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Spotlight on the Replisome: Aetiology of DNA Replication-Associated Genetic Diseases. Trends Genet 2021; 37:317-336. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tig.2020.09.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2020] [Revised: 09/07/2020] [Accepted: 09/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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Capalbo D, Moracas C, Cappa M, Balsamo A, Maghnie M, Wasniewska MG, Greggio NA, Baronio F, Bizzarri C, Ferro G, Di Lascio A, Stancampiano MR, Azzolini S, Patti G, Longhi S, Valenzise M, Radetti G, Betterle C, Russo G, Salerno M. Primary Adrenal Insufficiency in Childhood: Data From a Large Nationwide Cohort. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2021; 106:762-773. [PMID: 33247909 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgaa881] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a rare and potentially life-threatening condition that is poorly characterized in children. OBJECTIVE To describe causes, presentation, auxological outcome, frequency of adrenal crisis and mortality of a large cohort of children with PAI. PATIENTS AND METHODS Data from 803 patients from 8 centers of Pediatric Endocrinology were retrospectively collected. RESULTS The following etiologies were reported: 85% (n = 682) congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH) due to 21-hydroxylase deficiency (21-OHD); 3.1% (n = 25) X-linked adrenoleukodystrophy; 3.1% (n = 25) autoimmune polyglandular syndrome type 1; 2.5% (n = 20) autoimmune adrenal insufficiency; 2% (n = 16) adrenal hypoplasia congenital; 1.2% (n = 10) non-21-OHD CAH; 1% (n = 8) rare syndromes; 0.6% (n = 5) familial glucocorticoid deficiency; 0.4% (n = 3) acquired adrenal insufficiency; 9 patients (1%) did not receive diagnosis. Since 21-OHD CAH has been extensively characterized, it was not further reviewed. In 121 patients with a diagnosis other than 21-OHD CAH, the most frequent symptoms at diagnosis were fatigue (67%), hyperpigmentation (50.4%), dehydration (33%), and hypotension (31%). Elevated adrenocorticotropic hormone (96.4%) was the most common laboratory finding followed by hyponatremia (55%), hyperkalemia (32.7%), and hypoglycemia (33.7%). The median age at presentation was 6.5 ± 5.1 years (0.1-17.8 years) and the mean duration of symptoms before diagnosis was 5.6 ± 11.6 months (0-56 months) depending on etiology. Rate of adrenal crisis was 2.7 per 100 patient-years. Three patients died from the underlying disease. Adult height, evaluated in 70 patients, was -0.70 ± 1.20 standard deviation score. CONCLUSIONS We characterized one of the largest cohorts of children with PAI aiming to improve the knowledge on diagnosis of this rare condition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donatella Capalbo
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Mother and Child, University Hospital Federico II, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Naples, Italy
| | - Cristina Moracas
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Naples, Italy
| | - Marco Cappa
- Unit of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Antonio Balsamo
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Bologna, Italy
| | - Mohamad Maghnie
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genova, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | | | - Nella Augusta Greggio
- Department of Women's and Children's Health of Padua, Pediatric Endocrinology and Adolescence Unit, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Padua, Italy
| | - Federico Baronio
- Pediatric Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, S.Orsola-Malpighi University Hospital, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Bologna, Italy
| | - Carla Bizzarri
- Unit of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Giusy Ferro
- Unit of Endocrinology, Bambino Gesù Children's Hospital (IRCCS), Rome, Italy
| | - Alessandra Di Lascio
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Milan, Italy
| | - Marianna Rita Stancampiano
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Milan, Italy
| | - Sara Azzolini
- Department of Women's and Children's Health of Padua, Pediatric Endocrinology and Adolescence Unit, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Padua, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Patti
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS Istituto Giannina Gaslini, University of Genova, 16147 Genova, Italy
- Department of Neuroscience, Rehabilitation, Ophthalmology, Genetics, Maternal and Child Health, University of Genova, Genova, Italy
| | - Silvia Longhi
- Department of Pediatrics, Regional Hospital, Bolzano, Italy
