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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Th17 lymphocytes are now widely believed to be critical for the regulation of various chronic immune diseases, including asthma and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. In this review, we discuss the current understanding of the role of Th17 cells in the pathogenesis of different asthma phenotypes and chronic obstructive pulmonary disease. RECENT FINDINGS It has been recently reported that Th17 cells and also a new population of Th17/Th2 cells accumulate in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid of asthmatic patients, and positively correlated with airway obstruction and steroid resistance. These patients often have steroid resistant severe asthma and a predominant bronchial neutrophilic inflammation. SUMMARY Steroid resistant severe asthma with predominant bronchial neutrophilic inflammation could benefit from IL-17 targeted therapies. In this view, the definition of clinical phenotypes and inflammatory endotypes of asthma in each patient will be necessary for personalizing the therapeutic approach.
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Abstract
Dendritic cells (DCs) lie at the heart of the innate immune system, specialised at recognising danger signals in many forms including foreign material, infection or tissue damage and initiating powerful adaptive immune and inflammatory responses. In barrier sites such as the lung, the instrumental role that DCs play at the interface between the environment and the host places them in a pivotal position in determining the severity of inflammatory disease. The past few years has seen a significant increase in our fundamental understanding of the subsets of DCs involved in pulmonary immunity, as well as the mechanisms by which they are activated and which they may use to coordinate downstream inflammation and pathology. In this review, we will summarise current understanding of the multi-faceted role that DCs play in the induction, maintenance and regulation of lung immunopathology, with an emphasis on allergic pulmonary disease.
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53
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Chang KT, Lin HYH, Kuo CH, Hung CH. Tacrolimus suppresses atopic dermatitis-associated cytokines and chemokines in monocytes. JOURNAL OF MICROBIOLOGY, IMMUNOLOGY, AND INFECTION = WEI MIAN YU GAN RAN ZA ZHI 2016; 49:409-16. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jmii.2014.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2014] [Revised: 06/14/2014] [Accepted: 07/24/2014] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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Barington L, Rummel PC, Lückmann M, Pihl H, Larsen O, Daugvilaite V, Johnsen AH, Frimurer TM, Karlshøj S, Rosenkilde MM. Role of Conserved Disulfide Bridges and Aromatic Residues in Extracellular Loop 2 of Chemokine Receptor CCR8 for Chemokine and Small Molecule Binding. J Biol Chem 2016; 291:16208-20. [PMID: 27226537 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m115.706747] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors play important roles in the immune system and are linked to several human diseases. The initial contact of chemokines with their receptors depends on highly specified extracellular receptor features. Here we investigate the importance of conserved extracellular disulfide bridges and aromatic residues in extracellular loop 2 (ECL-2) for ligand binding and activation in the chemokine receptor CCR8. We used inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate accumulation and radioligand binding experiments to determine the impact of receptor mutagenesis on both chemokine and small molecule agonist and antagonist binding and action in CCR8. We find that the seven-transmembrane (TM) receptor conserved disulfide bridge (7TM bridge) linking transmembrane helix III (TMIII) and ECL-2 is crucial for chemokine and small molecule action, whereas the chemokine receptor conserved disulfide bridge between the N terminus and TMVII is needed only for chemokines. Furthermore, we find that two distinct aromatic residues in ECL-2, Tyr(184) (Cys + 1) and Tyr(187) (Cys + 4), are crucial for binding of the CC chemokines CCL1 (agonist) and MC148 (antagonist), respectively, but not for small molecule binding. Finally, using in silico modeling, we predict an aromatic cluster of interaction partners for Tyr(187) in TMIV (Phe(171)) and TMV (Trp(194)). We show in vitro that these residues are crucial for the binding and action of MC148, thus supporting their participation in an aromatic cluster with Tyr(187) This aromatic cluster appears to be present in a large number of CC chemokine receptors and thereby could play a more general role to be exploited in future drug development targeting these receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Pia C Rummel
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
| | - Michael Lückmann
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and
| | - Heidi Pihl
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
| | - Olav Larsen
- From the Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology
| | | | - Anders H Johnsen
- the Department of Clinical Biochemistry, Rigshospitalet, DK-2100 Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Thomas M Frimurer
- the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Basic Metabolic Research, and the Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Protein Research, University of Copenhagen, DK-2200 Copenhagen, Denmark and
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Chen YL, Chiang BL. Targeting TSLP With shRNA Alleviates Airway Inflammation and Decreases Epithelial CCL17 in a Murine Model of Asthma. MOLECULAR THERAPY. NUCLEIC ACIDS 2016; 5:e316. [PMID: 27138176 PMCID: PMC5014514 DOI: 10.1038/mtna.2016.29] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 03/19/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Airway epithelium defends the invasion from microorganisms and regulates immune responses in allergic asthma. Thymic stromal lymphopoietin (TSLP) from inflamed epithelium promotes maturation of dendritic cells (DCs) to prime Th2 responses via CCL17, which induces chemotaxis of CD4+ T cells to mediate inflammation. However, few studies have investigated the regulation of epithelial CCL17. In this study, we used shRNA against TSLP to clarify the role of TSLP in the airway inflammation and whether TSLP affects the airway inflammation via epithelial CCL17. Specific shTSLP was delivered by lentivirus and selected by the knockdown efficiency. Allergic mice were intratracheally pretreated with the lentivirus and followed by intranasal ovalbumin (OVA) challenges. The sera antibody levels, airway inflammation, airway hyper-responsiveness (AHR), cytokine levels in bronchoalveolar lavage fluids, and CCL17 expressions in lungs were determined. In vivo, TSLP attenuation reduced the AHR, decreased the airway inflammation, inhibited the maturations of DCs, and suppressed the migration of T cells. Furthermore, the expression of CCL17 was particularly decreased in bronchial epithelium. In vitro, CCL17 induction was regulated by TSLP. In conclusion, TSLP might coordinate airway inflammation partially via CCL17-mediated responses and this study provides the vital utility of TSLP to develop the therapeutic approach in allergic airway inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Lien Chen
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
| | - Bor-Luen Chiang
- Graduate Institute of Clinical Medicine, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University, Taipei, Taiwan
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56
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Glück J, Rymarczyk B, Rogala B. Chemokine receptors expression on CD3+ blood cells in bronchial asthma. Adv Med Sci 2016; 61:11-7. [PMID: 26342671 DOI: 10.1016/j.advms.2015.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2014] [Revised: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 07/24/2015] [Indexed: 10/23/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Chemokines and their receptors participate in pathomechanism of bronchial asthma. The aim of the study was to analyze the pattern of chemokine receptor expression on T cells in severe asthmatics and to compare to mild-to-moderate patients and controls. MATERIAL/METHODS Flow cytometric analysis of CXCR1, CXCR2, CXCR3, CCR3, CCR4, CCR5, CCR7, CCR8 expression on CD3(+)CD8(-) and CD3(+)CD8(+) cells was performed in patients with different severity of chronic asthma and in controls. RESULTS Percentages of CD3(+)CD8(+) cells expressing CXCR1 were significantly lower in severe asthmatic than in mild-to-moderate asthmatics and in controls. Percentages of CD3(+)CD8(+) cells expressing CCR7 were significantly lower in the severe asthma group than in control group. Percentages of CD3(+)CD8(-) cells expressing CXCR1, CXCR2 and CCR8 were significantly lower in the severe asthma group than in mild-to-moderate asthmatics and in controls. The number of cells CD3(+)CD8(-) and CD3(+)CD8(+) expressing of CXCR1 was significantly lower in the group of patients using more than 800μg of budesonide daily than in the group of patients using less than 400μg of budesonide. Percentages of CD3(+)CD8(-) cells expressing CXCR3, CCR4 and CCR5 were visibly higher (not significantly) in chronic mild-to-moderate asthma than in healthy controls and severe asthmatics. CONCLUSIONS These results may indicate impairment of some chemokine expression on T cells in severe asthma patients. Moreover participation of both chemokine receptors related to Th1 and Th2 responses in mild-to-moderate asthma and attenuation of these responses in severe asthma has been suggested.
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2,8-Diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine potent CCR4 antagonists capable of inducing receptor endocytosis. Eur J Med Chem 2016; 115:14-25. [PMID: 26991939 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejmech.2016.02.058] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/06/2016] [Revised: 02/22/2016] [Accepted: 02/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of potent 2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine CCR4 antagonists binding to the extracellular allosteric site were synthesised. (R)-N-(2,4-Dichlorobenzyl)-2-(2-(pyrrolidin-2-ylmethyl)-2,8-diazaspiro[4.5]decan-8-yl)pyrimidin-4-amine (R)-(18a) has high affinity in both the [(125)I]-TARC binding assay with a pKi of 8.8, and the [(35)S]-GTPγS functional assay with a pIC50 of 8.1, and high activity in the human whole blood actin polymerisation assay (pA2 = 6.7). The most potent antagonists were also investigated for their ability to induce endocytosis of CCR4 and were found to internalise about 60% of the cell surface receptors, a property which is not commonly shared by small molecule antagonists of chemokine receptors.
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58
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Anderson CA, Solari R, Pease JE. Biased agonism at chemokine receptors: obstacles or opportunities for drug discovery? J Leukoc Biol 2015; 99:901-9. [PMID: 26701135 DOI: 10.1189/jlb.2mr0815-392r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2015] [Accepted: 12/01/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are typically promiscuous, binding more than one ligand, with the ligands themselves often expressed in different spatial localizations by multiple cell types. This is normally a tightly regulated process; however, in a variety of inflammatory disorders, dysregulation results in the excessive or inappropriate expression of chemokines that drives disease progression. Biased agonism, the phenomenon whereby different ligands of the same receptor are able to preferentially activate one signaling pathway over another, adds another level of complexity to an already complex system. In this minireview, we discuss the concept of biased agonism within the chemokine family and report that targeting single signaling axes downstream of chemokine receptors is not only achievable, but may well present novel opportunities to target chemokine receptors, allowing the fine tuning of receptor responses in the context of allergic inflammation and beyond.
