51
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Li Q, Yu Q, Na R, Liu B. Omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids prevent murine dilated cardiomyopathy by reducing oxidative stress and cardiomyocyte apoptosis. Exp Ther Med 2017; 14:6152-6158. [PMID: 29285172 DOI: 10.3892/etm.2017.5338] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
Mice that lacked manganese-superoxide dismutase (Mn-SOD) activity exhibited the typical pathology of dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM). The aim of the present study was to investigate the effect of supplementation with omega-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids (n-3 PUFA) on heart function and oxidative stress biomarkers in mice with DCM. In the present study, heart/muscle-specific Mn-SOD-deficient mice (H/M-Sod2-/-) were treated with n-3 PUFA (30 mg/kg/day) for 10 weeks, and the reactive oxygen species (ROS) production in their heart mitochondria and cardiac function was subsequently assessed. n-3 PUFA treatment diminished ROS production and suppressed the progression of cardiac dysfunction. Furthermore, n-3 PUFA treatment effectively reversed the cardiac dysfunction and dilatation observed in symptomatic H/M-Sod2-/- mice. Notably, n-3 PUFA treatment ameliorated a molecular defect in connexin 43. Hematoxylin-eosin staining indicated that the phenotype of DCM was also ameliorated following n-3 PUFA treatment. Furthermore, echocardiography demonstrated that cardiac function was significantly improved in the mice treated with n-3 PUFA (P<0.05). Meanwhile, pre-treatment with n-3 PUFA significantly decreased cardiomyocyte apoptosis (P<0.001). In conclusion, n-3 PUFA treatment is able to prevent murine DCM, primarily by reducing ROS production and improving myocardial apoptosis. Therefore, the impairment of ROS production is proposed as a potential therapy for DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qianxiao Li
- Department of Cardiology, Zhejiang Province Hospital of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310003, P.R. China
| | - Qin Yu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Rongmei Na
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
| | - Baiting Liu
- Department of Cardiology, Affiliated Zhongshan Hospital of Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, P.R. China
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52
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Kennedy L, Kaltenbrun E, Greco TM, Temple B, Herring LE, Cristea IM, Conlon FL. Formation of a TBX20-CASZ1 protein complex is protective against dilated cardiomyopathy and critical for cardiac homeostasis. PLoS Genet 2017; 13:e1007011. [PMID: 28945738 PMCID: PMC5629033 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1007011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/11/2017] [Revised: 10/05/2017] [Accepted: 09/07/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
By the age of 40, one in five adults without symptoms of cardiovascular disease are at risk for developing congestive heart failure. Within this population, dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) remains one of the leading causes of disease and death, with nearly half of cases genetically determined. Though genetic and high throughput sequencing-based approaches have identified sporadic and inherited mutations in a multitude of genes implicated in cardiomyopathy, how combinations of asymptomatic mutations lead to cardiac failure remains a mystery. Since a number of studies have implicated mutations of the transcription factor TBX20 in congenital heart diseases, we investigated the underlying mechanisms, using an unbiased systems-based screen to identify novel, cardiac-specific binding partners. We demonstrated that TBX20 physically and genetically interacts with the essential transcription factor CASZ1. This interaction is required for survival, as mice heterozygous for both Tbx20 and Casz1 die post-natally as a result of DCM. A Tbx20 mutation associated with human familial DCM sterically interferes with the TBX20-CASZ1 interaction and provides a physical basis for how this human mutation disrupts normal cardiac function. Finally, we employed quantitative proteomic analyses to define the molecular pathways mis-regulated upon disruption of this novel complex. Collectively, our proteomic, biochemical, genetic, and structural studies suggest that the physical interaction between TBX20 and CASZ1 is required for cardiac homeostasis, and further, that reduction or loss of this critical interaction leads to DCM. This work provides strong evidence that DCM can be inherited through a digenic mechanism. A molecular understanding of cardiomyocyte development is an essential goal for improving clinical approaches to CHD. While TBX20 is an essential transcription factor for heart development and its disease relevance is well established, many fundamental questions remain about the mechanism of TBX20 function. Principle among these is how TBX20 mutations associated with adult dilated cardiomyopathy circumvent (DCM) the essential embryonic requirement for TBX20 in heart development. Here we report using an integrated approach that TBX20 complexes with the cardiac transcription factor CASZ1 in vivo. We confirmed TBX20 and CASZ1 interact biochemically and genetically, and show mice heterozygous for both Tbx20 and Casz1 die, beginning at 4 to 8 weeks post birth, exhibiting hallmarks of DCM. Interestingly, the human mutant TBX20F256I bypasses the early essential requirement for TBX20 but leads to DCM. We report here that TBX20F256I disrupts the TBX20-CASZ1 interaction, ascribing clinical relevance to this protein complex. Further, by using quantitative proteomics we have identified the molecular pathways altered in TBX20-CASZ1-mediated DCM. Together, these results identify a novel interaction between TBX20 and CASZ1 that is essential for maintaining cardiac homeostasis and imply that DCM can be inherited through a digenic mechanism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leslie Kennedy
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Integrative Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Erin Kaltenbrun
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Integrative Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Todd M. Greco
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Brenda Temple
- R.L. Juliano Structural Bioinformatics Core, Department of Biochemistry and Biophysics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Laura E. Herring
- UNC Proteomics Core Facility, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Pharmacology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
| | - Ileana M. Cristea
- Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, United States of America
| | - Frank L. Conlon
- University of North Carolina McAllister Heart Institute, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Integrative Program for Biological & Genome Sciences, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- Department of Biology, UNC-Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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53
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Heinig M, Adriaens ME, Schafer S, van Deutekom HWM, Lodder EM, Ware JS, Schneider V, Felkin LE, Creemers EE, Meder B, Katus HA, Rühle F, Stoll M, Cambien F, Villard E, Charron P, Varro A, Bishopric NH, George AL, Dos Remedios C, Moreno-Moral A, Pesce F, Bauerfeind A, Rüschendorf F, Rintisch C, Petretto E, Barton PJ, Cook SA, Pinto YM, Bezzina CR, Hubner N. Natural genetic variation of the cardiac transcriptome in non-diseased donors and patients with dilated cardiomyopathy. Genome Biol 2017; 18:170. [PMID: 28903782 PMCID: PMC5598015 DOI: 10.1186/s13059-017-1286-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 07/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Genetic variation is an important determinant of RNA transcription and splicing, which in turn contributes to variation in human traits, including cardiovascular diseases. RESULTS Here we report the first in-depth survey of heart transcriptome variation using RNA-sequencing in 97 patients with dilated cardiomyopathy and 108 non-diseased controls. We reveal extensive differences of gene expression and splicing between dilated cardiomyopathy patients and controls, affecting known as well as novel dilated cardiomyopathy genes. Moreover, we show a widespread effect of genetic variation on the regulation of transcription, isoform usage, and allele-specific expression. Systematic annotation of genome-wide association SNPs identifies 60 functional candidate genes for heart phenotypes, representing 20% of all published heart genome-wide association loci. Focusing on the dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype we found that eQTL variants are also enriched for dilated cardiomyopathy genome-wide association signals in two independent cohorts. CONCLUSIONS RNA transcription, splicing, and allele-specific expression are each important determinants of the dilated cardiomyopathy phenotype and are controlled by genetic factors. Our results represent a powerful resource for the field of cardiovascular genetics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthias Heinig
- Institute of Computational Biology, Helmholtz Zentrum München, München, Germany.,Department of Informatics, Technical University of Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Michiel E Adriaens
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands.,Maastricht Centre for Systems Biology, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Sebastian Schafer
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 168752, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore, 169857, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Hanneke W M van Deutekom
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Elisabeth M Lodder
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - James S Ware
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Council (MRC) London Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Valentin Schneider
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Leanne E Felkin
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Esther E Creemers
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Benjamin Meder
- Institute for Cardiomyopathies Heidelberg & Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Institute for Cardiomyopathies Heidelberg & Department of Cardiology, Angiology and Pneumology, University Heidelberg, Heidelberg, Germany.,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany
| | - Frank Rühle
- Institute of Human Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Monika Stoll
- Institute of Human Genetics, Genetic Epidemiology, University of Münster, Münster, Germany.,Department of Biochemistry, Genetic Epidemiology and Statistical Genetics, CARIM School for Cardiovascular Diseases, Maastricht Center for Systems Biology (MaCSBio), Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - François Cambien
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, F-75013, Paris, France.,ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Eric Villard
- Sorbonne Universités, UPMC Univ Paris 06, INSERM UMRS 1166, Team Genomics & Pathophysiology of Cardiovascular Diseases, F-75013, Paris, France.,ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, F-75013, Paris, France
| | - Philippe Charron
- ICAN Institute for Cardiometabolism and Nutrition, F-75013, Paris, France.,Université Versailles Saint Quentin, AP-HP, CESP, INSERM U1018, Hôpital Ambroise Paré, Boulogne-Billancourt, France
| | - Andras Varro
- Department of Pharmacology and Pharmacotherapy, Faculty of Medicine, University of Szeged, Szeged, Hungary
| | - Nanette H Bishopric
- Department of Medicine, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Pharmacology, University of Miami School of Medicine, Miami, FL, USA
| | - Alfred L George
- Division of Genetic Medicine, Department of Medicine, Vanderbilt University, Nashville, TN, USA.,Department of Pharmacology, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Cristobal Dos Remedios
- Sydney Heart Bank, Department of Anatomy, Bosch Institute, The University of Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | - Aida Moreno-Moral
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Francesco Pesce
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Anja Bauerfeind
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Franz Rüschendorf
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Carola Rintisch
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany
| | - Enrico Petretto
- Program in Cardiovascular and Metabolic Disorders, Center for Computational Biology, DUKE-NUS Medical School, Singapore, 169857, Singapore
| | - Paul J Barton
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Stuart A Cook
- National Heart Research Institute Singapore, National Heart Centre Singapore, 168752, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Cardiovascular & Metabolic Disorders, Duke-National University of Singapore, 169857, Singapore, Singapore.,National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, UK.,NIHR Cardiovascular Biomedical Research Unit at Royal Brompton and Harefield Hospitals and Imperial College London, London, UK.,Medical Research Council (MRC) London Institute of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London, UK
| | - Yigal M Pinto
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Connie R Bezzina
- Department of Clinical and Experimental Cardiology, Heart Center, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, 1105AZ, The Netherlands.
| | - Norbert Hubner
- Cardiovascular and Metabolic Sciences, Max-Delbrück-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association, Robert-Rössle-Str. 10, 13125, Berlin, Germany. .,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Heidelberg/Mannheim, Germany. .,Charité-Universitätsmedizin, Berlin, Germany. .,Deutsches Zentrum für Herz-Kreislauf-Forschung, Berlin, Germany.
