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rafael Kramann
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany. .,Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Sylvia Menzel
- Institute of Experimental Medicine and Systems Biology, RWTH Aachen University Hospital, Aachen, Germany
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63
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Tang S, Wang Y, Xie G, Li W, Chen Y, Liang J, Liu P, Song F, Zhou J. Regulation of Ptch1 by miR-342-5p and FoxO3 Induced Autophagy Involved in Renal Fibrosis. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:583318. [PMID: 33251198 PMCID: PMC7673434 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.583318] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2020] [Accepted: 10/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The pathogenesis of renal fibrosis (RF) is not well understood. Here, we performed an integrative database analysis of miRNAs and mRNAs to discover the major regulatory pathway in RF. Putative miRNAs and mRNAs involved in RF in unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) model mice were extracted and analyzed using the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) database. The bioinformatics analysis suggested that Ptch1 expression is regulated by miR-342-5p and FoxO3. Then real-time PCR, Western blot, Fluorescence in situ hybridization were done to confirm the hypothesis. Sixty-three differentially expressed miRNAs (DE-miRNAs) in GSE118340, 141 DE-miRNAs in GSE42716, and 183 DE-mRNAs in GSE69101 were identified. Various bioinformatic analyses revealed miR-342-5p as a strong candidate regulator in RF. We also predicted that miR-342-5p targets Ptch1 and that FoxO3 is the transcription factor of Ptch1. We also observed that TGF-β1 upregulated the expression of miR-342-5p and inhibited the expression of FoxO3 and Ptch1 in TCMK-1 cells. Furthermore, downregulation of miR-342-5p reversed the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 on the expression of Ptch1 in TCMK-1 cells, while downregulation of FoxO3 promoted the inhibitory effect of TGF-β1 on the expression of Ptch1. Additionally, downregulation of Ptch1 increased TGF-β1-induced autophagy, as evidenced by an increase in the number of GFP-LC3 puncta and the increased protein expression of SOSTM1/p62 and LC3II/LC3I. Our findings showed that Ptch1 expression is negatively regulated by miR-342-5p and positively regulated by FoxO3, and downregulation of Ptch1 induced autophagy in TGF-β1-stimulated TCMK-1 cells. These findings will further our understanding of the molecular mechanisms of RF and provide useful novel therapeutic targets for RF.
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64
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Shang J, Wang L, Tan L, Pan R, Wu D, Xia Y, Xu P. MiR-27a-3p overexpression mitigates inflammation and apoptosis of lipopolysaccharides-induced alveolar epithelial cells by targeting FOXO3 and suppressing the activation of NAPDH/ROS. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2020; 533:723-731. [PMID: 32993961 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2020.07.126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Acute respiratory distress syndrome (ARDS) is multiple inflammatory injury lung disease. MiR-27a-3p alleviates lung injury, whether miR-27a-3p could affect the lung inflammation is not clear. Therefore, we established the lipopolysaccharides (LPS)-induced alveolar epithelial cell model to simulate ARDS inflammation in vitro to investigate the effect of miR-27a-3p in ARDS. METHODS After LPS-induced alveolar epithelial cell model was established and FOXO3 was proved to be targeted by miR-27a-3p, the miR-27a-3p mimic, inhibitor, or FOXO3-overexpression plasmids were transfected into the cells. The effects of miR-27a-3p and FOXO3 on cell viability and apoptosis were then evaluated. The levels of apoptosis-/inflammation-related factors, miR-27a-3p, and FOXO3 were further analyzed. Also, the activities of reactive oxygen species (ROS) and nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate (NAPDH) in cells were examined. RESULTS MiR-27a-3p was down-regulated in LPS-induced alveolar epithelial cells. The decreased-cell viability of the LPS-induced cells was increased by miR-27a-3p mimic while inhibited by FOXO3. The enhanced-apoptosis, and up-regulated Bax and C caspase-3 were reduced by miR-27a-3p mimic while inhibited by FOXO3; the down-regulated Bcl-2 of the LPS-induced cells was increased by miR-27a-3p mimic while inhibited by FOXO3. The up-regulated IL-6, IL-8, ROS, and NAPDH in the LPS-induced cells were reduced by miR-27a-3p mimic while inhibited by FOXO3. Besides, FOXO3 reversed the effect of miR-27a-3p mimic on the LPS-induced cells. CONCLUSION MiR-27a-3p targeted FOXO3 to mitigated inflammation and apoptosis of LPS-induced alveolar epithelial cells via suppressing NAPDH/ROS activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Shang
- Department of Anathesiology, People's Hospital of Anji, China
| | - Lei Wang
- Department of Anathesiology,Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, China
| | - Lili Tan
- Department of Anathesiology,Gansu Provincial Maternity and Child Care Hospital, China
| | - Ren Pan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Hospital, China
| | - Dan Wu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Hospital, China
| | - Yanfei Xia
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Hospital, China.
| | - Peng Xu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Zhejiang Hospital, China.
