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Milner JD, Holland SM. The cup runneth over: lessons from the ever-expanding pool of primary immunodeficiency diseases. Nat Rev Immunol 2013; 13:635-48. [PMID: 23887241 DOI: 10.1038/nri3493] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
A recent surge in newly described primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs) has highlighted new physiological and pathophysiological pathways that affect the immune system. Furthermore, the study of individuals with PIDs has substantially improved our understanding of basic cellular and signalling pathways in host defence and immune regulation. Single-gene defects can lead to disease manifestations that range from extremely narrow infectious phenotypes to remarkably broad multisystem effects. Hypomorphic or hypermorphic gene mutations often occur in human diseases; when coupled with the fact that humans are exposed to naturally encountered antigens and pathogens, this helps to make the case that the study of immunological diseases in humans should be at the forefront of basic immunological research.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joshua D Milner
- Allergic Inflammation Unit, Laboratory of Allergic Diseases, National Institutes of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 9000 Rockville Pike, Bethesda, Maryland 20892, USA.
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Dimayuga PC, Chyu KY, Lio WM, Zhao X, Yano J, Zhou J, Honjo T, Shah PK, Cercek B. Reduced neointima formation after arterial injury in CD4-/- mice is mediated by CD8+CD28hi T cells. J Am Heart Assoc 2013; 2:e000155. [PMID: 23702879 PMCID: PMC3698777 DOI: 10.1161/jaha.113.000155] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Background CD8+ T‐cell activation, characterized by increased CD28 expression, reduces neointima formation after arterial injury in mice. The CD8+CD28hi phenotype is associated with increased effector function. In this study, we used a mouse model that has CD8+ but no CD4+ T cells (CD4−/−) to assess the role of CD8+ T cells and test the function of CD8+CD28hi T cells in modulating neointima formation after arterial injury. Methods and Results Neointima formation after pericarotid arterial cuff injury was significantly less in CD4−/− mice compared with wild‐type (WT) mice. Negligible baseline lytic activity by splenic CD8+ T cells from uninjured WT mice against target syngeneic smooth muscle cells was significantly increased 7 days after injury. Interestingly, CD8+ T cells from uninjured CD4−/− mice had significant lytic activity at baseline that remained elevated 7 days after injury. CD8+ T‐cell lytic activity was significantly reduced by depletion of CD28hi cells. CD8+CD28hi T cells adoptively transferred into recipient Rag‐1−/− mice significantly reduced neointima formation compared with CD8+CD28+ T‐cell recipient mice. Conclusions CD8+ T cells reduced neointima formation after arterial injury, attributed in part to increased function of the CD8+CD28hi phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dimayuga
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerosis Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, CA 90048, USA.
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53
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Vorst EPC, Vanags LZ, Dunn LL, Prosser HC, Rye K, Bursill CA. High‐density lipoproteins suppress chemokine expression and proliferation in human vascular smooth muscle cells. FASEB J 2012; 27:1413-25. [DOI: 10.1096/fj.12-212753] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/30/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Emiel P. C. Vorst
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Cardiovascular Research Institute Maastricht (CARIM)Maastricht UniversityMaastrichtThe Netherlands
| | - Laura Z. Vanags
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
| | | | | | - Kerry‐Anne Rye
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
- Department of MedicineUniversity of MelbourneParkvilleVictoriaAustralia
| | - Christina A. Bursill
- Heart Research InstituteNewtownNew South WalesAustralia
- Sydney Medical SchoolUniversity of SydneyCamperdownNew South WalesAustralia
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Mobilization of regulatory T cells in response to carotid injury does not influence subsequent neointima formation. PLoS One 2012; 7:e51556. [PMID: 23240042 PMCID: PMC3519876 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0051556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2012] [Accepted: 11/02/2012] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM T cells have been attributed an important role in modulating repair responses following vascular injury. The aim of this study was to investigate the role of different T cell subsets in this context. METHODS AND RESULTS A non-obstructive collar was introduced to inflict carotid artery injury in mice and subsequent activation of immune cells in draining lymph nodes and spleen were studied by flow cytometry. Carotid artery injury of wild type mice was associated with mobilization of both Th1 type CD4(+)IFNγ(+) and regulatory CD4(+)CD25(+)FoxP3(+) T cells in draining lymph nodes. Studies using FoxP3-green fluorescent protein (GFP) transgenic C57/Bl6 mice demonstrated scattered presence of regulatory T cells in the adventitial tissue of injured arteries as well as a massive emigration of regulatory T cells from the spleen in response to carotid injury. However, deletion of antigen presentation to CD4+ T cells (H2(0) mice), as well as deletion of regulatory T cells (through treatment with blocking anti-CD25 antibodies), did not affect neointima formation. Also deletion of antigen presentation to CD8(+) T cells (Tap1(0) mice) was without effect on carotid collar-induced neointima formation. CONCLUSION The results demonstrate that carotid artery injury is associated with mobilization of regulatory T cells. Depletion of regulatory T cells does not, however, influence the subsequent repair processes leading to the formation of a neointima. The results also demonstrate that lack of CD8(+) T cells does not influence neointima formation in presence of functional CD4(+) T cells and B cells.