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54
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Liu R, Lee J, Kim BS, Wang Q, Buxton SK, Balasubramanyam N, Kim JJ, Dong J, Zhang A, Li S, Gupte AA, Hamilton DJ, Martin JF, Rodney GG, Coarfa C, Wehrens XH, Yechoor VK, Moulik M. Tead1 is required for maintaining adult cardiomyocyte function, and its loss results in lethal dilated cardiomyopathy. JCI Insight 2017; 2:93343. [PMID: 28878117 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.93343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2017] [Accepted: 07/27/2017] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Heart disease remains the leading cause of death worldwide, highlighting a pressing need to identify novel regulators of cardiomyocyte (CM) function that could be therapeutically targeted. The mammalian Hippo/Tead pathway is critical in embryonic cardiac development and perinatal CM proliferation. However, the requirement of Tead1, the transcriptional effector of this pathway, in the adult heart is unknown. Here, we show that tamoxifen-inducible adult CM-specific Tead1 ablation led to lethal acute-onset dilated cardiomyopathy, associated with impairment in excitation-contraction coupling. Mechanistically, we demonstrate Tead1 is a cell-autonomous, direct transcriptional activator of SERCA2a and SR-associated protein phosphatase 1 regulatory subunit, Inhibitor-1 (I-1). Thus, Tead1 deletion led to a decrease in SERCA2a and I-1 transcripts and protein, with a consequent increase in PP1-activity, resulting in accumulation of dephosphorylated phospholamban (Pln) and decreased SERCA2a activity. Global transcriptomal analysis in Tead1-deleted hearts revealed significant changes in mitochondrial and sarcomere-related pathways. Additional studies demonstrated there was a trend for correlation between protein levels of TEAD1 and I-1, and phosphorylation of PLN, in human nonfailing and failing hearts. Furthermore, TEAD1 activity was required to maintain PLN phosphorylation and expression of SERCA2a and I-1 in human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived (iPS-derived) CMs. To our knowledge, taken together, this demonstrates a nonredundant, novel role of Tead1 in maintaining normal adult heart function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruya Liu
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Jeongkyung Lee
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Byung S Kim
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine
| | - Qiongling Wang
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Samuel K Buxton
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | | | - Jean J Kim
- Stem Cells and Regenerative Medicine Center, and.,Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Jianrong Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Aijun Zhang
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Shumin Li
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Anisha A Gupte
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Dale J Hamilton
- Center for Bioenergetics, Houston Methodist Research Institute, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James F Martin
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics.,Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Xander Ht Wehrens
- Cardiovascular Research Institute.,Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics
| | - Vijay K Yechoor
- Division of Diabetes, Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine.,Cardiovascular Research Institute
| | - Mousumi Moulik
- Division of Cardiology, Department of Pediatrics, University of Texas (UT) Health McGovern Medical School, Houston, Texas, USA
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55
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Antagonistic Activities of Sox2 and Brachyury Control the Fate Choice of Neuro-Mesodermal Progenitors. Dev Cell 2017; 42:514-526.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2017.07.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/26/2017] [Revised: 06/07/2017] [Accepted: 07/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
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56
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Yi X, Jiang X, Li X, Jiang DS. Histone lysine methylation and congenital heart disease: From bench to bedside (Review). Int J Mol Med 2017; 40:953-964. [PMID: 28902362 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2017.3115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Accepted: 08/21/2017] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Histone post-translational modifications (PTM) as one of the key epigenetic regulatory mechanisms that plays critical role in various biological processes, including regulating chromatin structure dynamics and gene expression. Histone lysine methyltransferase contributes to the establishment and maintenance of differential histone methylation status, which can recognize histone methylated sites and build an association between these modifications and their downstream processes. Recently, it was found that abnormalities in the histone lysine methylation level or pattern may lead to the occurrence of many types of cardiovascular diseases, such as congenital heart disease (CHD). In order to provide new theoretical basis and targets for the treatment of CHD from the view of developmental biology and genetics, this review discusses and elaborates on the association between histone lysine methylation modifications and CHD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Yi
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Jiang
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Xiaoyan Li
- Department of Cardiology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430060, P.R. China
| | - Ding-Sheng Jiang
- Division of Cardiothoracic and Vascular Surgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei 430030, P.R. China
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57
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Jensen B, Vesterskov S, Boukens BJ, Nielsen JM, Moorman AFM, Christoffels VM, Wang T. Morpho-functional characterization of the systemic venous pole of the reptile heart. Sci Rep 2017; 7:6644. [PMID: 28751678 PMCID: PMC5532247 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-017-06291-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 06/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammals evolved from reptile-like ancestors, and while the mammalian heart is driven by a distinct sinus node, a sinus node is not apparent in reptiles. We characterized the myocardial systemic venous pole, the sinus venosus, in reptiles to identify the dominant pacemaker and to assess whether the sinus venosus remodels and adopts an atrium-like phenotype as observed in mammals. Anolis lizards had an extensive sinus venosus of myocardium expressing Tbx18. A small sub-population of cells encircling the sinuatrial junction expressed Isl1, Bmp2, Tbx3, and Hcn4, homologues of genes marking the mammalian sinus node. Electrical mapping showed that hearts of Anolis lizards and Python snakes were driven from the sinuatrial junction. The electrical impulse was delayed between the sinus venosus and the right atrium, allowing the sinus venosus to contract and aid right atrial filling. In proximity of the systemic veins, the Anolis sinus venosus expressed markers of the atrial phenotype Nkx2-5 and Gja5. In conclusion, the reptile heart is driven by a pacemaker region with an expression signature similar to that of the immature sinus node of mammals. Unlike mammals, reptiles maintain a sinuatrial delay of the impulse, allowing the partly atrialized sinus venosus to function as a chamber.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bjarke Jensen
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - Signe Vesterskov
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Bastiaan J Boukens
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Jan M Nielsen
- Department of Cardiology, Institute of Clinical Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Skejby, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Antoon F M Moorman
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Vincent M Christoffels
- Department of Medical Biology, Academic Medical Center, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Tobias Wang
- Department of Bioscience, Zoophysiology, Aarhus University, Aarhus, Denmark
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58
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Abstract
Long QT syndrome (LQTS) exhibits great phenotype variability among family members carrying the same mutation, which can be partially attributed to genetic factors. We functionally analyzed the KCNH2 (encoding for Kv11.1 or hERG channels) and TBX20 (encoding for the transcription factor Tbx20) variants found by next-generation sequencing in two siblings with LQTS in a Spanish family of African ancestry. Affected relatives harbor a heterozygous mutation in KCNH2 that encodes for p.T152HfsX180 Kv11.1 (hERG). This peptide, by itself, failed to generate any current when transfected into Chinese hamster ovary (CHO) cells but, surprisingly, exerted "chaperone-like" effects over native hERG channels in both CHO cells and mouse atrial-derived HL-1 cells. Therefore, heterozygous transfection of native (WT) and p.T152HfsX180 hERG channels generated a current that was indistinguishable from that generated by WT channels alone. Some affected relatives also harbor the p.R311C mutation in Tbx20. In human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes (hiPSC-CMs), Tbx20 enhanced human KCNH2 gene expression and hERG currents (IhERG) and shortened action-potential duration (APD). However, Tbx20 did not modify the expression or activity of any other channel involved in ventricular repolarization. Conversely, p.R311C Tbx20 did not increase KCNH2 expression in hiPSC-CMs, which led to decreased IhERG and increased APD. Our results suggest that Tbx20 controls the expression of hERG channels responsible for the rapid component of the delayed rectifier current. On the contrary, p.R311C Tbx20 specifically disables the Tbx20 protranscriptional activity over KCNH2 Therefore, TBX20 can be considered a KCNH2-modifying gene.
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59
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Lu F, Langenbacher A, Chen JN. Tbx20 drives cardiac progenitor formation and cardiomyocyte proliferation in zebrafish. Dev Biol 2016; 421:139-148. [PMID: 27940156 DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2016.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2016] [Revised: 11/30/2016] [Accepted: 12/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Tbx20 is a T-box transcription factor that plays essential roles in the development and maintenance of the heart. Although it is expressed by cardiac progenitors in all species examined, an involvement of Tbx20 in cardiac progenitor formation in vertebrates has not been previously described. Here we report the identification of a zebrafish tbx20 mutation that results in an inactive, truncated protein lacking any functional domains. The cardiac progenitor population is strongly diminished in this mutant, leading to the formation of a small, stretched-out heart. We found that overexpression of Tbx20 results in an enlarged heart with significantly more cardiomyocytes. Interestingly, this increase in cell number is caused by both enhanced cardiac progenitor cell formation and the proliferation of differentiated cardiomyocytes, and is dependent upon the activity of Tbx20's T-box and transcription activation domains. Together, our findings highlight a previously unappreciated role for Tbx20 in promoting cardiac progenitor formation in vertebrates and reveal a novel function for its activation domain in cardiac cell proliferation during embryogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fei Lu
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Adam Langenbacher
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States
| | - Jau-Nian Chen
- Department of Molecular, Cell and Developmental Biology, University of California, Los Angeles, United States.
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60
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Just S, Raphel L, Berger IM, Bühler A, Keßler M, Rottbauer W. Tbx20 Is an Essential Regulator of Embryonic Heart Growth in Zebrafish. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0167306. [PMID: 27907103 PMCID: PMC5132222 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0167306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/13/2016] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The molecular mechanisms that regulate cardiomyocyte proliferation during embryonic heart growth are not completely deciphered yet. In a forward genetic N-ethyl-N-nitrosourea (ENU) mutagenesis screen, we identified the recessive embryonic-lethal zebrafish mutant line weiches herz (whz). Homozygous mutant whz embryos display impaired heart growth due to diminished embryonic cardiomyocyte proliferation resulting in cardiac hypoplasia and weak cardiac contraction. By positional cloning, we found in whz mutant zebrafish a missense mutation within the T-box 20 (Tbx20) transcription factor gene leading to destabilization of Tbx20 protein. Morpholino-mediated knock-down of Tbx20 in wild-type zebrafish embryos phenocopies whz, indicating that the whz phenotype is due to loss of Tbx20 function, thereby leading to significantly reduced cardiomyocyte numbers by impaired proliferation of heart muscle cells. Ectopic overexpression of wild-type Tbx20 in whz mutant embryos restored cardiomyocyte proliferation and heart growth. Interestingly, ectopic overexpression of Tbx20 in wild-type zebrafish embryos resulted, similar to the situation in the embryonic mouse heart, in significantly reduced proliferation rates of ventricular cardiomyocytes, suggesting that Tbx20 activity needs to be tightly fine-tuned to guarantee regular cardiomyocyte proliferation and embryonic heart growth in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Steffen Just
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (SJ); (WR)
| | - Linda Raphel
- Department of Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Ina M. Berger
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Anja Bühler
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Mirjam Keßler
- Department of Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
| | - Wolfgang Rottbauer
- Molecular Cardiology, Department of Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- Department of Medicine II, University of Ulm, Ulm, Germany
- * E-mail: (SJ); (WR)
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61
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Li X, Zhang P. Genetic determinants of myocardial dysfunction. J Med Genet 2016; 54:1-10. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2016-104308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 10/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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Repair Injured Heart by Regulating Cardiac Regenerative Signals. Stem Cells Int 2016; 2016:6193419. [PMID: 27799944 PMCID: PMC5075315 DOI: 10.1155/2016/6193419] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 06/27/2016] [Accepted: 06/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Cardiac regeneration is a homeostatic cardiogenic process by which the sections of malfunctioning adult cardiovascular tissues are repaired and renewed employing a combination of both cardiomyogenesis and angiogenesis. Unfortunately, while high-quality regeneration can be performed in amphibians and zebrafish hearts, mammalian hearts do not respond in kind. Indeed, a long-term loss of proliferative capacity in mammalian adult cardiomyocytes in combination with dysregulated induction of tissue fibrosis impairs mammalian endogenous heart regenerative capacity, leading to deleterious cardiac remodeling at the end stage of heart failure. Interestingly, several studies have demonstrated that cardiomyocyte proliferation capacity is retained in mammals very soon after birth, and cardiac regeneration potential is correspondingly preserved in some preadolescent vertebrates after myocardial infarction. There is therefore great interest in uncovering the molecular mechanisms that may allow heart regeneration during adult stages. This review will summarize recent findings on cardiac regenerative regulatory mechanisms, especially with respect to extracellular signals and intracellular pathways that may provide novel therapeutics for heart diseases. Particularly, both in vitro and in vivo experimental evidences will be presented to highlight the functional role of these signaling cascades in regulating cardiomyocyte proliferation, cardiomyocyte growth, and maturation, with special emphasis on their responses to heart tissue injury.