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Affiliation(s)
- Caroline A Anderson
- Receptor Biology Group, Inflammation, Resolution and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Roberto Solari
- Airway Disease Infection Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London, United Kingdom
| | - James E Pease
- Receptor Biology Group, Inflammation, Resolution and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London, United Kingdom; and
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Abboud D, Daubeuf F, Do QT, Utard V, Villa P, Haiech J, Bonnet D, Hibert M, Bernard P, Galzi JL, Frossard N. A strategy to discover decoy chemokine ligands with an anti-inflammatory activity. Sci Rep 2015; 5:14746. [PMID: 26442456 PMCID: PMC4595804 DOI: 10.1038/srep14746] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 08/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Excessive signaling by chemokines has been associated with chronic inflammation or cancer, thus attracting substantial attention as promising therapeutic targets. Inspired by chemokine-clearing molecules shaped by pathogens to escape the immune system, we designed a generic screening assay to discover chemokine neutralizing molecules (neutraligands) and unambiguously distinguish them from molecules that block the receptor (receptor antagonists). This assay, called TRIC-r, combines time-resolved intracellular calcium recordings with pre-incubation of bioactive compounds either with the chemokine or the receptor-expressing cells. We describe here the identification of high affinity neutraligands of CCL17 and CCL22, two chemokines involved in the Th2-type of lung inflammation. The decoy molecules inhibit in vitro CCL17- or CCL22-induced intracellular calcium responses, CCR4 endocytosis and human T cell migration. In vivo, they inhibit inflammation in a murine model of asthma, in particular the recruitment of eosinophils, dendritic cells and CD4+T cells. Altogether, we developed a successful strategy to discover as new class of pharmacological tools to potently control cell chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dayana Abboud
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, and Labex Medalis, ESBS, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - François Daubeuf
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, and Labex Medalis, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Quoc Tuan Do
- GreenPharma, 3 allée du Titane, 45100 Orléans, France
| | - Valérie Utard
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, and Labex Medalis, ESBS, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Pascal Villa
- PCBIS Plate-forme de Chimie Biologique Intégrative de Strasbourg, UMS 3286 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, and Labex Medalis, ESBS, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Jacques Haiech
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, and Labex Medalis, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Dominique Bonnet
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, and Labex Medalis, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | - Marcel Hibert
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, and Labex Medalis, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
| | | | - Jean-Luc Galzi
- Biotechnologie et Signalisation Cellulaire, UMR 7242 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, and Labex Medalis, ESBS, 300 Boulevard Sébastien Brant, 67412 Illkirch, France
| | - Nelly Frossard
- Laboratoire d'Innovation Thérapeutique, UMR 7200 CNRS/Université de Strasbourg, and Labex Medalis, Faculté de Pharmacie, 74 route du Rhin, 67401 Illkirch, France
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Solari R, Pease JE. Targeting chemokine receptors in disease--a case study of CCR4. Eur J Pharmacol 2015; 763:169-77. [PMID: 25981299 PMCID: PMC4784718 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2015.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2015] [Revised: 04/17/2015] [Accepted: 05/12/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Since their early 1990s, the chemokine receptor family of G protein-coupled receptors (GPCRs) has been the source of much pharmacological endeavour. Best known for their key roles in recruiting leukocytes to sites of infection and inflammation, the receptors present themselves as plausible drug targets for therapeutic intervention. In this article, we will focus our attention upon CC Chemokine Receptor Four (CCR4) which has been implicated in diseases as diverse as allergic asthma and lymphoma. We will review the discovery of the receptors and their ligands, their perceived roles in disease and the successful targeting of CCR4 by both small molecule antagonists and monoclonal antibodies. We will also discuss future directions and strategies for drug discovery in this field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Roberto Solari
- Airway Disease Infection Section, MRC-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Norfolk Place, London W2 1PG, United Kingdom
| | - James E Pease
- Leukocyte Biology Section, MRC-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, South Kensington Campus, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.
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Macrophage-derived chemokine (CCL22) is a novel mediator of lung inflammation following hemorrhage and resuscitation. Shock 2015; 42:525-31. [PMID: 25136780 DOI: 10.1097/shk.0000000000000253] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Resuscitation of patients after hemorrhage often results in pulmonary inflammation and places them at risk for the development of acute respiratory distress syndrome. Our previous data indicate that macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22) is elevated after resuscitation, but its direct role in this inflammatory response is unknown. Macrophage-derived chemokine signaling through the C-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4) is implicated in other pulmonary proinflammatory conditions, leading us to hypothesize that MDC may also play a role in the pathogenesis of lung inflammation following hemorrhage and resuscitation. To test this, C57BL/6 mice underwent pressure-controlled hemorrhage followed by resuscitation with lactated Ringer's solution. Pulmonary inflammation and inflammatory cell recruitment were analyzed with histological staining, and serum- and tissue-level cytokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Pulmonary inflammation and cell recruitment following hemorrhage and resuscitation were associated with systemic MDC levels. Inhibition of MDC via injection of a specific neutralizing antibody prior to hemorrhage and resuscitation significantly reduced pulmonary levels of the chemotactic cytokines keratinocyte-derived chemokine and macrophage inflammatory proteins 2 and 1α, as well as inflammatory cell recruitment to the lungs. Intravenous administration of recombinant MDC prior to resuscitation augmented pulmonary inflammation and cell recruitment. Histological evaluation revealed the expression of CCR4 within the bronchial epithelium, and in vitro treatment of activated bronchial epithelial cells with MDC resulted in production and secretion of neutrophil chemokines. The present study identifies MDC as a novel mediator of lung inflammation after hemorrhage and resuscitation. Macrophage-derived chemokine neutralization may provide a therapeutic strategy to mitigate this inflammatory response.
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62
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Zeng SL, Wang LH, Li P, Wang W, Yang J. Mesenchymal stem cells abrogate experimental asthma by altering dendritic cell function. Mol Med Rep 2015; 12:2511-20. [PMID: 25936350 PMCID: PMC4464445 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2015.3706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2014] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) have been investigated in the treatment of numerous autoimmune diseases. However, the immune properties of MSCs on the development of asthma have remained to be fully elucidated. Airway dendritic cells (DCs) have an important role in the pathogenesis of allergic asthma, and disrupting their function may be a novel therapeutic approach. The present study used a mouse model of asthma to demonstrate that transplantation of MSCs suppressed features of asthma by targeting the function of lung myeloid DCs. MSCs suppressed the maturation and migration of lung DCs to the mediastinal lymph nodes, and thereby reducing the allergen-specific T helper type 2 (Th2) response in the nodes. In addition, MSC-treated DCs were less potent in activating naive and effector Th2 cells and the capacity of producing chemokine (C-C motif) ligand 17 (CCL17) and CCL22, which are chemokines attracting Th2 cells, to the airways was reduced. These results supported that MSCs may be used as a potential treatment for asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shao-Lin Zeng
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Li-Hui Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Ping Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
| | - Jiong Yang
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, Zhongnan Hospital, Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430071, P.R. China
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Borriello F, Longo M, Spinelli R, Pecoraro A, Granata F, Staiano RI, Loffredo S, Spadaro G, Beguinot F, Schroeder J, Marone G. IL-3 synergises with basophil-derived IL-4 and IL-13 to promote the alternative activation of human monocytes. Eur J Immunol 2015; 45:2042-51. [PMID: 25824485 DOI: 10.1002/eji.201445303] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2014] [Revised: 03/16/2015] [Accepted: 03/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Basophil-derived IL-4 is involved in the alternative activation of mouse monocytes, as recently shown in vivo. Whether this applies to human basophils and monocytes has not been established yet. Here, we sought to characterise the interaction between basophils and monocytes and identify the molecular determinants. A basophil-monocyte co-culture model revealed that IL-3 and basophil-derived IL-4 and IL-13 induced monocyte production of CCL17, a marker of alternative activation. Critically, IL-3 and IL-4 acted directly on monocytes to induce CCL17 production through histone H3 acetylation, but did not increase the recruitment of STAT5 or STAT6. Although freshly isolated monocytes did not express the IL-3 receptor α chain (CD123), and did not respond to IL-3 (as assessed by STAT5 phosphorylation), the overnight incubation with IL-4 (especially if associated with IL-3) upregulated CD123 expression. IL-3-activated JAK2-STAT5 pathway inhibitors reduced the CCL17 production in response to IL-3 and IL-4, but not to IL-4 alone. Interestingly, monocytes isolated from allergen-sensitised asthmatic patients exhibited a higher expression of CD123. Taken together, our data show that the JAK2-STAT5 pathway modulates both basophil and monocyte effector responses. The coordinated activation of STAT5 and STAT6 may have a major impact on monocyte alternative activation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Borriello
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Michele Longo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosa Spinelli
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Antonio Pecoraro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francescopaolo Granata
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Rosaria Ilaria Staiano
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Stefania Loffredo
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Spadaro
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Francesco Beguinot
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - John Schroeder
