51
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Wang F, Li J, Fan S, Jin Z, Huang C. Targeting stress granules: A novel therapeutic strategy for human diseases. Pharmacol Res 2020; 161:105143. [PMID: 32814168 PMCID: PMC7428673 DOI: 10.1016/j.phrs.2020.105143] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2020] [Revised: 08/07/2020] [Accepted: 08/10/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Stress granules (SGs) are assemblies of mRNA and proteins that form from mRNAs stalled in translation initiation in response to stress. Chronic stress might even induce formation of cytotoxic pathological SGs. SGs participate in various biological functions including response to apoptosis, inflammation, immune modulation, and signalling pathways; moreover, SGs are involved in pathogenesis of neurodegenerative diseases, viral infection, aging, cancers and many other diseases. Emerging evidence has shown that small molecules can affect SG dynamics, including assembly, disassembly, maintenance and clearance. Thus, targeting SGs is a potential therapeutic strategy for the treatment of human diseases and the promotion of health. The established methods for detecting SGs provided ready tools for large-scale screening of agents that alter the dynamics of SGs. Here, we describe the effects of small molecules on SG assembly, disassembly, and their roles in the disease. Moreover, we provide perspective for the possible application of small molecules targeting SGs in the treatment of human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Wang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Juan Li
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China
| | - Shengjie Fan
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China
| | - Zhigang Jin
- College of Chemistry and Life Sciences, Zhejiang Normal University, 688 Yingbin Road, Jinhua, Zhejiang, 321004, China.
| | - Cheng Huang
- School of Pharmacy, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, 1200 Cailun Road, Shanghai, 201203, China.
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52
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Nilewski C, Michels TD, Xiang AX, Packard GK, Sprengeler PA, Eam B, Fish S, Thompson PA, Wegerski CJ, Ernst JT, Reich SH. Strategic Diastereoselective C1 Functionalization in the Aza-Rocaglamide Scaffold toward Natural Product-Inspired eIF4A Inhibitors. Org Lett 2020; 22:6257-6261. [DOI: 10.1021/acs.orglett.0c01944] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Christian Nilewski
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Theodore D. Michels
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Alan X. Xiang
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Garrick K. Packard
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Paul A. Sprengeler
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Boreth Eam
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Sarah Fish
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Peggy A. Thompson
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Christopher J. Wegerski
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Justin T. Ernst
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
| | - Siegfried H. Reich
- eFFECTOR Therapeutics, 11180 Roselle Street, Suite A, San Diego, California 92121, United States
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53
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General and Target-Specific DExD/H RNA Helicases in Eukaryotic Translation Initiation. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21124402. [PMID: 32575790 PMCID: PMC7352612 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21124402] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DExD (DDX)- and DExH (DHX)-box RNA helicases, named after their Asp-Glu-x-Asp/His motifs, are integral to almost all RNA metabolic processes in eukaryotic cells. They play myriad roles in processes ranging from transcription and mRNA-protein complex remodeling, to RNA decay and translation. This last facet, translation, is an intricate process that involves DDX/DHX helicases and presents a regulatory node that is highly targetable. Studies aimed at better understanding this family of conserved proteins have revealed insights into their structures, catalytic mechanisms, and biological roles. They have also led to the development of chemical modulators that seek to exploit their essential roles in diseases. Herein, we review the most recent insights on several general and target-specific DDX/DHX helicases in eukaryotic translation initiation.
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54
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Binas O, Bessi I, Schwalbe H. Structure Validation of G-Rich RNAs in Noncoding Regions of the Human Genome. Chembiochem 2020; 21:1656-1663. [PMID: 31943589 PMCID: PMC7318348 DOI: 10.1002/cbic.201900696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2019] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
We present the rapid biophysical characterization of six previously reported putative G-quadruplex-forming RNAs from the 5'-untranslated region (5'-UTR) of silvestrol-sensitive transcripts for investigation of their secondary structures. By NMR and CD spectroscopic analysis, we found that only a single sequence-[AGG]2 [CGG]2 C-folds into a single well-defined G-quadruplex structure. Sequences with longer poly-G strands form unspecific aggregates, whereas CGG-repeat-containing sequences exhibit a temperature-dependent equilibrium between a hairpin and a G-quadruplex structure. The applied experimental strategy is fast and provides robust readout for G-quadruplex-forming capacities of RNA oligomers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Oliver Binas
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
| | - Irene Bessi
- Institute for Organic and Biomolecular ChemistryJulius Maximilians University WürzburgAm Hubland97074WürzburgGermany
| | - Harald Schwalbe
- Institute for Organic Chemistry and Chemical BiologyGoethe University FrankfurtMax-von-Laue Strasse 760438FrankfurtGermany
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55
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Schmidt S, Denk S, Wiegering A. Targeting Protein Synthesis in Colorectal Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12051298. [PMID: 32455578 PMCID: PMC7281195 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12051298] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Under physiological conditions, protein synthesis controls cell growth and survival and is strictly regulated. Deregulation of protein synthesis is a frequent event in cancer. The majority of mutations found in colorectal cancer (CRC), including alterations in the WNT pathway as well as activation of RAS/MAPK and PI3K/AKT and, subsequently, mTOR signaling, lead to deregulation of the translational machinery. Besides mutations in upstream signaling pathways, deregulation of global protein synthesis occurs through additional mechanisms including altered expression or activity of initiation and elongation factors (e.g., eIF4F, eIF2α/eIF2B, eEF2) as well as upregulation of components involved in ribosome biogenesis and factors that control the adaptation of translation in response to stress (e.g., GCN2). Therefore, influencing mechanisms that control mRNA translation may open a therapeutic window for CRC. Over the last decade, several potential therapeutic strategies targeting these alterations have been investigated and have shown promising results in cell lines, intestinal organoids, and mouse models. Despite these encouraging in vitro results, patients have not clinically benefited from those advances so far. In this review, we outline the mechanisms that lead to deregulated mRNA translation in CRC and highlight recent progress that has been made in developing therapeutic strategies that target these mechanisms for tumor therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Stefanie Schmidt
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Sarah Denk
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
| | - Armin Wiegering
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Theodor Boveri Institute, Biocenter, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany; (S.S.); (S.D.)
- Department of General, Visceral, Transplant, Vascular and Pediatric Surgery, University Hospital Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Comprehensive Cancer Center Mainfranken, University of Würzburg, 97074 Würzburg, Germany
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-931-20138714
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56
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Blum L, Geisslinger G, Parnham MJ, Grünweller A, Schiffmann S. Natural antiviral compound silvestrol modulates human monocyte-derived macrophages and dendritic cells. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:6988-6999. [PMID: 32374474 PMCID: PMC7267175 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15360] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2020] [Revised: 03/31/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Outbreaks of infections with viruses like Sars‐CoV‐2, Ebola virus and Zika virus lead to major global health and economic problems because of limited treatment options. Therefore, new antiviral drug candidates are urgently needed. The promising new antiviral drug candidate silvestrol effectively inhibited replication of Corona‐, Ebola‐, Zika‐, Picorna‐, Hepatis E and Chikungunya viruses. Besides a direct impact on pathogens, modulation of the host immune system provides an additional facet to antiviral drug development because suitable immune modulation can boost innate defence mechanisms against the pathogens. In the present study, silvestrol down‐regulated several pro‐ and anti‐inflammatory cytokines (IL‐6, IL‐8, IL‐10, CCL2, CCL18) and increased TNF‐α during differentiation and activation of M1‐macrophages, suggesting that the effects of silvestrol might cancel each other out. However, silvestrol amplified the anti‐inflammatory potential of M2‐macrophages by increasing expression of anti‐inflammatory surface markers CD206, TREM2 and reducing release of pro‐inflammatory IL‐8 and CCL2. The differentiation of dendritic cells in the presence of silvestrol is characterized by down‐regulation of several surface markers and cytokines indicating that differentiation is impaired by silvestrol. In conclusion, silvestrol influences the inflammatory status of immune cells depending on the cell type and activation status.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leonard Blum
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Gerd Geisslinger
- Pharmazentrum Frankfurt/ZAFES, Institute of Clinical Pharmacology, Goethe-University Hospital Frankfurt, Frankfurt am Main, Germany.,Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Michael J Parnham
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Philipps-University Marburg, Marburg, Germany
| | - Susanne Schiffmann
- Branch for Translational Medicine and Pharmacology TMP, Fraunhofer Institute for Molecular Biology and Applied Ecology IME, Frankfurt am Main, Germany
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57
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Naineni SK, Itoua Maïga R, Cencic R, Putnam AA, Amador LA, Rodriguez AD, Jankowsky E, Pelletier J. A comparative study of small molecules targeting eIF4A. RNA (NEW YORK, N.Y.) 2020; 26:541-549. [PMID: 32014999 PMCID: PMC7161356 DOI: 10.1261/rna.072884.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2019] [Accepted: 01/30/2020] [Indexed: 05/13/2023]
Abstract
The PI3K/Akt/mTOR kinase pathway is extensively deregulated in human cancers. One critical node under regulation of this signaling axis is eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4F, a complex involved in the control of translation initiation rates. eIF4F-dependent addictions arise during tumor initiation and maintenance due to increased eIF4F activity-generally in response to elevated PI3K/Akt/mTOR signaling flux. There is thus much interest in exploring eIF4F as a small molecule target for the development of new anticancer drugs. The DEAD-box RNA helicase, eIF4A, is an essential subunit of eIF4F, and several potent small molecules (rocaglates, hippuristanol, pateamine A) affecting its activity have been identified and shown to demonstrate anticancer activity in vitro and in vivo in preclinical models. Recently, a number of new small molecules have been reported as having the capacity to target and inhibit eIF4A. Here, we undertook a comparative analysis of their biological activity and specificity relative to the eIF4A inhibitor, hippuristanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sai Kiran Naineni
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Rayelle Itoua Maïga
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Regina Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Andrea A Putnam
- School of Medicine, Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Luis A Amador
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Abimael D Rodriguez
- Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Natural Sciences, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, 00931-3346, Puerto Rico
| | - Eckhard Jankowsky
- School of Medicine, Center for RNA Science and Therapeutics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio 44106, USA
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3G 1Y6, Canada
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H4A 3T2, Canada
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec H3A 1A3, Canada
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58
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Laham-Karam N, Pinto GP, Poso A, Kokkonen P. Transcription and Translation Inhibitors in Cancer Treatment. Front Chem 2020; 8:276. [PMID: 32373584 PMCID: PMC7186406 DOI: 10.3389/fchem.2020.00276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2020] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Transcription and translation are fundamental cellular processes that govern the protein production of cells. These processes are generally up regulated in cancer cells, to maintain the enhanced metabolism and proliferative state of these cells. As such cancerous cells can be susceptible to transcription and translation inhibitors. There are numerous druggable proteins involved in transcription and translation which make lucrative targets for cancer drug development. In addition to proteins, recent years have shown that the "undruggable" transcription factors and RNA molecules can also be targeted to hamper the transcription or translation in cancer. In this review, we summarize the properties and function of the transcription and translation inhibitors that have been tested and developed, focusing on the advances of the last 5 years. To complement this, we also discuss some of the recent advances in targeting oncogenes tightly controlling transcription including transcription factors and KRAS. In addition to natural and synthetic compounds, we review DNA and RNA based approaches to develop cancer drugs. Finally, we conclude with the outlook to the future of the development of transcription and translation inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihay Laham-Karam
- A. I. Virtanen Institute for Molecular Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Gaspar P. Pinto
- International Clinical Research Center, St. Anne University Hospital, Brno, Czechia
- Loschmidt Laboratories, Department of Experimental Biology and RECETOX, Faculty of Science, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Antti Poso
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- University Hospital Tübingen, Department of Internal Medicine VIII, University of Tübingen, Tübingen, Germany
| | - Piia Kokkonen
- School of Pharmacy, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
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59
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Translation Inhibition by Rocaglates Activates a Species-Specific Cell Death Program in the Emerging Fungal Pathogen Candida auris. mBio 2020; 11:mBio.03329-19. [PMID: 32156828 PMCID: PMC7064782 DOI: 10.1128/mbio.03329-19] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Emergence of the fungal pathogen Candida auris has ignited intrigue and alarm within the medical community and the public at large. This pathogen is unusually resistant to antifungals, threatening to overwhelm current management options. By screening a library of structurally diverse molecules, we found that C. auris is surprisingly sensitive to translation inhibition by a class of compounds known as rocaglates (also known as flavaglines). Despite the high level of conservation across fungi in their protein synthesis machinery, these compounds inhibited translation initiation and activated a cell death program in C. auris but not in its relative Candida albicans. Our findings highlight a surprising divergence across the cell death programs operating in Candida species and underscore the need to understand the specific biology of a pathogen in attempting to develop more-effective treatments against it. Fungal infections are a major contributor to infectious disease-related deaths worldwide. Recently, global emergence of the fungal pathogen Candida auris has caused considerable concern because most C. auris isolates are resistant to fluconazole, the most commonly administered antifungal, and some isolates are resistant to drugs from all three major antifungal classes. To identify novel agents with bioactivity against C. auris, we screened 2,454 compounds from a diversity-oriented synthesis collection. Of the five hits identified, most shared a common rocaglate core structure and displayed fungicidal activity against C. auris. These rocaglate hits inhibited translation in C. auris but not in its pathogenic relative Candida albicans. Species specificity was contingent on variation at a single amino acid residue in Tif1, a fungal member of the eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) family of translation initiation factors known to be targeted by rocaglates. Rocaglate-mediated inhibition of translation in C. auris activated a cell death program characterized by loss of mitochondrial membrane potential, increased caspase-like activity, and disrupted vacuolar homeostasis. In a rocaglate-sensitized C. albicans mutant engineered to express translation initiation factor 1 (Tif1) with the variant amino acid that we had identified in C. auris, translation was inhibited but no programmed cell death phenotypes were observed. This surprising finding suggests divergence between these related fungal pathogens in their pathways of cellular responses to translation inhibition. From a therapeutic perspective, the chemical biology that we have uncovered reveals species-specific vulnerability in C. auris and identifies a promising target for development of new, mechanistically distinct antifungals in the battle against this emerging pathogen.