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63
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Liu P, Sun Y, Qiu G, Jiang H, Qiu G. Silencing of TBX20 gene expression in rat myocardial and human embryonic kidney cells leads to cell cycle arrest in G2 phase. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:2904-14. [PMID: 27572266 PMCID: PMC5042752 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5660] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Congenital heart diseases (CHDs) are the most common birth defects due to abnormal cardiac development. The T-box 20 (TBX20) gene is a member of the T-box family of transcription factors and encodes TBX20, which is essential for early heart development. In the present study, reduced TBX20 expression was observed in CHD tissue samples compared with normal tissues, and the function of TBX20 in Rattus norvegicus myocardial cells [H9c2(2-1)] and human embryonic kidney cells (HEK293) was investigated. TBX20 was silenced in H9c2 and HEK293 cells via transfection of small interfering RNA and short hairpin RNA duplexes, respectively, and TBX20 mRNA and protein levels were subsequently examined using reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction (RT-qPCR) and western blot analysis. Cell proliferation was assessed using a cell counting kit and proliferating cell nuclear antigen expression was determined by western blotting. Analysis of cell apoptosis was achieved by annexin V-fluorescein isothiocyanate/propidium iodide staining and a fluorometric terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick-end labeling system. Cell cycle analysis was achieved using fluorescence-activated cell sorting, and, an RT-qPCR array was used to profile the expression of TBX20-related genes. Silencing of TBX20 in H9c2 and HEK293 cells significantly inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell apoptosis and led to G2/M cell cycle arrest. A reduction in cyclin B1 mRNA levels and an increase in cyclin-dependent kinase inhibitor 1B mRNA levels was observed, which indicated that cells were arrested in G2 phase. Concurrently, the mRNA levels of GATA binding protein 4 were increased in both cell lines, which may provide an explanation for the abnormal cardiac hypertrophy observed in patients with congenital heart disease. These results suggest that TBX20 is required for heart morphogenesis, and inhibition of TBX20 expression may lead to the suppression of cell proliferation and cell cycle arrest.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peiyan Liu
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Yueling Sun
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
| | - Guangbin Qiu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, 202 Hospital of People's Liberation Army, Shenyang, Heping 110003, P.R. China
| | - Hongkun Jiang
- Department of Pediatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, Heping 110001, P.R. China
| | - Guangrong Qiu
- Department of Medical Genetics, College of Basic Medical Science, China Medical University, Shenyang, Liaoning 110122, P.R. China
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Desjardins CA, Naya FJ. The Function of the MEF2 Family of Transcription Factors in Cardiac Development, Cardiogenomics, and Direct Reprogramming. J Cardiovasc Dev Dis 2016; 3. [PMID: 27630998 PMCID: PMC5019174 DOI: 10.3390/jcdd3030026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Proper formation of the mammalian heart requires precise spatiotemporal transcriptional regulation of gene programs in cardiomyocytes. Sophisticated regulatory networks have evolved to not only integrate the activities of distinct transcription factors to control tissue-specific gene programs but also, in many instances, to incorporate multiple members within these transcription factor families to ensure accuracy and specificity in the system. Unsurprisingly, perturbations in this elaborate transcriptional circuitry can lead to severe cardiac abnormalities. Myocyte enhancer factor–2 (MEF2) transcription factor belongs to the evolutionarily conserved cardiac gene regulatory network. Given its central role in muscle gene regulation and its evolutionary conservation, MEF2 is considered one of only a few core cardiac transcription factors. In addition to its firmly established role as a differentiation factor, MEF2 regulates wide variety of, sometimes antagonistic, cellular processes such as cell survival and death. Vertebrate genomes encode multiple MEF2 family members thereby expanding the transcriptional potential of this core transcription factor in the heart. This review highlights the requirement of the MEF2 family and their orthologs in cardiac development in diverse animal model systems. Furthermore, we describe the recently characterized role of MEF2 in direct reprogramming and genome-wide cardiomyocyte gene regulation. A thorough understanding of the regulatory functions of the MEF2 family in cardiac development and cardiogenomics is required in order to develop effective therapeutic strategies to repair the diseased heart.
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Zhou YM, Dai XY, Huang RT, Xue S, Xu YJ, Qiu XB, Yang YQ. A novel TBX20 loss-of-function mutation contributes to adult-onset dilated cardiomyopathy or congenital atrial septal defect. Mol Med Rep 2016; 14:3307-14. [DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2016.5609] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2015] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
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Spatiotemporal regulation of enhancers during cardiogenesis. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 74:257-265. [PMID: 27497925 PMCID: PMC5219004 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-016-2322-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 07/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
With the advance in chromatin immunoprecipitation followed by high-throughput sequencing, there has been a dramatic increase in our understanding of distal enhancer function. In the developing heart, the identification and characterisation of such enhancers have deepened our knowledge of the mechanisms of transcriptional regulation that drives cardiac differentiation. With next-generation sequencing techniques becoming widely accessible, the quantity of data describing the genome-wide distribution of cardiac-specific transcription factor and chromatin modifiers has rapidly increased and it is now becoming clear that the usage of enhancers is highly dynamic and complex, both during the development and in the adult. The identification of those enhancers has revealed new insights into the transcriptional mechanisms of how tissue-specific gene expression patterns are established, maintained, and change dynamically during development and upon physiological stress.
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Wassenaar JW, Gaetani R, Garcia JJ, Braden RL, Luo CG, Huang D, DeMaria AN, Omens JH, Christman KL. Evidence for Mechanisms Underlying the Functional Benefits of a Myocardial Matrix Hydrogel for Post-MI Treatment. J Am Coll Cardiol 2016; 67:1074-1086. [PMID: 26940929 DOI: 10.1016/j.jacc.2015.12.035] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/11/2015] [Accepted: 12/14/2015] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing need for better therapies to prevent the development of heart failure after myocardial infarction (MI). An injectable hydrogel derived from decellularized porcine ventricular myocardium has been shown to halt the post-infarction progression of negative left ventricular remodeling and decline in cardiac function in both small and large animal models. OBJECTIVES This study sought to elucidate the tissue-level mechanisms underlying the therapeutic benefits of myocardial matrix injection. METHODS Myocardial matrix or saline was injected into infarcted myocardium 1 week after ischemia-reperfusion in Sprague-Dawley rats. Cardiac function was evaluated by magnetic resonance imaging and hemodynamic measurements at 5 weeks after injection. Whole transcriptome microarrays were performed on RNA isolated from the infarct at 3 days and 1 week after injection. Quantitative polymerase chain reaction and histologic quantification confirmed expression of key genes and their activation in altered pathways. RESULTS Principal component analysis of the transcriptomes showed that samples collected from myocardial matrix-injected infarcts are distinct and cluster separately from saline-injected control subjects. Pathway analysis indicated that these differences are due to changes in several tissue processes that may contribute to improved cardiac healing after MI. Matrix-injected infarcted myocardium exhibits an altered inflammatory response, reduced cardiomyocyte apoptosis, enhanced infarct neovascularization, diminished cardiac hypertrophy and fibrosis, altered metabolic enzyme expression, increased cardiac transcription factor expression, and progenitor cell recruitment, along with improvements in global cardiac function and hemodynamics. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that the myocardial matrix alters several key pathways after MI creating a pro-regenerative environment, further demonstrating its promise as a potential post-MI therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jean W Wassenaar
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Roberto Gaetani
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Julian J Garcia
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Rebecca L Braden
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine
| | - Colin G Luo
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Diane Huang
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Anthony N DeMaria
- Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Jeffrey H Omens
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; Department of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, California
| | - Karen L Christman
- Department of Bioengineering, University of California, San Diego; Sanford Consortium for Regenerative Medicine.
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Abstract
T-box (Tbx) genes encode an ancient group of transcription factors that play important roles in patterning, specification, proliferation, and differentiation programs in vertebrate organogenesis. This is testified by severe organ malformation syndromes in mice homozygous for engineered null alleles of specific T-box genes and by the large number of human inherited organ-specific diseases that have been linked to mutations in these genes. One of the organ systems that has not been associated with loss of specific T-box gene function in human disease for long is the excretory system. However, this has changed with the finding that mutations in TBX18, a member of a vertebrate-specific subgroup within the Tbx1-subfamily of T-box transcription factor genes, cause congenital anomalies of the kidney and urinary tract, predominantly hydroureter and ureteropelvic junction obstruction. Gene expression analyses, loss-of-function studies, and lineage tracing in the mouse suggest a primary role for this transcription factor in specifying the ureteric mesenchyme in the common anlage of the kidney, the ureter, and the bladder. We review the function of Tbx18 in ureterogenesis and discuss the body of evidence that Tbx18 and other members of the T-box gene family, namely, Tbx1, Tbx2, Tbx3, and Tbx20, play additional roles in development and homeostasis of other components of the excretory system in vertebrates.