- Department of Medicine, Division of Allergy and Clinical Immunology, Johns Hopkins Asthma and Allergy Center, Baltimore, USA
| | - Gianni Marone
- Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy.,Center for Basic and Clinical Immunology Research (CISI), University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
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Gadhe CG, Balupuri A, Cho SJ. In silico characterization of binding mode of CCR8 inhibitor: homology modeling, docking and membrane based MD simulation study. J Biomol Struct Dyn 2015; 33:2491-510. [PMID: 25617117 DOI: 10.1080/07391102.2014.1002006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Human CC-chemokine receptor 8 (CCR8) is a crucial drug target in asthma that belongs to G-protein-coupled receptor superfamily, which is characterized by seven transmembrane helices. To date, there is no X-ray crystal structure available for CCR8; this hampers active research on the target. Molecular basis of interaction mechanism of antagonist with CCR8 remains unclear. In order to provide binding site information and stable binding mode, we performed modeling, docking and molecular dynamics (MD) simulation of CCR8. Docking study of biaryl-ether-piperidine derivative (13C) was performed inside predefined CCR8 binding site to get the representative conformation of 13C. Further, MD simulations of receptor and complex (13C-CCR8) inside dipalmitoylphosphatidylcholine lipid bilayers were performed to explore the effect of lipids. Results analyses showed that the Gln91, Tyr94, Cys106, Val109, Tyr113, Cys183, Tyr184, Ser185, Lys195, Thr198, Asn199, Met202, Phe254, and Glu286 were conserved in both docking and MD simulations. This indicated possible role of these residues in CCR8 antagonism. However, experimental mutational studies on these identified residues could be effective to confirm their importance in CCR8 antagonism. Furthermore, calculated Coulombic interactions represented the crucial roles of Glu286, Lys195, and Tyr113 in CCR8 antagonism. Important residues identified in this study overlap with the previous non-peptide agonist (LMD-009) binding site. Though, the non-peptide agonist and currently studied inhibitor (13C) share common substructure, but they differ in their effects on CCR8. So, to get more insight into their agonist and antagonist effects, further side-by-side experimental studies on both agonist (LMD-009) and antagonist (13C) are suggested.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changdev G Gadhe
- a Department of Life Sciences, College of BioNano Technology , Gachon University , 1342 Seongnamdaero, Sujeong-gu, Seongnam-si , Gyeonggi-do 461-701 , Republic of Korea
| | - Anand Balupuri
- b Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine , Chosun University , Gwangju 501-759 , Republic of Korea
| | - Seung Joo Cho
- b Department of Bio-New Drug Development, College of Medicine , Chosun University , Gwangju 501-759 , Republic of Korea.,c Department of Cellular Molecular Medicine, College of Medicine , Chosun University , Gwangju 501-759 , Republic of Korea
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66
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A role for CCL28-CCR3 in T-cell homing to the human upper airway mucosa. Mucosal Immunol 2015; 8:107-14. [PMID: 24917456 DOI: 10.1038/mi.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/08/2013] [Accepted: 05/11/2014] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Lymphocyte recruitment to peripheral tissues is fundamental for immune surveillance and homeostasis, but the chemokines and chemokine receptors responsible for tissue-specific homing of T cells to the upper airway mucosa have not been determined. To address this, we analyzed the chemokines expressed in the normal human nasal mucosa and found that CCL28 is preferentially expressed at a high level on the lumenal face of vascular endothelial cells in the mucosa. Analysis of the cognate chemokine receptors revealed that close to 50% of the CD4(+) T cells in the human nasal mucosa expressed the CCL28 receptor CCR3, whereas CCR3 was hardly detectable on T cells in the small intestine and skin. In the circulation, CCR3(+) T cells comprised a small subset that did not express homing receptors to the intestine or skin. Moreover, depletion of CCR3(+)CD4(+) T cells abrogated the proliferative response of human blood CD4(+) T cells against the opportunistic nasopharyngeal pathogen Haemophilus influenzae, indicating that the CCR3(+)CD4(+) T-cell subset in the circulation contains antigen specificities relevant for the upper airways. Together, these findings indicate that CCL28-CCR3 interactions are involved in the homeostatic trafficking of CD4(+) T cells to the upper airways.
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Nino G, Huseni S, Perez GF, Pancham K, Mubeen H, Abbasi A, Wang J, Eng S, Colberg-Poley AM, Pillai DK, Rose MC. Directional secretory response of double stranded RNA-induced thymic stromal lymphopoetin (TSLP) and CCL11/eotaxin-1 in human asthmatic airways. PLoS One 2014; 9:e115398. [PMID: 25546419 PMCID: PMC4278901 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0115398] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2014] [Accepted: 11/21/2014] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Thymic stromal lymphoproetin (TSLP) is a cytokine secreted by the airway epithelium in response to respiratory viruses and it is known to promote allergic Th2 responses in asthma. This study investigated whether virally-induced secretion of TSLP is directional in nature (apical vs. basolateral) and/or if there are TSLP-mediated effects occurring at both sides of the bronchial epithelial barrier in the asthmatic state. METHODS Primary human bronchial epithelial cells (HBEC) from control (n = 3) and asthmatic (n = 3) donors were differentiated into polarized respiratory tract epithelium under air-liquid interface (ALI) conditions and treated apically with dsRNA (viral surrogate) or TSLP. Sub-epithelial effects of TSLP were examined in human airway smooth muscle cells (HASMC) from normal (n = 3) and asthmatic (n = 3) donors. Clinical experiments examined nasal airway secretions obtained from asthmatic children during naturally occurring rhinovirus-induced exacerbations (n = 20) vs. non-asthmatic uninfected controls (n = 20). Protein levels of TSLP, CCL11/eotaxin-1, CCL17/TARC, CCL22/MDC, TNF-α and CXCL8 were determined with a multiplex magnetic bead assay. RESULTS Our data demonstrate that: 1) Asthmatic HBEC exhibit an exaggerated apical, but not basal, secretion of TSLP after dsRNA exposure; 2) TSLP exposure induces unidirectional (apical) secretion of CCL11/eotaxin-1 in asthmatic HBEC and enhanced CCL11/eotaxin-1 secretion in asthmatic HASMC; 3) Rhinovirus-induced asthma exacerbations in children are associated with in vivo airway secretion of TSLP and CCL11/eotaxin-1. CONCLUSIONS There are virally-induced TSLP-driven secretory immune responses at both sides of the bronchial epithelial barrier characterized by enhanced CCL11/eotaxin-1 secretion in asthmatic airways. These results suggest a new model of TSLP-mediated eosinophilic responses in the asthmatic airway during viral-induced exacerbations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Nino
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
| | - Shehlanoor Huseni
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Geovanny F. Perez
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Krishna Pancham
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Humaira Mubeen
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Aleeza Abbasi
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Justin Wang
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Stephen Eng
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Anamaris M. Colberg-Poley
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Dinesh K. Pillai
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
| | - Mary C. Rose
- Division of Pulmonary and Sleep Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Pediatrics, George Washington University School of Medicine and Health Sciences, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Integrative Systems Biology, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Center for Genetic Research Medicine, Children's National Medical Center, Washington, DC, United States of America
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, George Washington University, Washington, DC, United States of America
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Yamaya Y, Watari T. Increased proportions of CCR4(+) cells among peripheral blood CD4(+) cells and serum levels of allergen-specific IgE antibody in canine chronic rhinitis and bronchitis. J Vet Med Sci 2014; 77:421-5. [PMID: 25650058 PMCID: PMC4427742 DOI: 10.1292/jvms.14-0338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Canine chronic rhinitis (CR) and bronchitis (CB) are suspected to be allergic diseases.
The present study tested whether dogs diagnosed with CR or CB present an atopic
predisposition based on the ratio of CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4)-positive cells among
peripheral blood CD4-positive cells (CCR4/CD4) and the serum levels of allergen-specific
IgE antibodies. We found that most dogs with CR and CB have a possibility of atopic
predisposition, and macrolide therapy constitutes an alternative to corticosteroid therapy
in controlling the clinical signs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yoshiki Yamaya
- Laboratory of Comprehensive Veterinary Clinical Studies, Department of Veterinary Medicine, College of Bioresource Sciences, Nihon University, Kameino 1866, Fujisawa, Kanagawa 252-0880, Japan
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Annunziato F, Romagnani C, Romagnani S. The 3 major types of innate and adaptive cell-mediated effector immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2014; 135:626-35. [PMID: 25528359 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2014.11.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 463] [Impact Index Per Article: 46.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Revised: 10/27/2014] [Accepted: 11/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
The immune system has tailored its effector functions to optimally respond to distinct species of microbes. Based on emerging knowledge on the different effector T-cell and innate lymphoid cell (ILC) lineages, it is clear that the innate and adaptive immune systems converge into 3 major kinds of cell-mediated effector immunity, which we propose to categorize as type 1, type 2, and type 3. Type 1 immunity consists of T-bet(+) IFN-γ-producing group 1 ILCs (ILC1 and natural killer cells), CD8(+) cytotoxic T cells (TC1), and CD4(+) TH1 cells, which protect against intracellular microbes through activation of mononuclear phagocytes. Type 2 immunity consists of GATA-3(+) ILC2s, TC2 cells, and TH2 cells producing IL-4, IL-5, and IL-13, which induce mast cell, basophil, and eosinophil activation, as well as IgE antibody production, thus protecting against helminthes and venoms. Type 3 immunity is mediated by retinoic acid-related orphan receptor γt(+) ILC3s, TC17 cells, and TH17 cells producing IL-17, IL-22, or both, which activate mononuclear phagocytes but also recruit neutrophils and induce epithelial antimicrobial responses, thus protecting against extracellular bacteria and fungi. On the other hand, type 1 and 3 immunity mediate autoimmune diseases, whereas type 2 responses can cause allergic diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesco Annunziato
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and the DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy
| | - Chiara Romagnani
- Innate Immunity, Deutsches Rheuma Forschungszentrum, Berlin, Germany
| | - Sergio Romagnani
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and the DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Florence, Italy.