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60
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Montellese C, van den Heuvel J, Ashiono C, Dörner K, Melnik A, Jonas S, Zemp I, Picotti P, Gillet LC, Kutay U. USP16 counteracts mono-ubiquitination of RPS27a and promotes maturation of the 40S ribosomal subunit. eLife 2020; 9:54435. [PMID: 32129764 PMCID: PMC7065907 DOI: 10.7554/elife.54435] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2019] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Establishment of translational competence represents a decisive cytoplasmic step in the biogenesis of 40S ribosomal subunits. This involves final 18S rRNA processing and release of residual biogenesis factors, including the protein kinase RIOK1. To identify novel proteins promoting the final maturation of human 40S subunits, we characterized pre-ribosomal subunits trapped on RIOK1 by mass spectrometry, and identified the deubiquitinase USP16 among the captured factors. We demonstrate that USP16 constitutes a component of late cytoplasmic pre-40S subunits that promotes the removal of ubiquitin from an internal lysine of ribosomal protein RPS27a/eS31. USP16 deletion leads to late 40S subunit maturation defects, manifesting in incomplete processing of 18S rRNA and retarded recycling of late-acting ribosome biogenesis factors, revealing an unexpected contribution of USP16 to the ultimate step of 40S synthesis. Finally, ubiquitination of RPS27a appears to depend on active translation, pointing at a potential connection between 40S maturation and protein synthesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jasmin van den Heuvel
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Ph.D. Program, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Kerstin Dörner
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland.,Molecular Life Sciences Ph.D. Program, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - André Melnik
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Stefanie Jonas
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Ivo Zemp
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Paola Picotti
- Institute of Molecular Systems Biology, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | | | - Ulrike Kutay
- Institute of Biochemistry, ETH Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
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61
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Luo W, Yang G, Luo W, Cao Z, Liu Y, Qiu J, Chen G, You L, Zhao F, Zheng L, Zhang T. Novel therapeutic strategies and perspectives for metastatic pancreatic cancer: vaccine therapy is more than just a theory. Cancer Cell Int 2020; 20:66. [PMID: 32158356 PMCID: PMC7057654 DOI: 10.1186/s12935-020-1147-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic cancer is an aggressive and malignant tumor with an exceedingly high mortality rate. The quality of life and survival rates of pancreatic cancer patients with metastasis are poor compared with those without metastasis. Thus far, no effective treatment strategy has been established for metastatic pancreatic cancer patients. Therefore, an appropriate therapeutic method based on the elimination of metastatic pancreatic cancer is critical to improve patient outcome. Tumor-targeted vaccines have been widely discussed in recent studies and enabled important breakthroughs in the treatment of pancreatic cancer by preventing the escape of tumor cells from immune surveillance and activating the immune system to eliminate cancer cells. T cells can be activated by the stimulation of tumor-targeted vaccines, but to mount an effective immune response, both immune checkpoint inhibitors and positive costimulatory molecules are required. In this review, we discuss potential tumor-targeted vaccines that can target pancreatic cancer, elaborate the probably appropriate combination of vaccines therapy and evaluate the underlying benefits as well as obstacles in the current therapy for metastatic pancreatic cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhao Luo
- 1Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Gang Yang
- 1Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Wentao Luo
- 2Department of Mechanical Engineering, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084 China
| | - Zhe Cao
- 1Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Yueze Liu
- 1Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Jiangdong Qiu
- 1Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Guangyu Chen
- 1Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Lei You
- 1Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Fangyu Zhao
- 1Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Lianfang Zheng
- 3Department of Nuclear Medicine, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
| | - Taiping Zhang
- 1Department of General Surgery, Peking Union Medical College Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, No. 1 Shuaifuyuan, Wangfujing Street, Beijing, 100730 China.,4Clinical Immunology Center, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, 100730 China
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62
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Taylor J, Yeomans AM, Packham G. Targeted inhibition of mRNA translation initiation factors as a novel therapeutic strategy for mature B-cell neoplasms. EXPLORATION OF TARGETED ANTI-TUMOR THERAPY 2020; 1:3-25. [PMID: 32924027 PMCID: PMC7116065 DOI: 10.37349/etat.2020.00002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2019] [Accepted: 01/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer development is frequently associated with dysregulation of mRNA translation to enhance both increased global protein synthesis and translation of specific mRNAs encoding oncoproteins. Thus, targeted inhibition of mRNA translation is viewed as a promising new approach for cancer therapy. In this article we review current progress in investigating dysregulation of mRNA translation initiation in mature B-cell neoplasms, focusing on chronic lymphocytic leukemia, follicular lymphoma and diffuse large B-cell lymphoma. We discuss mechanisms and regulation of mRNA translation, potential pathways by which genetic alterations and the tumor microenvironment alters mRNA translation in malignant B cells, preclinical evaluation of drugs targeted against specific eukaryotic initiation factors and current progress towards clinical development. Overall, inhibition of mRNA translation initiation factors is an exciting and promising area for development of novel targeted anti-tumor drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe Taylor
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Alison M Yeomans
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, Cancer Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, University of Southampton, SO16 6YD Southampton, United Kingdom
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63
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Bentayeb H, Aitamer M, Petit B, Dubanet L, Elderwish S, Désaubry L, de Gramont A, Raymond E, Olivrie A, Abraham J, Jauberteau MO, Troutaud D. Prohibitin (PHB) expression is associated with aggressiveness in DLBCL and flavagline-mediated inhibition of cytoplasmic PHB functions induces anti-tumor effects. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:450. [PMID: 31684984 PMCID: PMC6830009 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1440-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Diffuse large B-cell lymphomas (DLBCLs) are aggressive lymphomas accounting for approximately a third of non-Hodgkin lymphomas. Prohibitin 1 (PHB1) and prohibitin 2 (PHB2) are scaffold proteins that promote mitochondria homeostasis and consequently cell survival, but biological functions of cytoplasmic PHBs remain largely unknown in DLBCL. METHODS PHB expression was analyzed in 82 DLBCL biopsies and five DLBCL cell lines by immunohistochemistry (IHC) and Western blotting. Pharmacological inhibition of PHB using the synthetic flavagline FL3 was realized in vitro to gain insight PHB cellular functions. Effects of FL3 on DLBCL cell line viability, apoptosis, C-Raf-ERK-MNK-eIF4E signaling pathway and eIF4F complex formation and activity were evaluated by XTT assay, annexin V-FITC/PI dual staining and Western blotting respectively. Subcutaneous DLBCL xenograft model in SCID mice was also performed to determine in vivo FL3 effect. RESULTS As in DLBCL cell lines, PHB1 and PHB2 were expressed in germinal center B-cell-like (GCB) and activated B-cell-like (ABC) subtypes. In patient samples, high PHB levels were associated with higher serum LDH (PHB1 and PHB2), IPIaa (PHB2), and Ki-67 (PHB2) expression. Higher PHB1 expression tends to be associated with shorter event-free survival (EFS) in patients, especially in male patients. FL3 induced apoptosis of DLBCL cell lines that was associated with inhibition of the ERK-MNK-eIF4E signaling pathway, including aggressive double/triple-hit DLBCL cell lines. This resulted in altered eIF4F complex formation and activity leading to a reduction of Bcl-2 and c-Myc expression levels. Moreover, FL3 strongly downregulated DLBCL cellular levels of Akt protein and AKT mRNA. FL3 antitumor activity was also confirmed in vivo in a murine xenograft model. CONCLUSION Our data indicate that PHB overexpression is associated with markers of tumor aggressiveness in DLBCL, and that targeting PHBs may be a therapeutic option, notably in aggressive subtypes.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Barbara Petit
- Laboratoire d'Anatomie-Pathologique, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | | | | | - Laurent Désaubry
- UMR 7203, CNRS - Université Paris Sorbonne, Paris, France.,Sino-French Joint Lab of Food Nutrition/Safety and Medicinal Chemistry, College of Biotechnology, Tianjin University of Science and Technology, Tianjin, 300457, China
| | | | - Eric Raymond
- AFR Oncology, 1 place Paul Verlaine, Boulogne-Billancourt, France.,Groupe Hospitalier Saint-Joseph, Paris, France
| | - Agnès Olivrie
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Julie Abraham
- Service d'Hématologie Clinique, CHU de Limoges, Limoges, France
| | - Marie-Odile Jauberteau
- EA3842, Université de Limoges, Limoges, France.,Service d'Immunologie, CHU Limoges, Limoges, France
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Müller D, Shin S, Goullet de Rugy T, Samain R, Baer R, Strehaiano M, Masvidal-Sanz L, Guillermet-Guibert J, Jean C, Tsukumo Y, Sonenberg N, Marion F, Guilbaud N, Hoffmann JS, Larsson O, Bousquet C, Pyronnet S, Martineau Y. eIF4A inhibition circumvents uncontrolled DNA replication mediated by 4E-BP1 loss in pancreatic cancer. JCI Insight 2019; 4:121951. [PMID: 31672935 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.121951] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC) relies on hyperactivated protein synthesis. Consistently, human and mouse PDAC lose expression of the translational repressor and mTOR target 4E-BP1. Using genome-wide polysome profiling, we here explore mRNAs whose translational efficiencies depend on the mTOR/4E-BP1 axis in pancreatic cancer cells. We identified a functional enrichment for mRNAs encoding DNA replication and repair proteins, including RRM2 and CDC6. Consequently, 4E-BP1 depletion favors DNA repair and renders DNA replication insensitive to mTOR inhibitors, in correlation with a sustained protein expression of CDC6 and RRM2, which is inversely correlated with 4E-BP1 expression in PDAC patient samples. DNA damage and pancreatic lesions induced by an experimental pancreatitis model uncover that 4E-BP1/2-deleted mice display an increased acinar cell proliferation and a better recovery than WT animals. Targeting translation, independently of 4E-BP1 status, using eIF4A RNA helicase inhibitors (silvestrol derivatives) selectively modulates translation and limits CDC6 expression and DNA replication, leading to reduced PDAC tumor growth. In summary, 4E-BP1 expression loss during PDAC development induces selective changes in translation of mRNA encoding DNA replication and repair protein. Importantly, targeting protein synthesis by eIF4A inhibitors circumvents PDAC resistance to mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Müller
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Sauyeun Shin
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Théo Goullet de Rugy
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Rémi Samain
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Romain Baer
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Manon Strehaiano
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Laia Masvidal-Sanz
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Julie Guillermet-Guibert
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Christine Jean
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Yoshinori Tsukumo
- Molecular Diagnostics Section, Division of Molecular Target and Gene Therapy Products, National Institute of Health Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Frédéric Marion
- Research and Development Center, Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Nicolas Guilbaud
- Research and Development Center, Laboratoires Pierre Fabre, Toulouse, France
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France
| | - Ola Larsson
- Department of Oncology-Pathology, Science for Life Laboratory, Karolinska Institutet, Solna, Sweden
| | - Corinne Bousquet
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Stéphane Pyronnet
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
| | - Yvan Martineau
- Cancer Research Center of Toulouse (CRCT), INSERM UMR 1037, University Toulouse III Paul Sabatier, ERL5294 CNRS, Toulouse, France.,Equipe Labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer and Laboratoire d'Excellence Toulouse Cancer (TOUCAN), Toulouse, France
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Chu J, Zhang W, Cencic R, Devine WG, Beglov D, Henkel T, Brown LE, Vajda S, Porco JA, Pelletier J. Amidino-Rocaglates: A Potent Class of eIF4A Inhibitors. Cell Chem Biol 2019; 26:1586-1593.e3. [PMID: 31519508 DOI: 10.1016/j.chembiol.2019.08.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2019] [Revised: 07/28/2019] [Accepted: 08/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Rocaglates share a common cyclopenta[b]benzofuran core that inhibits eukaryotic translation initiation by modifying the behavior of the RNA helicase, eIF4A. Working as interfacial inhibitors, rocaglates stabilize the association between eIF4A and RNA, which can lead to the formation of steric barriers that block initiating ribosomes. There is significant interest in the development and expansion of rocaglate derivatives, as several members of this family have been shown to possess potent anti-neoplastic activity in vitro and in vivo. To further our understanding of rocaglate diversity and drug design, herein we explore the RNA clamping activity of >200 unique rocaglate derivatives. Through this, we report on the identification and characterization of a potent class of synthetic rocaglates called amidino-rocaglates. These compounds are among the most potent rocaglates documented to date and, taken together, this work offers important information that will guide the future design of rocaglates with improved biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Wenhan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Regina Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - William G Devine
- Department of Chemistry, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Dmitri Beglov
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | | | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Chemistry, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Sandor Vajda
- Department of Chemistry, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Biomedical Engineering, Boston University, Boston, MA, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston University, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada; Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Canada; Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Canada.