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69
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Boogerd CJ, Aneas I, Sakabe N, Dirschinger RJ, Cheng QJ, Zhou B, Chen J, Nobrega MA, Evans SM. Probing chromatin landscape reveals roles of endocardial TBX20 in septation. J Clin Invest 2016; 126:3023-35. [PMID: 27348591 DOI: 10.1172/jci85350] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 05/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Mutations in the T-box transcription factor TBX20 are associated with multiple forms of congenital heart defects, including cardiac septal abnormalities, but our understanding of the contributions of endocardial TBX20 to heart development remains incomplete. Here, we investigated how TBX20 interacts with endocardial gene networks to drive the mesenchymal and myocardial movements that are essential for outflow tract and atrioventricular septation. Selective ablation of Tbx20 in murine endocardial lineages reduced the expression of extracellular matrix and cell migration genes that are critical for septation. Using the assay for transposase-accessible chromatin with high-throughput sequencing (ATAC-seq), we identified accessible chromatin within endocardial lineages and intersected these data with TBX20 ChIP-seq and chromatin loop maps to determine that TBX20 binds a conserved long-range enhancer to regulate versican (Vcan) expression. We also observed reduced Vcan expression in Tbx20-deficient mice, supporting a direct role for TBX20 in Vcan regulation. Further, we show that the Vcan enhancer drove reporter gene expression in endocardial lineages in a TBX20-binding site-dependent manner. This work illuminates gene networks that interact with TBX20 to orchestrate cardiac septation and provides insight into the chromatin landscape of endocardial lineages during septation.
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70
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Wilsbacher L, McNally EM. Genetics of Cardiac Developmental Disorders: Cardiomyocyte Proliferation and Growth and Relevance to Heart Failure. ANNUAL REVIEW OF PATHOLOGY 2016; 11:395-419. [PMID: 26925501 PMCID: PMC8978617 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-pathol-012615-044336] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/01/2023]
Abstract
Cardiac developmental disorders represent the most common of human birth defects, and anomalies in cardiomyocyte proliferation drive many of these disorders. This review highlights the molecular mechanisms of prenatal cardiac growth. Trabeculation represents the initial ventricular growth phase and is necessary for embryonic survival. Later in development, the bulk of the ventricular wall derives from the compaction process, yet the arrest of this process can still be compatible with life. Cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth form the basis of both trabeculation and compaction, and mouse models indicate that cardiomyocyte interactions with the surrounding environment are critical for these proliferative processes. The human genetics of left ventricular noncompaction cardiomyopathy suggest that cardiomyocyte cell-autonomous mechanisms contribute to the compaction process. Understanding the determinants of prenatal or early postnatal cardiomyocyte proliferation and growth provides critical information that identifies risk factors for cardiovascular disease, including heart failure and its associated complications of arrhythmias and thromboembolic events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Wilsbacher
- Department of Medicine, Center for Genetic Medicine, and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
| | - Elizabeth M McNally
- Department of Medicine, Center for Genetic Medicine, and Feinberg Cardiovascular Research Institute, Northwestern University Feinberg School of Medicine, Chicago, Illinois 60611; ,
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71
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Abstract
Cardiac transcription factors orchestrate the complex cellular and molecular events required to produce a functioning heart. Misregulation of the cardiac transcription program leads to embryonic developmental defects and is associated with human congenital heart diseases. Recent studies have expanded our understanding of the regulation of cardiac gene expression at an additional layer, involving the coordination of epigenetic and transcriptional regulators. In this review, we highlight and discuss discoveries made possible by the genetic and embryological tools available in the zebrafish model organism, with a focus on the novel functions of cardiac transcription factors and epigenetic and transcriptional regulatory proteins during cardiogenesis.
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72
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Mittal A, Sharma R, Prasad R, Bahl A, Khullar M. Role of cardiac TBX20 in dilated cardiomyopathy. Mol Cell Biochem 2016; 414:129-36. [PMID: 26895318 DOI: 10.1007/s11010-016-2666-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Dilated cardiomyopathy (DCM) is an important cause of heart failure and sudden cardiac death worldwide. Transcription factor TBX20 has been shown to play a crucial role in cardiac development and maintenance of adult mouse heart. Recent studies suggest that TBX20 may have a role in pathophysiology of DCM. In the present study, we examined TBX20 expression in idiopathic DCM patients and in an animal model of cardiomyopathy, and studied its correlation with echocardiographic indices of LV function. Endomyocardial biopsies (EMBs) from intraventricular septal from the right ventricle region were obtained from idiopathic DCM patients (IDCM, n = 30) and from patients with ventricular septal defect (VSD, n = 14) with normal LVEF who served as controls. An animal model of DCM was developed by right renal artery ligation in Wistar rats. Cardiac TBX20 mRNA levels were measured by real-time PCR in IDCM, controls, and in rats. The role of DNA promoter methylation and copy number variation (CNVs) in regulating TBX20 gene expression was also investigated. Cardiac TBX20 mRNA levels were significantly increased (8.9 fold, p < 0.001) in IDCM patients and in RAL rats as compared to the control group. Cardiac TBX20 expression showed a negative correlation with LVEF (r = -0.71, p < 0.001) and a positive correlation with left ventricular end-systolic volume (r = 0.39, p = 0.038). No significant difference in TBX20 CNVs and promoter methylation was observed between IDCM patients and control group. Our results suggest a potential role of TBX20 in pathophysiology of DCM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anupam Mittal
- Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rajni Sharma
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Rishikesh Prasad
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Ajay Bahl
- Department of Cardiology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India
| | - Madhu Khullar
- Department of Experimental Medicine and Biotechnology, Postgraduate Institute of Medical Education and Research, Chandigarh, India.
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Luna-Zurita L, Stirnimann CU, Glatt S, Kaynak BL, Thomas S, Baudin F, Samee MAH, He D, Small EM, Mileikovsky M, Nagy A, Holloway AK, Pollard KS, Müller CW, Bruneau BG. Complex Interdependence Regulates Heterotypic Transcription Factor Distribution and Coordinates Cardiogenesis. Cell 2016; 164:999-1014. [PMID: 26875865 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2016.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 149] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/23/2015] [Revised: 11/21/2015] [Accepted: 12/22/2015] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Transcription factors (TFs) are thought to function with partners to achieve specificity and precise quantitative outputs. In the developing heart, heterotypic TF interactions, such as between the T-box TF TBX5 and the homeodomain TF NKX2-5, have been proposed as a mechanism for human congenital heart defects. We report extensive and complex interdependent genomic occupancy of TBX5, NKX2-5, and the zinc finger TF GATA4 coordinately controlling cardiac gene expression, differentiation, and morphogenesis. Interdependent binding serves not only to co-regulate gene expression but also to prevent TFs from distributing to ectopic loci and activate lineage-inappropriate genes. We define preferential motif arrangements for TBX5 and NKX2-5 cooperative binding sites, supported at the atomic level by their co-crystal structure bound to DNA, revealing a direct interaction between the two factors and induced DNA bending. Complex interdependent binding mechanisms reveal tightly regulated TF genomic distribution and define a combinatorial logic for heterotypic TF regulation of differentiation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luis Luna-Zurita
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Christian U Stirnimann
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Sebastian Glatt
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Bogac L Kaynak
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Sean Thomas
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Florence Baudin
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany; UJF-EMBL-CNRS UMI 3265, Unit of Virus Host-Cell Interactions, 38042 Grenoble Cedex 9, France
| | | | - Daniel He
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA
| | - Eric M Small
- Aab Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of Rochester School of Medicine and Dentistry, Rochester, NY 14642, USA
| | - Maria Mileikovsky
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada
| | - Andras Nagy
- Lunenfeld-Tanenbaum Research Institute, Mount Sinai Hospital, Toronto, ON M5G 1X5, Canada; Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology and Institute of Medical Science, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Alisha K Holloway
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Katherine S Pollard
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA
| | - Christoph W Müller
- Structural and Computational Biology Unit, European Molecular Biology Laboratory, 69117 Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Benoit G Bruneau
- Gladstone Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Roddenberry Center for Stem Cell Biology and Medicine at Gladstone, San Francisco, CA 94158, USA; Cardiovascular Research Institute, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA; Department of Pediatrics, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94143, USA.
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74
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Xiang FL, Guo M, Yutzey KE. Overexpression of Tbx20 in Adult Cardiomyocytes Promotes Proliferation and Improves Cardiac Function After Myocardial Infarction. Circulation 2016; 133:1081-92. [PMID: 26841808 DOI: 10.1161/circulationaha.115.019357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 113] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Adult mammalian cardiomyocytes (CMs) have the potential to proliferate, but this is not sufficient to generate adequate CMs after myocardial infarction (MI). The transcription factor Tbx20 is required for CM proliferation during development and adult CM homeostasis. The ability of Tbx20 overexpression (Tbx20(OE)) to promote adult CM proliferation and to improve cardiac function after MI was examined. METHODS AND RESULTS Tbx20(OE) was induced specifically in adult mouse differentiated CMs. Increased CM proliferation and fetal-like characteristics were found in Tbx20(OE) hearts compared with controls without causing pathology 4 weeks after Tbx20(OE) at baseline. Moreover, Tbx20(OE) in adult CM after MI significantly improved survival, cardiac function, and infarct size 4 weeks after MI. Improved cardiac repair, as indicated by increased CM proliferation and capillary density, was observed in the MI border zone of Tbx20(OE) hearts compared with controls. Expression of proliferation activator (cyclin D1, E1, and IGF1) and fetal contractile protein (ssTNI, βMHC) mRNA was increased whereas negative cell-cycle regulators (p21, Meis1) were decreased in Tbx20(OE) hearts compared with controls under both baseline and MI conditions. Tbx20(OE) in adult hearts activates multiple proproliferation pathways, including Akt, YAP and BMP. Interestingly, p21, Meis1, and a novel cell-cycle inhibitory gene, Btg2, are directly bound and repressed by Tbx20 with induction of proliferation in neonatal CM. CONCLUSIONS Tbx20(OE), specifically in adult CM, activates multiple cardiac proliferative pathways, directly represses cell-cycle inhibitory genes p21, Meis1, and Btg2, promotes adult CM proliferation; and preserves cardiac performance after MI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fu-Li Xiang
- From Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, OH (F.-l.X., K.E.Y.); and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.G.)
| | - Minzhe Guo
- From Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, OH (F.-l.X., K.E.Y.); and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.G.)
| | - Katherine E Yutzey
- From Heart Institute, Cincinnati Children's Medical Center, OH (F.-l.X., K.E.Y.); and Department of Electrical Engineering and Computing Systems, University of Cincinnati, OH (M.G.).