| | - Mariella Valenzise
- Unit of Pediatrics, Department of Human Pathology of Adulthood and Childhood, University of Messina, Messina, Italy
| | | | - Corrado Betterle
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Medicine (DIMED) University of Padua, Padua, Italy
| | - Gianni Russo
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrine Unit, IRCCS San Raffaele Scientific Institute, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Milan, Italy
| | - Mariacarolina Salerno
- Pediatric Endocrinology Unit, Department of Translational Medical Sciences, University of Naples Federico II, Endo-ERN Center for Rare Endocrine Conditions, Naples, Italy
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Schmit M, Bielinsky AK. Congenital Diseases of DNA Replication: Clinical Phenotypes and Molecular Mechanisms. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:E911. [PMID: 33477564 PMCID: PMC7831139 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22020911] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2020] [Revised: 01/13/2021] [Accepted: 01/14/2021] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Deoxyribonucleic acid (DNA) replication can be divided into three major steps: initiation, elongation and termination. Each time a human cell divides, these steps must be reiteratively carried out. Disruption of DNA replication can lead to genomic instability, with the accumulation of point mutations or larger chromosomal anomalies such as rearrangements. While cancer is the most common class of disease associated with genomic instability, several congenital diseases with dysfunctional DNA replication give rise to similar DNA alterations. In this review, we discuss all congenital diseases that arise from pathogenic variants in essential replication genes across the spectrum of aberrant replisome assembly, origin activation and DNA synthesis. For each of these conditions, we describe their clinical phenotypes as well as molecular studies aimed at determining the functional mechanisms of disease, including the assessment of genomic stability. By comparing and contrasting these diseases, we hope to illuminate how the disruption of DNA replication at distinct steps affects human health in a surprisingly cell-type-specific manner.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Anja-Katrin Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN 55455, USA;
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54
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Starokadomskyy P, Escala Perez-Reyes A, Burstein E. Immune Dysfunction in Mendelian Disorders of POLA1 Deficiency. J Clin Immunol 2021; 41:285-293. [PMID: 33392852 DOI: 10.1007/s10875-020-00953-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
POLA1 encodes the catalytic unit of DNA polymerase α, which together with the Primase complex launches the DNA replication process. While complete deficiency of this essential gene is presumed to be lethal, at least two conditions due to partial POLA1 deficiency have been described. The first genetic syndrome to be mapped to POLA1 was X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (XLPDR, MIM #301220), a rare syndrome characterized by skin hyperpigmentation, sterile multiorgan inflammation, recurrent infections, and distinct facial features. XLPDR has been shown to be accompanied by profound activation of type I interferon signaling, but unlike other interferonopathies, it is not associated with autoantibodies or classical autoimmunity. Rather, it is accompanied by marked Natural Killer (NK) cell dysfunction, which may explain the recurrent infections seen in this syndrome. To date, all XLPDR cases are caused by the same recurrent intronic mutation, which results in gene missplicing. Several hypomorphic mutations in POLA1, distinct from the XLPDR intronic mutation, have been recently reported and these mutations associate with a separate condition, van Esch-O'Driscoll syndrome (VEODS, MIM #301030). This condition results in growth retardation, microcephaly, hypogonadism, and in some cases, overlapping immunological features to those seen in XLPDR. This review summarizes our current understanding of the clinical manifestations of POLA1 gene mutations with an emphasis on its immunological consequences, as well as recent advances in understanding of its pathophysiologic basis and potential therapeutic options.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petro Starokadomskyy
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA.
| | - Andrea Escala Perez-Reyes
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines Blvd, Dallas, TX, 75235, USA. .,Department of Molecular Biology, UT Southwestern Medical Center, 5323 Harry Hines blvd, Dallas, TX, 75390-9151, USA.