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65
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Zhang C, Shang Y, Chen X, Midgley AC, Wang Z, Zhu D, Wu J, Chen P, Wu L, Wang X, Zhang K, Wang H, Kong D, Yang Z, Li Z, Chen X. Supramolecular Nanofibers Containing Arginine-Glycine-Aspartate (RGD) Peptides Boost Therapeutic Efficacy of Extracellular Vesicles in Kidney Repair. ACS NANO 2020; 14:12133-12147. [PMID: 32790341 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.0c05681] [Citation(s) in RCA: 105] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/16/2023]
Abstract
Extracellular vesicles (EVs) derived from mesenchymal stem cells (MSC-EVs) have been recognized as a promising cell-free therapy for acute kidney injury (AKI), which avoids safety concerns associated with direct cell engraftment. However, low stability and retention of MSC-EVs have limited their therapeutic efficacy. RGD (Arg-Gly-Asp) peptide binds strongly to integrins, which have been identified on the surface of MSC-EV membranes; yet RGD has not been applied to EV scaffolds to enhance and prolong bioavailability. Here, we developed RGD hydrogels, which we hypothesized could augment MSC-EV efficacy in the treatment of AKI models. In vivo tracking of the labeled EVs revealed that RGD hydrogels increased retention and stability of EVs. Integrin gene knockdown experiments confirmed that EV-hydrogel interaction was mediated by RGD-integrin binding. Upon intrarenal injection into mouse AKI models, EV-RGD hydrogels provided superior rescuing effects to renal function, attenuated histopathological damage, decreased tubular injury, and promoted cell proliferation in early phases of AKI. RGD hydrogels also augmented antifibrotic effects of MSC-EVs in chronic stages. Further analysis revealed that the presence of microRNA let-7a-5p in MSC-EVs served as the mechanism contributing to the reduced cell apoptosis and elevated cell autophagy in AKI. In conclusion, RGD hydrogels facilitated MSC-derived let-7a-5p-containing EVs, improving reparative potential against AKI. This study developed an RGD scaffold to increase the EV integrin-mediated loading and in turn improved therapeutic efficacy in renal repair; therefore this strategy shed light on MSC-EV application as a cell-free treatment for potentiated efficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuyue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Yuna Shang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, and National Institute of Functional Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Xiaoniao Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
- Beijing Tongren Eye Center, Beijing Tongren Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100730, China
| | - Adam C Midgley
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, and National Institute of Functional Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhongyan Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, and National Institute of Functional Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Dashuai Zhu
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Jie Wu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Pu Chen
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Lingling Wu
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Kaiyue Zhang
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Hongfeng Wang
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
| | - Deling Kong
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, and National Institute of Functional Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
| | - Zhimou Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology, College of Life Sciences, Key Laboratory of Bioactive Materials, Ministry of Education, Collaborative Innovation Center of Chemical Science and Engineering, and National Institute of Functional Materials, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Jiangsu Center for the Collaboration and Innovation of Cancer Biotherapy, Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, Jiangsu 221004, China
| | - Zongjin Li
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Henan Key Laboratory of Medical Tissue Regeneration, Xinxiang Medical University, 601 Jinsui Road, Xinxiang, Henan 453003, China
| | - Xiangmei Chen
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin 300071, China
- Department of Nephrology, State Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, National Clinical Research Center for Kidney Diseases, Chinese PLA Institute of Nephrology, Beijing Key Laboratory of Kidney Diseases, First Medical Center of Chinese PLA General Hospital, Beijing 100853, China
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66
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Tang C, Livingston MJ, Liu Z, Dong Z. Autophagy in kidney homeostasis and disease. Nat Rev Nephrol 2020; 16:489-508. [PMID: 32704047 PMCID: PMC7868042 DOI: 10.1038/s41581-020-0309-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 252] [Impact Index Per Article: 63.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is a conserved lysosomal pathway for the degradation of cytoplasmic components. Basal autophagy in kidney cells is essential for the maintenance of kidney homeostasis, structure and function. Under stress conditions, autophagy is altered as part of the adaptive response of kidney cells, in a process that is tightly regulated by signalling pathways that can modulate the cellular autophagic flux - mammalian target of rapamycin, AMP-activated protein kinase and sirtuins are key regulators of autophagy. Dysregulated autophagy contributes to the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury, to incomplete kidney repair after acute kidney injury and to chronic kidney disease of varied aetiologies, including diabetic kidney disease, focal segmental glomerulosclerosis and polycystic kidney disease. Autophagy also has a role in kidney ageing. However, questions remain about whether autophagy has a protective or a pathological role in kidney fibrosis, and about the precise mechanisms and signalling pathways underlying the autophagy response in different types of kidney cells and across the spectrum of kidney diseases. Further research is needed to gain insights into the regulation of autophagy in the kidneys and to enable the discovery of pathway-specific and kidney-selective therapies for kidney diseases and anti-ageing strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengyuan Tang
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Man J Livingston
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA
| | - Zhiwen Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zheng Dong
- Department of Nephrology, Hunan Key Laboratory of Kidney Disease and Blood Purification, Second Xiangya Hospital at Central South University, Changsha, China.
- Department of Cellular Biology and Anatomy, Medical College of Georgia at Augusta University, Augusta, GA, USA.
- Charlie Norwood VA Medical Center, Augusta, GA, USA.