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Ma L, Guan YQ, Du ZD. Salvianolic Acid B Down-regulates Matrix Metalloproteinase-9 Activity and Expression in Tumor Necrosis Factor-α-induced Human Coronary Artery Endothelial Cells. Chin Med J (Engl) 2015; 128:2658-63. [PMID: 26415806 PMCID: PMC4736853 DOI: 10.4103/0366-6999.166037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2015] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Salvianolic acid B (Sal B) is a bioactive water-soluble compound of Salviae miltiorrhizae, a traditional herbal medicine that has been used clinically for the treatment of cardiovascular diseases. This study sought to evaluate the effect of Sal B on matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) and on the underlying mechanisms in tumor necrosis factor-α± (TNF-α±)-activated human coronary artery endothelial cells (HCAECs), a cell model of Kawasaki disease. METHODS HCAECs were pretreated with 1-10 αμmol/L of Sal B, and then stimulated by TNF-α± at different time points. The protein expression and activity of MMP-9 were determined by Western blot assay and gelatin zymogram assay, respectively. Nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) activation was detected with immunofluorescence, electrophoretic mobility shift assay, and Western blot assay. Protein expression levels of mitogen-activated protein kinase (c-Jun N-terminal kinase [JNK], extra-cellular signal-regulated kinase [ERK], and p38) were determined by Western blot assay. RESULTS After HCAECs were exposed to TNF-α±, 1-10 αμmol/L Sal B significantly inhibited TNF-α±-induced MMP-9 expression and activity. Furthermore, Sal B significantly decreased IκBα± phosphorylation and p65 nuclear translocation in HCAECs stimulated with TNF-α± for 30 min. In addition, Sal B decreased the phosphorylation of JNK and ERK1/2 proteins in cells treated with TNF-α± for 10 min. CONCLUSIONS The data suggested that Sal B suppressed TNF-α±-induced MMP-9 expression and activity by blocking the activation of NF-κB, JNK, and ERK1/2 signaling pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Le Ma
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
| | - Yun-Qian Guan
- Cell Therapy Center, Beijing Institute of Geriatrics, Xuanwu Hospital of Capital Medical University, Beijing 100053, China
| | - Zhong-Dong Du
- Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China
- Address for correspondence: Prof. Zhong-Dong Du, Department of Pediatrics, Beijing Children's Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing 100045, China E-Mail:
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Dupays L, Shang C, Wilson R, Kotecha S, Wood S, Towers N, Mohun T. Sequential Binding of MEIS1 and NKX2-5 on the Popdc2 Gene: A Mechanism for Spatiotemporal Regulation of Enhancers during Cardiogenesis. Cell Rep 2015; 13:183-195. [PMID: 26411676 PMCID: PMC4597108 DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2015.08.065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/05/2015] [Revised: 06/17/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The homeobox transcription factors NKX2-5 and MEIS1 are essential for vertebrate heart development and normal physiology of the adult heart. We show that, during cardiac differentiation, the two transcription factors have partially overlapping expression patterns, with the result that as cardiac progenitors from the anterior heart field differentiate and migrate into the cardiac outflow tract, they sequentially experience high levels of MEIS1 and then increasing levels of NKX2-5. Using the Popdc2 gene as an example, we also show that a significant proportion of target genes for NKX2-5 contain a binding motif recognized by NKX2-5, which overlaps with a binding site for MEIS1. Binding of the two factors to such overlapping sites is mutually exclusive, and this provides a simple regulatory mechanism for spatial and temporal synchronization of a common pool of targets between NKX2-5 and MEIS1. NKX2-5 shares a DNA-binding site with MEIS1 MEIS1 and NKX2-5 successively bind a Popdc2 enhancer Successive binding by MEIS1 and NKX2-5 is a general mechanism of regulation NKX2-5 represses fast troponin isoforms in the atria
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Dupays
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Catherine Shang
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Robert Wilson
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Surendra Kotecha
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Sophie Wood
- Procedural Services Section, The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Norma Towers
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK
| | - Timothy Mohun
- The Francis Crick Institute, Mill Hill Laboratory, the Ridgeway, Mill Hill, London NW7 1AA, UK.
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Bouveret R, Waardenberg AJ, Schonrock N, Ramialison M, Doan T, de Jong D, Bondue A, Kaur G, Mohamed S, Fonoudi H, Chen CM, Wouters MA, Bhattacharya S, Plachta N, Dunwoodie SL, Chapman G, Blanpain C, Harvey RP. NKX2-5 mutations causative for congenital heart disease retain functionality and are directed to hundreds of targets. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26146939 PMCID: PMC4548209 DOI: 10.7554/elife.06942] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
We take a functional genomics approach to congenital heart disease mechanism. We used DamID to establish a robust set of target genes for NKX2-5 wild type and disease associated NKX2-5 mutations to model loss-of-function in gene regulatory networks. NKX2-5 mutants, including those with a crippled homeodomain, bound hundreds of targets including NKX2-5 wild type targets and a unique set of "off-targets", and retained partial functionality. NKXΔHD, which lacks the homeodomain completely, could heterodimerize with NKX2-5 wild type and its cofactors, including E26 transformation-specific (ETS) family members, through a tyrosine-rich homophilic interaction domain (YRD). Off-targets of NKX2-5 mutants, but not those of an NKX2-5 YRD mutant, showed overrepresentation of ETS binding sites and were occupied by ETS proteins, as determined by DamID. Analysis of kernel transcription factor and ETS targets show that ETS proteins are highly embedded within the cardiac gene regulatory network. Our study reveals binding and activities of NKX2-5 mutations on WT target and off-targets, guided by interactions with their normal cardiac and general cofactors, and suggest a novel type of gain-of-function in congenital heart disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romaric Bouveret
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | - Nicole Schonrock
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | | | - Tram Doan
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Danielle de Jong
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Antoine Bondue
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Gurpreet Kaur
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Hananeh Fonoudi
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Chiann-Mun Chen
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Merridee A Wouters
- Bioinformatics, Olivia Newton-John Cancer Research Institute, Melbourne, Australia
| | - Shoumo Bhattacharya
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Nicolas Plachta
- European Molecular Biology Laboratory, Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, Australia
| | | | - Gavin Chapman
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
| | - Cédric Blanpain
- Institut de Recherche Interdisciplinaire en Biologie Humaine et Moléculaire, Université Libre de Bruxelles, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, Australia
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Liu JJ, Fan LL, Chen JL, Tan ZP, Yang YF. A novel variant in TBX20 (p.D176N) identified by whole-exome sequencing in combination with a congenital heart disease related gene filter is associated with familial atrial septal defect. J Zhejiang Univ Sci B 2015; 15:830-7. [PMID: 25183037 DOI: 10.1631/jzus.b1400062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/11/2022]
Abstract
Congenital heart disease (CHD) is the leading cause of birth defects, and its etiology is not completely understood. Atrial septal defect (ASD) is one of the most common defects of CHD. Previous studies have demonstrated that mutations in the transcription factor T-box 20 (TBX20) contribute to congenital ASD. Whole-exome sequencing in combination with a CHD-related gene filter was used to detect a family of three generations with ASD. A novel TBX20 mutation, c.526G>A (p.D176N), was identified and co-segregated in all affected members in this family. This mutation was predicted to be deleterious by bioinformatics programs (SIFT, Polyphen2, and MutationTaster). This mutation was also not presented in the current Single Nucleotide Polymorphism Database (dbSNP) or National Heart, Lung, and Blood Institute (NHLBI) Exome Sequencing Project (ESP). In conclusion, our finding expands the spectrum of TBX20 mutations and provides additional support that TBX20 plays important roles in cardiac development. Our study also provided a new and cost-effective analysis strategy for the genetic study in small CHD pedigree.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji-jia Liu
- Department of Cardiothoracic Surgery, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China; Department of Cell Biology, School of Life Sciences, Central South University, Changsha 410013, China; Center of Clinical Gene Diagnosis and Therapy, the State Key Laboratory of Medical Genetics, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha 410011, China
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Nim HT, Furtado MB, Costa MW, Rosenthal NA, Kitano H, Boyd SE. VISIONET: intuitive visualisation of overlapping transcription factor networks, with applications in cardiogenic gene discovery. BMC Bioinformatics 2015; 16:141. [PMID: 25929466 PMCID: PMC4426166 DOI: 10.1186/s12859-015-0578-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2015] [Accepted: 04/20/2015] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Existing de novo software platforms have largely overlooked a valuable resource, the expertise of the intended biologist users. Typical data representations such as long gene lists, or highly dense and overlapping transcription factor networks often hinder biologists from relating these results to their expertise. RESULTS VISIONET, a streamlined visualisation tool built from experimental needs, enables biologists to transform large and dense overlapping transcription factor networks into sparse human-readable graphs via numerically filtering. The VISIONET interface allows users without a computing background to interactively explore and filter their data, and empowers them to apply their specialist knowledge on far more complex and substantial data sets than is currently possible. Applying VISIONET to the Tbx20-Gata4 transcription factor network led to the discovery and validation of Aldh1a2, an essential developmental gene associated with various important cardiac disorders, as a healthy adult cardiac fibroblast gene co-regulated by cardiogenic transcription factors Gata4 and Tbx20. CONCLUSIONS We demonstrate with experimental validations the utility of VISIONET for expertise-driven gene discovery that opens new experimental directions that would not otherwise have been identified.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hieu T Nim
- Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Milena B Furtado
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Mauro W Costa
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
| | - Nadia A Rosenthal
- Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK.
| | - Hiroaki Kitano
- Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Sony Computer Science Laboratories, Inc., Higashigotanda, Shinagawa, Tokyo, Japan.
- Okinawa Institute of Science and Technology, Onna, Onna-son, Kunigami, Okinawa, Japan.
| | - Sarah E Boyd
- Systems Biology Institute (SBI) Australia, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
- Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute, Monash University, Clayton, VIC, 3800, Australia.
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Novel mutations in the transcriptional activator domain of the human TBX20 in patients with atrial septal defect. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2015; 2015:718786. [PMID: 25834824 PMCID: PMC4365367 DOI: 10.1155/2015/718786] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background. The relevance of TBX20 gene in heart development has been demonstrated in many animal models, but there are few works that try to elucidate the effect of TBX20 mutations in human congenital heart diseases. In these studies, all missense mutations associated with atrial septal defect (ASD) were found in the DNA-binding T-box domain, none in the transcriptional activator domain. Methods. We search for TBX20 mutations in a group of patients with ASD or ventricular septal defect (VSD) using the High Resolution Melting (HRM) method and DNA sequencing. Results. We report three missense mutations (Y309D, T370O, and M395R) within the transcriptional activator domain of human TBX20 that were associated with ASD. Conclusions. This is the first association of TBX20 transcriptional activator domain missense mutations with ASD. These findings could have implications for diagnosis, genetic screening, and patient follow-up.