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55
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Yang R, Mele F, Worley L, Langlais D, Rosain J, Benhsaien I, Elarabi H, Croft CA, Doisne JM, Zhang P, Weisshaar M, Jarrossay D, Latorre D, Shen Y, Han J, Ogishi M, Gruber C, Markle J, Al Ali F, Rahman M, Khan T, Seeleuthner Y, Kerner G, Husquin LT, Maclsaac JL, Jeljeli M, Errami A, Ailal F, Kobor MS, Oleaga-Quintas C, Roynard M, Bourgey M, El Baghdadi J, Boisson-Dupuis S, Puel A, Batteux F, Rozenberg F, Marr N, Pan-Hammarström Q, Bogunovic D, Quintana-Murci L, Carroll T, Ma CS, Abel L, Bousfiha A, Di Santo JP, Glimcher LH, Gros P, Tangye SG, Sallusto F, Bustamante J, Casanova JL. Human T-bet Governs Innate and Innate-like Adaptive IFN-γ Immunity against Mycobacteria. Cell 2020; 183:1826-1847.e31. [PMID: 33296702 PMCID: PMC7770098 DOI: 10.1016/j.cell.2020.10.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/16/2020] [Revised: 06/25/2020] [Accepted: 10/26/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Inborn errors of human interferon gamma (IFN-γ) immunity underlie mycobacterial disease. We report a patient with mycobacterial disease due to inherited deficiency of the transcription factor T-bet. The patient has extremely low counts of circulating Mycobacterium-reactive natural killer (NK), invariant NKT (iNKT), mucosal-associated invariant T (MAIT), and Vδ2+ γδ T lymphocytes, and of Mycobacterium-non reactive classic TH1 lymphocytes, with the residual populations of these cells also producing abnormally small amounts of IFN-γ. Other lymphocyte subsets develop normally but produce low levels of IFN-γ, with the exception of CD8+ αβ T and non-classic CD4+ αβ TH1∗ lymphocytes, which produce IFN-γ normally in response to mycobacterial antigens. Human T-bet deficiency thus underlies mycobacterial disease by preventing the development of innate (NK) and innate-like adaptive lymphocytes (iNKT, MAIT, and Vδ2+ γδ T cells) and IFN-γ production by them, with mycobacterium-specific, IFN-γ-producing, purely adaptive CD8+ αβ T, and CD4+ αβ TH1∗ cells unable to compensate for this deficit.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Yang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.
| | - Federico Mele
- Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland (USI), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Lisa Worley
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - David Langlais
- Department of Human Genetics, Department of Microbiology and Immunology, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; McGill University Genome Center, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Jérémie Rosain
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Ibithal Benhsaien
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco; Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, CHU Averroes, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Houda Elarabi
- Pediatrics Department, Hassan II Hospital, 80030 Dakhla, Morocco
| | - Carys A Croft
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Marc Doisne
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Peng Zhang
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Marc Weisshaar
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - David Jarrossay
- Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland (USI), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland
| | - Daniela Latorre
- Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Yichao Shen
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jing Han
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Masato Ogishi
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Conor Gruber
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Janet Markle
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Fatima Al Ali
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, PO 26999, Qatar
| | | | - Taushif Khan
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, PO 26999, Qatar
| | - Yoann Seeleuthner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Gaspard Kerner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Lucas T Husquin
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, CNRS UMR2000, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Julia L Maclsaac
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Mohamed Jeljeli
- University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France; Immunology Laboratory, Cochin Hospital, AH-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Abderrahmane Errami
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Fatima Ailal
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco; Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, CHU Averroes, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - Michael S Kobor
- BC Children's Hospital Research Institute, Department of Medical Genetics, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, BC V5Z 4H4, Canada
| | - Carmen Oleaga-Quintas
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Manon Roynard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Bourgey
- McGill University Genome Center, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Canadian Centre for Computational Genomics, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada
| | | | - Stéphanie Boisson-Dupuis
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Fréderic Batteux
- University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France; Immunology Laboratory, Cochin Hospital, AH-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- University of Paris, 75006 Paris, France; Virology Laboratory, Cochin Hospital, AH-HP, 75014 Paris, France
| | - Nico Marr
- Research Branch, Sidra Medicine, Doha, PO 26999, Qatar; College of Health and Life Sciences, Hamad Bin Khalifa University, Doha, PO 34110, Qatar
| | - Qiang Pan-Hammarström
- Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Karolinska Institutet, 17177 Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Dusan Bogunovic
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA; The Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Lluis Quintana-Murci
- Human Evolutionary Genetics Unit, CNRS UMR2000, Institut Pasteur, 75015 Paris, France; Chair of Human Genomics and Evolution, Collège de France, 75005 Paris, France
| | - Thomas Carroll
- Bioinformatics Resource Center, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cindy S Ma
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Laurent Abel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Aziz Bousfiha
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology, Inflammation and Allergy, Faculty of Medicine and Pharmacy of Casablanca, King Hassan II University, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco; Clinical Immunology Unit, Department of Pediatric Infectious Diseases, Children's Hospital, CHU Averroes, 20460 Casablanca, Morocco
| | - James P Di Santo
- Innate Immunity Unit, Institut Pasteur, 75724 Paris, France; INSERM U1223, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Laurie H Glimcher
- Department of Cancer Immunology and Virology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA 02215, USA; Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA; Department of Immunology, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Philippe Gros
- McGill University Genome Center, McGill Research Centre on Complex Traits, Montreal, QC H3A 0G1, Canada; Department of Biochemistry, McGill University, Montreal, QC H3G 1Y6, Canada
| | - Stuart G Tangye
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia; St Vincent's Clinical School, Faculty of Medicine, UNSW Sydney, Darlinghurst 2010, NSW, Australia
| | - Federica Sallusto
- Center of Medical Immunology, Institute for Research in Biomedicine, Faculty of Biomedical Sciences, University of Italian Switzerland (USI), 6500 Bellinzona, Switzerland; Institute of Microbiology, ETH Zurich, 8093 Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Jacinta Bustamante
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Study Center for Primary Immunodeficiencies, Necker Children Hospital, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, INSERM UMR 1163, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, 75015 Paris, France; University of Paris, Imagine Institute, 75015 Paris, France; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, AP-HP, 75015 Paris, France; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY, USA.