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67
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Brandt S, Ballhause TM, Bernhardt A, Becker A, Salaru D, Le-Deffge HM, Fehr A, Fu Y, Philipsen L, Djudjaj S, Müller AJ, Kramann R, Ibrahim M, Geffers R, Siebel C, Isermann B, Heidel FH, Lindquist JA, Mertens PR. Fibrosis and Immune Cell Infiltration Are Separate Events Regulated by Cell-Specific Receptor Notch3 Expression. J Am Soc Nephrol 2020; 31:2589-2608. [PMID: 32859670 DOI: 10.1681/asn.2019121289] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 07/12/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Kidney injuries that result in chronic inflammation initiate crosstalk between stressed resident cells and infiltrating immune cells. In animal models, whole-body receptor Notch3 deficiency protects from leukocyte infiltration and organ fibrosis. However, the relative contribution of Notch3 expression in tissue versus infiltrating immune cells is unknown. METHODS Chimeric mice deficient for Notch3 in hematopoietic cells and/or resident tissue cells were generated, and kidney fibrosis and inflammation after unilateral ureteral obstruction (UUO) were analyzed. Adoptive transfer of labeled bone marrow-derived cells validated the results in a murine Leishmania ear infection model. In vitro adhesion assays, integrin activation, and extracellular matrix production were analyzed. RESULTS Fibrosis follows UUO, but inflammatory cell infiltration mostly depends upon Notch3 expression in hematopoietic cells, which coincides with an enhanced proinflammatory milieu (e.g., CCL2 and CCL5 upregulation). Notch3 expression on CD45+ leukocytes plays a prominent role in efficient cell transmigration. Functionally, leukocyte adhesion and integrin activation are abrogated in the absence of receptor Notch3. Chimeric animal models also reveal that tubulointerstitial fibrosis develops, even in the absence of prominent leukocyte infiltrates after ureteral obstruction. Deleting Notch3 receptors on resident cells blunts kidney fibrosis, ablates NF-κB signaling, and lessens matrix deposition. CONCLUSIONS Cell-specific receptor Notch3 signaling independently orchestrates leukocyte infiltration and organ fibrosis. Interference with Notch3 signaling may present a novel therapeutic approach in inflammatory as well as fibrotic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabine Brandt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Tobias M Ballhause
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Anja Bernhardt
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Annika Becker
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Delia Salaru
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Hien Minh Le-Deffge
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Alexander Fehr
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Yan Fu
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Lars Philipsen
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Sonja Djudjaj
- Institute of Pathology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Andreas J Müller
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Molecular and Clinical Immunology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Intravital Microscopy of Infection and Immunity Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Rafael Kramann
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine, Nephrology and Transplantation, Erasmus Medical Center, Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Mahmoud Ibrahim
- Department of Nephrology and Clinical Immunology, Rheinisch-Westfälische Technische Hochschule Aachen University, Aachen, Germany
| | - Robert Geffers
- Genome Analytics Research Group, Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research, Braunschweig, Germany
| | - Chris Siebel
- Department of Discovery Oncology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, California
| | - Berend Isermann
- Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Pathobiochemistry, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Florian H Heidel
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Department of Internal Medicine II, Hematology and Oncology, Friedrich Schiller University Medical Center, Jena, Germany.,Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, Jena, Germany
| | - Jonathan A Lindquist
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany.,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Peter R Mertens
- Clinic of Nephrology and Hypertension, Diabetes and Endocrinology, Otto-von-Guericke University Magdeburg, Magdeburg, Germany .,Health Campus Immunology, Infectiology and Inflammation (GCI3), Otto-von-Guericke University, Magdeburg, Germany
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68
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Chen X, Liu W, Xiao J, Zhang Y, Chen Y, Luo C, Huang Q, Peng F, Gong W, Li S, He X, Zhuang Y, Wu N, Liu Y, Wang Y, Long H. FOXO3a accumulation and activation accelerate oxidative stress-induced podocyte injury. FASEB J 2020; 34:13300-13316. [PMID: 32786113 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202000783r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/02/2020] [Revised: 07/08/2020] [Accepted: 07/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Podocyte injury is the primary cause of glomerular injury in diabetic nephropathy (DN). Advanced oxidation protein products (AOPPs), the triggers and markers of oxidative stress in DN, have been linked to podocyte damage. However, the underlying mechanism is not yet clear. Here, we investigated the potential role of FOXO3a, a key transcription factor in the response to stress, in mediating AOPPs-induced podocyte injury. We found that FOXO3a expression was increased in the glomeruli of kidney biopsies from patients with DN and it was positively correlated with proteinuria. The serum from patients with DN significantly increased FOXO3a and its downstream genes FasL and Bim, thereby inducing the high level of cleaved caspase3 and the loss of nephrin and podocin expressions in podocytes. Blockade of AOPPs signaling by a neutralizing antibody against the receptor of advanced glycation end products (αRAGE) abolished the effect of DN serum on podocytes, confirming the pathogenic role of AOPPs in DN serum. Downregulation of FOXO3a decreased AOPPs-induced podocyte apoptosis and restored the levels of podocyte markers nephrin and podocin, and upregulation of FOXO3a exacerbated these changes in podocytes after AOPPs treatment. Furthermore, FOXO3a specifically activated proapoptotic genes in podocytes only in the presence of AOPPs. Mechanistically, AOPPs increased the FOXO3a protein levels by inhibiting their autophagic degradation in a ROS/mTOR-dependent manner. Moreover AOPPs activated the accumulated FOXO3a by maintaining FOXO3a in the nucleus, and this process was dependent on ROS-mediated AKT signaling deactivation. These studies suggest that FOXO3a plays a critical role in mediating AOPPs-induced podocyte injury and reveal a new mechanistic linkage of oxidative stress, FOXO3a activation and podocyte injury in DN.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowen Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wenting Liu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jing Xiao
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Nephrology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yihua Chen
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Congwei Luo
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Qianyin Huang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Fenfen Peng
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Wangqiu Gong
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuting Li
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xiaoyang He
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yiyi Zhuang
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Na Wu
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yanxia Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuxian Wang
- Department of Gerontology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Haibo Long
- Department of Nephrology, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, China
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69
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Emerging Roles of Long Non-Coding RNAs in Renal Fibrosis. Life (Basel) 2020; 10:life10080131. [PMID: 32752143 PMCID: PMC7460436 DOI: 10.3390/life10080131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/01/2020] [Revised: 07/26/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Renal fibrosis is an unavoidable consequence that occurs in nearly all of the nephropathies. It is characterized by a superabundant deposition and accumulation of extracellular matrix (ECM). All compartments in the kidney can be affected, including interstitium, glomeruli, vasculature, and other connective tissue, during the pathogenesis of renal fibrosis. The development of this process eventually causes destruction of renal parenchyma and end-stage renal failure, which is a devastating disease that requires renal replacement therapies. Recently, long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) have been emerging as key regulators governing gene expression and affecting various biological processes. These versatile roles include transcriptional regulation, organization of nuclear domains, and the regulation of RNA molecules or proteins. Current evidence proposes the involvement of lncRNAs in the pathologic process of kidney fibrosis. In this review, the biological relevance of lncRNAs in renal fibrosis will be clarified as important novel regulators and potential therapeutic targets. The biology, and subsequently the current understanding, of lncRNAs in renal fibrosis are demonstrated—highlighting the involvement of lncRNAs in kidney cell function, phenotype transition, and vascular damage and rarefaction. Finally, we discuss challenges and future prospects of lncRNAs in diagnostic markers and potential therapeutic targets, hoping to further inspire the management of renal fibrosis.