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66
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Kats IR, Klann E. Translating from cancer to the brain: regulation of protein synthesis by eIF4F. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 26:332-342. [PMID: 31416906 PMCID: PMC6699409 DOI: 10.1101/lm.050047.119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2019] [Accepted: 07/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Formation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) is widely considered to be the rate-limiting step in cap-dependent translation initiation. Components of eIF4F are often up-regulated in various cancers, and much work has been done to elucidate the role of each of the translation initiation factors in cancer cell growth and survival. In fact, many of the basic mechanisms describing how eIF4F is assembled and how it functions to regulate translation initiation were first investigated in cancer cell lines. These same eIF4F translational control pathways also are relevant for neuronal signaling that underlies long-lasting synaptic plasticity and memory, and in neurological diseases where eIF4F and its upstream regulators are dysregulated. Although eIF4F is important in cancer and for brain function, there is not always a clear path to use the results of studies performed in cancer models to inform one of the roles that the same translation factors have in neuronal signaling. Issues arise when extrapolating from cell lines to tissue, and differences are likely to exist in how eIF4F and its upstream regulatory pathways are expressed in the diverse neuronal subtypes found in the brain. This review focuses on summarizing the role of eIF4F and its accessory proteins in cancer, and how this information has been utilized to investigate neuronal signaling, synaptic function, and animal behavior. Certain aspects of eIF4F regulation are consistent across cancer and neuroscience, whereas some results are more complicated to interpret, likely due to differences in the complexity of the brain, its billions of neurons and synapses, and its diverse cell types.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ilona R Kats
- Sackler Graduate Program, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA.,Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA
| | - Eric Klann
- Center for Neural Science, New York University, New York, New York 10003, USA.,NYU Neuroscience Institute, New York University School of Medicine, New York, New York 10016, USA
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67
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Zhang W, Chu J, Cyr AM, Yueh H, Brown LE, Wang TT, Pelletier J, Porco JA. Intercepted Retro-Nazarov Reaction: Syntheses of Amidino-Rocaglate Derivatives and Their Biological Evaluation as eIF4A Inhibitors. J Am Chem Soc 2019; 141:12891-12900. [PMID: 31310112 PMCID: PMC6693944 DOI: 10.1021/jacs.9b06446] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Rocaglates are a family of natural products isolated from the genus Aglaia which possess a highly substituted cyclopenta[b]benzofuran skeleton and inhibit cap-dependent protein synthesis. Rocaglates are attractive compounds due to their potential for inhibiting tumor cell maintenance in vivo by specifically targeting eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) and interfering with recruitment of ribosomes to mRNA. In this paper, we describe an intercepted retro-Nazarov reaction utilizing intramolecular tosyl migration to generate a reactive oxyallyl cation on the rocaglate skeleton. Trapping of the oxyallyl cation with a diverse range of nucleophiles has been used to generate over 50 novel amidino-rocaglate (ADR) and amino-rocaglate derivatives. Subsequently, these derivatives were evaluated for their ability to inhibit cap-dependent protein synthesis where they were found to outperform previous lead compounds including the rocaglate hydroxamate CR-1-31-B.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenhan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Jennifer Chu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - Andrew M. Cyr
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Han Yueh
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Lauren E. Brown
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
| | - Tony T. Wang
- Laboratory of Vector-borne Viral Diseases, Division of Viral Products, Center for Biologics Evaluation and Research, Food and Drug Administration, Silver Spring, MD 20903, USA
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
- Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
- Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada, H3G 1Y6
| | - John A. Porco
- Department of Chemistry, Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, 590 Commonwealth Avenue, Boston, MA 02215, United States of America
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ARF6 and AMAP1 are major targets of KRAS and TP53 mutations to promote invasion, PD-L1 dynamics, and immune evasion of pancreatic cancer. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2019; 116:17450-17459. [PMID: 31399545 PMCID: PMC6717289 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1901765116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Pancreatic ductal carcinomas (PDACs) have been extensively studied regarding their genomic alterations, microenvironmental intercommunication, and metabolic reprogramming. However, identification of the protein machinery of tumor cells that eventually drives malignancy as a result of driver mutations, and their associated events, is highly anticipated toward the development of precision medicine. The lack of such information regarding PDACs has hindered the elucidation of mechanisms driving malignancies, leaving them incurable. Here we demonstrated that the 2 well-known pancreatic driver mutations cooperatively activate a specific signaling pathway that promotes tumor invasion and immune evasion properties. Our results provide insights into the molecular basis by which malignancies often develop in parallel with oncogenesis and PDAC cell growth, as well as druggable targets for immunotherapies. Although KRAS and TP53 mutations are major drivers of pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), the incurable nature of this cancer still remains largely elusive. ARF6 and its effector AMAP1 are often overexpressed in different cancers and regulate the intracellular dynamics of integrins and E-cadherin, thus promoting tumor invasion and metastasis when ARF6 is activated. Here we show that the ARF6–AMAP1 pathway is a major target by which KRAS and TP53 cooperatively promote malignancy. KRAS was identified to promote eIF4A-dependent ARF6 mRNA translation, which contains a quadruplex structure at its 5′-untranslated region, by inducing TEAD3 and ETV4 to suppress PDCD4; and also eIF4E-dependent AMAP1 mRNA translation, which contains a 5′-terminal oligopyrimidine-like sequence, via up-regulating mTORC1. TP53 facilitated ARF6 activation by platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF), via its known function to promote the expression of PDGF receptor β (PDGFRβ) and enzymes of the mevalonate pathway (MVP). The ARF6–AMAP1 pathway was moreover essential for PDGF-driven recycling of PD-L1, in which KRAS, TP53, eIF4A/4E-dependent translation, mTOR, and MVP were all integral. We moreover demonstrated that the mouse PDAC model KPC cells, bearing KRAS/TP53 mutations, express ARF6 and AMAP1 at high levels and that the ARF6-based pathway is closely associated with immune evasion of KPC cells. Expression of ARF6 pathway components statistically correlated with poor patient outcomes. Thus, the cooperation among eIF4A/4E-dependent mRNA translation and MVP has emerged as a link by which pancreatic driver mutations may promote tumor cell motility, PD-L1 dynamics, and immune evasion, via empowering the ARF6-based pathway and its activation by external ligands.
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69
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Kong T, Xue Y, Cencic R, Zhu X, Monast A, Fu Z, Pilon V, Sangwan V, Guiot MC, Foulkes WD, Porco JA, Park M, Pelletier J, Huang S. eIF4A Inhibitors Suppress Cell-Cycle Feedback Response and Acquired Resistance to CDK4/6 Inhibition in Cancer. Mol Cancer Ther 2019; 18:2158-2170. [PMID: 31395685 DOI: 10.1158/1535-7163.mct-19-0162] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2019] [Revised: 06/04/2019] [Accepted: 07/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
CDK4/6 inhibitors are FDA-approved drugs for estrogen receptor-positive (ER+) breast cancer and are being evaluated to treat other tumor types, including KRAS-mutant non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). However, their clinical utility is often limited by drug resistance. Here, we sought to better understand the resistant mechanisms and help devise potential strategies to overcome this challenge. We show that treatment with CDK4/6 inhibitors in both ER+ breast cancer and KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells induces feedback upregulation of cyclin D1, CDK4, and cyclin E1, mediating drug resistance. We demonstrate that rocaglates, which preferentially target translation of key cell-cycle regulators, effectively suppress this feedback upregulation induced by CDK4/6 inhibition. Consequently, combination treatment of CDK4/6 inhibitor palbociclib with the eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4A inhibitor, CR-1-31-B, is synergistic in suppressing the growth of these cancer cells in vitro and in vivo Furthermore, ER+ breast cancer and KRAS-mutant NSCLC cells that acquired resistance to palbociclib after chronic drug exposure are also highly sensitive to this combination treatment strategy. Our findings reveal a novel strategy using eIF4A inhibitors to suppress cell-cycle feedback response and to overcome resistance to CDK4/6 inhibition in cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Kong
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Yibo Xue
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Regina Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Xianbing Zhu
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Anie Monast
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Zheng Fu
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Virginie Pilon
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Veena Sangwan
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Marie-Christine Guiot
- Department of Pathology, Montreal Neurological Hospital/Institute, McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - William D Foulkes
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics, and Lady Davis Institute, Jewish General Hospital, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.,Department of Medical Genetics and Cancer Research Program, Research Institute of the McGill University Health Centre, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Morag Park
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada
| | - Sidong Huang
- Department of Biochemistry, The Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec, Canada.