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Buonocore F, McGlacken-Byrne SM, del Valle I, Achermann JC. Current Insights Into Adrenal Insufficiency in the Newborn and Young Infant. Front Pediatr 2020; 8:619041. [PMID: 33381483 PMCID: PMC7767829 DOI: 10.3389/fped.2020.619041] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adrenal insufficiency (AI) is a potentially life-threatening condition that can be difficult to diagnose, especially if it is not considered as a potential cause of a child's clinical presentation or unexpected deterioration. Children who present with AI in early life can have signs of glucocorticoid deficiency (hyperpigmentation, hypoglycemia, prolonged jaundice, poor weight gain), mineralocorticoid deficiency (hypotension, salt loss, collapse), adrenal androgen excess (atypical genitalia), or associated features linked to a specific underlying condition. Here, we provide an overview of causes of childhood AI, with a focus on genetic conditions that present in the first few months of life. Reaching a specific diagnosis can have lifelong implications for focusing management in an individual, and for counseling the family about inheritance and the risk of recurrence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - John C. Achermann
- Genetics & Genomic Medicine Research and Teaching Department, UCL Great Ormond Street Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom
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57
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Li H, Ma Z, Che Z, Li Q, Fan J, Zhou Z, Wu Y, Jin Y, Liang P, Che X. Comprehensive role of prostate-specific antigen identified with proteomic analysis in prostate cancer. J Cell Mol Med 2020; 24:10202-10215. [PMID: 33107155 PMCID: PMC7520270 DOI: 10.1111/jcmm.15634] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2020] [Accepted: 06/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Current treatments including androgen deprivation fail to prevent prostate cancer (PrCa) from progressing to castration-resistant PrCa (CRPC). Accumulating evidence highlights the relevance of prostate-specific antigen (PSA) in the development and progression of PrCa. The underlying mechanism whereby PSA functions in PrCa, however, has yet been elucidated. We demonstrated that PSA knockdown attenuated tumorigenesis and metastasis of PrCa C4-2 cells in vitro and in vivo, whereas promoted the apoptosis in vitro. To illuminate the comprehensive role of PSA in PrCa, we performed an isobaric tag for relative and absolute quantitation (iTRAQ)-based proteomic analysis to explore the proteomic change induced by PSA knockdown. Among 121 differentially expressed proteins, 67 proteins were up-regulated, while 54 proteins down-regulated. Bioinformatics analysis was used to explore the mechanism through which PSA exerts influence on PrCa. Protein-protein interaction analysis showed that PSA may mediate POTEF, EPHA3, RAD51C, HPGD and MCM4 to promote the initiation and progression of PrCa. We confirmed that PSA knockdown induced the up-regulation of MCM4 and RAD51C, while it down-regulated POTEF and EPHA3; meanwhile, MCM4 was higher in PrCa para-cancerous tissue than in cancerous tissue, suggesting that PSA may facilitate the tumorigenesis by mediating MCM4. Our findings suggest that PSA plays a comprehensive role in the development and progression of PrCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haoyong Li
- Department of Urology, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhe Ma
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhifei Che
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Qi Li
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Jinfeng Fan
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Zhiyan Zhou
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yaoxi Wu
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Yingxia Jin
- Central Laboratory, Renmin Hospital of Wuhan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Peiyu Liang
- Department of Urology, the First Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
| | - Xianping Che
- Department of Urology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Hainan Medical University, Haikou, China
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58
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Mace EM, Paust S, Conte MI, Baxley RM, Schmit MM, Patil SL, Guilz NC, Mukherjee M, Pezzi AE, Chmielowiec J, Tatineni S, Chinn IK, Akdemir ZC, Jhangiani SN, Muzny DM, Stray-Pedersen A, Bradley RE, Moody M, Connor PP, Heaps AG, Steward C, Banerjee PP, Gibbs RA, Borowiak M, Lupski JR, Jolles S, Bielinsky AK, Orange JS. Human NK cell deficiency as a result of biallelic mutations in MCM10. J Clin Invest 2020; 130:5272-5286. [PMID: 32865517 PMCID: PMC7524476 DOI: 10.1172/jci134966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2019] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer cell deficiency (NKD) arises from inborn errors of immunity that lead to impaired NK cell development, function, or both. Through the understanding of the biological perturbations in individuals with NKD, requirements for the generation of terminally mature functional innate effector