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70
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Ullah MM, Basile DP. Role of Renal Hypoxia in the Progression From Acute Kidney Injury to Chronic Kidney Disease. Semin Nephrol 2020; 39:567-580. [PMID: 31836039 DOI: 10.1016/j.semnephrol.2019.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Over the past 20 years, there has been an increased appreciation of the long-term sequelae of acute kidney injury (AKI) and the potential development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). Several pathophysiologic features have been proposed to mediate AKI to CKD progression including maladaptive alterations in tubular, interstitial, inflammatory, and vascular cells. These alterations likely interact to culminate in the progression to CKD. In this article we focus primarily on evidence of vascular rarefaction secondary to AKI, and the potential mechanisms by which rarefaction occurs in relation to other alterations in tubular and interstitial compartments. We further focus on the potential that rarefaction contributes to renal hypoxia. Consideration of the role of hypoxia in AKI to CKD transition focuses on experimental evidence of persistent renal hypoxia after AKI and experimental maneuvers to evaluate the influence of hypoxia, per se, in progressive disease. Finally, consideration of methods to evaluate hypoxia in patients is provided with the suggestion that noninvasive measurement of renal hypoxia may provide insight into progression in post-AKI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Md Mahbub Ullah
- Department of Anatomy, Cell Biology and Physiology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN
| | - David P Basile
- Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology, Indiana University, Indianapolis, IN.
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71
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Piret SE, Mallipattu SK. Proximal Tubular Transcription Factors in Acute Kidney Injury: Recent Advances. Nephron Clin Pract 2020; 144:613-615. [PMID: 32645697 DOI: 10.1159/000508856] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/30/2020] [Accepted: 05/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The proximal tubule (PT) is a major target in acute kidney injury (AKI), leading to profound changes in PT cell biology. Amongst the genes with early and robust changes in expression are many transcription factors (TFs), which themselves account for other transcriptomic changes. Potentially important TFs are being revealed in large sequencing datasets; however, to understand whether these TFs account for adaptive or maladaptive changes requires further mechanistic studies, which may reveal novel therapeutic targets. This mini review will highlight the identification and biology of 3 novel TFs in AKI: Sox9, Foxm1, and Foxo3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sian E Piret
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA,
| | - Sandeep K Mallipattu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Medicine, Stony Brook University, Stony Brook, New York, USA.,Renal Section, Northport VA Medical Center, Northport, New York, USA
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72
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW FOXOs are transcription factors that regulate downstream target genes to counteract to cell stress. Here we review the function and regulation of FOXO transcription factors, the mechanism of FOXO3 activation in the kidney, and the role of FOXO3 in delaying the development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). RECENT FINDINGS Progressive renal hypoxia from vascular dropout and metabolic perturbation is a pathogenic factor for the initiation and development of CKD. Hypoxia and low levels of α-ketoglutarate generated from the TCA cycle inhibit prolyl hydroxylase domain (PHD)-mediated prolyl hydroxylation of FoxO3, thus reducing FoxO3 protein degradation via the ubiquitin proteasomal pathway, similar to HIF stabilization under hypoxic conditions. FoxO3 accumulation and nuclear translocation activate two key cellular defense mechanisms, autophagy and antioxidative response in renal tubular cells, to reduce cell injury and promote cell survival. FoxO3 directly activates the expression of Atg proteins, which replenishes core components of the autophagic machinery to allow sustained autophagy in the chronically hypoxic kidney. FoxO3 protects mitochondria by stimulating the expression of superoxide dismutase 2 (SOD2), as tubular deletion of FoxO3 in mice results in reduced SOD2 levels and profound mitochondrial damage. SUMMARY Knowledge gained from animal studies may help understand the function of stress responsive transcription factors that could be targeted to prevent or treat CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fangming Lin
- Division of Pediatric Nephrology, Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, New York, New York, USA
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73
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Nlandu-Khodo S, Osaki Y, Scarfe L, Yang H, Phillips-Mignemi M, Tonello J, Saito-Diaz K, Neelisetty S, Ivanova A, Huffstater T, McMahon R, Taketo MM, deCaestecker M, Kasinath B, Harris RC, Lee E, Gewin LS. Tubular β-catenin and FoxO3 interactions protect in chronic kidney disease. JCI Insight 2020; 5:135454. [PMID: 32369448 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.135454] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The Wnt/β-catenin signaling pathway plays an important role in renal development and is reexpressed in the injured kidney and other organs. β-Catenin signaling is protective in acute kidney injury (AKI) through actions on the proximal tubule, but the current dogma is that Wnt/β-catenin signaling promotes fibrosis and development of chronic kidney disease (CKD). As the role of proximal tubular β-catenin signaling in CKD remains unclear, we genetically stabilized (i.e., activated) β-catenin specifically in murine proximal tubules. Mice with increased tubular β-catenin signaling were protected in 2 murine models of AKI to CKD progression. Oxidative stress, a common feature of CKD, reduced the conventional T cell factor/lymphoid enhancer factor-dependent β-catenin signaling and augmented FoxO3-dependent activity in proximal tubule cells in vitro and in vivo. The protective effect of proximal tubular β-catenin in renal injury required the presence of FoxO3 in vivo. Furthermore, we identified cystathionine γ-lyase as a potentially novel transcriptional target of β-catenin/FoxO3 interactions in the proximal tubule. Thus, our studies overturned the conventional dogma about β-catenin signaling and CKD by showing a protective effect of proximal tubule β-catenin in CKD and identified a potentially new transcriptional target of β-catenin/FoxO3 signaling that has therapeutic potential for CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stellor Nlandu-Khodo