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SIRT1 functions as an important regulator of estrogen-mediated cardiomyocyte protection in angiotensin II-induced heart hypertrophy. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:713894. [PMID: 25614777 PMCID: PMC4295138 DOI: 10.1155/2014/713894] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/12/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Sirtuin 1 (SIRT1) is a member of the sirtuin family, which could activate cell survival machinery and has been shown to be protective in regulation of heart function. Here, we determined the mechanism by which SIRT1 regulates Angiotensin II- (AngII-) induced cardiac hypertrophy and injury in vivo and in vitro. METHODS We analyzed SIRT1 expression in the hearts of control and AngII-induced mouse hypertrophy. Female C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized and pretreated with 17β-estradiol to measure SIRT1 expression. Protein synthesis, cardiomyocyte surface area analysis, qRT-PCR, TUNEL staining, and Western blot were performed on AngII-induced mouse heart hypertrophy samples and cultured neonatal rat ventricular myocytes (NRVMs) to investigate the function of SIRT1. RESULTS SIRT1 expression was slightly upregulated in AngII-induced mouse heart hypertrophy in vivo and in vitro, accompanied by elevated cardiomyocyte apoptosis. SIRT1 overexpression relieves AngII-induced cardiomyocyte hypertrophy and apoptosis. 17β-Estradiol was able to protect cardiomyocytes from AngII-induced injury with a profound upregulation of SIRT1 and activation of AMPK. Moreover, estrogen receptor inhibitor ICI 182,780 and SIRT1 inhibitor niacinamide could block SIRT1's protective effect. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that SIRT1 functions as an important regulator of estrogen-mediated cardiomyocyte protection during AngII-induced heart hypertrophy and injury.
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Gene expression profile of increased heart rate in shensongyangxin-treated bradycardia rabbits. EVIDENCE-BASED COMPLEMENTARY AND ALTERNATIVE MEDICINE 2014; 2014:715937. [PMID: 25525447 PMCID: PMC4265696 DOI: 10.1155/2014/715937] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/21/2014] [Revised: 10/22/2014] [Accepted: 11/03/2014] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Aims. The present study tries to investigate the gene expression profile of bradycardia rabbits' hearts after SSYX (SSYX, a traditional Chinese medicine) treatment. Methods. Eighteen adult rabbits were randomly assigned in three groups: sham, model, and SSYX treatment groups. Heart rate was recorded in rabbits and total RNA was isolated from hearts. Gene expression profiling was conducted and quantitative real-time reverse transcription-polymerase chain reaction (RT-PCR) was performed to confirm the gene expression results. Patch clamp using human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived cardiomyocytes was applied to record the calcium current in the presence of SSYX. Results. The mean RR interval reduced after six weeks due to the injury of the sinoatrial node in the model group. This effect was partially reversed by 4-week SSYX treatment. cDNA microarray demonstrated that genes related with pacemaker current, calcium ion homeostasis, and signaling were altered by SSYX treatment. Results from patch clamp demonstrated that SSYX reduced the calcium current which is consistent with gene expression results. Conclusion. The present study shows mRNA remodeling of bradycardia and demonstrates that SSYX is effective in treating bradycardia by reversing altered gene expression in bradycardia models. Reduced calcium current by SSYX also confirmed the gene expression results.
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Cagavi E, Bartulos O, Suh CY, Sun B, Yue Z, Jiang Z, Yue L, Qyang Y. Functional cardiomyocytes derived from Isl1 cardiac progenitors via Bmp4 stimulation. PLoS One 2014; 9:e110752. [PMID: 25522363 PMCID: PMC4270687 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0110752] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2014] [Accepted: 09/24/2014] [Indexed: 12/02/2022] Open
Abstract
As heart failure due to myocardial infarction remains a leading cause of morbidity worldwide, cell-based cardiac regenerative therapy using cardiac progenitor cells (CPCs) could provide a potential treatment for the repair of injured myocardium. As adult CPCs may have limitations regarding tissue accessibility and proliferative ability, CPCs derived from embryonic stem cells (ESCs) could serve as an unlimited source of cells with high proliferative ability. As one of the CPCs that can be derived from embryonic stem cells, Isl1 expressing cardiac progenitor cells (Isl1-CPCs) may serve as a valuable source of cells for cardiac repair due to their high cardiac differentiation potential and authentic cardiac origin. In order to generate an unlimited number of Isl1-CPCs, we used a previously established an ESC line that allows for isolation of Isl1-CPCs by green fluorescent protein (GFP) expression that is directed by the mef2c gene, specifically expressed in the Isl1 domain of the anterior heart field. To improve the efficiency of cardiac differentiation of Isl1-CPCs, we studied the role of Bmp4 in cardiogenesis of Isl1-CPCs. We show an inductive role of Bmp directly on cardiac progenitors and its enhancement on early cardiac differentiation of CPCs. Upon induction of Bmp4 to Isl1-CPCs during differentiation, the cTnT+ cardiomyocyte population was enhanced 2.8±0.4 fold for Bmp4 treated CPC cultures compared to that detected for vehicle treated cultures. Both Bmp4 treated and untreated cardiomyocytes exhibit proper electrophysiological and calcium signaling properties. In addition, we observed a significant increase in Tbx5 and Tbx20 expression in differentiation cultures treated with Bmp4 compared to the untreated control, suggesting a link between Bmp4 and Tbx genes which may contribute to the enhanced cardiac differentiation in Bmp4 treated cultures. Collectively these findings suggest a cardiomyogenic role for Bmp4 directly on a pure population of Isl1 expressing cardiac progenitors, which could lead to enhancement of cardiac differentiation and engraftment, holding a significant therapeutic value for cardiac repair in the future.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esra Cagavi
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Medical Biology, School of Medicine, Istanbul Medipol University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Oscar Bartulos
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Carol Y. Suh
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Genetics, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Baonan Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Zhichao Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Zhengxin Jiang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
| | - Lixia Yue
- Department of Cell Biology, University of Connecticut Health Center, Farmington, CT, United States of America
| | - Yibing Qyang
- Yale Cardiovascular Research Center, Section of Cardiovascular Medicine, Department of Internal Medicine, Yale Stem Cell Center, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Department of Pathology, Yale School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- Vascular Biology and Therapeutics Program, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT, United States of America
- * E-mail:
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84
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Papaioannou VE. The T-box gene family: emerging roles in development, stem cells and cancer. Development 2014; 141:3819-33. [PMID: 25294936 DOI: 10.1242/dev.104471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 205] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
The T-box family of transcription factors exhibits widespread involvement throughout development in all metazoans. T-box proteins are characterized by a DNA-binding motif known as the T-domain that binds DNA in a sequence-specific manner. In humans, mutations in many of the genes within the T-box family result in developmental syndromes, and there is increasing evidence to support a role for these factors in certain cancers. In addition, although early studies focused on the role of T-box factors in early embryogenesis, recent studies in mice have uncovered additional roles in unsuspected places, for example in adult stem cell populations. Here, I provide an overview of the key features of T-box transcription factors and highlight their roles and mechanisms of action during various stages of development and in stem/progenitor cell populations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Virginia E Papaioannou
- Department of Genetics and Development, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY 10032, USA
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85
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Ounzain S, Pezzuto I, Micheletti R, Burdet F, Sheta R, Nemir M, Gonzales C, Sarre A, Alexanian M, Blow MJ, May D, Johnson R, Dauvillier J, Pennacchio LA, Pedrazzini T. Functional importance of cardiac enhancer-associated noncoding RNAs in heart development and disease. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2014; 76:55-70. [PMID: 25149110 PMCID: PMC4445080 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2014.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 103] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2013] [Revised: 08/07/2014] [Accepted: 08/07/2014] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
The key information processing units within gene regulatory networks are enhancers. Enhancer activity is associated with the production of tissue-specific noncoding RNAs, yet the existence of such transcripts during cardiac development has not been established. Using an integrated genomic approach, we demonstrate that fetal cardiac enhancers generate long noncoding RNAs (lncRNAs) during cardiac differentiation and morphogenesis. Enhancer expression correlates with the emergence of active enhancer chromatin states, the initiation of RNA polymerase II at enhancer loci and expression of target genes. Orthologous human sequences are also transcribed in fetal human hearts and cardiac progenitor cells. Through a systematic bioinformatic analysis, we identified and characterized, for the first time, a catalog of lncRNAs that are expressed during embryonic stem cell differentiation into cardiomyocytes and associated with active cardiac enhancer sequences. RNA-sequencing demonstrates that many of these transcripts are polyadenylated, multi-exonic long noncoding RNAs. Moreover, knockdown of two enhancer-associated lncRNAs resulted in the specific downregulation of their predicted target genes. Interestingly, the reactivation of the fetal gene program, a hallmark of the stress response in the adult heart, is accompanied by increased expression of fetal cardiac enhancer transcripts. Altogether, these findings demonstrate that the activity of cardiac enhancers and expression of their target genes are associated with the production of enhancer-derived lncRNAs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Samir Ounzain
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland.
| | - Iole Pezzuto
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Rudi Micheletti
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Frédéric Burdet
- VitalIT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Razan Sheta
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mohamed Nemir
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Christine Gonzales
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Alexandre Sarre
- Cardiovascular Assessment Facility, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Michael Alexanian
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Matthew J Blow
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Dalit May
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Rory Johnson
- Bioinformatics and Genomics Group, Centre for Genomic Regulation, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Jérôme Dauvillier
- VitalIT, Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, University of Lausanne, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Len A Pennacchio
- Genomics Division, Lawrence Berkeley National Laboratory, Berkeley, CA, USA; US Department of Energy Joint Genome Institute, Walnut Creek, CA, USA
| | - Thierry Pedrazzini
- Experimental Cardiology Unit, Department of Medicine, University of Lausanne Medical School, Lausanne, Switzerland.
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Astragalus polysaccharide suppresses doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity by regulating the PI3k/Akt and p38MAPK pathways. OXIDATIVE MEDICINE AND CELLULAR LONGEVITY 2014; 2014:674219. [PMID: 25386226 PMCID: PMC4216718 DOI: 10.1155/2014/674219] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2014] [Accepted: 09/11/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Background. Doxorubicin, a potent chemotherapeutic agent, is associated with acute and chronic cardiotoxicity, which is cumulatively dose-dependent. Astragalus polysaccharide (APS), the extract of Astragalus membranaceus with strong antitumor and antiglomerulonephritis activity, can effectively alleviate inflammation. However, whether APS could ameliorate chemotherapy-induced cardiotoxicity is not understood. Here, we investigated the protective effects of APS on doxorubicin-induced cardiotoxicity and elucidated the underlying mechanisms of the protective effects of APS. Methods. We analyzed myocardial injury in cancer patients who underwent doxorubicin chemotherapy and generated a doxorubicin-induced neonatal rat cardiomyocyte injury model and a mouse heart failure model. Echocardiography, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, TUNEL, DNA laddering, and Western blotting were performed to observe cell survival, oxidative stress, and inflammatory signal pathways in cardiomyocytes. Results. Treatment of patients with the chemotherapeutic drug doxorubicin led to heart dysfunction. Doxorubicin reduced cardiomyocyte viability and induced C57BL/6J mouse heart failure with concurrent elevated ROS generation and apoptosis, which, however, was attenuated by APS treatment. In addition, there was profound inhibition of p38MAPK and activation of Akt after APS treatment. Conclusions. These results demonstrate that APS could suppress oxidative stress and apoptosis, ameliorating doxorubicin-mediated cardiotoxicity by regulating the PI3k/Akt and p38MAPK pathways.