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Dual proinflammatory and antiviral properties of pulmonary eosinophils in respiratory syncytial virus vaccine-enhanced disease. J Virol 2014; 89:1564-78. [PMID: 25410867 DOI: 10.1128/jvi.01536-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
UNLABELLED Human respiratory syncytial virus (RSV) is a major cause of morbidity and severe lower respiratory tract disease in the elderly and very young, with some infants developing bronchiolitis, recurrent wheezing, and asthma following infection. Previous studies in humans and animal models have shown that vaccination with formalin-inactivated RSV (FI-RSV) leads to prominent airway eosinophilic inflammation following RSV challenge; however, the roles of pulmonary eosinophilia in the antiviral response and in disease pathogenesis are inadequately understood. In vivo studies in mice with eotaxin and/or interleukin 5 (IL-5) deficiency showed that FI-RSV vaccination did not lead to enhanced pulmonary disease, where following challenge there were reduced pulmonary eosinophilia, inflammation, Th2-type cytokine responses, and altered chemokine (TARC and CCL17) responses. In contrast to wild-type mice, RSV was recovered at high titers from the lungs of eotaxin- and/or IL-5-deficient mice. Adoptive transfer of eosinophils to FI-RSV-immunized eotaxin- and IL-5-deficient (double-deficient) mice challenged with RSV was associated with potent viral clearance that was mediated at least partly through nitric oxide. These studies show that pulmonary eosinophilia has dual outcomes: one linked to RSV-induced airway inflammation and pulmonary pathology and one with innate features that contribute to a reduction in the viral load. IMPORTANCE This study is critical to understanding the mechanisms attributable to RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. This study addresses the hypothesis that IL-5 and eotaxin are critical in pulmonary eosinophil response related to FI-RSV vaccine-enhanced disease. The findings suggest that in addition to mediating tissue pathology, eosinophils within a Th2 environment also have antiviral activity.
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71
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Miah AH, Copley RCB, O'Flynn D, Percy JM, Procopiou PA. Lead identification and structure-activity relationships of heteroarylpyrazole arylsulfonamides as allosteric CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) antagonists. Org Biomol Chem 2014; 12:1779-92. [PMID: 24515101 DOI: 10.1039/c3ob42443j] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
A knowledge-based library of aryl 2,3-dichlorophenylsulfonamides was synthesised and screened as human CCR4 antagonists, in order to identify a suitable hit for the start of a lead-optimisation programme. X-ray diffraction studies were used to identify the pyrazole ring as a moiety that could bring about intramolecular hydrogen bonding with the sulfonamide NH and provide a clip or orthogonal conformation that was believed to be the preferred active conformation. Replacement of the core phenyl ring with a pyridine, and replacement of the 2,3-dichlorobenzenesulfonamide with 5-chlorothiophenesulfonamide provided compound 33 which has excellent physicochemical properties and represents a good starting point for a lead optimisation programme. Electronic structure calculations indicated that the preference for the clip or orthogonal conformation found in the small molecule crystal structures of 7 and 14 was in agreement with the order of potency in the biological assay.
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Affiliation(s)
- Afjal H Miah
- Allergy & Inflammation DPU, Respiratory TAU, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, UK.
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Hsieh CC, Kuo CH, Kuo HF, Chen YS, Wang SL, Chao D, Lee MS, Hung CH. Sesamin suppresses macrophage-derived chemokine expression in human monocytes via epigenetic regulation. Food Funct 2014; 5:2494-500. [PMID: 25117529 DOI: 10.1039/c4fo00322e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Chemokines play important roles in the pathogenesis of asthmatic inflammation. Sesamin, a class of phytoestrogen isolated from sesame seed Sesamum indicum, is recently regarded as an anti-inflammatory agent. However, the effects of sesamin on asthma-related chemokines are unknown. To this end, we investigated the effects of sesamin on the expression interferon-γ-inducible protein-10 (IP-10/CXCL10), macrophage-derived chemokine (MDC/CCL22), growth-related oncogene-α (GRO-α/CXCL1) and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α in human monocytes. METHODS Cells were pretreated with sesamin before lipopolysaccharide (LPS) stimulation. IP-10, MDC, GRO-α and TNF-α were measured by ELISA. Involved receptors and intracellular signaling were investigated by receptor antagonists, pathway inhibitors, western blotting and chromatin immunoprecipitation. RESULTS Sesamin suppressed LPS-induced MDC in THP-1 and human primary monocytes. Sesamin suppressed LPS-induced IP-10 in THP-1 cells, but not human primary monocytes. Sesamin had no effects on LPS-induced GRO-α and TNF-α expression in THP-1 and human primary monocytes. The suppressive effect of sesamin on MDC was reversed by the estrogen receptor (ER) and peroxisomal proliferator-activated receptor (PPAR)-α antagonists. Sesamin suppressed LPS-induced phosphorylation of mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK)-p38 and nuclear factor kappa B (NFκB)-p65. Sesamin suppressed histone H3/H4 acetylation in the MDC promoter region. CONCLUSION Sesamin suppressed LPS-induced MDC expression via the ER, the PPAR-α, the MAPK-p38 pathway, the NFκB-p65 pathway and the epigenetic regulation. Sesamin may have therapeutic potential in preventing and treating asthma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chong-Chao Hsieh
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery, Kaohsiung Medical University Hospital, Kaohsiung, Taiwan
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Mechanical ventilation-associated lung fibrosis in acute respiratory distress syndrome: a significant contributor to poor outcome. Anesthesiology 2014; 121:189-98. [PMID: 24732023 DOI: 10.1097/aln.0000000000000264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 121] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
One of the most challenging problems in critical care medicine is the management of patients with the acute respiratory distress syndrome. Increasing evidence from experimental and clinical studies suggests that mechanical ventilation, which is necessary for life support in patients with acute respiratory distress syndrome, can cause lung fibrosis, which may significantly contribute to morbidity and mortality. The role of mechanical stress as an inciting factor for lung fibrosis versus its role in lung homeostasis and the restoration of normal pulmonary parenchymal architecture is poorly understood. In this review, the authors explore recent advances in the field of pulmonary fibrosis in the context of acute respiratory distress syndrome, concentrating on its relevance to the practice of mechanical ventilation, as commonly applied by anesthetists and intensivists. The authors focus the discussion on the thesis that mechanical ventilation-or more specifically, that ventilator-induced lung injury-may be a major contributor to lung fibrosis. The authors critically appraise possible mechanisms underlying the mechanical stress-induced lung fibrosis and highlight potential therapeutic strategies to mitigate this fibrosis.
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74
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75
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Miah AH, Abas H, Begg M, Marsh BJ, O’Flynn DE, Ford AJ, Percy JM, Procopiou PA, Richards SA, Rumley SA. Lead identification of benzimidazolone and azabenzimidazolone arylsulfonamides as CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) antagonists. Bioorg Med Chem 2014; 22:4298-311. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2014.05.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2014] [Revised: 05/07/2014] [Accepted: 05/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
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Bias in chemokine receptor signalling. Trends Immunol 2014; 35:243-52. [PMID: 24679437 DOI: 10.1016/j.it.2014.02.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2014] [Revised: 02/12/2014] [Accepted: 02/14/2014] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Chemokine receptors are widely expressed on a variety of immune cells and play a crucial role in normal physiology as well as in inflammatory and infectious diseases. The existence of 23 chemokine receptors and 48 chemokine ligands guarantees a tight control and fine-tuning of the immune system. Here, we discuss the multiple regulatory mechanisms of chemokine signalling at a systemic, cellular, and molecular level. In particular, we focus on the impact of biased signalling at the receptor level; an emerging concept in molecular pharmacology. An improved understanding of these mechanisms may provide a framework for more effective drug discovery and development at a target class that is so relevant for immune function.
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77
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Pease JE, Horuk R. Recent progress in the development of antagonists to the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4. Expert Opin Drug Discov 2014; 9:467-83. [PMID: 24641500 DOI: 10.1517/17460441.2014.897324] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 have been shown to be important therapeutic targets for the treatment of a variety of diseases. Although only two chemokine receptor inhibitors have been approved so far, there are numerous compounds that are in various stages of development. AREAS COVERED In this review article, the authors provide an update on the progress made in the identification of antagonists against the chemokine receptors CCR3 and CCR4 from 2009 to the present. The rationale of writing this review article is to cover the most important approaches to identifying antagonists to these two receptors, which could prove to be useful therapeutics in treating proinflammatory diseases. EXPERT OPINION Pharmaceutical companies have expended a considerable amount of money and effort to identify potent inhibitors of CCR3 and CCR4 for the treatment of asthma and atopic diseases. Although a variety of compounds have been described and several have progressed into the clinic, none have so far made it as approved drugs. There are, however, novel approaches such as mogamulizumab, a monoclonal antibody to CCR4 currently is in clinical trials for cancer and ASM8, an antisense nucleotide to CCR3, which is in Phase II clinical trials for asthma that might still prove to be successful new therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- James Edward Pease
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, Faculty of Medicine, MRC & Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, Leukocyte Biology Section , SW7 2AZ , UK
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78
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Viney JM, Andrew DP, Phillips RM, Meiser A, Patel P, Lennartz-Walker M, Cousins DJ, Barton NP, Hall DA, Pease JE. Distinct conformations of the chemokine receptor CCR4 with implications for its targeting in allergy. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2014; 192:3419-27. [PMID: 24563252 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1300232] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is expressed by Th2 and regulatory T cells and directs their migration along gradients of the chemokines CCL17 and CCL22. Both chemokines and receptor are upregulated in allergic disease, making CCR4 a therapeutic target for the treatment of allergy. We set out to assess the mechanisms underlying a previous report that CCL22 is a dominant ligand of CCR4, which may have implications for its therapeutic targeting. Human T cells expressing endogenous CCR4 and transfectants engineered to express CCR4 were assessed for receptor function, using assays of calcium release, chemotaxis, receptor endocytosis, and ligand binding. Despite the two ligands having equal potency in calcium flux and chemotaxis assays, CCL22 showed dominance in both receptor endocytosis assays and heterologous competitive binding assays. Using two different CCR4-specific Abs, we showed that CCR4 exists in at least two distinct conformations, which are differentially activated by ligand. A major population is activated by both CCL17 and CCL22, whereas a minor population is activated only by CCL22. Mutation of a single C-terminal residue K310 within a putative CCR4 antagonist binding site ablated activation of CCR4 by CCL17, but not by CCL22, despite having no effect on the binding of either ligand. We conclude that CCL17 and CCL22 are conformationally selective ligands of CCR4 and interact with the receptor by substantially different mechanisms. This finding suggests that the selective blockade of CCR4 in allergy may be feasible when one CCR4 ligand dominates, allowing the inhibition of Th2 signaling via one ligand while sparing regulatory T cell recruitment via another.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan M Viney
- Leukocyte Biology Section, Medical Research Council-Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, National Heart and Lung Institute Division, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
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79
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Internalization of the chemokine receptor CCR4 can be evoked by orthosteric and allosteric receptor antagonists. Eur J Pharmacol 2014; 729:75-85. [PMID: 24534492 PMCID: PMC3989064 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2014.02.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/31/2014] [Accepted: 02/06/2014] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine receptor CCR4 has at least two natural agonist ligands, MDC (CCL22) and TARC (CCL17) which bind to the same orthosteric site with a similar affinity. Both ligands are known to evoke chemotaxis of CCR4-bearing T cells and also elicit CCR4 receptor internalization. A series of small molecule allosteric antagonists have been described which displace the agonist ligand, and inhibit chemotaxis. The aim of this study was to determine which cellular coupling pathways are involved in internalization, and if antagonists binding to the CCR4 receptor could themselves evoke receptor internalization. CCL22 binding coupled CCR4 efficiently to β-arrestin and stimulated GTPγS binding however CCL17 did not couple to β-arrestin and only partially stimulated GTPγS binding. CCL22 potently induced internalization of almost all cell surface CCR4, while CCL17 showed only weak effects. We describe four small molecule antagonists that were demonstrated to bind to two distinct allosteric sites on the CCR4 receptor, and while both classes inhibited agonist ligand binding and chemotaxis, one of the allosteric sites also evoked receptor internalization. Furthermore, we also characterize an N-terminally truncated version of CCL22 which acts as a competitive antagonist at the orthosteric site, and surprisingly also evokes receptor internalization without demonstrating any agonist activity. Collectively this study demonstrates that orthosteric and allosteric antagonists of the CCR4 receptor are capable of evoking receptor internalization, providing a novel strategy for drug discovery against this class of target.