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Yi EH, Lee CS, Lee JK, Lee YJ, Shin MK, Cho CH, Kang KW, Lee JW, Han W, Noh DY, Kim YN, Cho IH, Ye SK. STAT3-RANTES Autocrine Signaling Is Essential for Tamoxifen Resistance in Human Breast Cancer Cells. Mol Cancer Res 2012; 11:31-42. [DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-12-0217] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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56
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Chirumamilla AP, Maehara A, Mintz GS, Mehran R, Kanwal S, Weisz G, Hassanin A, Hakim D, Guo N, Baber U, Pyo R, Moses JW, Fahy M, Kovacic JC, Dangas GD. High platelet reactivity on clopidogrel therapy correlates with increased coronary atherosclerosis and calcification: a volumetric intravascular ultrasound study. JACC Cardiovasc Imaging 2012; 5:540-9. [PMID: 22595163 DOI: 10.1016/j.jcmg.2011.12.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2011] [Revised: 11/08/2011] [Accepted: 12/05/2011] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES This study sought to evaluate the relationship between platelet reactivity and atherosclerotic burden in patients undergoing percutaneous coronary intervention (PCI) with pre-intervention volumetric intravascular ultrasound (IVUS) imaging. BACKGROUND Atherosclerosis progresses by the pathologic sequence of subclinical plaque rupture, thrombosis, and healing. In this setting, increased platelet reactivity may lead to more extensive arterial thrombosis at the time of plaque rupture, leading to a more rapid progression of the disease. Alternatively, abnormal vessel wall biology with advanced atherosclerosis is known to enhance platelet reactivity. Therefore, it is possible that by either mechanism, increased platelet reactivity may be associated with greater atherosclerotic burden. METHODS This study included patients who underwent PCI with pre-intervention IVUS imaging and platelet reactivity functional assay (P2Y(12) reaction units) performed >16 h after PCI, after the stabilization of clopidogrel therapy (administered before PCI). Platelet reactivity >230 P2Y(12) reaction units defined high on-treatment platelet reactivity (HPR). RESULTS Among 335 patients (mean age 65.0 years, 71% men), there were 109 patients with HPR (32.5%) and 226 without HPR (67.5%), with HPR being associated with diabetes and chronic renal insufficiency. By IVUS analysis, patients with HPR had significantly greater target lesion calcium lengths, calcium arcs, and calcium indexes. Furthermore, patients with HPR tended to have longer lesions and greater volumetric dimensions, indicating higher plaque volume, larger total vessel volume, and also greater luminal volume, despite similar plaque burden. By multivariate analysis controlling for baseline clinical variables, HPR was the single consistent predictor of all IVUS parameters examined, including plaque volume, calcium length, and calcium arc. CONCLUSIONS Increased platelet reactivity on clopidogrel treatment, defined as >230 P2Y(12) reaction units, is associated with greater coronary artery atherosclerotic disease burden and plaque calcification.
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Fu C, Yu P, Tao M, Gupta T, Moldawer LL, Berceli SA, Jiang Z. Monocyte chemoattractant protein-1/CCR2 axis promotes vein graft neointimal hyperplasia through its signaling in graft-extrinsic cell populations. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2012; 32:2418-26. [PMID: 22904274 DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.112.255786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To evaluate direct versus indirect monocyte chemoattractant protein (MCP)-1/CCR2 signaling and to identify the cellular producers and effectors for MCP-1 during neointimal hyperplasia (NIH) development in vein grafts. METHODS AND RESULTS Genomic analysis revealed an overrepresentation of 13 inflammatory pathways in wild-type vein grafts compared with CCR2 knockout vein grafts. Further investigation with various vein graft-host combinations of MCP-1- and CCR2-deficient mice was used to modify the genotype of cells both inside (graft-intrinsic group) and outside (graft-extrinsic group) the vein wall. CCR2 deficiency inhibited NIH only when present in cells extrinsic to the graft wall, and MCP-1 deficiency required its effectiveness in cells both intrinsic and extrinsic to the graft wall to suppress NIH. Deletion of either MCP-1 or CCR2 was equally effective in inhibiting NIH. CCR2 deficiency in the predominant neointimal cell population had no impact on NIH. Direct MCP-1 stimulation of primary neointimal smooth muscle cells had minimal influence on cell proliferation and matrix turnover, confirming an indirect mechanism of action. CONCLUSIONS MCP-1/CCR2 axis accelerates NIH via its signaling in graft-extrinsic cells, particularly circulating inflammatory cells, with cells both intrinsic and extrinsic to the graft wall being critical MCP-1 producers. These findings underscore the importance of systemic treatment for anti-MCP-1/CCR2 therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Fu
- Department of Surgery, University of Florida College of Medicine, Gainesville, FL, USA
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Abstract
Inborn errors of the genes encoding two of the four human JAKs (JAK3 and TYK2) and three of the six human STATs (STAT1, STAT3, and STAT5B) have been described. We review the disorders arising from mutations in these five genes, highlighting the way in which the molecular and cellular pathogenesis of these conditions has been clarified by the discovery of inborn errors of cytokines, hormones, and their receptors, including those interacting with JAKs and STATs. The phenotypic similarities between mice and humans lacking individual JAK-STAT components suggest that the functions of JAKs and STATs are largely conserved in mammals. However, a wide array of phenotypic differences has emerged between mice and humans carrying biallelic null alleles of JAK3, TYK2, STAT1, or STAT5B. Moreover, the high degree of allelic heterogeneity at the human JAK3, TYK2, STAT1, and STAT3 loci has revealed highly diverse immunological and clinical phenotypes, which had not been anticipated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, Rockefeller University Hospital, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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Guan H, Zhu L, Fu M, Yang D, Tian S, Guo Y, Cui C, Wang L, Jiang H. 3,3'Diindolylmethane suppresses vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic modulation and inhibits neointima formation after carotid injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e34957. [PMID: 22506059 PMCID: PMC3323601 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0034957] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2011] [Accepted: 03/08/2012] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND 3,3'Diindolylmethane (DIM), a natural phytochemical, has shown inhibitory effects on the growth and migration of a variety of cancer cells; however, whether DIM has similar effects on vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) remains unknown. The purpose of this study was to assess the effects of DIM on the proliferation and migration of cultured VSMCs and neointima formation in a carotid