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Waardenberg AJ, Ramialison M, Bouveret R, Harvey RP. Genetic networks governing heart development. Cold Spring Harb Perspect Med 2014; 4:a013839. [PMID: 25280899 PMCID: PMC4208705 DOI: 10.1101/cshperspect.a013839] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Animal genomes contain a code for construction of the body plan from a fertilized egg. Understanding how genome information is deciphered to create the complex multilayered regulatory systems that drive organismal development, and which become altered in disease, is one of the greatest challenges in the biological sciences. The development of methods that effectively represent and communicate the complexity inherent in gene regulatory networks remains a major barrier. This review introduces the philosophy of systems biology and discusses recent progress in understanding the development of the heart at a systems biology level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ashley J Waardenberg
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia
| | - Mirana Ramialison
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
| | - Romaric Bouveret
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia
| | - Richard P Harvey
- Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales 2010, Australia St. Vincent's Clinical School, University of New South Wales Medicine, Kensington, New South Wales 2052, Australia School of Biotechnology and Biomolecular Sciences, University of New South Wales Faculty of Science, New South Wales 2052, Australia Stem Cells Australia, Melbourne Brain Centre, University of Melbourne, Victoria 3010, Australia
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88
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Furtado MB, Costa MW, Pranoto EA, Salimova E, Pinto AR, Lam NT, Park A, Snider P, Chandran A, Harvey RP, Boyd R, Conway SJ, Pearson J, Kaye DM, Rosenthal NA. Cardiogenic genes expressed in cardiac fibroblasts contribute to heart development and repair. Circ Res 2014; 114:1422-34. [PMID: 24650916 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.114.302530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
RATIONALE Cardiac fibroblasts are critical to proper heart function through multiple interactions with the myocardial compartment, but appreciation of their contribution has suffered from incomplete characterization and lack of cell-specific markers. OBJECTIVE To generate an unbiased comparative gene expression profile of the cardiac fibroblast pool, identify and characterize the role of key genes in cardiac fibroblast function, and determine their contribution to myocardial development and regeneration. METHODS AND RESULTS High-throughput cell surface and intracellular profiling of cardiac and tail fibroblasts identified canonical mesenchymal stem cell and a surprising number of cardiogenic genes, some expressed at higher levels than in whole heart. While genetically marked fibroblasts contributed heterogeneously to interstitial but not cardiomyocyte compartments in infarcted hearts, fibroblast-restricted depletion of one highly expressed cardiogenic marker, T-box 20, caused marked myocardial dysmorphology and perturbations in scar formation on myocardial infarction. CONCLUSIONS The surprising transcriptional identity of cardiac fibroblasts, the adoption of cardiogenic gene programs, and direct contribution to cardiac development and repair provoke alternative interpretations for studies on more specialized cardiac progenitors, offering a novel perspective for reinterpreting cardiac regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Milena B Furtado
- From the Australian Regenerative Medicine Institute (M.B.F., M.W.C., E.A.P., E.S., A.R.P., A.C., N.A.R.), Department of Anatomy and Developmental Biology (A.R.P., R.B.), and Monash Biomedical Imaging (J.P.), Monash University, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia; Baker IDI Heart and Diabetes Institute, Melbourne, Victoria, Australia (N.T.L., D.M.K.); Department of Pediatrics, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis (P.S., S.J.C.); and Victor Chang Cardiac Research Institute, Darlinghurst, New South Wales, Australia (R.P.H.)
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89
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Abstract
ChIP-seq has become the primary method for identifying in vivo protein-DNA interactions on a genome-wide scale, with nearly 800 publications involving the technique appearing in PubMed as of December 2012. Individually and in aggregate, these data are an important and information-rich resource. However, uncertainties about data quality confound their use by the wider research community. Recently, the Encyclopedia of DNA Elements (ENCODE) project developed and applied metrics to objectively measure ChIP-seq data quality. The ENCODE quality analysis was useful for flagging datasets for closer inspection, eliminating or replacing poor data, and for driving changes in experimental pipelines. There had been no similarly systematic quality analysis of the large and disparate body of published ChIP-seq profiles. Here, we report a uniform analysis of vertebrate transcription factor ChIP-seq datasets in the Gene Expression Omnibus (GEO) repository as of April 1, 2012. The majority (55%) of datasets scored as being highly successful, but a substantial minority (20%) were of apparently poor quality, and another ∼25% were of intermediate quality. We discuss how different uses of ChIP-seq data are affected by specific aspects of data quality, and we highlight exceptional instances for which the metric values should not be taken at face value. Unexpectedly, we discovered that a significant subset of control datasets (i.e., no immunoprecipitation and mock immunoprecipitation samples) display an enrichment structure similar to successful ChIP-seq data. This can, in turn, affect peak calling and data interpretation. Published datasets identified here as high-quality comprise a large group that users can draw on for large-scale integrated analysis. In the future, ChIP-seq quality assessment similar to that used here could guide experimentalists at early stages in a study, provide useful input in the publication process, and be used to stratify ChIP-seq data for different community-wide uses.
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90
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Heart failure in congenital heart disease: the role of genes and hemodynamics. Pflugers Arch 2014; 466:1025-35. [DOI: 10.1007/s00424-014-1447-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2014] [Accepted: 01/07/2014] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
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91
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Tao Y, Zhang M, Li L, Bai Y, Zhou Y, Moon AM, Kaminski HJ, Martin JF. Pitx2, an atrial fibrillation predisposition gene, directly regulates ion transport and intercalated disc genes. CIRCULATION. CARDIOVASCULAR GENETICS 2014; 7:23-32. [PMID: 24395921 PMCID: PMC4013500 DOI: 10.1161/circgenetics.113.000259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 86] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Pitx2 is the homeobox gene located in proximity to the human 4q25 familial atrial fibrillation (AF) locus. When deleted in the mouse germline, Pitx2 haploinsufficiency predisposes to pacing-induced AF, indicating that reduced Pitx2 promotes an arrhythmogenic substrate. Previous work focused on Pitx2 developmental functions that predispose to AF. Although Pitx2 is expressed in postnatal left atrium, it is unknown whether Pitx2 has distinct postnatal and developmental functions. METHODS AND RESULTS To investigate Pitx2 postnatal function, we conditionally inactivated Pitx2 in the postnatal atrium while leaving its developmental function intact. Unstressed adult Pitx2 homozygous mutant mice display variable R-R interval with diminished P-wave amplitude characteristic of sinus node dysfunction, an AF risk factor in human patients. An integrated genomics approach in the adult heart revealed Pitx2 target genes encoding cell junction proteins, ion channels, and critical transcriptional regulators. Importantly, many Pitx2 target genes have been implicated in human AF by genome-wide association studies. Immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy studies in adult Pitx2 mutant mice revealed structural remodeling of the intercalated disc characteristic of human patients with AF. CONCLUSIONS Our findings, revealing that Pitx2 has genetically separable postnatal and developmental functions, unveil direct Pitx2 target genes that include channel and calcium handling genes, as well as genes that stabilize the intercalated disc in postnatal atrium.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ye Tao
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Min Zhang
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Lele Li
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
| | - Yan Bai
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX
| | - Yuefang Zhou
- Department of Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO
| | - Anne M. Moon
- Weis Center for Research, Geisinger Clinic, Danville PA
| | - Henry J. Kaminski
- Department of Neurology, George Washington University, Washington, DC
| | - James F. Martin
- Department of Molecular Physiology and Biophysics, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
- Cardiomyocyte Renewal Lab, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
- Institute of Biosciences and Technology, Texas A&M Health Science Center, Houston, TX
- Program in Developmental Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Texas Heart Institute, Houston, TX
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92
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Transcriptional networks regulating the costamere, sarcomere, and other cytoskeletal structures in striated muscle. Cell Mol Life Sci 2013; 71:1641-56. [PMID: 24218011 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-013-1512-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2013] [Revised: 10/27/2013] [Accepted: 10/30/2013] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
Abstract
Structural abnormalities in striated muscle have been observed in numerous transcription factor gain- and loss-of-function phenotypes in animal and cell culture model systems, indicating that transcription is important in regulating the cytoarchitecture. While most characterized cytoarchitectural defects are largely indistinguishable by histological and ultrastructural criteria, analysis of dysregulated gene expression in each mutant phenotype has yielded valuable information regarding specific structural gene programs that may be uniquely controlled by each of these transcription factors. Linking the formation and maintenance of each subcellular structure or subset of proteins within a cytoskeletal compartment to an overlapping but distinct transcription factor cohort may enable striated muscle to control cytoarchitectural function in an efficient and specific manner. Here we summarize the available evidence that connects transcription factors, those with established roles in striated muscle such as MEF2 and SRF, as well as other non-muscle transcription factors, to the regulation of a defined cytoskeletal structure. The notion that genes encoding proteins localized to the same subcellular compartment are coordinately transcriptionally regulated may prompt rationally designed approaches that target specific transcription factor pathways to correct structural defects in muscle disease.
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93
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Kaltenbrun E, Greco TM, Slagle CE, Kennedy LM, Li T, Cristea IM, Conlon FL. A Gro/TLE-NuRD corepressor complex facilitates Tbx20-dependent transcriptional repression. J Proteome Res 2013; 12:5395-409. [PMID: 24024827 DOI: 10.1021/pr400818c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
The cardiac transcription factor Tbx20 has a critical role in the proper morphogenetic development of the vertebrate heart, and its misregulation has been implicated in human congenital heart disease. Although it is established that Tbx20 exerts its function in the embryonic heart through positive and negative regulation of distinct gene programs, it is unclear how Tbx20 mediates proper transcriptional regulation of its target genes. Here, using a combinatorial proteomic and bioinformatic approach, we present the first characterization of Tbx20 transcriptional protein complexes. We have systematically investigated Tbx20 protein-protein interactions by immunoaffinity purification of tagged Tbx20 followed by proteomic analysis using GeLC-MS/MS, gene ontology classification, and functional network analysis. We demonstrate that Tbx20 is associated with a chromatin remodeling network composed of TLE/Groucho corepressors, members of the Nucleosome Remodeling and Deacetylase (NuRD) complex, the chromatin remodeling ATPases RUVBL1/RUVBL2, and the T-box repressor Tbx18. We determined that the interaction with TLE corepressors is mediated via an eh1 binding motif in Tbx20. Moreover, we demonstrated that ablation of this motif results in a failure to properly assemble the repression network and disrupts Tbx20 function in vivo. Importantly, we validated Tbx20-TLE interactions in the mouse embryonic heart, and identified developmental genes regulated by Tbx20-TLE binding, thereby confirming a primary role for a Tbx20-TLE repressor complex in embryonic heart development. Together, these studies suggest a model in which Tbx20 associates with a Gro/TLE-NuRD repressor complex to prevent inappropriate gene activation within the forming heart.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erin Kaltenbrun
- Departments of Biology and ‡Genetics, University of North Carolina , Chapel Hill, North Carolina 27599, United States
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94
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Astragalus polysaccharides suppress ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in TNF-α-treated human vascular endothelial cells by blocking NF-κB activation. Acta Pharmacol Sin 2013; 34:1036-42. [PMID: 23728723 DOI: 10.1038/aps.2013.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 56] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2013] [Accepted: 03/14/2013] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
AIM To investigate the effects Astragalus polysaccharides (APS) on tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α-induced inflammatory reactions in human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and to elucidate the underlying mechanisms. METHODS HUVECs were treated with TNF-α for 24 h. The amounts of intercellular adhesion molecule-1 (ICAM-1) and vascular cell adhesion molecule-1 (VCAM-1) were determined with Western blotting. HUVEC viability and apoptosis were detected using cell viability assay and Hoechst staining, respectively. Reactive oxygen species (ROS) production was measured by DHE staining. Monocyte and HUVEC adhesion assay was used to detect endothelial cell adhesive function. NF-κB activation was detected with immunofluorescence. RESULTS TNF-α (1-80 ng/mL) caused dose- and time-dependent increases of ICAM-1 and VCAM-1 expression in HUVECs, accompanied by significant augmentation of IκB phosphorylation and NF-κB translocation into the nuclei. Pretreatment with APS (10 and 50 μg/mL) significantly attenuated TNFα-induced upregulation of ICAM-1 VCAM-1 and NF-κB translocation. Moreover, APS significantly reduced apoptosis, ROS generation and adhesion function damage in TNF-α-treated HUVECs. CONCLUSION APS suppresses TNFα-induced adhesion molecule expression by blocking NF-κB signaling and inhibiting ROS generation in HUVECs. The results suggest that APS may be used to treat and prevent endothelial cell injury-related diseases.