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Pal I, Safari M, Jovanovic M, Bates SE, Deng C. Targeting Translation of mRNA as a Therapeutic Strategy in Cancer. Curr Hematol Malig Rep 2019; 14:219-227. [DOI: 10.1007/s11899-019-00530-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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71
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Targeting translation initiation by synthetic rocaglates for treating MYC-driven lymphomas. Leukemia 2019; 34:138-150. [PMID: 31171817 PMCID: PMC6895415 DOI: 10.1038/s41375-019-0503-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2019] [Revised: 03/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/17/2019] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
MYC-driven lymphomas, especially those with concurrent MYC and BCL2 dysregulation, are currently a challenge in clinical practice due to rapid disease progression, resistance to standard chemotherapy and high risk of refractory disease. MYC plays a central role by coordinating hyperactive protein synthesis with upregulated transcription in order to support rapid proliferation of tumor cells. Translation initiation inhibitor rocaglates have been identified as the most potent drugs in MYC-driven lymphomas as they efficiently inhibit MYC expression and tumor cell viability. We found that this class of compounds can overcome eIF4A abundance by stabilizing target mRNA-eIF4A interaction that directly prevents translation. Proteome-wide quantification demonstrated selective repression of multiple critical oncoproteins in addition to MYC in B cell lymphoma including NEK2, MCL1, AURKA, PLK1, and several transcription factors that are generally considered undruggable. Finally, (−)-SDS-1–021, the most promising synthetic rocaglate, was confirmed to be highly potent as a single agent, and displayed significant synergy with the BCL2 inhibitor ABT199 in inhibiting tumor growth and survival in primary lymphoma cells in vitro and in patient-derived xenograft mouse models. Overall, our findings support the strategy of using rocaglates to target oncoprotein synthesis in MYC-driven lymphomas.
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72
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Hepatitis E Virus Drug Development. Viruses 2019; 11:v11060485. [PMID: 31141919 PMCID: PMC6631701 DOI: 10.3390/v11060485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2019] [Revised: 05/20/2019] [Accepted: 05/24/2019] [Indexed: 02/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is an underestimated disease, leading to estimated 20 million infections and up to 70,000 deaths annually. Infections are mostly asymptomatic but can reach mortality rates up to 25% in pregnant women or become chronic in immunocompromised patients. The current therapy options are limited to the unspecific antivirals Ribavirin (RBV) and pegylated Interferon-α (pegIFN-α). RBV leads to viral clearance in only 80% of patients treated, and is, similar to pegIFN-α, contraindicated in the major risk group of pregnant women, emphasizing the importance of new therapy options. In this review, we focus on the urgent need and current efforts in HEV drug development. We provide an overview of the current status of HEV antiviral research. Furthermore, we discuss strategies for drug development and the limitations of the approaches with respect to HEV.
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73
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Iwasaki S, Iwasaki W, Takahashi M, Sakamoto A, Watanabe C, Shichino Y, Floor SN, Fujiwara K, Mito M, Dodo K, Sodeoka M, Imataka H, Honma T, Fukuzawa K, Ito T, Ingolia NT. The Translation Inhibitor Rocaglamide Targets a Bimolecular Cavity between eIF4A and Polypurine RNA. Mol Cell 2019; 73:738-748.e9. [PMID: 30595437 PMCID: PMC6386617 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.11.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2018] [Revised: 07/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
A class of translation inhibitors, exemplified by the natural product rocaglamide A (RocA), isolated from Aglaia genus plants, exhibits antitumor activity by clamping eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) onto polypurine sequences in mRNAs. This unusual inhibitory mechanism raises the question of how the drug imposes sequence selectivity onto a general translation factor. Here, we determined the crystal structure of the human eIF4A1⋅ATP analog⋅RocA⋅polypurine RNA complex. RocA targets the "bi-molecular cavity" formed characteristically by eIF4A1 and a sharply bent pair of consecutive purines in the RNA. Natural amino acid substitutions found in Aglaia eIF4As changed the cavity shape, leading to RocA resistance. This study provides an example of an RNA-sequence-selective interfacial inhibitor fitting into the space shaped cooperatively by protein and RNA with specific sequences.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shintaro Iwasaki
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; Department of Computational Biology and Medical Sciences, Graduate School of Frontier Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo 277-8561, Japan.
| | - Wakana Iwasaki
- Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Mari Takahashi
- Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Ayako Sakamoto
- Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Chiduru Watanabe
- Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory for Structure-Based Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Yuichi Shichino
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Stephen N Floor
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA; Department of Cell and Tissue Biology, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Helen Diller Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Koichi Fujiwara
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mari Mito
- RNA Systems Biochemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Kosuke Dodo
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Mikiko Sodeoka
- Synthetic Organic Chemistry Laboratory, RIKEN Cluster for Pioneering Research, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; AMED-CREST, Japan Agency for Medical Research and Development, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan; RIKEN Center for Sustainable Resource Science, Wako, Saitama 351-0198, Japan
| | - Hiroaki Imataka
- Graduate School of Engineering, University of Hyogo, Himeji, Hyogo 671-2201, Japan
| | - Teruki Honma
- Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Laboratory for Structure-Based Molecular Design, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan
| | - Kaori Fukuzawa
- School of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Hoshi University, Shinagawa, Tokyo 142-8501, Japan
| | - Takuhiro Ito
- Laboratory for Translation Structural Biology, RIKEN Center for Biosystems Dynamics Research, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan; Division of Structural and Synthetic Biology, RIKEN Center for Life Science Technologies, Tsurumi-ku, Yokohama 230-0045, Japan.
| | - Nicholas T Ingolia
- Department of Molecular and Cell Biology, University of California, Berkeley, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA.
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Ma X, Li B, Liu J, Fu Y, Luo Y. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase promotes pancreatic cancer development by interacting with eIF4A1 and eIF4E. JOURNAL OF EXPERIMENTAL & CLINICAL CANCER RESEARCH : CR 2019; 38:66. [PMID: 30744688 PMCID: PMC6371491 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-019-1053-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Background Pancreatic cancer is one of the most malignant cancers. The overall 5-year survival rate of its patients is 8%, the lowest among major cancer types. It is very urgent to study the development mechanisms of this cancer and provide potential targets for therapeutics design. Glucose, one of the most essential nutrients, is highly exploited for aerobic glycolysis in tumor cells to provide building blocks. However, the glucose consumption manner in pancreatic cancer cells is unclear. And the mechanism of the substantial metabolic pathway promoting pancreatic cancer development is also unrevealed. Methods 13C6 glucose was used to trace the glucose carbon flux and detected by mass spectrum. The expressions of PHGDH were determined in cells and pancreatic adenocarcinomas. Knockdown and overexpression were performed to investigate the roles of PHGDH on pancreatic cancer cell proliferation, colony formation and tumor growth. The mechanisms of PHGDH promoting pancreatic cancer development were studied by identifying the interacting proteins and detecting the regulatory functions on translation initiations. Results Pancreatic cancer cells PANC-1 consumed large amounts of glucose in the serine and glycine de novo synthesis. Phosphoglycerate dehydrogenase (PHGDH) highly expressed and controlled this pathway. Knockdown of PHGDH significantly attenuated the tumor growth and prolonged the survival of tumor bearing mice. The pancreatic adenocarcinoma patients with low PHGDH expression had better overall survival. Mechanistically, knockdown of PHGDH inhibited cell proliferation and tumorigenesis through disrupting the cell-cell tight junctions and the related proteins expression. Besides catalyzing serine synthesis to activate AKT pathway, PHGDH was found to interact with the translation initiation factors eIF4A1 and eIF4E and facilitated the assembly of the complex eIF4F on 5’ mRNA structure to promote the relevant proteins expression. Conclusion Besides catalyzing serine synthesis, PHGDH promotes pancreatic cancer development through enhancing the translation initiations by interacting with eIF4A1 and eIF4E. Inhibiting the interactions of PHGDH/eIF4A1 and PHGDH/eIF4E will provide potential targets for anti-tumor therapeutics development. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s13046-019-1053-y) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuhui Ma
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Boya Li
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Jie Liu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yan Fu
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China
| | - Yongzhang Luo
- The National Engineering Laboratory for Anti-Tumor Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Beijing Key Laboratory for Protein Therapeutics, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China. .,Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Life Sciences, Tsinghua University, Beijing, 100084, China.
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75
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Itoua Maïga R, Cencic R, Chu J, Waller DD, Brown LE, Devine WG, Zhang W, Sebag M, Porco JA, Pelletier J. Oxo-aglaiastatin-Mediated Inhibition of Translation Initiation. Sci Rep 2019; 9:1265. [PMID: 30718665 PMCID: PMC6361980 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Translation is a highly regulated process that is perturbed in human cancers, often through activation of the PI3K/mTOR pathway which impacts directly on the ribosome recruitment phase of translation initiation. While significant research has focused on “drugging” components of the PI3K/mTOR network, efforts have also been directed towards inhibiting eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4F-dependent translation. Small molecule inhibitors of this complex have been identified, characterized, and used to validate the rationale of targeting this step to curtail tumor cell growth and modulate chemotherapy response. One such class of compounds are the rocaglates, secondary metabolites from the plant genus Aglaia, which target the RNA helicase subunit of eIF4F, eIF4A. Here we explore the ability of synthetic derivatives of aglaiastatins and an aglaroxin derivative to target the translation process in vitro and in vivo and find the synthetic derivative oxo-aglaiastatin to possess such activity. Oxo-aglaiastatin inhibited translation in vitro and in vivo and synergized with doxorubicin, ABT-199 (a Bcl-2 antagonist), and dexamethasone when tested on hematological cancer cells. The biological activity of oxo-aglaiastatin was shown to be a consequence of inhibiting eIF4A1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rayelle Itoua Maïga
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Regina Cencic
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jennifer Chu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Daniel D Waller
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - William G Devine
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Wenhan Zhang
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Michael Sebag
- Department of Medicine, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - John A Porco
- Department of Chemistry and Center for Molecular Discovery (BU-CMD), Boston University, Boston, MA, 02215, USA
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada. .,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3G 1Y6, Canada. .,Rosalind & Morris Goodman Cancer Research Centre, McGill University, Montreal, Québec, H3A 1A3, Canada.