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Institute of Physiology, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yosuke Osaki
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Lauren Scarfe
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Haichun Yang
- Department of Pathology, Microbiology and Immunology, VUMC, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Melanie Phillips-Mignemi
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Jane Tonello
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | | | - Surekha Neelisetty
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Alla Ivanova
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Tessa Huffstater
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Robert McMahon
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - M Mark Taketo
- Division of Experimental Therapeutics, Graduate School of Medicine, Kyoto University, Kyoto, Japan
| | - Mark deCaestecker
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Balakuntalam Kasinath
- Department of Medicine, Long School of Medicine, University of Texas Health San Antonio, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Raymond C Harris
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
| | - Ethan Lee
- Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and
| | - Leslie S Gewin
- Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University Medical Center (VUMC), Nashville, Tennessee, USA.,Department of Cell and Developmental Biology and.,Department of Medicine, Veterans Affairs Hospital, Tennessee Valley Healthcare System, Nashville, Tennessee, USA
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74
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Lactoferrin Contributes a Renoprotective Effect in Acute Kidney Injury and Early Renal Fibrosis. Pharmaceutics 2020; 12:pharmaceutics12050434. [PMID: 32397266 PMCID: PMC7284869 DOI: 10.3390/pharmaceutics12050434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2020] [Revised: 05/01/2020] [Accepted: 05/04/2020] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Patients with acute kidney injury (AKI) who survive the acute stage are at notable risk for chronic kidney disease (CKD) progression. There is no single therapy that can effectively prevent the AKI to CKD transition. Autophagy is a cytoplasmic component degradation pathway and has complex functions in several diseases, such as renal fibrosis. Previous research has shown that lactoferrin has important functions in antioxidant defense and other defense systems, protecting kidneys against various injuries. The present study investigated the effect of lactoferrin in protecting against the AKI to CKD transition. We identified 62 consensus genes with two-fold changes in clinical kidney tissues from AKI and CKD patients. Among the 62 overlay genes, the mRNA levels of LTF were significantly upregulated in the kidney tissues of AKI and CKD patients. Lactoferrin induced autophagy via the activation of the AMPK and inhibition of Akt/mTOR pathway in human kidney proximal tubular cells. Lactoferrin suppressed oxidative stress-induced cell death and apoptosis by augmenting autophagy. Lactoferrin has an antifibrotic role in human kidney tubular cells. In a mouse model of folic acid-induced AKI to CKD transition, treatment with lactoferrin recovered renal function and further suppressed renal fibrosis through the inhibition of apoptosis and the induction of autophagy. These findings identify lactoferrin as a potential therapeutic target for the prevention of the AKI to CKD transition.
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75
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Protecting the kidney in systemic lupus erythematosus: from diagnosis to therapy. Nat Rev Rheumatol 2020; 16:255-267. [PMID: 32203285 DOI: 10.1038/s41584-020-0401-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Lupus nephritis (LN) is a common manifestation of systemic lupus erythematosus that can lead to irreversible renal impairment. Although the prognosis of LN has improved substantially over the past 50 years, outcomes have plateaued in the USA in the past 20 years as immunosuppressive therapies have failed to reverse disease in more than half of treated patients. This failure might reflect disease complexity and heterogeneity, as well as social and economic barriers to health-care access that can delay intervention until after damage has already occurred. LN progression is still poorly understood and involves multiple cell types and both immune and non-immune mechanisms. Single-cell analysis of intrinsic renal cells and infiltrating cells from patients with LN is a new approach that will help to define the pathways of renal injury at a cellular level. Although many new immune-modulating therapies are being tested in the clinic, the development of therapies to improve regeneration of the injured kidney and to prevent fibrosis requires a better understanding of the mechanisms of LN progression. This mechanistic understanding, together with the development of clinical measures to evaluate risk and detect early disease and better access to expert health-care providers, should improve outcomes for patients with LN.