injury model, as well as the related cell signaling mechanisms. METHODOLOGY/PRINCIPAL FINDINGS DIM dose-dependently inhibited the platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF)-BB-induced proliferation of VSMCs without cell cytotoxicity. This inhibition was caused by a G0/G1 phase cell cycle arrest demonstrated by fluorescence-activated cell-sorting analysis. We also showed that DIM-induced growth inhibition was associated with the inhibition of the expression of cyclin D1 and cyclin-dependent kinase (CDK) 4/6 as well as an increase in p27(Kip1) levels in PDGF-stimulated VSMCs. Moreover, DIM was also found to modulate migration of VSMCs and smooth muscle-specific contractile marker expression. Mechanistically, DIM negatively modulated PDGF-BB-induced phosphorylation of PDGF-recptorβ (PDGF-Rβ) and the activities of downstream signaling molecules including Akt/glycogen synthase kinase(GSK)3β, extracellular signal-regulated kinase1/2 (ERK1/2), and signal transducers and activators of transcription 3 (STAT3). Our in vivo studies using a mouse carotid arterial injury model revealed that treatment with 150 mg/kg DIM resulted in significant reduction of the neointima/media ratio and proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA)-positive cells, without affecting apoptosis of vascular cells and reendothelialization. Infiltration of inflammatory cells was also inhibited by DIM administration. CONCLUSION These results demonstrate that DIM can suppress the phenotypic modulation of VSMCs and neointima hyperplasia after vascular injury. These beneficial effects on VSMCs were at least partly mediated by the inhibition of PDGF-Rβ and the activities of downstream signaling pathways. The results suggest that DIM has the potential to be a candidate for the prevention of restenosis.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Becaplermin
- Carotid Artery Diseases/drug therapy
- Carotid Artery Diseases/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Diseases/pathology
- Cell Cycle Checkpoints/drug effects
- Cell Movement/drug effects
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cells, Cultured
- Cyclin D1/metabolism
- Cyclin-Dependent Kinases/metabolism
- G1 Phase/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/drug effects
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/metabolism
- Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells/pathology
- Humans
- Indoles/pharmacology
- Inflammation/drug therapy
- Inflammation/metabolism
- Male
- Mice
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Neointima/drug therapy
- Neointima/metabolism
- Neointima/pathology
- Phosphorylation/drug effects
- Proliferating Cell Nuclear Antigen/metabolism
- Proto-Oncogene Proteins c-sis/metabolism
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Resting Phase, Cell Cycle/drug effects
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongjing Guan
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lihua Zhu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Mingyue Fu
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Da Yang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Song Tian
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuanyuan Guo
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Changping Cui
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Lang Wang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
| | - Hong Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- Cardiovascular Research Institute of Wuhan University, Wuhan, People's Republic of China
- * E-mail:
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Chenoweth MJ, Mian MF, Barra NG, Alain T, Sonenberg N, Bramson J, Lichty BD, Richards CD, Ma A, Ashkar AA. IL-15 can signal via IL-15Rα, JNK, and NF-κB to drive RANTES production by myeloid cells. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2012; 188:4149-57. [PMID: 22447977 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1101883] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
IL-15 plays many important roles within the immune system. IL-15 signals in lymphocytes via trans presentation, where accessory cells such as macrophages and dendritic cells present IL-15 bound to IL-15Rα in trans to NK cells and CD8(+) memory T cells expressing IL-15/IL-2Rβ and common γ chain (γ(c)). Previously, we showed that the prophylactic delivery of IL-15 to Rag2(-/-)γ(c)(-/-) mice (mature T, B, and NK cell negative) afforded protection against a lethal HSV-2 challenge and metastasis of B16/F10 melanoma cells. In this study, we demonstrated that in vivo delivery of an adenoviral construct optimized for the secretion of human IL-15 to Rag2(-/-)γ(c)(-/-) mice resulted in significant increases in spleen size and cell number, leading us to hypothesize that IL-15 signals differently in myeloid immune cells compared with lymphocytes, for which IL-15/IL-2Rβ and γ(c) expression are essential. Furthermore, treatment with IL-15 induced RANTES production by Rag2(-/-)γ(c)(-/-) bone marrow cells, but the presence of γ(c) did not increase bone marrow cell sensitivity to IL-15. This IL-15-mediated RANTES production by Rag2(-/-)γ(c)(-/-) bone marrow cells occurred independently of the IL-15/IL-2Rβ and Jak/STAT pathways and instead required IL-15Rα signaling as well as activation of JNK and NF-κB. Importantly, we also showed that the trans presentation of IL-15 by IL-15Rα boosts IL-15-mediated IFN-γ production by NK cells but reduces IL-15-mediated RANTES production by Rag2(-/-)γ(c)(-/-) myeloid bone marrow cells. Our data clearly show that IL-15 signaling in NK cells is different from that of myeloid immune cells. Additional insights into IL-15 biology may lead to novel therapies aimed at bolstering targeted immune responses against cancer and infectious disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Meghan J Chenoweth
- Department of Pathology and Molecular Medicine, McMaster Immunology Research Centre and Institute for Infectious Disease Research, McMaster University, Hamilton, Ontario L8S 4K1, Canada
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Daniel JM, Dutzmann J, Bielenberg W, Widmer-Teske R, Gündüz D, Hamm CW, Sedding DG. Inhibition of STAT3 signaling prevents vascular smooth muscle cell proliferation and neointima formation. Basic Res Cardiol 2012; 107:261. [PMID: 22418922 PMCID: PMC3350628 DOI: 10.1007/s00395-012-0261-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2010] [Revised: 02/22/2012] [Accepted: 03/07/2012] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Dedifferentiation, migration, and proliferation of resident vascular smooth muscle cells (SMCs) are key components of neointima formation after vascular injury. Activation of signal transducer and activator of transcription-3 (STAT3) is suggested to be critically involved in this process, but the complex regulation of STAT3-dependent genes and the functional significance of inhibiting this pathway during the development of vascular proliferative diseases remain elusive. In this study, we demonstrate that STAT3 was activated in neointimal lesions following wire-induced injury in mice. Phosphorylation of STAT3 induced trans-activation of cyclin D1 and survivin in SMCs in vitro and in neointimal cells in vivo, thus promoting proliferation and migration of SMCs as well as reducing apoptotic cell death. WP1066, a highly potent inhibitor of STAT3 signaling, abrogated phosphorylation of STAT3 and dose-dependently inhibited the functional effects of activated STAT3 in stimulated SMCs. The local application of WP1066 via a thermosensitive pluronic F-127 gel around the dilated arteries significantly inhibited proliferation of neointimal cells and decreased the neointimal lesion size at 3 weeks after injury. Even though WP1066 application attenuated the injury-induced up-regulation of the chemokine RANTES at 6 h after injury, there was no significant effect on the accumulation of circulating cells at 1 week after injury. In conclusion, these data identify STAT3 as a key molecule for the proliferative response of SMC and neointima formation. Moreover, inhibition of STAT3 by the potent and specific compound WP1066 might represent a novel and attractive approach for the local treatment of vascular proliferative diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jan-Marcus Daniel