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76
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Sridharan S, Robeson M, Bastihalli-Tukaramrao D, Howard CM, Subramaniyan B, Tilley AMC, Tiwari AK, Raman D. Targeting of the Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4A Against Breast Cancer Stemness. Front Oncol 2019; 9:1311. [PMID: 31867270 PMCID: PMC6909344 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2019.01311] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2019] [Accepted: 11/11/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer stem cells (BCSCs) are intrinsically chemoresistant and capable of self-renewal. Following chemotherapy, patients can develop minimal residual disease due to BCSCs which can repopulate into a relapsed tumor. Therefore, it is imperative to co-target BCSCs along with the bulk tumor cells to achieve therapeutic success and prevent recurrence. So, it is vital to identify actionable molecular targets against both BCSCs and bulk tumor cells. Previous findings from our lab and others have demonstrated that inhibition of the emerging drug target eIF4A with Rocaglamide A (RocA) was efficacious against triple-negative breast cancer cells (TNBC). RocA specifically targets the pool of eIF4A bound to the oncogenic mRNAs that requires its helicase activity for their translation. This property enables specific targeting of tumor cells. The efficacy of RocA against BCSCs is unknown. In this study, we postulated that eIF4A could be a vulnerable node in BCSCs. In order to test this, we generated a paclitaxel-resistant TNBC cell line which demonstrated an elevated level of eIF4A along with increased levels of cancer stemness markers (ALDH activity and CD44), pluripotency transcription factors (SOX2, OCT4, and NANOG) and drug transporters (ABCB1, ABCG2, and ABCC1). Furthermore, genetic ablation of eIF4A resulted in reduced expression of ALDH1A1, pluripotency transcription factors and drug transporters. This pointed out that eIF4A is likely associated with selected set of proteins that are critical to BCSCs, and hence targeting eIF4A may eliminate BCSCs. Therefore, we isolated BCSCs from two TNBC cell lines: MDA-Bone-Un and SUM-159PT. Following RocA treatment, the self-renewal ability of the BCSCs was significantly reduced as determined by the efficiency of the formation of primary and secondary mammospheres. This was accompanied by a reduction in the levels of NANOG, OCT4, and drug transporters. Exposure to RocA also induced cell death of the BCSCs as evaluated by DRAQ7 and cell viability assays. RocA treatment induced apoptosis with increased levels of cleaved caspase-3. Overall, we identified that RocA is effective in targeting BCSCs, and eIF4A is an actionable molecular target in both BCSCs and bulk tumor cells. Therefore, anti-eIF4A inhibitors could potentially be combined synergistically with existing chemo-, radio- and/or immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sangita Sridharan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Megan Robeson
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Diwakar Bastihalli-Tukaramrao
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Cory M. Howard
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Boopathi Subramaniyan
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Augustus M. C. Tilley
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Amit K. Tiwari
- Department of Pharmacology & Experimental Therapeutics, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
| | - Dayanidhi Raman
- Department of Cancer Biology, University of Toledo Health Science Campus, Toledo, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Dayanidhi Raman
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Hussain S, Bedekovics T, Liu Q, Hu W, Jeon H, Johnson SH, Vasmatzis G, May DG, Roux KJ, Galardy PJ. UCH-L1 bypasses mTOR to promote protein biosynthesis and is required for MYC-driven lymphomagenesis in mice. Blood 2018; 132:2564-2574. [PMID: 30257881 PMCID: PMC6293873 DOI: 10.1182/blood-2018-05-848515] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 09/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
The mechanistic target of rapamycin (mTOR) is a central regulator of cellular proliferation and metabolism. Depending on its binding partners, mTOR is at the core of 2 complexes that either promote protein biosynthesis (mTOR complex 1; mTORC1) or provide survival and proliferation signals (mTORC2). Protein biosynthesis downstream of mTORC1 plays an important role in MYC-driven oncogenesis with translation inhibitors garnering increasing therapeutic attention. The germinal center B-cell oncogene UCHL1 encodes a deubiquitinating enzyme that regulates the balance between mTOR complexes by disrupting mTORC1 and promoting mTORC2 assembly. While supporting mTORC2-dependent growth and survival signals may contribute to its role in cancer, the suppression of mTORC1 activity is enigmatic, as its phosphorylation of its substrate 4EBP1 promotes protein biosynthesis. To address this, we used proximity-based proteomics to identify molecular complexes with which UCH-L1 associates in malignant B cells. We identified a novel association of UCH-L1 with the translation initiation complex eIF4F, the target of 4EBP1. UCH-L1 associates with and promotes the assembly of eIF4F and stimulates protein synthesis through a mechanism that requires its catalytic activity. Because of the importance of mTOR in MYC-driven oncogenesis, we used novel mutant Uchl1 transgenic mice and found that catalytic activity is required for its acceleration of lymphoma in the Eμ-myc model. Further, we demonstrate that mice lacking UCH-L1 are resistant to MYC-induced lymphomas. We conclude that UCH-L1 bypasses the need for mTORC1-dependent protein synthesis by directly promoting translation initiation, and that this mechanism may be essential for MYC in B-cell malignancy.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Qiuying Liu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | - Wenqian Hu
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
| | | | | | - George Vasmatzis
- Center for Individualized Medicine-Biomarker Discovery, and
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Danielle G May
- Enabling Technology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD
| | - Kyle J Roux
- Enabling Technology Group, Sanford Research, Sioux Falls, SD
- Department of Pediatrics, Sanford School of Medicine, University of South Dakota, Sioux Falls, SD; and
| | - Paul J Galardy
- Department of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology
- Division of Pediatric Hematology-Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
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By reducing global mRNA translation in several ways, 2-deoxyglucose lowers MCL-1 protein and sensitizes hemopoietic tumor cells to BH3 mimetic ABT737. Cell Death Differ 2018; 26:1766-1781. [PMID: 30538285 PMCID: PMC6748140 DOI: 10.1038/s41418-018-0244-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2018] [Revised: 10/30/2018] [Accepted: 11/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Drugs targeting various pro-survival BCL-2 family members (‘‘BH3 mimetics’’) have efficacy in hemopoietic malignancies, but the non-targeted pro-survival family members can promote resistance. Pertinently, the sensitivity of some tumor cell lines to BH3 mimetic ABT737, which targets BCL-2, BCL-XL, and BCL-W but not MCL-1, is enhanced by 2-deoxyglucose (2DG). We found that 2DG augmented apoptosis induced by ABT737 in 3 of 8 human hemopoietic tumor cell lines, most strongly in pre-B acute lymphocytic leukemia cell line NALM-6, the focus of our mechanistic studies. Although 2DG can lower MCL-1 translation, how it does so is incompletely understood, in part because 2DG inhibits both glycolysis and protein glycosylation in the endoplasmic reticulum (ER). Its glycolysis inhibition lowered ATP and, through the AMPK/mTORC1 pathway, markedly reduced global protein synthesis, as did an ER integrated stress response. A dual reporter assay revealed that 2DG impeded not only cap-dependent translation but also elongation or cap-independent translation. MCL-1 protein fell markedly, whereas 12 other BCL-2 family members were unaffected. We ascribe the MCL-1 drop to the global fall in translation, exacerbated for mRNAs with a structured 5′ untranslated region (5′UTR) containing potential regulatory motifs like those in MCL-1 mRNA and the short half-life of MCL-1 protein. Pertinently, 2DG downregulated two other short-lived oncoproteins, MYC and MDM2. Thus, our results support MCL-1 as a critical 2DG target, but also reveal multiple effects on global translation that may well also affect its promotion of apoptosis.
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79
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Cunningham TA, Chapman E, Schatz JH. eIF4A inhibition: ready for primetime? Oncotarget 2018; 9:35515-35516. [PMID: 30473746 PMCID: PMC6238976 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.26268] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 10/17/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Tyler A Cunningham
- Jonathan H. Schatz: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Eli Chapman
- Jonathan H. Schatz: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
| | - Jonathan H Schatz
- Jonathan H. Schatz: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA; Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida, USA
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80
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Barkovich KJ, Moore MK, Hu Q, Shokat KM. Chemical genetic inhibition of DEAD-box proteins using covalent complementarity. Nucleic Acids Res 2018; 46:8689-8699. [PMID: 30102385 PMCID: PMC6158709 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky706] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 07/07/2018] [Accepted: 08/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
DEAD-box proteins are an essential class of enzymes involved in all stages of RNA metabolism. The study of DEAD-box proteins is challenging in a native setting since they are structurally similar, often essential and display dosage sensitivity. Pharmacological inhibition would be an ideal tool to probe the function of these enzymes. In this work, we describe a chemical genetic strategy for the specific inactivation of individual DEAD-box proteins with small molecule inhibitors using covalent complementarity. We identify a residue of low conservation within the P-loop of the nucleotide-binding site of DEAD-box proteins and show that it can be mutated to cysteine without a substantial loss of enzyme function to generate electrophile-sensitive mutants. We then present a series of small molecules that rapidly and specifically bind and inhibit electrophile-sensitive DEAD-box proteins with high selectivity over the wild-type enzyme. Thus, this approach can be used to systematically generate small molecule-sensitive alleles of DEAD-box proteins, allowing for pharmacological inhibition and functional characterization of members of this enzyme family.
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Affiliation(s)
- Krister J Barkovich
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Megan K Moore
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Qi Hu
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Kevan M Shokat
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Pharmacology, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of California, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
- Department of Chemistry, University of California, Berkeley, CA 94720, USA
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Fanunza E, Frau A, Corona A, Tramontano E. Antiviral Agents Against Ebola Virus Infection: Repositioning Old Drugs and Finding Novel Small Molecules. ANNUAL REPORTS IN MEDICINAL CHEMISTRY 2018; 51:135-173. [PMID: 32287476 PMCID: PMC7112331 DOI: 10.1016/bs.armc.2018.08.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
Ebola virus (EBOV) causes a deadly hemorrhagic syndrome in humans with mortality rate up to 90%. First reported in Zaire in 1976, EBOV outbreaks showed a fluctuating trend during time and fora long period it was considered a tragic disease confined to the isolated regions of the African continent where the EBOV fear was perpetuated among the poor communities. The extreme severity of the recent 2014-16 EBOV outbreak in terms of fatality rate and rapid spread out of Africa led to the understanding that EBOV is a global health risk and highlights the necessity to find countermeasures against it. In the recent years, several small molecules have been shown to display in vitro and in vivo efficacy against EBOV and some of them have advanced into clinical trials. In addition, also existing drugs have been tested for their anti-EBOV activity and were shown to be promising candidates. However, despite the constant effort addressed to identify anti-EBOV therapeutics, no approved drugs are available against EBOV yet. In this chapter, we describe the main EBOV life cycle steps, providing a detailed picture of the druggable viral and host targets that have been explored so far by different technologies. We then summarize the small molecules, nucleic acid oligomers, and antibody-based therapies reported to have an effect either in in silico, or in biochemical and cell-based assays or in animal models and clinical trials, listing them according to their demonstrated or putative mechanism of action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elisa Fanunza
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Aldo Frau
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Angela Corona
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
| | - Enzo Tramontano
- Department of Life and Environmental Sciences, University of Cagliari, Cagliari, Italy
- Genetics and Biomedical Research Institute, National Research Council, Monserrato, Italy
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Peters TL, Tillotson J, Yeomans AM, Wilmore S, Lemm E, Jiménez-Romero C, Amador LA, Li L, Amin AD, Pongtornpipat P, Zerio CJ, Ambrose AJ, Paine-Murrieta G, Greninger P, Vega F, Benes CH, Packham G, Rodríguez AD, Chapman E, Schatz JH. Target-Based Screening against eIF4A1 Reveals the Marine Natural Product Elatol as a Novel Inhibitor of Translation Initiation with In Vivo Antitumor Activity. Clin Cancer Res 2018; 24:4256-4270. [PMID: 29844128 PMCID: PMC6500731 DOI: 10.1158/1078-0432.ccr-17-3645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Revised: 04/20/2018] [Accepted: 05/21/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Purpose: The DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A1 carries out the key enzymatic step of cap-dependent translation initiation and is a well-established target for cancer therapy, but no drug against it has entered evaluation in patients. We identified and characterized a natural compound with broad antitumor activities that emerged from the first target-based screen to identify novel eIF4A1 inhibitors.Experimental Design: We tested potency and specificity of the marine compound elatol versus eIF4A1 ATPase activity. We also assessed eIF4A1 helicase inhibition, binding between the compound and the target including binding site mutagenesis, and extensive mechanistic studies in cells. Finally, we determined maximum tolerated dosing in vivo and assessed activity against xenografted tumors.Results: We found elatol is a specific inhibitor of ATP hydrolysis by eIF4A1 in vitro with broad activity against multiple tumor types. The compound inhibits eIF4A1 helicase activity and binds the target with unexpected 2:1 stoichiometry at key sites in its helicase core. Sensitive tumor cells suffer acute loss of translationally regulated proteins, leading to growth arrest and apoptosis. In contrast to other eIF4A1 inhibitors, elatol induces markers of an integrated stress response, likely an off-target effect, but these effects do not mediate its cytotoxic activities. Elatol is less potent in vitro than the well-studied eIF4A1 inhibitor silvestrol but is tolerated in vivo at approximately 100× relative dosing, leading to significant activity against lymphoma xenografts.Conclusions: Elatol's identification as an eIF4A1 inhibitor with in vivo antitumor activities provides proof of principle for target-based screening against this highly promising target for cancer therapy. Clin Cancer Res; 24(17); 4256-70. ©2018 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tara L Peters
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Miami, Miami, Florida
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | - Alison M Yeomans
- Somers Cancer Science Building, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Sarah Wilmore
- University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Elizabeth Lemm
- Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Carlos Jiménez-Romero
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Luis A Amador
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Lingxiao Li
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Amit D Amin
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | | | | | | | | | - Patricia Greninger
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Francisco Vega
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
- Division of Hematopathology, Department of Pathology, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
| | - Cyril H Benes
- Center for Cancer Research, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Charlestown, Massachusetts
| | - Graham Packham
- Cancer Research UK Centre, University of Southampton, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Abimael D Rodríguez
- Molecular Sciences Research Center, University of Puerto Rico, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Eli Chapman
- College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona.
| | - Jonathan H Schatz
- Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida.