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80
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Yao X, Gao M, Dai C, Meyer KS, Chen J, Keeran KJ, Nugent GZ, Qu X, Yu ZX, Dagur PK, McCoy JP, Levine SJ. Peptidoglycan recognition protein 1 promotes house dust mite-induced airway inflammation in mice. Am J Respir Cell Mol Biol 2014; 49:902-11. [PMID: 23808363 DOI: 10.1165/rcmb.2013-0001oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Peptidoglycan recognition protein (Pglyrp) 1 is a pattern-recognition protein that mediates antibacterial host defense. Because we had previously shown that Pglyrp1 expression is increased in the lungs of house dust mite (HDM)-challenged mice, we hypothesized that it might modulate the pathogenesis of asthma. Wild-type and Pglyrp1(-/-) mice on a BALB/c background received intranasal HDM or saline, 5 days/week for 3 weeks. HDM-challenged Pglyrp1(-/-) mice showed decreases in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid eosinophils and lymphocytes, serum IgE, and mucous cell metaplasia, whereas airway hyperresponsiveness was not changed when compared with wild-type mice. T helper type 2 (Th2) cytokines were reduced in the lungs of HDM-challenged Pglyrp1(-/-) mice, which reflected a decreased number of CD4(+) Th2 cells. There was also a reduction in C-C chemokines in bronchoalveolar lavage fluid and lung homogenates from HDM-challenged Pglyrp1(-/-) mice. Furthermore, secretion of CCL17, CCL22, and CCL24 by alveolar macrophages from HDM-challenged Pglyrp1(-/-) mice was markedly reduced. As both inflammatory cells and airway epithelial cells express Pglyrp1, bone marrow transplantation was performed to generate chimeric mice and assess which cell type promotes HDM-induced airway inflammation. Chimeric mice lacking Pglyrp1 on hematopoietic cells, not structural cells, showed a reduction in HDM-induced eosinophilic and lymphocytic airway inflammation. We conclude that Pglyrp1 expressed by hematopoietic cells, such as alveolar macrophages, mediates HDM-induced airway inflammation by up-regulating the production of C-C chemokines that recruit eosinophils and Th2 cells to the lung. This identifies a new family of innate immune response proteins that promotes HDM-induced airway inflammation in asthma.
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81
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Toda M, Nakamura T, Ohbayashi M, Ikeda Y, Dawson M, Aye CC, Miyazaki D, Ono SJ. Mechanisms of leukocyte trafficking in allergic diseases: insights into new therapies targeting chemokines and chemokine receptors. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 3:351-64. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.3.3.351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023]
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82
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Wu Q, Chu HW. Role of infections in the induction and development of asthma: genetic and inflammatory drivers. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 5:97-109. [PMID: 19885377 DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.5.1.97] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/04/2023]
Abstract
Genetic and environmental factors interact to initiate and even maintain the course of asthma. As one of the highly risky environmental factors, infections in predisposed individuals can promote asthma development and exacerbations and/or prolong symptoms. This review will describe our current understanding of the genetic markers of innate immunity in the induction and development of asthma, the diverse roles of infections in modulating allergic inflammation, host susceptibility to infections and subsequent acute exacerbations in an allergic setting, and the therapeutic or preventive implications of existing knowledge. Current challenges and future directions in basic and clinical research of asthma are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qun Wu
- Postdoctoral Research Fellow, Department of Medicine, National Jewish Health, 1400 Jackson Street, Room A635, Denver, CO 80206, USA, Tel.: +1 303 398 1589, ,
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83
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Slack RJ, Russell LJ, Barton NP, Weston C, Nalesso G, Thompson SA, Allen M, Chen YH, Barnes A, Hodgson ST, Hall DA. Antagonism of human CC-chemokine receptor 4 can be achieved through three distinct binding sites on the receptor. Pharmacol Res Perspect 2013; 1:e00019. [PMID: 25505571 PMCID: PMC4186434 DOI: 10.1002/prp2.19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/26/2013] [Revised: 11/08/2013] [Accepted: 11/21/2013] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor antagonists appear to access two distinct binding sites on different members of this receptor family. One class of CCR4 antagonists has been suggested to bind to a site accessible from the cytoplasm while a second class did not bind to this site. In this report, we demonstrate that antagonists representing a variety of structural classes bind to two distinct allosteric sites on CCR4. The effects of pairs of low-molecular weight and/or chemokine CCR4 antagonists were evaluated on CCL17- and CCL22-induced responses of human CCR4+ T cells. This provided an initial grouping of the antagonists into sets which appeared to bind to distinct binding sites. Binding studies were then performed with radioligands from each set to confirm these groupings. Some novel receptor theory was developed to allow the interpretation of the effects of the antagonist combinations. The theory indicates that, generally, the concentration-ratio of a pair of competing allosteric modulators is maximally the sum of their individual effects while that of two modulators acting at different sites is likely to be greater than their sum. The low-molecular weight antagonists could be grouped into two sets on the basis of the functional and binding experiments. The antagonistic chemokines formed a third set whose behaviour was consistent with that of simple competitive antagonists. These studies indicate that there are two allosteric regulatory sites on CCR4.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert J Slack
- Lead Optimisation, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Linda J Russell
- Lead Optimisation, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Nick P Barton
- Computational Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Cathryn Weston
- Lead Optimisation, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Giovanna Nalesso
- Lead Optimisation, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sally-Anne Thompson
- Lead Optimisation, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Morven Allen
- Biological Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Yu Hua Chen
- Biological Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Ashley Barnes
- Biological Reagents and Assay Development, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Simon T Hodgson
- Medicinal Chemistry, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David A Hall
- Lead Optimisation, Respiratory CEDD, GlaxoSmithKline Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Herts, SG1 2NY, UK
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Honjo A, Ogawa H, Azuma M, Tezuka T, Sone S, Biragyn A, Nishioka Y. Targeted reduction of CCR4⁺ cells is sufficient to suppress allergic airway inflammation. Respir Investig 2013; 51:241-9. [PMID: 24238232 PMCID: PMC5846619 DOI: 10.1016/j.resinv.2013.04.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2013] [Revised: 04/04/2013] [Accepted: 04/30/2013] [Indexed: 06/02/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Bronchial asthma is characterized by allergic airway inflammation involving C-C chemokine receptor type 4 (CCR4)-positive Th2 cells. As such, we hypothesize that the disease can be alleviated by targeted-elimination of CCR4⁺ cells. Thymus and activation-regulated chemokine (TARC)-PE38, a TARC fused the exotoxin fragment PE38 from Pseudomonas aeruginosa, has been shown to efficiently kill CCR4⁺ cells by delivering the exotoxin fragment PE38 into CCR4⁺ cells. To test our hypothesis, we examined whether TARC-PE38 could suppress allergic airway inflammation in a mouse model of house dust mite (HDM)-induced allergic airway inflammation. METHODS We evaluated the effect of TARC-PE38 on the major characteristics of HDM-induced allergic airway inflammation. Airway hyperresponsiveness, lung histopathology, lung Th1/Th2 cell populations, and concentrations of Th1/Th2 cytokines in the lungs were assessed in HDM-sensitized and challenged mice in the presence and absence of TARC-PE38. RESULTS TARC-PE38 efficiently suppressed allergic airway inflammation by significantly reducing airway hyperresponsiveness, the overall area of inflammation, and goblet cell hyperplasia. In HDM-sensitized and challenged mice, TARC-PE38 specifically reduced the numbers of CCR4⁺ cells. This reduction was associated with a significant decrease in the production of Th2 cytokines in the airway,and a decrease in the number of leukocytes, including macrophages, eosinophils and lymphocytes, within the subepithelial area of the lungs and airway lumen. TARC-PE38 had noeffect on Th1 cells. CONCLUSION Our data suggest that the elimination of CCR4⁺ cells via TARC-PE38 treatment is sufficient to control allergic airway inflammation and airway hyperresponsiveness.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akifumi Honjo
- Department of Respiratory Medicine & Rheumatology, Institute of Health Biosciences, The University of Tokushima Graduate School, 3-18-15 Kuramoto-cho, Tokushima 770-8503, Japan.