- Department of Cardiology, Justus-Liebig-University, Giessen, Germany
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Guan H, Gao L, Zhu L, Yan L, Fu M, Chen C, Dong X, Wang L, Huang K, Jiang H. Apigenin attenuates neointima formation via suppression of vascular smooth muscle cell phenotypic transformation. J Cell Biochem 2012; 113:1198-207. [DOI: 10.1002/jcb.23452] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
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63
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Bockmeyer CL, Kern DS, Forstmeier V, Lovric S, Modde F, Agustian PA, Steffens S, Birschmann I, Traeder J, Dämmrich ME, Schwarz A, Kreipe HH, Bröcker V, Becker JU. Arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cell differentiation in benign nephrosclerosis. Nephrol Dial Transplant 2012; 27:3493-501. [PMID: 22319217 DOI: 10.1093/ndt/gfr811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Benign nephrosclerosis (bN) is the most prevalent form of hypertensive damage in kidney biopsies. It is defined by early hyalinosis and later fibrosis of renal arterioles. Despite its high prevalence, very little is known about the contribution of arteriolar vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs) to bN. We examined classical and novel candidate markers of the normal contractile and the pro-fibrotic secretory phenotype of VSMCs in arterioles in bN. METHODS Sixty-three renal tissue specimens with bN and eight control specimens were examined by immunohistochemistry for the contractile markers caldesmon, alpha-smooth muscle actin (alpha-SMA), JunB, smoothelin and the secretory marker S100A4 and by double stains for caldesmon or smoothelin with S100A4. RESULTS Smoothelin immunostaining showed an inverse correlation with hyalinosis and fibrosis scores, while S100A4 correlated with fibrosis scores only. Neither caldesmon, alpha-SMA nor JunB correlated with hyalinosis or fibrosis scores. Cells in the arteriolar wall were exclusively positive either for caldesmon/smoothelin or S100A4. CONCLUSIONS This is the first systematic analysis of VSMC differentiation in bN. The results suggest that smoothelin is the most sensitive marker for the contractile phenotype and that S100A4 could be a novel marker for the secretory phenotype in vivo. The other markers did not seem to differentiate these phenotypes in bN. Thus, VSMC phenotype markers should be defined in the context of the vessel segment and disease under examination. S100A4 could not only be a marker of pro-fibrotic secretory VSMCs in bN but also an important mediator of arteriolar fibrosis.
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Liu H, Ning H, Men H, Hou R, Fu M, Zhang H, Liu J. Regulation of CCL5 expression in smooth muscle cells following arterial injury. PLoS One 2012; 7:e30873. [PMID: 22292067 PMCID: PMC3264622 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0030873] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2011] [Accepted: 12/22/2011] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokines play a crucial role in inflammation and in the pathophysiology of atherosclerosis by recruiting inflammatory immune cells to the endothelium. Chemokine CCL5 has been shown to be involved in atherosclerosis progression. However, little is known about how CCL5 is regulated in vascular smooth muscle cells. In this study we report that CCL5 mRNA expression was induced and peaked in aorta at day 7 and then declined after balloon artery injury, whereas IP-10 and MCP-1 mRNA expression were induced and peaked at day 3 and then rapidly declined. The expression of CCL5 receptors (CCR1, 3 & 5) were also rapidly induced and then declined except CCR5 which expression was still relatively high at day 14 after balloon injury. In rat smooth muscle cells (SMCs), similar as in aorta CCL5 mRNA expression was induced and kept increasing after LPS plus IFN-gamma stimulation, whereas IP-10 mRNA expression was rapidly induced and then declined. Our data further indicate that induction of CCL5 expression in SMCs was mediated by IRF-1 via binding to the IRF-1 response element in CCL5 promoter. Moreover, p38 MAPK was involved in suppression of CCL5 and IP-10 expression in SMCs through common upstream molecule MKK3. The downstream molecule MK2 was required for p38-mediated CCL5 but not IP-10 inhibition. Our findings indicate that CCL5 induction in aorta and SMCs is mediated by IRF-1 while activation of p38 MAPK signaling inhibits CCL5 and IP-10 expression. Methods targeting MK2 expression could be used to selectively regulate CCL5 but not IP-10 expression in SMCs.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Carotid Artery Injuries/genetics
- Carotid Artery Injuries/metabolism
- Carotid Artery Injuries/pathology
- Carotid Artery, Common/drug effects
- Carotid Artery, Common/metabolism
- Carotid Artery, Common/pathology
- Cells, Cultured
- Chemokine CCL5/genetics
- Chemokine CCL5/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL10/genetics
- Chemokine CXCL10/metabolism
- Chemokine CXCL10/physiology
- Gene Expression Regulation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation/physiology
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/genetics
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/metabolism
- Interferon Regulatory Factor-1/physiology
- Lipopolysaccharides/pharmacology
- Male
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/drug effects
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/metabolism
- Muscle, Smooth, Vascular/pathology
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/drug effects
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/metabolism
- Myocytes, Smooth Muscle/pathology
- Rats
- Rats, Sprague-Dawley
- Time Factors
- Transfection
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/metabolism
- p38 Mitogen-Activated Protein Kinases/physiology
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- Heibei North University Medical College, Zhangjiakou, China
| | - Huan Ning
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hongchao Men
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
| | - Rong Hou
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Mingui Fu
- Shock/Trauma Research Center & Department of Basic Medical Science, School of Medicine, University of Missouri Kansas City, Missouri, United States of America