- Division of Hematology, Department of Medicine, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, Florida
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83
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Todt D, Moeller N, Praditya D, Kinast V, Friesland M, Engelmann M, Verhoye L, Sayed IM, Behrendt P, Dao Thi VL, Meuleman P, Steinmann E. The natural compound silvestrol inhibits hepatitis E virus (HEV) replication in vitro and in vivo. Antiviral Res 2018; 157:151-158. [PMID: 30036559 PMCID: PMC7113770 DOI: 10.1016/j.antiviral.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Hepatitis E virus (HEV) is the causative agent of hepatitis E in humans and a member of the genus Orthohepevirus in the family Hepeviridae. HEV infections are the common cause of acute hepatitis but can also take chronic courses. Ribavirin is the treatment of choice for most patients and type I interferon (IFN) has been evaluated in a few infected transplantation patients in vivo. However, no effective and specific treatments against HEV infections are currently available. In this study, we evaluated the natural compound silvestrol, isolated from the plant Aglaia foveolata, and known for its specific inhibition of the DEAD-box RNA helicase eIF4A in state-of-the-art HEV experimental model systems. Silvestrol blocked HEV replication of different subgenomic replicons in a dose-dependent manner at low nanomolar concentrations and acted additive to ribavirin (RBV). In addition, HEV p6-based full length replication and production of infectious particles was reduced in the presence of silvestrol. A pangenotypic effect of the compound was further demonstrated with primary isolates from four different human genotypes in HEV infection experiments of hepatocyte-like cells derived from human embryonic and induced pluripotent stem cells. In vivo, HEV RNA levels rapidly declined in the feces of treated mice while no effect was observed in the vehicle treated control animals. In conclusion, silvestrol could be identified as pangenotypic HEV replication inhibitor in vitro with additive effect to RBV and further demonstrated high potency in vivo. The compound therefore may be considered in future treatment strategies of chronic hepatitis E in immunocompromised patients. The natural compound silvestrol is a potent inhibitor of HEV replication. HEV infection of laboratory and primary isolates could be inhibited by silvestrol. Silvestrol demonstrated high potency in human liver chimeric mice. Targeting translation initiation could be a novel antiviral strategy for the treatment of chronic hepatitis E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Todt
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Germany; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Nora Moeller
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Dimas Praditya
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Volker Kinast
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Martina Friesland
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Michael Engelmann
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Lieven Verhoye
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Ibrahim M Sayed
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium; Microbiology and Immunology Department, Faculty of Medicine, Assuit University, Assuit, Egypt
| | - Patrick Behrendt
- Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany; Department of Gastroenterology, Hepatology and Endocrinology, Hannover Medical School, Germany
| | - Viet Loan Dao Thi
- Department of Virology, University Hospital, Heidelberg, Germany; Laboratory of Virology and Infectious Disease, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY, USA
| | - Philip Meuleman
- Laboratory of Liver Infectious Diseases, Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Center for Vaccinology, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Eike Steinmann
- Ruhr-University Bochum, Faculty of Medicine, Department of Molecular and Medical Virology, Germany; Institute for Experimental Virology, TWINCORE Centre for Experimental and Clinical Infection Research, a Joint Venture Between the Medical School Hannover (MHH) and the Helmholtz Centre for Infection Research (HZI), Feodor-Lynen-Str. 7, 30625, Hannover, Germany.
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84
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Chu J, Pelletier J. Therapeutic Opportunities in Eukaryotic Translation. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Biol 2018; 10:cshperspect.a032995. [PMID: 29440069 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a032995] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The ability to block biological processes with selective small molecules provides advantages distinct from most other experimental approaches. These include rapid time to onset, swift reversibility, ability to probe activities in manners that cannot be accessed by genetic means, and the potential to be further developed as therapeutic agents. Small molecule inhibitors can also be used to alter expression and activity without affecting the stoichiometry of interacting partners. These tenets have been especially evident in the field of translation. Small molecule inhibitors were instrumental in enabling investigators to capture short-lived complexes and characterize specific steps of protein synthesis. In addition, several drugs that are the mainstay of modern antimicrobial drug therapy are potent inhibitors of prokaryotic translation. Currently, there is much interest in targeting eukaryotic translation as decades of research have revealed that deregulated protein synthesis in cancer cells represents a targetable vulnerability. In addition to being potential therapeutics, small molecules that manipulate translation have also been shown to influence cognitive processes such as memory. In this review, we focus on small molecule modulators that target the eukaryotic translation initiation apparatus and provide an update on their potential application to the treatment of disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Chu
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Department of Oncology, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada.,Rosalind and Morris Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, Quebec H3G 1Y6, Canada
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85
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Myc, Oncogenic Protein Translation, and the Role of Polyamines. Med Sci (Basel) 2018; 6:medsci6020041. [PMID: 29799508 PMCID: PMC6024823 DOI: 10.3390/medsci6020041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Revised: 05/19/2018] [Accepted: 05/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Deregulated protein synthesis is a common feature of cancer cells, with many oncogenic signaling pathways directly augmenting protein translation to support the biomass needs of proliferating tissues. MYC’s ability to drive oncogenesis is a consequence of its essential role as a governor linking cell cycle entry with the requisite increase in protein synthetic capacity, among other biomass needs. To date, direct pharmacologic inhibition of MYC has proven difficult, but targeting oncogenic signaling modules downstream of MYC, such as the protein synthetic machinery, may provide a viable therapeutic strategy. Polyamines are essential cations found in nearly all living organisms that have both direct and indirect roles in the control of protein synthesis. Polyamine metabolism is coordinately regulated by MYC to increase polyamines in proliferative tissues, and this is further augmented in the many cancer cells harboring hyperactivated MYC. In this review, we discuss MYC-driven regulation of polyamines and protein synthetic capacity as a key function of its oncogenic output, and how this dependency may be perturbed through direct pharmacologic targeting of components of the protein synthetic machinery, such as the polyamines themselves, the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4F (eIF4F) complex, and the eukaryotic translation initiation factor 5A (eIF5A).
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86
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Ba Q, Li X, Huang C, Li J, Fu Y, Chen P, Duan J, Hao M, Zhang Y, Li J, Sun C, Ying H, Song H, Zhang R, Shen Z, Wang H. BCCIPβ modulates the ribosomal and extraribosomal function of S7 through a direct interaction. J Mol Cell Biol 2018; 9:209-219. [PMID: 28510697 PMCID: PMC5907838 DOI: 10.1093/jmcb/mjx019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Extraribosomal functions of ribosomal proteins (RPs) have gained much attention for their implications in tumorigenesis and progression. However, the regulations for transition between the ribosomal and extraribosomal functions of RPs are rarely reported. Herein, we identified a ribosomal protein S7-interacting partner, BCCIPβ, which modulates the functional conversion of S7. Through the N-terminal acidic domain, BCCIPβ interacts with the central basic region in S7 and regulates the extraribosomal distribution of S7. BCCIPβ deficiency abrogates the ribosomal accumulation but enhances the ribosome-free location of S7. This translocation further impairs protein synthesis and triggers ribosomal stress. Consequently, BCCIPβ deficiency suppresses the ribosomal function and initiates the extraribosomal function of S7, resulting in restriction of cell proliferation. Moreover, clinically relevant S7 mutations were found to dampen the interaction with BCCIPβ and facilitate the functional transition of S7. In conclusion, BCCIPβ, as a S7 modulator, contributes to the regulation of ribosomal and extraribosomal functions of S7 and has implications in cell growth and tumor development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qian Ba
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Xiaoguang Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chao Huang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Junyang Li
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yijing Fu
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Peizhan Chen
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Juan Duan
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Miao Hao
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yinghua Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Jingquan Li
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
| | - Chuanqi Sun
- Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Hao Ying
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haiyun Song
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Ruiwen Zhang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, Texas Tech University Health Sciences Center, Amarillo, TX 79106, USA
| | - Zhiyuan Shen
- Rutgers Cancer Institute of New Jersey, Department of Radiation Oncology of Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08903, USA
| | - Hui Wang
- School of Public Health, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200025, China
- Key Laboratory of Food Safety Research, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
- Correspondence to: Hui Wang, E-mail:
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87
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Elgner F, Sabino C, Basic M, Ploen D, Grünweller A, Hildt E. Inhibition of Zika Virus Replication by Silvestrol. Viruses 2018; 10:v10040149. [PMID: 29584632 PMCID: PMC5923443 DOI: 10.3390/v10040149] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 03/22/2018] [Accepted: 03/24/2018] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
The Zika virus (ZIKV) outbreak in 2016 in South America with specific pathogenic outcomes highlighted the need for new antiviral substances with broad-spectrum activities to react quickly to unexpected outbreaks of emerging viral pathogens. Very recently, the natural compound silvestrol isolated from the plant Aglaia foveolata was found to have very potent antiviral effects against the (−)-strand RNA-virus Ebola virus as well as against Corona- and Picornaviruses with a (+)-strand RNA-genome. This antiviral activity is based on the impaired translation of viral RNA by the inhibition of the DEAD-box RNA helicase eukaryotic initiation factor-4A (eIF4A) which is required to unwind structured 5´-untranslated regions (5′-UTRs) of several proto-oncogenes and thereby facilitate their translation. Zika virus is a flavivirus with a positive-stranded RNA-genome harboring a 5′-capped UTR with distinct secondary structure elements. Therefore, we investigated the effects of silvestrol on ZIKV replication in A549 cells and primary human hepatocytes. Two different ZIKV strains were used. In both infected A549 cells and primary human hepatocytes, silvestrol has the potential to exert a significant inhibition of ZIKV replication for both analyzed strains, even though the ancestor strain from Uganda is less sensitive to silvestrol. Our data might contribute to identify host factors involved in the control of ZIKV infection and help to develop antiviral concepts that can be used to treat a variety of viral infections without the risk of resistances because a host protein is targeted.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabian Elgner
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Catarina Sabino
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Michael Basic
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Daniela Ploen
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.
| | - Arnold Grünweller
- Pharmazeutische Chemie, Philipps-Universität Marburg, 35037 Marburg, Germany.
| | - Eberhard Hildt
- Department of Virology, Paul-Ehrlich-Institut, 63225 Langen, Germany.
- German Center for Infection Research (DZIF), 38124 Braunschweig, Germany.