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95
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Tbx20 functions as an important regulator of estrogen-mediated cardiomyocyte protection during oxidative stress. Int J Cardiol 2013; 168:3704-14. [PMID: 23871353 DOI: 10.1016/j.ijcard.2013.06.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2012] [Revised: 04/26/2013] [Accepted: 06/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND As a transcription factor mainly expressed in cardiovascular system, T-box 20 (Tbx20) plays an important role in embryonic cardiovascular system development and adult heart function. Here, we determined the mechanism by which Tbx20 regulates cardiomyocyte apoptosis and cardiomyopathies. METHODS We analyzed Tbx20 expression levels and apoptosis rates in normal and heart failure human autopsy heart samples. Female C57BL/6 mice were ovariectomized and treated with 17β-estradiol to determine Tbx20 expression levels. ROS production, TUNEL, DNA laddering, qRT-PCR, Western blot, immunohistochemistry and ChIP analyses were performed on male C57BL/6 transverse aortic constriction-induced heart failure samples and on neonatal rat ventricular myocytes that were treated with H2O2 to investigate the role of Tbx20 in estrogen-mediated heart protection. RESULTS Tbx20 expression was down regulated during heart failure, accompanied by elevated cardiomyocyte apoptotic levels in humans and mice. H2O2 led to a concurrent decrease in Tbx20 expression and increase in apoptosis in cultured neonatal rat cardiomyocytes. Tbx20 overexpression reduced H2O2-induced cardiomyocyte apoptosis and was associated with a profound inhibition of p38MAPK, Bax and caspase3 and the activation of Bcl-2. Estrogen was able to protect cardiomyocytes from H2O2-induced apoptosis by upregulating Tbx20 expression in a concentration-dependent manner. Tbx20 silencing increased oxidative stress-induced apoptosis in H9c2 cells. Moreover, Tbx20 directly regulated Esrra expression to enhance the heart-protective effect of estrogen. CONCLUSIONS These results indicate that Tbx20 functions as an important regulator of estrogen-mediated cardiomyocyte protection during oxidative stress, suggesting that estorgen-Tbx20-ERR-α may represent a crucial regulatory cascade and a potential therapeutic target for heart failure.
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96
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Preuss C, Andelfinger G. Genetics of Heart Failure in Congenital Heart Disease. Can J Cardiol 2013; 29:803-10. [DOI: 10.1016/j.cjca.2013.03.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/11/2013] [Revised: 02/27/2013] [Accepted: 03/06/2013] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
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97
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Churko JM, Mantalas GL, Snyder MP, Wu JC. Overview of high throughput sequencing technologies to elucidate molecular pathways in cardiovascular diseases. Circ Res 2013; 112:1613-23. [PMID: 23743227 PMCID: PMC3831009 DOI: 10.1161/circresaha.113.300939] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
High throughput sequencing technologies have become essential in studies on genomics, epigenomics, and transcriptomics. Although sequencing information has traditionally been elucidated using a low throughput technique called Sanger sequencing, high throughput sequencing technologies are capable of sequencing multiple DNA molecules in parallel, enabling hundreds of millions of DNA molecules to be sequenced at a time. This advantage allows high throughput sequencing to be used to create large data sets, generating more comprehensive insights into the cellular genomic and transcriptomic signatures of various diseases and developmental stages. Within high throughput sequencing technologies, whole exome sequencing can be used to identify novel variants and other mutations that may underlie many genetic cardiac disorders, whereas RNA sequencing can be used to analyze how the transcriptome changes. Chromatin immunoprecipitation sequencing and methylation sequencing can be used to identify epigenetic changes, whereas ribosome sequencing can be used to determine which mRNA transcripts are actively being translated. In this review, we will outline the differences in various sequencing modalities and examine the main sequencing platforms on the market in terms of their relative read depths, speeds, and costs. Finally, we will discuss the development of future sequencing platforms and how these new technologies may improve on current sequencing platforms. Ultimately, these sequencing technologies will be instrumental in further delineating how the cardiovascular system develops and how perturbations in DNA and RNA can lead to cardiovascular disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jared M. Churko
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Gary L. Mantalas
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Department of Bioengineering, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Michael P. Snyder
- Department of Genetics, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
| | - Joseph C. Wu
- Stanford Cardiovascular Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Departments of Medicine and Radiology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
- Institute of Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA 94305, USA
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98
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Chakraborty S, Sengupta A, Yutzey KE. Tbx20 promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and persistence of fetal characteristics in adult mouse hearts. J Mol Cell Cardiol 2013; 62:203-13. [PMID: 23751911 DOI: 10.1016/j.yjmcc.2013.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2013] [Revised: 04/17/2013] [Accepted: 05/30/2013] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
While differentiated cardiomyocytes proliferate prior to birth, adult cardiomyocytes in mammals exhibit relatively little proliferative activity. The T-box transcription factor Tbx20 is necessary and sufficient to promote prenatal cardiomyocyte proliferation, and Tbx20 also is required for adult cardiac homeostasis. The ability of Tbx20 to promote post-natal and adult cardiomyocyte proliferation was examined in mice with cardiomyocyte-specific Tbx20 gain-of-function beginning in the fetal period. In adult hearts, increased Tbx20 expression promotes cardiomyocyte proliferation and results in increased numbers of small, cycling, mononucleated cardiomyocytes, marked by persistent expression of fetal contractile protein genes. In adult cardiomyocytes in vivo and in neonatal rat cardiomyocytes in culture, Tbx20 promotes the activation of BMP2/pSmad1/5/8 and PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling pathways concomitant with increased cell proliferation. Inhibition of PI3K/AKT/GSK3β/β-catenin signaling reduces, but does not eliminate, Tbx20-mediated increases in cell proliferation, providing evidence for parallel regulatory pathways downstream of BMP/Smad1/5/8 signaling in promoting cardiomyocyte proliferation after birth. Thus, Tbx20 overexpression beginning in the fetal period activates multiple cardiac proliferative pathways after birth and maintains adult cardiomyocytes in an immature state in vivo.
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99
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Rana MS, Christoffels VM, Moorman AFM. A molecular and genetic outline of cardiac morphogenesis. Acta Physiol (Oxf) 2013; 207:588-615. [PMID: 23297764 DOI: 10.1111/apha.12061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2012] [Revised: 10/26/2012] [Accepted: 01/02/2013] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
Perturbations in cardiac development result in congenital heart disease, the leading cause of birth defect-related infant morbidity and mortality. Advances in cardiac developmental biology have significantly augmented our understanding of signalling pathways and transcriptional networks underlying heart formation. Cardiogenesis is initiated with the formation of mesodermal multipotent cardiac progenitor cells and is governed by cross-talk between developmental cues emanating from endodermal, mesodermal and ectodermal cells. The molecular and transcriptional machineries that direct the specification and differentiation of these cardiac precursors are part of an evolutionarily conserved programme that includes the Nkx-, Gata-, Hand-, T-box- and Mef2 family of transcription factors. Unravelling the hierarchical networks governing the fate and differentiation of cardiac precursors is crucial for our understanding of congenital heart disease and future stem cell-based and gene therapies. Recent molecular and genetic lineage analyses have revealed that subpopulations of cardiac progenitor cells follow distinctive specification and differentiation paths, which determine their final contribution to the heart. In the last decade, progenitor cells that contribute to the arterial pole and right ventricle have received much attention, as abnormal development of these cells frequently results in congenital defects of the aortic and pulmonary outlets, representing the most commonly occurring congenital cardiac defects. In this review, we provide an overview of the building plan of the vertebrate four-chambered heart, with a special focus on cardiac progenitor cell specification, differentiation and deployment during arterial pole development.
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Affiliation(s)
- M. S. Rana
- Heart Failure Research Center; Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - V. M. Christoffels
- Heart Failure Research Center; Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
| | - A. F. M. Moorman
- Heart Failure Research Center; Department of Anatomy, Embryology & Physiology; Academic Medical Center; University of Amsterdam; Amsterdam; the Netherlands
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100
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Ruan Y, Shen T, Wang Y, Hou M, Li J, Sun T. Antimicrobial peptide LL-37 attenuates LTA induced inflammatory effect in macrophages. Int Immunopharmacol 2013; 15:575-80. [PMID: 23375934 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2013.01.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/14/2012] [Revised: 01/07/2013] [Accepted: 01/15/2013] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
LL-37/hCAP-18, as the only human cathelicidin, plays an important role in inflammation. Lipoteichoic acid (LTA) is an important bacterial component of Staphylococcus aureus, which is one of the common human pathogens for severe respiratory infection with increasing morbidity in recent years. The present study is to investigate the role of LL-37 in LTA induced inflammatory reaction in macrophages. We examined TNF-α and IL-6 production after LL-37 treatment and discussed its signal transduction pathways such as p38MAPK and Akt activation in macrophages. The expression of pro-inflammatory cytokines was analyzed by quantitative real-time RT-PCR and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). The LL-37 expression was determined by Western blot and immunofluorescence staining. The results showed that LL-37 was upregulated after LTA treatment. It could inhibit LTA induced p38MAPK and Akt phosphorylation and attenuate TNF-α and IL-6 production in macrophages in some specific concentration. These results suggest that LL-37 exerts an anti-inflammatory property and attenuates the pro-inflammatory cytokine release in macrophages.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yang Ruan
- Graduate School of Peking Union Medical College and Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences, Beijing, China
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