| | - Hailin Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Hebei Medical University, Shijiazhuang, China
- * E-mail: (JL); (HZ)
| | - Jianguo Liu
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Allergy and Immunology, Department of Internal Medicine, Saint Louis University School of Medicine, St. Louis, Missouri, United States of America
- * E-mail: (JL); (HZ)
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Ivanidze J, Hoffmann R, Lochmüller H, Engel AG, Hohlfeld R, Dornmair K. Inclusion body myositis: laser microdissection reveals differential up-regulation of IFN-γ signaling cascade in attacked versus nonattacked myofibers. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:1347-59. [PMID: 21855683 PMCID: PMC3157228 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.05.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2011] [Revised: 05/25/2011] [Accepted: 05/31/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Sporadic inclusion body myositis (IBM) is a muscle disease with two separate pathogenic components, degeneration and inflammation. Typically, nonnecrotic myofibers are focally surrounded and invaded by CD8(+) T cells and macrophages. Both attacked and nonattacked myofibers express high levels of human leukocyte antigen class I (HLA-I) molecules, a prerequisite for antigen presentation to CD8(+) T cells. However, only a subgroup of HLA-I(+) myofibers is attacked by immune cells. By using IHC, we classified myofibers from five patients with sporadic IBM as attacked (A(IBM)) or nonattacked (N(IBM)) and isolated the intracellular contents of myofibers separately by laser microdissection. For comparison, we isolated myofibers from control persons (H(CTRL)). The samples were analyzed by microarray hybridization and quantitative PCR. HLA-I up-regulation was observed in A(IBM) and N(IBM), whereas H(CTRL) were negative for HLA-I. In contrast, the inducible chain of the interferon (IFN) γ receptor (IFNGR2) and several IFN-γ-induced genes were up-regulated in A(IBM) compared with N(IBM) and H(CTRL) fibers. Confocal microscopy confirmed segmental IFNGR2 up-regulation on the membranes of A(IBM), which positively correlated with the number of adjacent CD8(+) T cells. Thus, the differential up-regulation of the IFN-γ signaling cascade observed in the attacked fibers is related to local inflammation, whereas the ubiquitous HLA-I expression on IBM muscle fibers does not require IFNGR expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Ivanidze
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
| | - Reinhard Hoffmann
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Immunology and Hygiene, Technische Universitaet Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Hanns Lochmüller
- The Institute of Human Genetics, Newcastle University, International Centre for Life, Newcastle upon Tyne, United Kingdom
| | - Andrew G. Engel
- Neuromuscular Research Laboratory, Mayo Clinic and Foundation, Rochester, Minnesota
| | - Reinhard Hohlfeld
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Address reprint requests to Reinhard Hohlfeld, M.D., or Klaus Dornmair, Ph.D., Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
| | - Klaus Dornmair
- Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, Munich, Germany
- Department of Neuroimmunology, Max-Planck-Institute of Neurobiology, Martinsried, Germany
- Address reprint requests to Reinhard Hohlfeld, M.D., or Klaus Dornmair, Ph.D., Institute of Clinical Neuroimmunology, Ludwig Maximilians University, D-81377 Munich, Germany
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66
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Tsai YT, Chen YH, Chang DM, Chen PC, Lai JH. Janus kinase/signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 signaling pathway is crucial in chemokine production from hepatocytes infected by dengue virus. Exp Biol Med (Maywood) 2011; 236:1156-65. [DOI: 10.1258/ebm.2011.011060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocytes are one of the important targets in dengue virus (DV) infection. Chemokines produced in DV infection play important immunopathogenic roles. We previously showed that DV infection can directly activate signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) in dendritic cells. In the present study, we examined the possible involvement of the Janus kinase (JAK)/STAT3 pathway in chemokine production from DV-infected hepatocytes. HepG2 cells were infected by DV. The activation of STAT3, nuclear factor-kappaB (NF- κB) and other transcription factors was determined by Western blotting or electrophoretic mobility shift assay. The concentrations of chemokines were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. Virus titers were determined by plaque assays. A genetic manipulation with short hairpin RNA (shRNA) was applied to knock-down STAT3. Chemotaxis assays were used to evaluate cell migration. We observed that DV infection induced phosphorylation of STAT3 and its DNA-binding activity and such effects were attenuated by the inhibitor of JAK2 or JAK3. Blocking JAK2 or JAK3 reduced DV-induced cell migration and production of chemokines like interleukin-8 and regulated upon activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted (RANTES). At high doses, the JAK2 but not JAK3 inhibitor could significantly inhibit DV production. Knocking down STAT3 with shRNA suppressed DV-induced STAT3, NF- κB and AP-1 activation. Furthermore, reduction of STAT3 suppressed DV-induced chemokine production and cell migration but had no effect on virus production. In conclusion, the results show that the JAK/STAT3 pathway is critical in chemokine production from DV-infected hepatocytes. Targeting this pathway may be of benefit in the therapy of DV-induced immunopathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ting Tsai
- Division of Cardiovascular Surgery, Department of Surgery
| | | | - Deh-Ming Chang
- Rheumatology/Immunology and Allergy, Department of Medicine, Tri-Service General Hospital, National Defense Medical Center, 114 Taipei
| | - Pei-Chih Chen
- Rheumatology, Department of Medicine, Chi Mei Medical Center, 710 Tainan, Taiwan, ROC
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From treating complex coronary artery disease to promoting cardiovascular health: therapeutic transitions and challenges, 2010-2020. Clin Pharmacol Ther 2011; 90:509-18. [PMID: 21900892 DOI: 10.1038/clpt.2011.173] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Cardiovascular disease (CVD) has become the most common cause of mortality worldwide. Obesity, insufficient physical exercise, diabetes, and advancing age are major risk factors for developing cardiovascular disease that are currently increasing in prevalence. Nevertheless, significant progress has recently been made in the treatment of complex cardiovascular and coronary artery disease (CAD), with pharmacological management set to assume an increasingly important role. Other timely factors, such as the development of the polypill and high-level medical and political interest in advancing cardiovascular health, are driving forces that may help to make inroads into the global cardiovascular disease burden. In this article, we critically review the key challenges that we face in the coming decade as we strive to transition and apply our growing knowledge of complex CAD to promoting global cardiovascular health.