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88
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Leppek K, Das R, Barna M. Functional 5' UTR mRNA structures in eukaryotic translation regulation and how to find them. Nat Rev Mol Cell Biol 2018; 19:158-174. [PMID: 29165424 PMCID: PMC5820134 DOI: 10.1038/nrm.2017.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 490] [Impact Index Per Article: 81.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
RNA molecules can fold into intricate shapes that can provide an additional layer of control of gene expression beyond that of their sequence. In this Review, we discuss the current mechanistic understanding of structures in 5' untranslated regions (UTRs) of eukaryotic mRNAs and the emerging methodologies used to explore them. These structures may regulate cap-dependent translation initiation through helicase-mediated remodelling of RNA structures and higher-order RNA interactions, as well as cap-independent translation initiation through internal ribosome entry sites (IRESs), mRNA modifications and other specialized translation pathways. We discuss known 5' UTR RNA structures and how new structure probing technologies coupled with prospective validation, particularly compensatory mutagenesis, are likely to identify classes of structured RNA elements that shape post-transcriptional control of gene expression and the development of multicellular organisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathrin Leppek
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Rhiju Das
- Departments of Biochemistry and Physics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
| | - Maria Barna
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305, USA
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89
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Ramon Y Cajal S, Castellvi J, Hümmer S, Peg V, Pelletier J, Sonenberg N. Beyond molecular tumor heterogeneity: protein synthesis takes control. Oncogene 2018; 37:2490-2501. [PMID: 29463861 PMCID: PMC5945578 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-018-0152-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2017] [Revised: 12/15/2017] [Accepted: 01/02/2018] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
One of the daunting challenges facing modern medicine lies in the understanding and treatment of tumor heterogeneity. Most tumors show intra-tumor heterogeneity at both genomic and proteomic levels, with marked impacts on the responses of therapeutic targets. Therapeutic target-related gene expression pathways are affected by hypoxia and cellular stress. However, the finding that targets such as eukaryotic initiation factor (eIF) 4E (and its phosphorylated form, p-eIF4E) are generally homogenously expressed throughout tumors, regardless of the presence of hypoxia or other cellular stress conditions, opens the exciting possibility that malignancies could be treated with therapies that combine targeting of eIF4E phosphorylation with immune checkpoint inhibitors or chemotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Santiago Ramon Y Cajal
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain. .,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain.
| | - Josep Castellvi
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Stefan Hümmer
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Vicente Peg
- Translational Molecular Pathology, Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Passeig Vall d'Hebron 119-129, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Pathology Department, Vall d'Hebron Hospital, 08035, Barcelona, Spain.,Spanish Biomedical Research Network Centre in Oncology (CIBERONC), Madrid, Spain
| | - Jerry Pelletier
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
| | - Nahum Sonenberg
- Department of Biochemistry and Goodman Cancer Research Center, McGill University, Montreal, QC, Canada
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90
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Rocaglates as dual-targeting agents for experimental cerebral malaria. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E2366-E2375. [PMID: 29463745 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1713000115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Cerebral malaria (CM) is a severe and rapidly progressing complication of infection by Plasmodium parasites that is associated with high rates of mortality and morbidity. Treatment options are currently few, and intervention with artemisinin (Art) has limited efficacy, a problem that is compounded by the emergence of resistance to Art in Plasmodium parasites. Rocaglates are a class of natural products derived from plants of the Aglaia genus that have been shown to interfere with eukaryotic initiation factor 4A (eIF4A), ultimately blocking initiation of protein synthesis. Here, we show that the rocaglate CR-1-31B perturbs association of Plasmodium falciparum eIF4A (PfeIF4A) with RNA. CR-1-31B shows potent prophylactic and therapeutic antiplasmodial activity in vivo in mouse models of infection with Plasmodium berghei (CM) and Plasmodium chabaudi (blood-stage malaria), and can also block replication of different clinical isolates of P. falciparum in human erythrocytes infected ex vivo, including drug-resistant P. falciparum isolates. In vivo, a single dosing of CR-1-31B in P. berghei-infected animals is sufficient to provide protection against lethality. CR-1-31B is shown to dampen expression of the early proinflammatory response in myeloid cells in vitro and dampens the inflammatory response in vivo in P. berghei-infected mice. The dual activity of CR-1-31B as an antiplasmodial and as an inhibitor of the inflammatory response in myeloid cells should prove extremely valuable for therapeutic intervention in human cases of CM.
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91
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Iwasaki M, Minder P, Caì Y, Kuhn JH, Yates JR, Torbett BE, de la Torre JC. Interactome analysis of the lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus nucleoprotein in infected cells reveals ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit Alpha 1 and prohibitin as host-cell factors involved in the life cycle of mammarenaviruses. PLoS Pathog 2018; 14:e1006892. [PMID: 29462184 PMCID: PMC5834214 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1006892] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2017] [Revised: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Several mammalian arenaviruses (mammarenaviruses) cause hemorrhagic fevers in humans and pose serious public health concerns in their endemic regions. Additionally, mounting evidence indicates that the worldwide-distributed, prototypic mammarenavirus, lymphocytic choriomeningitis virus (LCMV), is a neglected human pathogen of clinical significance. Concerns about human-pathogenic mammarenaviruses are exacerbated by of the lack of licensed vaccines, and current anti-mammarenavirus therapy is limited to off-label use of ribavirin that is only partially effective. Detailed understanding of virus/host-cell interactions may facilitate the development of novel anti-mammarenavirus strategies by targeting components of the host-cell machinery that are required for efficient virus multiplication. Here we document the generation of a recombinant LCMV encoding a nucleoprotein (NP) containing an affinity tag (rLCMV/Strep-NP) and its use to capture the NP-interactome in infected cells. Our proteomic approach combined with genetics and pharmacological validation assays identified ATPase Na+/K+ transporting subunit alpha 1 (ATP1A1) and prohibitin (PHB) as pro-viral factors. Cell-based assays revealed that ATP1A1 and PHB are involved in different steps of the virus life cycle. Accordingly, we observed a synergistic inhibitory effect on LCMV multiplication with a combination of ATP1A1 and PHB inhibitors. We show that ATP1A1 inhibitors suppress multiplication of Lassa virus and Candid#1, a live-attenuated vaccine strain of Junín virus, suggesting that the requirement of ATP1A1 in virus multiplication is conserved among genetically distantly related mammarenaviruses. Our findings suggest that clinically approved inhibitors of ATP1A1, like digoxin, could be repurposed to treat infections by mammarenaviruses pathogenic for humans.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masaharu Iwasaki
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Petra Minder
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Yíngyún Caì
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Jens H. Kuhn
- Integrated Research Facility at Fort Detrick, Division of Clinical Research, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Frederick, Maryland, United States of America
| | - John R. Yates
- Department of Molecular Medicine, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Bruce E. Torbett
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
| | - Juan C. de la Torre
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, The Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, United States of America
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92
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Becker MS, Müller PM, Bajorat J, Schroeder A, Giaisi M, Amin E, Ahmadian MR, Rocks O, Köhler R, Krammer PH, Li-Weber M. The anticancer phytochemical rocaglamide inhibits Rho GTPase activity and cancer cell migration. Oncotarget 2018; 7:51908-51921. [PMID: 27340868 PMCID: PMC5239523 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.10188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2015] [Accepted: 06/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemotherapy is one of the pillars of anti-cancer therapy. Although chemotherapeutics cause regression of the primary tumor, many chemotherapeutics are often shown to induce or accelerate metastasis formation. Moreover, metastatic tumors are largely resistant against chemotherapy. As more than 90% of cancer patients die due to metastases and not due to primary tumor formation, novel drugs are needed to overcome these shortcomings. In this study, we identified the anticancer phytochemical Rocaglamide (Roc-A) to be an inhibitor of cancer cell migration, a crucial event in metastasis formation. We show that Roc-A inhibits cellular migration and invasion independently of its anti-proliferative and cytotoxic effects in different types of human cancer cells. Mechanistically, Roc-A treatment induces F-actin-based morphological changes in membrane protrusions. Further investigation of the molecular mechanisms revealed that Roc-A inhibits the activities of the small GTPases RhoA, Rac1 and Cdc42, the master regulators of cellular migration. Taken together, our results provide evidence that Roc-A may be a lead candidate for a new class of anticancer drugs that inhibit metastasis formation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael S Becker
- Tumorimmunology Program (D030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF-280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Paul M Müller
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Jörg Bajorat
- Tumorimmunology Program (D030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF-280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Anne Schroeder
- Tumorimmunology Program (D030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF-280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Marco Giaisi
- Tumorimmunology Program (D030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF-280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Ehsan Amin
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of The Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Mohammad R Ahmadian
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology II, Medical Faculty of The Heinrich-Heine University, Düsseldorf, Germany
| | - Oliver Rocks
- Max Delbrück Center for Molecular Medicine Berlin-Buch, Berlin, Germany
| | - Rebecca Köhler
- Tumorimmunology Program (D030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF-280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Peter H Krammer
- Tumorimmunology Program (D030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF-280, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Min Li-Weber
- Tumorimmunology Program (D030), German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), INF-280, Heidelberg, Germany
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93
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Slaine PD, Kleer M, Smith NK, Khaperskyy DA, McCormick C. Stress Granule-Inducing Eukaryotic Translation Initiation Factor 4A Inhibitors Block Influenza A Virus Replication. Viruses 2017; 9:v9120388. [PMID: 29258238 PMCID: PMC5744162 DOI: 10.3390/v9120388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2017] [Revised: 12/03/2017] [Accepted: 12/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A (eIF4A) is a helicase that facilitates assembly of the translation preinitiation complex by unwinding structured mRNA 5' untranslated regions. Pateamine A (PatA) and silvestrol are natural products that disrupt eIF4A function and arrest translation, thereby triggering the formation of cytoplasmic aggregates of stalled preinitiation complexes known as stress granules (SGs). Here we examined the effects of eIF4A inhibition by PatA and silvestrol on influenza A virus (IAV) protein synthesis and replication in cell culture. Treatment of infected cells with either PatA or silvestrol at early times post-infection resulted in SG formation, arrest of viral protein synthesis and failure to replicate the viral genome. PatA, which irreversibly binds to eIF4A, sustained long-term blockade of IAV replication following drug withdrawal, and inhibited IAV replication at concentrations that had minimal cytotoxicity. By contrast, the antiviral effects of silvestrol were fully reversible; drug withdrawal caused rapid SG dissolution and resumption of viral protein synthesis. IAV inhibition by silvestrol was invariably associated with cytotoxicity. PatA blocked replication of genetically divergent IAV strains, suggesting common dependence on host eIF4A activity. This study demonstrates that the core host protein synthesis machinery can be targeted to block viral replication.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick D Slaine
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Mariel Kleer
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Nathan K Smith
- Department of Community Health and Epidemiology, Dalhousie University, 5790 University Avenue, Halifax, NS B3H 1V7, Canada.
| | - Denys A Khaperskyy
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
| | - Craig McCormick
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Dalhousie University, 5850 College Street, Halifax, NS B3H 4R2, Canada.
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94
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Heerma van Voss MR, van Diest PJ, Raman V. Targeting RNA helicases in cancer: The translation trap. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2017; 1868:510-520. [PMID: 28965870 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2017.09.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 09/26/2017] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Cancer cells are reliant on the cellular translational machinery for both global elevation of protein synthesis and the translation of specific mRNAs that promote tumor cell survival. Targeting translational control in cancer is therefore increasingly recognized as a promising therapeutic strategy. In this regard, DEAD/H box RNA helicases are a very interesting group of proteins, with several family members regulating mRNA translation in cancer cells. In this review, we delineate the mechanisms by which DEAD/H box proteins modulate oncogenic translation and how inhibition of these RNA helicases can be exploited for anti-cancer therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marise R Heerma van Voss
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Paul J van Diest
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, MD, USA
| | - Venu Raman
- Department of Radiology and Radiological Sciences, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD, USA; Department of Pathology, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands; Department of Oncology, Johns Hopkins University, School of Medicine, MD, USA.