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76
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Chen Y, Wen P, Yang J, Niu J. Plasma Metabolomics Profiling in Maintenance Hemodialysis Patients Based on Liquid Chromatography Quadrupole Time-of-Flight Mass Spectrometry. KIDNEY DISEASES 2020; 6:125-134. [PMID: 32309295 DOI: 10.1159/000505156] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2019] [Accepted: 12/01/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Background Key pathogenetic mechanisms underlying renal disease progression are unaffected by current treatment. Metabolite profiling has significantly contributed to a deeper understanding of the biochemical metabolic networks and pathways in disease, but the biochemical details in maintenance hemodialysis (MHD) patients remain largely undefined. Methods The metabolic fingerprinting of plasma samples from 19 MHD patients and 12 healthy controls was characterized using liquid chromatography quadrupole time-of-flight mass spectrometry. Principal component analysis (PCA) and orthogonal partial least squares-discriminant analysis (OPLS-DA) were applied to analyze the metabolic data. Results The plasma metabolite profile distinguished the MHD patients from the healthy controls successfully by using both PCA and OPLS-DA models. Sixty-three metabolites were identified as the key metabolites to discriminate the MHD patients from healthy controls, involving several metabolic pathways (all p < 0.05). An increase in plasma levels of D-glucose, hippuric acid, androsterone glucuronide, indolelactic acid, and a reduction in plasma levels of glycerophosphocholine, serotonin, L-lactic acid, phytosphingosine, and several lysophosphatidylcholine were observed in MHD patients compared to healthy subjects. Metabolomics analysis combined with KEGG pathway enrichment analysis revealed that non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, choline metabolism in cancer, the forkhead box O signaling pathway, and the hypoxia-inducible factor-1 signaling pathway in MHD patients were significantly changed (p < 0.05). Conclusion The identification of a novel signaling pathway and key metabolite markers in MHD patients provides insights into potential pathogenesis and valuable pharmacological targets for end-stage renal disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yu Chen
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China.,Division of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ping Wen
- Division of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Junwei Yang
- Division of Nephrology, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jianying Niu
- Division of Nephrology, Shanghai Fifth People's Hospital, Fudan University, Shanghai, China
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77
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Pretreatment with Roxadustat (FG-4592) Attenuates Folic Acid-Induced Kidney Injury through Antiferroptosis via Akt/GSK-3 β/Nrf2 Pathway. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2020; 2020:6286984. [PMID: 32051732 PMCID: PMC6995323 DOI: 10.1155/2020/6286984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 12/12/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Folic acid- (FA-) induced kidney injury is characterized by the tubule damage due to the disturbance of the antioxidant system and subsequent interstitial fibrosis. FG-4592 is an inhibitor of prolyl hydroxylase of hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF), an antioxidant factor. The present study investigated the protective role of FG-4592 pretreatment at the early stage of the kidney injury and long-term impact on the progression of renal fibrosis. FG-4592 was administrated two days before FA injection in mice. On the second day after FA injection, the mice with FG-4592 pretreatment showed an improved renal function, compared with those without FG-4592 pretreatment, indicated by biochemical and histological parameters; meanwhile, the cellular content of iron, malondialdehyde, and 4-hydroxynonenal histologically decreased, implying the suppression of iron accumulation and lipid peroxidation. Simultaneously, upregulation of HIF-1α was found, along with Nrf2 activation, which was reflected by increased nuclear translocation and high-expression of downstream proteins, including heme-oxygenase1, glutathione peroxidase4, and cystine/glutamate transporter, as well as ferroportin. Correspondingly, the elevated levels of antioxidative enzymes and glutathione, as well as reduced iron accumulation, were observed, suggesting a lower risk of occurrence of ferroptosis with FG-4592 pretreatment. This was confirmed by reversed pathological parameters and improved renal function in FA-treated mice with the administration of ferrostatin-1, a specific ferroptosis inhibitor. Furthermore, a signal pathway study indicated that Nrf2 activation was associated with increased phosphorylation of Akt and GSK-3β, verified by the use of an inhibitor of the PI3K that phosphorylates Akt. Moreover, FG-4592 pretreatment also decreased macrophage infiltration and expression of inflammatory factors TNF-α and IL-1β. On the 14th day after FA injection, FG-4592 pretreatment decreased collagen deposition and expression of fibrosis biomarkers. These findings suggest that the protective role of FG-4592 pretreatment is achieved mainly by decreasing ferroptosis at the early stage of FA-induced kidney injury via Akt/GSK-3β-mediated Nrf2 activation, which retards the fibrosis progression.
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78
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Ke Q, Yuan Q, Qin N, Shi C, Luo J, Fang Y, Xu L, Sun Q, Zen K, Jiang L, Zhou Y, Yang J. UCP2-induced hypoxia promotes lipid accumulation and tubulointerstitial fibrosis during ischemic kidney injury. Cell Death Dis 2020; 11:26. [PMID: 31932578 PMCID: PMC6957698 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-019-2219-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/17/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunction leads to loss of renal function and structure; however, the precise mechanisms by which mitochondrial function can regulate renal fibrosis remain unclear. Proximal tubular cells (PTCs) prefer fatty acid oxidation as their energy source and dysregulation of lipid metabolism has been linked to tubulointerstitial fibrosis (TIF). Here, we demonstrated that mitochondrial uncoupling protein 2 (UCP2) regulates TIF through the stimulation of lipid deposition and extracellular matrix (ECM) accumulation. We show that UCP2 expression was increased in human biopsy sample and mouse kidney tissues with TIF. Moreover, UCP2-deficient mice displayed mitigated renal fibrosis in I/R-induced mouse model of TIF. Consistent with these results, UCP2 deficiency displayed reduced lipid deposition and ECM accumulation in vivo and in vitro. In UCP2-deficient PTCs, inhibition of TIF resulted from downregulation of hypoxia-inducible factor-1α (HIF-1α), a key regulator of lipid metabolism and ECM accumulation. Furthermore, we describe a molecular mechanism by which UCP2 regulates HIF-1α stabilization through regulation of mitochondrial respiration and tissue hypoxia during TIF. HIF-1α inhibition by siRNA suppressed lipid and ECM accumulation by restoration of PPARα and CPT1α, as well as suppression of fibronectin and collagen I expression in PTCs. In conclusion, our results suggest that UCP2 regulates TIF by inducing the HIF-1α stabilization pathway in tubular cells. These results identify UCP2 as a potential therapeutic target in treating chronic renal fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingqing Ke
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Yuan
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Nan Qin
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Caifeng Shi
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Jing Luo
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Yi Fang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Lingling Xu
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Qi Sun
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China
| | - Ke Zen
- State Key Laboratory of Pharmaceutical Biotechnology, Nanjing University Advanced Institute of Life Sciences, Nanjing, China
| | - Lei Jiang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Yang Zhou
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
| | - Junwei Yang
- Center for Kidney Disease, Second Affiliated Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, China.