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68
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Inflammatory cytokines are suppressed by light-emitting diode irradiation of P. gingivalis LPS-treated human gingival fibroblasts. Lasers Med Sci 2011; 27:459-67. [DOI: 10.1007/s10103-011-0971-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2010] [Accepted: 07/12/2011] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
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Kovacic JC, Moreno P, Nabel EG, Hachinski V, Fuster V. Cellular senescence, vascular disease, and aging: part 2 of a 2-part review: clinical vascular disease in the elderly. Circulation 2011; 123:1900-10. [PMID: 21537006 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.110.009118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Jason C Kovacic
- Zena and Michael A. Wiener Cardiovascular Institute, Mount Sinai School of Medicine, New York, NY 10029, USA
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70
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Jones KL, Maguire JJ, Davenport AP. Chemokine receptor CCR5: from AIDS to atherosclerosis. Br J Pharmacol 2011; 162:1453-69. [PMID: 21133894 DOI: 10.1111/j.1476-5381.2010.01147.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 124] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
There is increasing recognition of an important contribution of chemokines and their receptors in the pathology of atherosclerosis and related cardiovascular disease. The chemokine receptor CCR5 was initially known for its role as a co-receptor for HIV infection of macrophages and is the target of the recently approved CCR5 antagonist maraviroc. However, evidence is now emerging supporting a role for CCR5 and its ligands CCL3 (MIP-1α), CCL4 (MIP-1β) and CCL5 (RANTES) in the initiation and progression of atherosclerosis. Specifically, the CCR5 deletion polymorphism CCR5delta32, which confers resistance to HIV infection, has been associated with a reduced risk of cardiovascular disease and both CCR5 antagonism and gene deletion reduce atherosclerosis in mouse models of the disease. Antagonism of CCL5 has also been shown to reduce atherosclerotic burden in these animal models. Crucially, CCR5 and its ligands CCL3, CCL4 and CCL5 have been identified in human and mouse vasculature and have been detected in human atherosclerotic plaque. Not unexpectedly, CC chemokines have also been linked to saphenous vein graft disease, which shares similarity to native vessel atherosclerosis. Distinct roles for chemokine-receptor systems in atherogenesis have been proposed, with CCR5 likely to be critical in recruitment of monocytes to developing plaques. With an increased burden of cardiovascular disease observed in HIV-infected individuals, the potential cardiovascular-protective effects of drugs that target the CCR5 receptor warrant greater attention. The availability of clinically validated antagonists such as maraviroc currently provides an advantage for targeting of CCR5 over other chemokine receptors.
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Affiliation(s)
- K L Jones
- Clinical Pharmacology Unit, University of Cambridge, Centre for Clinical Investigation, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, UK
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71
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Goldsmith JR, Uronis JM, Jobin C. Mu opioid signaling protects against acute murine intestinal injury in a manner involving Stat3 signaling. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2011; 179:673-83. [PMID: 21801866 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2011.04.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2010] [Revised: 03/04/2011] [Accepted: 04/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Opiates have long been used as analgesics to relieve pain associated with various medical conditions. Here, we evaluated the effect and mechanism of mu opioid signaling on the intestinal wound healing response and assessed downstream pathways known to be protective against intestinal injury. Mice (C57BL/6) were exposed to 3% dextran sodium sulfate (DSS) for 7 days or 4% DSS for 5 days followed by 7 days of water. The mu opioid receptor (MOR)-specific agonist [D-Arg2,Lys4]dermorphin-(1,4)-amide (DALDA) and the antagonist cyprodime were injected s.c. daily for in vivo studies or used for in vitro analysis. We found that MOR activation attenuated DSS-induced histologic and gross intestinal injury and weight loss; diminished Ifng, Tnf, and Il6 mRNA expression; and promoted intestinal healing during recovery. DALDA also enhanced colonocyte proliferation (Ki-67 staining) by 350%. MOR activation increased Stat3 phosphorylation in both DALDA-treated mice and the CMT-93 cell line. Importantly, DALDA-induced colonocyte migration was completely ablated by shStat3 knockdown. Together, this work shows that MOR activation protects against and enhances recovery from DSS-induced intestinal injury. This is associated with an increase in Stat3 activation. Furthermore, Stat3 is required for DALDA-induced colonocyte migration. Consequently, manipulation of MOR signaling may represent a novel means to promote mucosal healing and to maintain intestinal homeostasis after intestinal injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason R Goldsmith
- Department of Pharmacology, University of North Carolina, Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, USA
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72
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Enhanced neointima formation following arterial injury in immune deficient Rag-1-/- mice is attenuated by adoptive transfer of CD8 T cells. PLoS One 2011; 6:e20214. [PMID: 21629656 PMCID: PMC3101237 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0020214] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2011] [Accepted: 04/15/2011] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
T cells modulate neointima formation after arterial injury but the specific T cell population that is activated in response to arterial injury remains unknown. The objective of the study was to identify the T cell populations that are activated and modulate neointimal thickening after arterial injury in mice. Arterial injury in wild type C57Bl6 mice resulted in T cell activation characterized by increased CD4+CD44hi and CD8+CD44hi T cells in the lymph nodes and spleens. Splenic CD8+CD25+ T cells and CD8+CD28+ T cells, but not CD4+CD25+ and CD4+CD28+ T cells, were also significantly increased. Adoptive cell transfer of CD4+ or CD8+ T cells from donor CD8−/− or CD4−/− mice, respectively, to immune-deficient Rag-1−/− mice was performed to determine the T cell subtype that inhibits neointima formation after arterial injury. Rag-1−/− mice that received CD8+ T cells had significantly reduced neointima formation compared with Rag-1−/− mice without cell transfer. CD4+ T cell transfer did not reduce neointima formation. CD8+ T cells from CD4−/− mice had cytotoxic activity against syngeneic smooth muscle cells in vitro. The study shows that although both CD8+ T cells and CD4+ T cells are activated in response to arterial injury, adoptive cell transfer identifies CD8+ T cells as the specific and selective cell type involved in inhibiting neointima formation.