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Bachelerie F, Ben-Baruch A, Burkhardt AM, Combadiere C, Farber JM, Graham GJ, Horuk R, Sparre-Ulrich AH, Locati M, Luster AD, Mantovani A, Matsushima K, Murphy PM, Nibbs R, Nomiyama H, Power CA, Proudfoot AEI, Rosenkilde MM, Rot A, Sozzani S, Thelen M, Yoshie O, Zlotnik A. International Union of Basic and Clinical Pharmacology. [corrected]. LXXXIX. Update on the extended family of chemokine receptors and introducing a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 66:1-79. [PMID: 24218476 DOI: 10.1124/pr.113.007724] [Citation(s) in RCA: 644] [Impact Index Per Article: 58.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Sixteen years ago, the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology approved a system for naming human seven-transmembrane (7TM) G protein-coupled chemokine receptors, the large family of leukocyte chemoattractant receptors that regulates immune system development and function, in large part by mediating leukocyte trafficking. This was announced in Pharmacological Reviews in a major overview of the first decade of research in this field [Murphy PM, Baggiolini M, Charo IF, Hébert CA, Horuk R, Matsushima K, Miller LH, Oppenheim JJ, and Power CA (2000) Pharmacol Rev 52:145-176]. Since then, several new receptors have been discovered, and major advances have been made for the others in many areas, including structural biology, signal transduction mechanisms, biology, and pharmacology. New and diverse roles have been identified in infection, immunity, inflammation, development, cancer, and other areas. The first two drugs acting at chemokine receptors have been approved by the U.S. Food and Drug Administration (FDA), maraviroc targeting CCR5 in human immunodeficiency virus (HIV)/AIDS, and plerixafor targeting CXCR4 for stem cell mobilization for transplantation in cancer, and other candidates are now undergoing pivotal clinical trials for diverse disease indications. In addition, a subfamily of atypical chemokine receptors has emerged that may signal through arrestins instead of G proteins to act as chemokine scavengers, and many microbial and invertebrate G protein-coupled chemokine receptors and soluble chemokine-binding proteins have been described. Here, we review this extended family of chemokine receptors and chemokine-binding proteins at the basic, translational, and clinical levels, including an update on drug development. We also introduce a new nomenclature for atypical chemokine receptors with the stem ACKR (atypical chemokine receptor) approved by the Nomenclature Committee of the International Union of Pharmacology and the Human Genome Nomenclature Committee.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francoise Bachelerie
- Chair, Subcommittee on Chemokine Receptors, Nomenclature Committee-International Union of Pharmacology, Bldg. 10, Room 11N113, NIH, Bethesda, MD 20892.
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86
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Dugger KJ, Chrisman T, Jones B, Chastain P, Watson K, Estell K, Zinn K, Schwiebert L. Moderate aerobic exercise alters migration patterns of antigen specific T helper cells within an asthmatic lung. Brain Behav Immun 2013; 34:67-78. [PMID: 23928286 PMCID: PMC3826814 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2013.07.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2013] [Revised: 07/10/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have indicated increased incidence and severity of allergic asthma due to western lifestyle and increased sedentary activity. Investigations also indicate that exercise reduces the severity of asthma; however, a mechanism of action has not been elucidated. Additional work implicates re-distribution of T helper (Th) cells in mediating alterations of the immune system as a result of moderate aerobic exercise in vivo. We have previously reported that exercise decreases T helper 2 (Th2) responses within the lungs of an ovalbumin (OVA)-sensitized murine allergic asthma model. Therefore, we hypothesized that exercise alters the migration of OVA-specific Th cells in an OVA-challenged lung. To test this hypothesis, wildtype mice received OVA-specific Th cells expressing a luciferase-reporter construct and were OVA-sensitized and exercised. OVA-specific Th cell migration was decreased in OVA-challenged lungs of exercised mice when compared to their sedentary controls. Surface expression levels of lung-homing chemokine receptors, CCR4 and CCR8, on Th cells and their cognate lung-homing chemokine gradients revealed no difference between exercised and sedentary OVA-sensitized mice. However, transwell migration experiments demonstrated that lung-derived Th cells from exercised OVA-sensitized mice exhibited decreased migratory function versus controls. These data suggest that Th cells from exercised mice are less responsive to lung-homing chemokine. Together, these studies demonstrate that moderate aerobic exercise training can reduce the accumulation of antigen-specific Th cell migration into an asthmatic lung by decreasing chemokine receptor function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kari J. Dugger
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of South Alabama, 5721 USA Dr. N, HAHN 4021, Mobile, AL, 36688
| | - Taylor Chrisman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of South Alabama, 5721 USA Dr. N, HAHN 4021, Mobile, AL, 36688
| | - Ben Jones
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of South Alabama, 5721 USA Dr. N, HAHN 4021, Mobile, AL, 36688
| | - Parker Chastain
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of South Alabama, 5721 USA Dr. N, HAHN 4021, Mobile, AL, 36688
| | - Kacie Watson
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, College of Allied Health, University of South Alabama, 5721 USA Dr. N, HAHN 4021, Mobile, AL, 36688
| | - Kim Estell
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BBRB 863, 845 19th St. S., Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Kurt Zinn
- Department of Radiology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BBRB 863, 845 19th St. S., Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
| | - Lisa Schwiebert
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, BBRB 863, 845 19th St. S., Birmingham, Alabama, 35294
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87
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Komiya T, Sugiyama T, Takeda K, Watanabe N, Imai M, Kokubo M, Tokuda N, Ochiai H, Habashita H, Shibayama S. Suppressive effects of a novel CC chemokine receptor 4 antagonist on Th2 cell trafficking in ligand- and antigen-induced mouse models. Eur J Pharmacol 2013; 720:335-43. [PMID: 24140571 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2013.10.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/08/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) has been implicated as a preferential marker for T helper type 2 (Th2) cells, and is believed to be involved in the pathology of allergic diseases by controlling Th2 cell trafficking into inflamed tissues. The objective of the study was to characterize the pharmacological properties of E0001-163, a novel CCR4 antagonist. E0001-163 was tested in both in vitro chemotaxis assays as well as in vivo mouse models of CCR4 ligand-induced air pouch and antigen-induced airway inflammation by utilizing in vitro-polarized Th2 cells. In vitro, E0001-163 inhibited migratory response of human Th2-polarized cells to CCL22, a CCR4 ligand, with an IC50 value of 11.9 nM. E0001-163 significantly suppressed CCL22-induced Th2 cell trafficking into mouse air pouch in a dose-dependent manner at doses of 3 and 10mg/kg, suggesting that E0001-163 has an inhibitory effect on CCR4-mediated T cell trafficking in vivo. In addition, E0001-163 partially decreased Th2 cell trafficking and the level of IL-4 in the lungs in Th2-tansferred and ovalbumin (OVA)-challenged mice. T cell trafficking involves multiple chemokine receptors both in acute and chronic phases, and our findings suggest that CCR4, together with other chemokine receptors, may be involved in Th2 cell trafficking under disease conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takaki Komiya
- Exploratory Research Laboratories, Ono Pharmaceutical Co. Ltd., 17-2, Wadai, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 300-4247, Japan.
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88
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Cosmi L, Maggi L, Santarlasci V, Liotta F, Annunziato F. T helper cells plasticity in inflammation. Cytometry A 2013; 85:36-42. [PMID: 24009159 DOI: 10.1002/cyto.a.22348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 174] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2013] [Revised: 05/24/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
CD4+ T cells can be subdivided from a functional point of view into two main subsets: effector cells, which provide protection against exogenous offending agents, and regulatory T (Treg) cells whose function is to avoid autoimmune reactions and to stop the effector response against exogenous antigens, when the response itself becomes dangerous for the host. Human effector CD4+ T lymphocytes can be additionally classified into lineages based mainly on their immunological functions that are supported by distinct profile of cytokine, transcription factor, and homing receptors expression. In the last years, beyond the well known populations of human T helper (Th) lymphocytes, Th1 and Th2 cells, other populations have been discovered and phenotypically characterized. These include the Th17 subset, which is certainly the most intensively studied, but also Th22, Th9, and T follicular helper (Tfh) lymphocytes. In addition to their protective functions, these T helper populations are also involved in the pathogenesis of several inflammatory immune-mediated disorders. Th1 and Th17 cells are involved in the pathogenesis of organ-specific autoimmune diseases and other chronic inflammatory disorders, whereas allergen-specific Th2 lymphocytes play a crucial role in allergy. Although classically viewed as distinct lineages, recent evidence indicate that CD4+ T cells, particularly the Th17 subset, are more plastic than previously thought. It is not fully understood how often such plasticity occurs in the course of physiologic responses to pathogens and what its importance is in protective immunity, but in inflammatory conditions Th17 lymphocytes that have shifted towards a Th1 or Th2 phenotype, acquiring the ability to produce IFN-γ or IL-4, and seem to be particularly aggressive and more pathogenic than the unshifted cells. In this context, the possibility to interfere with this modulation of phenotype can be considered a possible target for developing novel therapeutic strategies in the above mentioned diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lorenzo Cosmi
- Department of Experimental and Clinical Medicine and DENOTHE Center, University of Florence, Firenze, 50134, Italy
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89
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Hochheiser K, Heuser C, Krause TA, Teteris S, Ilias A, Weisheit C, Hoss F, Tittel AP, Knolle PA, Panzer U, Engel DR, Tharaux PL, Kurts C. Exclusive CX3CR1 dependence of kidney DCs impacts glomerulonephritis progression. J Clin Invest 2013; 123:4242-54. [PMID: 23999431 DOI: 10.1172/jci70143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2013] [Accepted: 07/03/2013] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
DCs and macrophages both express the chemokine receptor CX3CR1. Here we demonstrate that its ligand, CX3CL1, is highly expressed in the murine kidney and intestine. CX3CR1 deficiency markedly reduced DC numbers in the healthy and inflamed kidney cortex, and to a lesser degree in the kidney medulla and intestine, but not in other organs. CX3CR1 also promoted influx of DC precursors in crescentic glomerulonephritis, a DC-dependent aggressive type of nephritis. Disease severity was strongly attenuated in CX3CR1-deficient mice. Primarily CX3CR1-dependent DCs in the kidney cortex processed antigen for the intrarenal stimulation of T helper cells, a function important for glomerulonephritis progression. In contrast, medullary DCs played a specialized role in inducing innate immunity against bacterial pyelonephritis by recruiting neutrophils through rapid chemokine production. CX3CR1 deficiency had little effect on the immune defense against pyelonephritis, as medullary DCs were less CX3CR1 dependent than cortical DCs and because recruited neutrophils produced chemokines to compensate for the DC paucity. These findings demonstrate that cortical and medullary DCs play specialized roles in their respective kidney compartments. We identify CX3CR1 as a potential therapeutic target in glomerulonephritis that may involve fewer adverse side effects, such as impaired anti-infectious defense or compromised DC functions in other organs.