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95
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Liang S, Ju X, Zhou Y, Chen Y, Ke G, Wen H, Wu X. Downregulation of eukaryotic initiation factor 4A1 improves radiosensitivity by delaying DNA double strand break repair in cervical cancer. Oncol Lett 2017; 14:6976-6982. [PMID: 29163714 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2017.7040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2016] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Expression of eukaryotic initiation factor 4A1 (eIF4A1) following brachytherapy has been reported to predict improved radiosensitivity and tumor-specific survival in cervical cancer. Therefore, the present study investigated the function of eIF4A1 in cervical cancer and the mechanism by which eIF4A1 regulates cervical cancer radiosensitivity. It was determined that the downregulation of eIF4A1 in HeLa and SiHa cells notably attenuated cell proliferation, in addition to repressing cervical cancer migration and invasion, and promoting cell apoptosis. In vitro and in vivo studies have demonstrated that silencing eIF4A1 improves cervical cancer radiosensitivity. Detection of γ-H2AX using western blot analysis at 0, 0.5, 1, 6 and 24 h following the exposure of cervical cancer cells to X-rays illustrated that eIF4A1-knockdown results in postponed radiation-induced DNA double strand break (DSB) repair. Overall, the results of the present study demonstrated that downregulated eIF4A1 improves cervical cancer radiosensitivity by delaying cancer cell DSB repair. In conclusion, the data indicated that eIF4A1 performs a vital role in cervical cancer progression and radiosensitivity. Therefore, eIF4A1 may be a potential therapeutic target in patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shanhui Liang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xingzhu Ju
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yuqi Zhou
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Yiran Chen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Guihao Ke
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Hao Wen
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
| | - Xiaohua Wu
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Fudan University Shanghai Cancer Center, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China.,Department of Oncology, Shanghai Medical College, Fudan University, Shanghai 200032, P.R. China
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96
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Okon A, Han J, Dawadi S, Demosthenous C, Aldrich CC, Gupta M, Wagner CR. Anchimerically Activated ProTides as Inhibitors of Cap-Dependent Translation and Inducers of Chemosensitization in Mantle Cell Lymphoma. J Med Chem 2017; 60:8131-8144. [PMID: 28858511 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jmedchem.7b00916] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
The cellular delivery of nucleotides through various pronucleotide strategies has expanded the utility of nucleosides as a therapeutic class. Although highly successful, the highly popular ProTide system relies on a four-step enzymatic and chemical process to liberate the corresponding monophosphate. To broaden the scope and reduce the number of steps required for monophosphate release, we have developed a strategy that depends on initial chemical activation by a sulfur atom of a methylthioalkyl protecting group, followed by enzymatic hydrolysis of the resulting phosphoramidate monoester. We have employed this ProTide strategy for intracellular delivery of a nucleotide antagonist of eIF4E in mantle cell lymphoma (MCL) cells. Furthermore, we demonstrated that chemical inhibition of cap-dependent translation results in suppression of c-Myc expression, increased p27 expression, and enhanced chemosensitization to doxorubicin, dexamethasone, and ibrutinib. In addition, the new ProTide strategy was shown to enhance oral bioavailability of the corresponding monoester phosphoramidate.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - JingJing Han
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | | | - Christos Demosthenous
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Hematology, Mayo Clinic , Rochester, Minnesota 55905, United States
| | | | - Mamta Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Medicine, School of Medicine and Health Sciences, George Washington University , GW Cancer Center, Washington, D.C. 20052, United States
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97
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Iwatani-Yoshihara M, Ito M, Ishibashi Y, Oki H, Tanaka T, Morishita D, Ito T, Kimura H, Imaeda Y, Aparicio S, Nakanishi A, Kawamoto T. Discovery and Characterization of a Eukaryotic Initiation Factor 4A-3-Selective Inhibitor That Suppresses Nonsense-Mediated mRNA Decay. ACS Chem Biol 2017; 12:1760-1768. [PMID: 28440616 DOI: 10.1021/acschembio.7b00041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Eukaryotic initiation factor 4A-3 (eIF4A3) is an Asp-Glu-Ala-Asp (DEAD) box-family adenosine triphosphate (ATP)-dependent RNA helicase. Subtypes eIF4A1 and eIF4A2 are required for translation initiation, but eIF4A3 participates in the exon junction complex (EJC) and functions in RNA metabolism including nonsense-mediated RNA decay (NMD). No small molecules for NMD inhibition via selective inhibition of eIF4A3 have been discovered. Here, we identified allosteric eIF4A3 inhibitors from a high-throughput screening campaign. Chemical optimization of the lead compounds based on ATPase activity yielded compound 2, which exhibited noncompetitive inhibition with ATP or RNA and high selectivity for eIF4A3 over other helicases. The optimized compounds suppressed the helicase activity of eIF4A3 in an ATPase-dependent manner. Hydrogen/deuterium exchange mass spectrometry demonstrated that the deuterium-incorporation pattern of compound 2 overlapped with that of an allosteric pan-eIF4A inhibitor, hippuristanol, suggesting that compound 2 binds to an allosteric region on eIF4A3. We examined NMD activity using a luciferase-based cellular reporter system and a quantitative real-time polymerase chain-reaction-based cellular system to monitor levels of endogenous NMD substrates. NMD suppression by the compounds correlated positively with their ATPase-inhibitory activity. In conclusion, we developed a novel eIF4A3 inhibitor that targets the EJC. The optimized chemical probes represent useful tools for understanding the functions of eIF4A3 in RNA homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Samuel Aparicio
- BC Cancer Agency, Department of Molecular Oncology, Vancouver, British Columbia V5Z 1L3, Canada
- University of British Columbia, Department of Pathology
and Laboratory Medicine, Vancouver, British Columbia V6T 2B5, Canada
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98
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Tillotson J, Kedzior M, Guimarães L, Ross AB, Peters TL, Ambrose AJ, Schmidlin CJ, Zhang DD, Costa-Lotufo LV, Rodríguez AD, Schatz JH, Chapman E. ATP-competitive, marine derived natural products that target the DEAD box helicase, eIF4A. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2017; 27:4082-4085. [PMID: 28757063 DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2017.07.045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2017] [Accepted: 07/15/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Activation of translation initiation is a common trait of cancer cells. Formation of the heterotrimeric eukaryotic initiation factor F (eIF4F) complex is the rate-limiting step in 5' m7GpppN cap-dependent translation. This trimeric complex includes the eIF4E cap binding protein, the eIF4G scaffolding protein, and the DEAD box RNA helicase eIF4A. eIF4A is an ATP-dependent helicase and because it is the only enzyme in the eIF4F complex, it has been shown to be a potential therapeutic target for a variety of malignancies. To this end, we have used a simple ATPase biochemical screen to survey several hundred marine and terrestrial derived natural products. Herein, we report the discovery of two natural products from marine sources, elisabatin A (1) and allolaurinterol (2), which show low µM inhibition of eIF4A ATPase activity. Enzymological analyses revealed 1 and 2 to be ATP-competitive, and cellular evaluations showed reasonable cytotoxicity against A549 (lung cancer) and MDA-MA-468 (breast cancer) cell lines. However, only compound 2 showed potent inhibition of helicase activity congruent with its ATPase inhibitory activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joseph Tillotson
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Magdalena Kedzior
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Larissa Guimarães
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Alison B Ross
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Tara L Peters
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, 1580 NW 10th Ave, Batchelor, Building, Room 419, M877, Miami, FL 33101, United States
| | - Andrew J Ambrose
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Cody J Schmidlin
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Donna D Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States
| | - Letícia V Costa-Lotufo
- Departamento de Farmacologia, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900, Brazil
| | - Abimael D Rodríguez
- Department of Chemistry, University of Puerto Rico, P.O. Box 23346, UPR Station, San Juan, PR 00931-3346, United States
| | - Jonathan H Schatz
- Sheila and David Fuente Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology-Oncology, 1580 NW 10th Ave, Batchelor, Building, Room 419, M877, Miami, FL 33101, United States
| | - Eli Chapman
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmacy, University of Arizona, 1703 East Mabel Street, P.O. Box 210207, Tuscon, AZ 85721, United States.
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99
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Panas MD, Ivanov P, Anderson P. Mechanistic insights into mammalian stress granule dynamics. J Cell Biol 2017; 215:313-323. [PMID: 27821493 PMCID: PMC5100297 DOI: 10.1083/jcb.201609081] [Citation(s) in RCA: 260] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/17/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The accumulation of stalled translation preinitiation complexes (PICs) mediates the condensation of stress granules (SGs). Interactions between prion-related domains and intrinsically disordered protein regions found in SG-nucleating proteins promote the condensation of ribonucleoproteins into SGs. We propose that PIC components, especially 40S ribosomes and mRNA, recruit nucleators that trigger SG condensation. With resolution of stress, translation reinitiation reverses this process and SGs disassemble. By cooperatively modulating the assembly and disassembly of SGs, ribonucleoprotein condensation can influence the survival and recovery of cells exposed to unfavorable environmental conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marc D Panas
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Pavel Ivanov
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
| | - Paul Anderson
- Division of Rheumatology, Immunology, and Allergy, Harvard Medical School and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115
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100
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Manier S, Huynh D, Shen YJ, Zhou J, Yusufzai T, Salem KZ, Ebright RY, Shi J, Park J, Glavey SV, Devine WG, Liu CJ, Leleu X, Quesnel B, Roche-Lestienne C, Snyder JK, Brown LE, Gray N, Bradner J, Whitesell L, Porco JA, Ghobrial IM. Inhibiting the oncogenic translation program is an effective therapeutic strategy in multiple myeloma. Sci Transl Med 2017; 9:eaal2668. [PMID: 28490664 PMCID: PMC5718051 DOI: 10.1126/scitranslmed.aal2668] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Multiple myeloma (MM) is a frequently incurable hematological cancer in which overactivity of MYC plays a central role, notably through up-regulation of ribosome biogenesis and translation. To better understand the oncogenic program driven by MYC and investigate its potential as a therapeutic target, we screened a chemically diverse small-molecule library for anti-MM activity. The most potent hits identified were rocaglate scaffold inhibitors of translation initiation. Expression profiling of MM cells revealed reversion of the oncogenic MYC-driven transcriptional program by CMLD010509, the most promising rocaglate. Proteome-wide reversion correlated with selective depletion of short-lived proteins that are key to MM growth and survival, most notably MYC, MDM2, CCND1, MAF, and MCL-1. The efficacy of CMLD010509 in mouse models of MM confirmed the therapeutic relevance of these findings in vivo and supports the feasibility of targeting the oncogenic MYC-driven translation program in MM with rocaglates.
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Affiliation(s)
- Salomon Manier
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
- Department of Hematology, Lille Hospital, 59000 Lille, France
- INSERM UMR-S 1172, University of Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France
| | - Daisy Huynh
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Yu J Shen
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jia Zhou
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Timur Yusufzai
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Karma Z Salem
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Richard Y Ebright
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jiantao Shi
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Jihye Park
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Siobhan V Glavey
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - William G Devine
- Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Chia-Jen Liu
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Xavier Leleu
- Department of Hematology, University Hospital of Poitiers, 86021 Poitiers, France
| | - Bruno Quesnel
- INSERM UMR-S 1172, University of Lille 2, 59000 Lille, France
| | | | - John K Snyder
- Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Lauren E Brown
- Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Nathanael Gray
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - James Bradner
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Luke Whitesell
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - John A Porco
- Boston University Center for Molecular Discovery, Boston, MA 02215, USA
| | - Irene M Ghobrial
- Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02215, USA.
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