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73
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Singh NK, Wang D, Kundumani-Sridharan V, Van Quyen D, Niu J, Rao GN. 15-Lipoxygenase-1-enhanced Src-Janus kinase 2-signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 stimulation and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 expression require redox-sensitive activation of epidermal growth factor receptor in vascular wall remodeling. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:22478-88. [PMID: 21536676 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m111.225060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
To understand the mechanisms by which 15(S)-hydroxyeicosatetraenoic acid (15(S)-HETE) activates signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), we studied the role of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). 15(S)-HETE stimulated tyrosine phosphorylation of EGFR in a time-dependent manner in vascular smooth muscle cells (VSMCs). Interference with EGFR activation blocked 15(S)-HETE-induced Src and STAT3 tyrosine phosphorylation, monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) expression and VSMC migration. 15(S)-HETE also induced tyrosine phosphorylation of Janus kinase 2 (Jak2) in VSMCs, and its inhibition substantially reduced STAT3 phosphorylation, MCP-1 expression, and VSMC migration. In addition, Src formed a complex with EGFR and Jak2, and its inhibition completely blocked Jak2 and STAT3 phosphorylation, MCP-1 expression, and VSMC migration. 15(S)-HETE induced the production of H(2)O(2) via an NADPH oxidase-dependent manner and its scavengers, N-acetyl cysteine (NAC) and catalase suppressed 15(S)-HETE-stimulated EGFR, Src, Jak2, and STAT3 phosphorylation and MCP-1 expression. Balloon injury (BI) induced EGFR, Src, Jak2, and STAT3 phosphorylation, and inhibition of these signaling molecules attenuated BI-induced MCP-1 expression and smooth muscle cell migration from the medial to the luminal surface resulting in reduced neointima formation. In addition, inhibition of EGFR blocked BI-induced Src, Jak2, and STAT3 phosphorylation. Similarly, interference with Src activation suppressed BI-induced Jak2 and STAT3 phosphorylation. Furthermore, adenovirus-mediated expression of dnJak2 also blocked BI-induced STAT3 phosphorylation. Consistent with the effects of 15(S)-HETE on the activation of EGFR-Src-Jak2-STAT3 signaling in VSMCs in vitro, adenovirus-mediated expression of 15-lipoxygenase 1 (15-Lox1) enhanced BI-induced EGFR, Src, Jak2, and STAT3 phosphorylation leading to enhanced MCP-1 expression in vivo. Blockade of Src or Jak2 suppressed BI-induced 15-Lox1-enhanced STAT3 phosphorylation, MCP-1 expression, and neointima formation. In addition, whereas dominant negative Src blocked BI-induced 15-Lox1-enhanced Jak2 phosphorylation, dnJak2 had no effect on Src phosphorylation. Together, these observations demonstrate for the first time that the 15-Lox1-15(S)-HETE axis activates EGFR via redox-sensitive manner, which in turn mediates Src-Jak2-STAT3-dependent MCP-1 expression leading to vascular wall remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikhlesh K Singh
- Department of Physiology, The University of Tennessee Health Science Center, Memphis, Tennessee 38163, USA
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74
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Kurdi M, Booz GW. Deciphering STAT3 signaling in the heart: plasticity and vascular inflammation. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2011; 16:234-8. [PMID: 20887622 DOI: 10.1111/j.1751-7133.2010.00175.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3) is a transcription factor that plays a critical role in heart development and protection. New developments in understanding its molecular chemistry have revealed the importance of STAT3 in controlling mitochondrial respiration, independent of its function as a transcription factor, and in modulating inflammatory signaling through interactions with other transcription factors and cofactors. The purpose of this article is 2-fold. First, the authors summarize some recent insights into the function of STAT3. Second, the authors seek to illustrate the complexity of targeting a particular cellular protein for therapeutic purposes and the need to consider context when attempting to decipher the role of a particular signaling pathway in the heart. In this case, inflammation, aging, hypertrophy, and heart failure provide new environments that certainly impact on the functioning of STAT3 and on the gene profile linked to its activation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mazen Kurdi
- Department of Chemistry and Biochemistry, Lebanese University, Rafic Hariri Educational Campus, Hadath, Lebanon
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75
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Saxena A, Rauch U, Berg KE, Andersson L, Hollender L, Carlsson AM, Gomez MF, Hultgårdh-Nilsson A, Nilsson J, Björkbacka H. The vascular repair process after injury of the carotid artery is regulated by IL-1RI and MyD88 signalling. Cardiovasc Res 2011; 91:350-7. [PMID: 21421554 DOI: 10.1093/cvr/cvr075] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM The aim of this study was to determine whether innate immune signalling influences the vascular repair process in response to mechanical injury of arteries in mice. METHODS AND RESULTS A non-obstructive collar was introduced around the carotid artery of MyD88-deficient mice, and neointima formation was compared with that observed in MyD88-competent mice. MyD88-deficient mice are characterized by impaired signal transduction from interleukin (IL)-1/IL-18 receptors and most Toll-like receptors (TLRs). The vascular response to injury was severely impaired in MyD88-deficient mice as neointima formation was not different from sham-operated mice, whereas MyD88-competent mice displayed robust neointima formation. Furthermore, infiltration of CD68-positive leucocytes was dependent on MyD88. During the early response to injury, 3 days after collar placement, a transient increase in the expression of TLR4 on vascular smooth muscle cells was observed. To determine the relative importance of IL-1 receptor and TLR4 activation in the vascular response to injury, mice were injected with blocking antibodies to these receptors prior to the collar placement. Neointima formation was reduced by 80% in mice administered IL-1RI blocking antibodies compared with mice given a control antibody, whereas administration of TLR4 blocking antibodies was without effect. CONCLUSION These results show that inhibition of MyD88- or IL-1 receptor signalling reduces neointima formation in response to vascular injury and could offer therapeutic options for reducing clinical complications of excessive smooth muscle cell proliferation, such as that observed in in-stent restenosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amit Saxena