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90
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Pandey S, Hoselton SA, Schuh JM. The impact of Aspergillus fumigatus viability and sensitization to its allergens on the murine allergic asthma phenotype. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2013; 2013:619614. [PMID: 24063011 PMCID: PMC3770015 DOI: 10.1155/2013/619614] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/23/2013] [Accepted: 07/01/2013] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Aspergillus fumigatus is a ubiquitously present respiratory pathogen. The outcome of a pulmonary disease may vary significantly with fungal viability and host immune status. Our objective in this study was (1) to assess the ability of inhaled irradiation-killed or live A. fumigatus spores to induce allergic pulmonary disease and (2) to assess the extent to which inhaled dead or live A. fumigatus spores influence pulmonary symptoms in a previously established allergic state. Our newly developed fungal delivery apparatus allowed us to recapitulate human exposure through repeated inhalation of dry fungal spores in an animal model. We found that live A. fumigatus spore inhalation led to a significantly increased humoral response, pulmonary inflammation, and airway remodeling in naïve mice and is more likely to induce allergic asthma symptoms than the dead spores. In contrast, in allergic mice, inhalation of dead and live conidia recruited neutrophils and induced goblet cell metaplasia. This data suggests that asthma symptoms might be exacerbated by the inhalation of live or dead spores in individuals with established allergy to fungal antigens, although the extent of symptoms was less with dead spores. These results are likely to be important while considering fungal exposure assessment methods and for making informed therapeutic decisions for mold-associated diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sumali Pandey
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Scott A. Hoselton
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
| | - Jane M. Schuh
- Department of Veterinary and Microbiological Sciences, North Dakota State University, Fargo, ND 58108, USA
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91
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Sato T, Iwase M, Miyama M, Komai M, Ohshima E, Asai A, Yano H, Miki I. Internalization of CCR4 and inhibition of chemotaxis by K777, a potent and selective CCR4 antagonist. Pharmacology 2013; 91:305-13. [PMID: 23751403 DOI: 10.1159/000350390] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
CC chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is a G protein-coupled receptor that regulates the chemotaxis of Th2 lymphocytes, which are key players in allergic diseases. K777 is a small compound identified in a binding assay using a CCR4 ligand, CCL17. K777 inhibited both CCL17 binding and CCL17-induced chemotaxis in Hut78 cells (IC50: 57 and 8.9 nmol/l, respectively). The K777-mediated inhibition of chemotaxis was potent even in the presence of a 10-fold higher concentration of CCL17. The imaging and flow cytometric analyses revealed that K777 induced CCR4 internalization, with a ∼50% reduction of cell surface CCR4. K777 did not inhibit CXCR4-induced chemotaxis or internalization and did not bring about Ca(2+) mobilization by itself. A Scatchard plot analysis of the binding assay using radiolabeled K777 revealed a single high-affinity binding site on the CCR4 molecule. These results indicate that K777 is a selective CCR4 antagonist featuring the potent chemotaxis inhibition, to which the internalization-inducible ability of K777 to hide a part of cell surface CCR4 may contribute.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Sato
- Drug Discovery Research Laboratories, Fuji Research Park, Kyowa Hakko Kirin Co., Ltd., Nagaizumi, Japan
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92
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CCL17/thymus and activation-regulated chemokine induces calcitonin gene-related peptide in human airway epithelial cells through CCR4. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2013; 132:942-50.e1-3. [PMID: 23731651 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2013.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2013] [Revised: 03/08/2013] [Accepted: 04/16/2013] [Indexed: 11/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Calcitonin gene-related peptide (CGRP) is a potent arterial and venous vasodilator. Increased airway epithelial cell expression of CGRP, together with increased CCL17 expression, was previously observed in a model of provoked asthma in atopic human subjects. OBJECTIVE We sought to determine whether CCL17 induces CCR4-dependent CGRP synthesis and secretion by human airway epithelial cells. METHODS Human airway epithelial cell lines (BEAS-2B and A549) and human primary airway cells were cultured with CCL17 or various other cytokines, and CGRP expression was measured by using RT-PCR, quantitative immunofluorescence, and enzyme immunoassay. CCR4 expression was determined in cultured cells by using flow cytometry and in bronchial biopsy specimens by using immunohistochemistry. RESULTS CCL17 induced a several thousand-fold increase in CGRP mRNA expression and released peptide product from BEAS-2B and A549 cells in a time- and concentration-dependent fashion. Concentration-dependent CCL17-induced release of CGRP by primary human airway epithelial cells was also observed. Under comparable conditions, CCL17 induced greater CGRP release from BEAS-2B cells than either IL-13, a cytokine mixture (TNF-α, GM-CSF, and IL-1), or CCL22. CCR4 was expressed by BEAS-2B and A549 cells and internalized after ligation with CCL17. CCL17-induced CGRP release was inhibited by a specific anti-CCR4 blocking antibody. Bronchial biopsy specimens obtained from healthy volunteers and asthmatic patients before and after provoked asthma all exhibited CCR4 staining of equivalent intensity, indicating that the receptor is constitutively expressed. CONCLUSIONS CCL17-induced, CCR4-dependent release of CGRP by human airway epithelial cells represents a novel inflammatory pathway and a possible target in patients with asthma and allergic disease.