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79
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Kaushal GP, Chandrashekar K, Juncos LA, Shah SV. Autophagy Function and Regulation in Kidney Disease. Biomolecules 2020; 10:E100. [PMID: 31936109 PMCID: PMC7022273 DOI: 10.3390/biom10010100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/27/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 12/19/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a dynamic process by which intracellular damaged macromolecules and organelles are degraded and recycled for the synthesis of new cellular components. Basal autophagy in the kidney acts as a quality control system and is vital for cellular metabolic and organelle homeostasis. Under pathological conditions, autophagy facilitates cellular adaptation; however, activation of autophagy in response to renal injury may be insufficient to provide protection, especially under dysregulated conditions. Kidney-specific deletion of Atg genes in mice has consistently demonstrated worsened acute kidney injury (AKI) outcomes supporting the notion of a pro-survival role of autophagy. Recent studies have also begun to unfold the role of autophagy in progressive renal disease and subsequent fibrosis. Autophagy also influences tubular cell death in renal injury. In this review, we reported the current understanding of autophagy regulation and its role in the pathogenesis of renal injury. In particular, the classic mammalian target of rapamycin (mTOR)-dependent signaling pathway and other mTOR-independent alternative signaling pathways of autophagy regulation were described. Finally, we summarized the impact of autophagy activation on different forms of cell death, including apoptosis and regulated necrosis, associated with the pathophysiology of renal injury. Understanding the regulatory mechanisms of autophagy would identify important targets for therapeutic approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gur P. Kaushal
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Kiran Chandrashekar
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Luis A. Juncos
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
| | - Sudhir V. Shah
- Renal Section, Central Arkansas Veterans Healthcare System Little Rock, Arkansas and Division of Nephrology, 4300 W 7th St, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA; (L.A.J.); (S.V.S.)
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Arkansas for Medical Sciences, 4301 W. Markham, Little Rock, AR 72205, USA;
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80
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Abstract
Autophagy is a cellular homeostatic program for the turnover of cellular organelles and proteins, in which double-membraned vesicles (autophagosomes) sequester cytoplasmic cargos, which are subsequently delivered to the lysosome for degradation. Emerging evidence implicates autophagy as an important modulator of human disease. Macroautophagy and selective autophagy (e.g., mitophagy, aggrephagy) can influence cellular processes, including cell death, inflammation, and immune responses, and thereby exert both adaptive and maladaptive roles in disease pathogenesis. Autophagy has been implicated in acute kidney injury, which can arise in response to nephrotoxins, sepsis, and ischemia/reperfusion, and in chronic kidney diseases. The latter includes comorbidities of diabetes and recent evidence for chronic obstructive pulmonary disease-associated kidney injury. Roles of autophagy in polycystic kidney disease and kidney cancer have also been described. Targeting the autophagy pathway may have therapeutic benefit in the treatment of kidney disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mary E Choi
- Joan and Sanford I. Weill Department of Medicine, Division of Nephrology and Hypertension, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY 10065, USA; .,NewYork-Presbyterian Hospital/Weill Cornell Medical Center, New York, NY 10065, USA
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81
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García-Ortuño LE, Barrera-Chimal J, Pérez-Villalva R, Ortega-Trejo JA, Luna-Bolaños E, Lima-Posada I, Sánchez-Navarro A, Reyes-Castro L, Gamba G, Zambrano E, Bobadilla NA. Resilience to acute kidney injury in offspring of maternal protein restriction. Am J Physiol Renal Physiol 2019; 317:F1637-F1648. [PMID: 31608674 DOI: 10.1152/ajprenal.00356.2019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Protein restriction (PR) during pregnancy induces morphofunctional alterations related to deficient nephrogenesis. We studied the renal functional and morphological significance of PR during pregnancy and/or lactation in adult male rat offspring and the repercussions on acute kidney injury (AKI) severity. Female rats were randomly assigned to the following groups: control diet during pregnancy and lactation (CC), control diet during pregnancy and PR diet during lactation (CR), PR during pregnancy and control diet during lactation (RC), and PR during pregnancy and lactation (RR). Three months after birth, at least 12 male offspring of each group randomly underwent either bilateral renal ischemia for 45 min [ischemia-reperfusion (IR)] or sham surgery. Thus, eight groups were studied 24 h after reperfusion: CC, CC + IR, CR, CR + IR, RC, RC + IR, RR, and RR + IR. Under basal conditions, the CR, RC, and RR groups exhibited a significant reduction in nephron number that was associated with a reduction in renal blood flow. Glomerular hyperfiltration was present as a compensatory mechanism to maintain normal renal function. mRNA levels of several vasoactive, antioxidant, and anti-inflammatory molecules were decreased. After IR, renal function was similarly reduced in all of the studied groups. Although all of the offspring from maternal PR exhibited renal injury, the magnitude was lower in the RC and RR groups, which were associated with faster renal blood flow recovery, differential vasoactive factors, and hypoxia-inducible factor-1α signaling. Our results show that the offspring from maternal PR are resilient to AKI induced by IR that was associated with reduced tubular injury and a differential hemodynamic response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Enrique García-Ortuño
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Pathology, Facultad de Medicina Veterinaria y Zootecnia, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Jonatan Barrera-Chimal
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Translational Medicine Unit, Instituto Nacional de Cardiología Ignacio Chávez, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Rosalba Pérez-Villalva