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
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Jenkins RW, Clarke CJ, Canals D, Snider AJ, Gault CR, Heffernan-Stroud L, Wu BX, Simbari F, Roddy P, Kitatani K, Obeid LM, Hannun YA. Regulation of CC ligand 5/RANTES by acid sphingomyelinase and acid ceramidase. J Biol Chem 2011; 286:13292-303. [PMID: 21335555 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.m110.163378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Acid sphingomyelinase (aSMase) generates the bioactive lipid ceramide (Cer) from hydrolysis of sphingomyelin (SM). However, its precise roles in regulating specific sphingolipid-mediated biological processes remain ill defined. Interestingly, the aSMase gene gives rise to two distinct enzymes, lysosomal sphingomyelinase (L-SMase) and secretory sphingomyelinase (S-SMase) via alternative trafficking of a shared protein precursor. Previously, our laboratory identified Ser(508) as a crucial residue for the constitutive and regulated secretion of S-SMase in response to inflammatory cytokines, and demonstrated a role for S-SMase in formation of select cellular Cer species (Jenkins, R. W., Canals, D., Idkowiak-Baldys, J., Simbari, F., Roddy, P., Perry, D. M., Kitatani, K., Luberto, C., and Hannun, Y. A. (2010) J. Biol. Chem. 285, 35706-35718). In the present study using a chemokine/cytokine screen, we identified the chemokine CCL5 (formerly known as RANTES) as a candidate-specific downstream target for aSMase. Regulation of CCL5 by aSMase was subsequently validated using both loss-of-function and gain-of-function models indicating that aSMase is both necessary and sufficient for CCL5 production. Interestingly, cells deficient in acid ceramidase (aCDase) also exhibited defects in CCL5 induction, whereas cells deficient in sphingosine kinase-1 and -2 exhibited higher levels of CCL5, suggesting that sphingosine and not sphingosine 1-phosphate (S1P) is responsible for the positive signal to CCL5. Consistent with this, co-expression of aSMase and aCDase was sufficient to strongly induce CCL5. Taken together, these data identify a novel role for aSMase (particularly S-SMase) in chemokine elaboration by pro-inflammatory cytokines and highlight a novel and shared function for aSMase and aCDase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Russell W Jenkins
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Medical University of South Carolina, Charleston, South Carolina 29425, USA
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Schwaiberger AV, Heiss EH, Cabaravdic M, Oberan T, Zaujec J, Schachner D, Uhrin P, Atanasov AG, Breuss JM, Binder BR, Dirsch VM. Indirubin-3′-Monoxime Blocks Vascular Smooth Muscle Cell Proliferation by Inhibition of Signal Transducer and Activator of Transcription 3 Signaling and Reduces Neointima Formation In Vivo. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2010; 30:2475-81. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.110.212654] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Andrea V. Schwaiberger
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Elke H. Heiss
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Muris Cabaravdic
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Tina Oberan
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Jan Zaujec
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Daniel Schachner
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Pavel Uhrin
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Atanas G. Atanasov
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Johannes M. Breuss
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Bernd R. Binder
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
| | - Verena M. Dirsch
- From the Department of Pharmacognosy, University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (A.V.S., E.H.H., T.O., D.S., A.G.A., V. M. D.); Department of Vascular Biology and Thrombosis Research, Medical University of Vienna, A-1090 Vienna, Austria (M.C., J.Z., P.U., J.M.B., B.R.B.). Dr Binder died on August 28, 2010. Dr Schwaiberger and Dr Heiss contributed equally to this work
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Immune modulation of neointimal formation after vascular injury has been investigated for several decades but the complexities involved continue to obscure a clearer understanding of the process. The rapidly changing field of immunology makes this knowledge imperative. RECENT FINDINGS The review discusses immune factors involved in the response to vascular injury. Although innate immune responses play a predominantly detrimental role, the adaptive immune response is more complex. Mechanisms of T-cell activation, recruitment, as well as possible regulation are highlighted. SUMMARY Progress in understanding the role of the immune system in the response to arterial injury has been impressive. However, recent findings underscore the need to unravel the intricacies involved such as the kinetics and specific pathways of activation, specificity of immune cell involvement, and identification of targets for therapy. This is relevant in light of the increasing reports of immune factors involved in vascular disease and intervention in the clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul C Dimayuga
- Oppenheimer Atherosclerotic Research Center, Division of Cardiology, Cedars-Sinai Heart Institute, Los Angeles, California 90048, USA.
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Hla T, Oo ML. Ramping up RANTES in the acute response to arterial injury. J Clin Invest 2009; 120:90-2. [PMID: 20038805 DOI: 10.1172/jci41738] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
Arterial injury results in the formation of neointimal lesions. Lack of resolution of the pathologic neointima leads to stenosis, tissue ischemia, and organ dysfunction. In this issue of the JCI, Kovacic et al. show that, in response to arterial injury in mice, the cytokine TNF-alpha triggers a novel signaling pathway involving the combinatorial action of two transcription factors, STAT3 and NF-kappaB (p65 subunit), in VSMCs (see the related article beginning on page 303). Upon activation, these factors turn on transcription of a potent T cell chemokine, RANTES, which selectively recruits T cells into the vessel wall as part of the vascular wound-healing response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Timothy Hla
- Center for Vascular Biology, Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Weill Medical College of Cornell University, 1300 York Avenue, New York, NY 10065, USA.
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