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93
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Rummel PC, Arfelt KN, Baumann L, Jenkins TJ, Thiele S, Lüttichau HR, Johnsen A, Pease J, Ghosh S, Kolbeck R, Rosenkilde MM. Molecular requirements for inhibition of the chemokine receptor CCR8--probe-dependent allosteric interactions. Br J Pharmacol 2013; 167:1206-17. [PMID: 22708643 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2012.02076.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE Here we present a novel series of CCR8 antagonists based on a naphthalene-sulfonamide structure. This structure differs from the predominant pharmacophore for most small-molecule CC-chemokine receptor antagonists, which in fact activate CCR8, suggesting that CCR8 inhibition requires alternative structural probes. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH The compounds were tested as inverse agonists and as antagonists against CCL1-induced activity in Gα(i) signalling and chemotaxis. Furthermore, they were assessed by heterologous competition binding against two radiolabelled receptor ligands: the endogenous agonist CCL1 and the virus-encoded antagonist MC148. KEY RESULTS All compounds were highly potent inverse agonists with EC(50) values from 1.7 to 23 nM. Their potencies as antagonists were more widely spread (EC(50) values from 5.9 to 1572 nM). Some compounds were balanced antagonists/inverse agonists whereas others were predominantly inverse agonists with >100-fold lower potency as antagonists. A correspondingly broad range of affinities, which followed the antagonist potencies, was disclosed by competition with [(125)I]-CCL1 (K(i) 3.4-842 nM), whereas the affinities measured against [(125)I]-MC148 were less widely spread (K(i) 0.37-27 nM), and matched the inverse agonist potencies. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS Despite highly potent and direct effects as inverse agonists, competition-binding experiments against radiolabelled agonist and tests for antagonism revealed a probe-dependent allosteric effect of these compounds. Thus, minor chemical changes affected the ability to modify chemokine binding and action, and divided the compounds into two groups: predominantly inverse agonists and balanced antagonists/inverse agonists. These studies have important implications for the design of new inverse agonists with or without antagonist properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- P C Rummel
- Department of Neuroscience and Pharmacology, Faculty of Health Sciences, Copenhagen University, Copenhagen, Denmark
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94
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Cahn A, Hodgson S, Wilson R, Robertson J, Watson J, Beerahee M, Hughes SC, Young G, Graves R, Hall D, van Marle S, Solari R. Safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of GSK2239633, a CC-chemokine receptor 4 antagonist, in healthy male subjects: results from an open-label and from a randomised study. BMC Pharmacol Toxicol 2013; 14:14. [PMID: 23448278 PMCID: PMC3599276 DOI: 10.1186/2050-6511-14-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2012] [Accepted: 02/26/2013] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) is thought potentially to play a critical role in asthma pathogenesis due to its ability to recruit type 2 T-helper lymphocytes to the inflamed airways. Therefore, CCR4 provides an excellent target for anti-inflammatory therapy. METHODS The safety, tolerability, pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of the CCR4 antagonist GSK2239633, N-(3-((3-(5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamido)-4-methoxy-1H-indazol-1-yl)methyl)benzyl)-2-hydroxy-2-methylpropanamide, were examined in healthy males. Two studies were performed: 1) an open-label, study in which six subjects received a single intravenous infusion of [14C]-GSK2239633 100 μg (10 kBq) (NCT01086462), and 2) a randomised, double-blind, placebo-controlled, cross-over, ascending dose study in which 24 subjects received single oral doses of GSK2239633 150-1500 mg (NCT01371812). RESULTS Following intravenous dosing, plasma GSK2239633 displayed rapid, bi-phasic distribution and slow terminal elimination (t½: 13.5 hours), suggesting that GSK2239633 was a low to moderate clearance drug. Following oral dosing, blood levels of GSK2239633 reached Cmax rapidly (median tmax: 1.0-1.5 hours). Estimated GSK2239633 bioavailability was low with a maximum value determined of only 16%. Food increased GSK2239633 systemic exposure (as assessed by AUC and Cmax). Increases in AUC and Cmax were less than dose proportional. Adverse events were reported by three subjects (50%) following intravenous administration, and by 19 subjects (79%) following oral administration; most (46/47; 98%) events were mild/moderate in intensity. GSK2239633 1500 mg inhibited thymus- and activation-regulated chemokine-induced (TARC) actin polymerisation reaching a mean CCR4 occupancy of 74%. CONCLUSION In conclusion, GSK2239633 was well-tolerated and capable of inhibiting TARC from activating the CCR4 receptor.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anthony Cahn
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Simon Hodgson
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Robert Wilson
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Jonathan Robertson
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Joanna Watson
- GlaxoSmithKline, Stockley Park West, Uxbridge, Middlesex UB11 1BT, UK
| | - Misba Beerahee
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | | | | | - Rebecca Graves
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - David Hall
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
| | - Sjoerd van Marle
- PRA International, Stationsweg 163, Zuidlaren 9741 GP, the Netherlands
| | - Roberto Solari
- Medicines Discovery and Development, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage Herts SG1 2NY, UK
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Procopiou PA, Barrett JW, Barton NP, Begg M, Clapham D, Copley RCB, Ford AJ, Graves RH, Hall DA, Hancock AP, Hill AP, Hobbs H, Hodgson ST, Jumeaux C, Lacroix YML, Miah AH, Morriss KML, Needham D, Sheriff EB, Slack RJ, Smith CE, Sollis SL, Staton H. Synthesis and structure-activity relationships of indazole arylsulfonamides as allosteric CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) antagonists. J Med Chem 2013; 56:1946-60. [PMID: 23409871 DOI: 10.1021/jm301572h] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
A series of indazole arylsulfonamides were synthesized and examined as human CCR4 antagonists. Methoxy- or hydroxyl-containing groups were the more potent indazole C4 substituents. Only small groups were tolerated at C5, C6, or C7, with the C6 analogues being preferred. The most potent N3-substituent was 5-chlorothiophene-2-sulfonamide. N1 meta-substituted benzyl groups possessing an α-amino-3-[(methylamino)acyl]-group were the most potent N1-substituents. Strongly basic amino groups had low oral absorption in vivo. Less basic analogues, such as morpholines, had good oral absorption; however, they also had high clearance. The most potent compound with high absorption in two species was analogue 6 (GSK2239633A), which was selected for further development. Aryl sulfonamide antagonists bind to CCR4 at an intracellular allosteric site denoted site II. X-ray diffraction studies on two indazole sulfonamide fragments suggested the presence of an important intramolecular interaction in the active conformation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Panayiotis A Procopiou
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, GlaxoSmithKline Medicines Research Centre, Gunnels Wood Road, Stevenage, Hertfordshire SG1 2NY, United Kingdom.
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Yakufu P, Qi H, Li M, Ling X, Chen W, Wang Y. CCR4 expressing cells cultured adherently on a capillary wall and formaldehyde fixed as the stationary phase for ligand screening by ACE. Electrophoresis 2013. [DOI: 10.1002/elps.201200376] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Pazilaiti Yakufu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Hui Qi
- Center for Human Disease Genomics and Department of Medical Immunology of School of Basic Medical Science; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Meina Li
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Xiaomei Ling
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Wenjing Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Natural and Biomimetic Drugs and Department of Pharmaceutical Analysis, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
| | - Ying Wang
- Center for Human Disease Genomics and Department of Medical Immunology of School of Basic Medical Science; Peking University; Beijing; P. R. China
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Faustino L, da Fonseca DM, Takenaka MC, Mirotti L, Florsheim EB, Guereschi MG, Silva JS, Basso AS, Russo M. Regulatory T cells migrate to airways via CCR4 and attenuate the severity of airway allergic inflammation. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2013; 190:2614-21. [PMID: 23390295 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1202354] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
We have previously shown that regulatory T (Treg) cells that accumulate in the airways of allergic mice upregulate CC-chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4) expression. These Treg cells suppressed in vitro Th2 cell proliferation but not type 2 cytokine production. In the current study, using a well-established murine model of allergic lung disease or oral tolerance, we evaluated the in vivo activity of Treg cells in allergic airway inflammation with special focus on CCR4 function. We found that allergic, but not tolerant, mice treated with anti-CD25 Ab showed increased airway eosinophilia and IL-5- or IL-4-producing Th2 cells when compared with untreated mice. Notably, mice with CCR4 deficiency displayed an augmented airway allergic inflammation compared with wild-type or CCR2 knockout (KO) mice. The allergic phenotype of CCR4KO mice was similar to that observed in anti-CD25-treated mice. The exacerbated allergic inflammation of CCR4KO mice was directly associated with an impaired migration of Treg cells to airways and augmented frequency of pulmonary Th2 cells. Adoptive transfer of CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells expressing high levels of CCR4, but not CCR4KO CD25(+)CD4(+) T cells, attenuated the severe airway Th2 response of CCR4KO mice. Our results show that CCR4 is critically involved in the migration of Treg cells to allergic lungs that, in turn, attenuate airway Th2 activation and allergic eosinophilic inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Faustino
- Department of Immunology, Institute of Biomedical Sciences, University of São Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
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98
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White GE, Iqbal AJ, Greaves DR. CC chemokine receptors and chronic inflammation--therapeutic opportunities and pharmacological challenges. Pharmacol Rev 2013; 65:47-89. [PMID: 23300131 DOI: 10.1124/pr.111.005074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines are a family of low molecular weight proteins with an essential role in leukocyte trafficking during both homeostasis and inflammation. The CC class of chemokines consists of at least 28 members (CCL1-28) that signal through 10 known chemokine receptors (CCR1-10). CC chemokine receptors are expressed predominantly by T cells and monocyte-macrophages, cell types associated predominantly with chronic inflammation occurring over weeks or years. Chronic inflammatory diseases including rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome are characterized by continued leukocyte infiltration into the inflammatory site, driven in large part by excessive chemokine production. Over years or decades, persistent inflammation may lead to loss of tissue architecture and function, causing severe disability or, in the case of atherosclerosis, fatal outcomes such as myocardial infarction or stroke. Despite the existence of several clinical strategies for targeting chronic inflammation, these diseases remain significant causes of morbidity and mortality globally, with a concomitant economic impact. Thus, the development of novel therapeutic agents for the treatment of chronic inflammatory disease continues to be a priority. In this review we introduce CC chemokine receptors as critical mediators of chronic inflammatory responses and explore their potential role as pharmacological targets. We discuss functions of individual CC chemokine receptors based on in vitro pharmacological data as well as transgenic animal studies. Focusing on three key forms of chronic inflammation--rheumatoid arthritis, atherosclerosis, and metabolic syndrome--we describe the pathologic function of CC chemokine receptors and their possible relevance as therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gemma E White
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
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Abstract
This overview describes the nature of the immune responses induced by the inhalation of allergens. There is a dichotomy in that B cells have multiple mechanisms that limit the amount of immunoglobulin E (IgE) antibody production, whereas T-cell responses are large even in nonallergic subjects. With the possible exception of responses to cat allergen, however, T cells from nonallergic subjects have limited effector function of helping IgG antibody, and in house-dust mite allergy, this declines with age. Regulation by interleukin 10 (IL-10)-producing cells and CD25+ T-regulatory cells has been proposed, but critically, there is limited evidence for this, and many studies show the highest IL-10 production by cells from allergic subjects. Recent studies have shown the importance of nonlymphoid chemokines thymic stromal lymphopoietin and IL-27, so studying responses in situ is critical. Most sources of allergens have 1 or 2 dominant allergens, and for house-dust mite, it has been shown that people have a predictable responsiveness to high-, mid-and poor-IgE-binding proteins regardless of the total size of their response. This allergen hierarchy can be used to design improved allergen preparations and to investigate how antiallergen responses are regulated.
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100
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Deppong CM, Green JM. Experimental advances in understanding allergic airway inflammation. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2013; 5:167-80. [PMID: 23277043 DOI: 10.2741/s364] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
Asthma is largely an inflammatory disease, with the development of T cell mediated inflammation in the lung following exposure to allergen or other precipitating factors. Currently, the major therapies for this disease are directed either at relief of bronchoconstriction (ie beta-agonists) or are non-specific immunomodulators (ie, corticosteroids). While much attention has been paid to factors that regulate the initiation of an inflammatory response, chronic inflammation may also be due to defects in regulatory mechanisms that limit or terminate immune responses. In this review, we explore the elements controlling both the recruitment of T cells to the lung and their function. Possibilities for future therapeutic intervention are highlighted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine M Deppong
- Department of Internal Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO 63110, USA
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