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Juan Antonio Ortega-Trejo
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Emma Luna-Bolaños
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Ixchel Lima-Posada
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Andrea Sánchez-Navarro
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Luis Reyes-Castro
- Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Gerardo Gamba
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico.,Tecnológico de Monterrey, Escuela de Medicina y Ciencias de la Salud, Monterrey, New Lion, Mexico
| | - Elena Zambrano
- Reproductive Biology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Norma A Bobadilla
- Molecular Physiology Unit, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México, Mexico City, Mexico.,Department of Nephrology, Instituto Nacional de Ciencias Médicas y Nutrición Salvador Zubirán, Mexico City, Mexico
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82
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Molecular Interactions Between Reactive Oxygen Species and Autophagy in Kidney Disease. Int J Mol Sci 2019; 20:ijms20153791. [PMID: 31382550 PMCID: PMC6696055 DOI: 10.3390/ijms20153791] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2019] [Revised: 07/30/2019] [Accepted: 07/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Reactive oxygen species (ROS) are highly reactive signaling molecules that maintain redox homeostasis in mammalian cells. Dysregulation of redox homeostasis under pathological conditions results in excessive generation of ROS, culminating in oxidative stress and the associated oxidative damage of cellular components. ROS and oxidative stress play a vital role in the pathogenesis of acute kidney injury and chronic kidney disease, and it is well documented that increased oxidative stress in patients enhances the progression of renal diseases. Oxidative stress activates autophagy, which facilitates cellular adaptation and diminishes oxidative damage by degrading and recycling intracellular oxidized and damaged macromolecules and dysfunctional organelles. In this review, we report the current understanding of the molecular regulation of autophagy in response to oxidative stress in general and in the pathogenesis of kidney diseases. We summarize how the molecular interactions between ROS and autophagy involve ROS-mediated activation of autophagy and autophagy-mediated reduction of oxidative stress. In particular, we describe how ROS impact various signaling pathways of autophagy, including mTORC1-ULK1, AMPK-mTORC1-ULK1, and Keap1-Nrf2-p62, as well as selective autophagy including mitophagy and pexophagy. Precise elucidation of the molecular mechanisms of interactions between ROS and autophagy in the pathogenesis of renal diseases may identify novel targets for development of drugs for preventing renal injury.
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83
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Abstract
Acute kidney injury (AKI) is one of the most important risk factors for chronic and progressive kidney disease, leading to end-stage kidney failure. Tubule epithelial regeneration leads to the resolution of renal failure in AKI. Failure of tubule epithelial regeneration leads to concomitant hypoxia from loss of microcirculation, which serves as a critical factor leading to chronic kidney disease. In this issue of the JCI, Li et al. show that hypoxia activates the stress-responsive transcription factor FoxO3. Increased FoxO3 protein abundance leads to alterations in tubular epithelial autophagy and metabolism, highlighting an important mechanism causing permanent renal damage even after an acute injury.
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Strowitzki MJ, Cummins EP, Taylor CT. Protein Hydroxylation by Hypoxia-Inducible Factor (HIF) Hydroxylases: Unique or Ubiquitous? Cells 2019; 8:cells8050384. [PMID: 31035491 PMCID: PMC6562979 DOI: 10.3390/cells8050384] [Citation(s) in RCA: 131] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Revised: 04/24/2019] [Accepted: 04/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
All metazoans that utilize molecular oxygen (O2) for metabolic purposes have the capacity to adapt to hypoxia, the condition that arises when O2 demand exceeds supply. This is mediated through activation of the hypoxia-inducible factor (HIF) pathway. At physiological oxygen levels (normoxia), HIF-prolyl hydroxylases (PHDs) hydroxylate proline residues on HIF-α subunits leading to their destabilization by promoting ubiquitination by the von-Hippel Lindau (VHL) ubiquitin ligase and subsequent proteasomal degradation. HIF-α transactivation is also repressed in an O2-dependent way due to asparaginyl hydroxylation by the factor-inhibiting HIF (FIH). In hypoxia, the O2-dependent hydroxylation of HIF-α subunits by PHDs and FIH is reduced, resulting in HIF-α accumulation, dimerization with HIF-β and migration into the nucleus to induce an adaptive transcriptional response. Although HIFs are the canonical substrates for PHD- and FIH-mediated protein hydroxylation, increasing evidence indicates that these hydroxylases may also have alternative targets. In addition to PHD-conferred alterations in protein stability, there is now evidence that hydroxylation can affect protein activity and protein/protein interactions for alternative substrates. PHDs can be pharmacologically inhibited by a new class of drugs termed prolyl hydroxylase inhibitors which have recently been approved for the treatment of anemia associated with chronic kidney disease. The identification of alternative targets of HIF hydroxylases is important in order to fully elucidate the pharmacology of hydroxylase inhibitors (PHI). Despite significant technical advances, screening, detection and verification of alternative functional targets for PHDs and FIH remain challenging. In this review, we discuss recently proposed non-HIF targets for PHDs and FIH and provide an overview of the techniques used to identify these.
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Affiliation(s)
- Moritz J Strowitzki
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Eoin P Cummins
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
| | - Cormac T Taylor
- UCD Conway Institute, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- School of Medicine, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
- Systems Biology Ireland, University College Dublin, Belfield, Dublin 4, Ireland.
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