cells can be elucidated. Here, we report a cause of NKD resulting from compound heterozygous mutations in minichromosomal maintenance complex member 10 (MCM10) that impaired NK cell maturation in a child with fatal susceptibility to CMV. MCM10 has not been previously associated with monogenic disease and plays a critical role in the activation and function of the eukaryotic DNA replisome. Through evaluation of patient primary fibroblasts, modeling patient mutations in fibroblast cell lines, and MCM10 knockdown in human NK cell lines, we have shown that loss of MCM10 function leads to impaired cell cycle progression and induction of DNA damage-response pathways. By modeling MCM10 deficiency in primary NK cell precursors, including patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells, we further demonstrated that MCM10 is required for NK cell terminal maturation and acquisition of immunological system function. Together, these data define MCM10 as an NKD gene and provide biological insight into the requirement for the DNA replisome in human NK cell maturation and function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M. Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Silke Paust
- Department of Immunology and Microbiology, Scripps Research Institute, La Jolla, California, USA
| | - Matilde I. Conte
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Ryan M. Baxley
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Megan M. Schmit
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Sagar L. Patil
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Nicole C. Guilz
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
| | - Malini Mukherjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Ashley E. Pezzi
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Jolanta Chmielowiec
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, and
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Swetha Tatineni
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of BioSciences, Rice University, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ivan K. Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
| | | | - Shalini N. Jhangiani
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Donna M. Muzny
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Asbjørg Stray-Pedersen
- Norwegian National Unit for Newborn Screening, Division of Pediatric and Adolescent Medicine, Oslo, Norway
| | - Rachel E. Bradley
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Mo Moody
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Philip P. Connor
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Adrian G. Heaps
- Department of Virology and Immunology, North Cumbria University Hospitals, Carlisle, United Kingdom
| | - Colin Steward
- Department of Paediatric Haematology, Oncology and Bone Marrow Transplantation, Bristol Royal Hospital for Children, Bristol, United Kingdom
| | - Pinaki P. Banerjee
- Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
- Department of Pediatrics
| | - Richard A. Gibbs
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Malgorzata Borowiak
- Center for Cell and Gene Therapy, and
- Molecular and Cellular Biology Department, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Adam Mickiewicz University, Poznan, Poland
- McNair Medical Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - James R. Lupski
- Department of Pediatrics
- Department of Molecular and Human Genetics and
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
- Texas Children’s Hospital, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Stephen Jolles
- Immunodeficiency Centre for Wales, University Hospital of Wales, Cardiff, Wales
| | - Anja K. Bielinsky
- Department of Biochemistry, Molecular Biology, and Biophysics, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, Minnesota, USA
| | - Jordan S. Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York, USA
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Luo Y, Bai R, Wang Z, Zhu X, Xing J, Li X. STAR mutations causing non‑classical lipoid adrenal hyperplasia manifested as familial glucocorticoid deficiency. Mol Med Rep 2020; 22:681-686. [PMID: 32627004 PMCID: PMC7339677 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2020.11140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD) is a rare autosomal recessive disease characterized by single cortisol deficiency but normal aldosterone and renin levels. Beginning from the discovery of the disease to that of the pathogenic genes over a period of 30 years, the development of gene detection technology has identified a large number of FGD-related genes. Despite the fact that the genetic defect underlying this disease is known for approximately 70% of the patients diagnosed with FGD, there are still several unknown factors causing it. FGD is divided into type 1, type 2 and non-classical type according to the mutant gene. The case described in the present study reported two patients, who were siblings, having skin hyperpigmentation and undergone treatment in adulthood. The gonadal development was normal and the proband had a 10-year-old son. Laboratory tests suggested glucocorticoid deficiency and a mild lack of mineralocorticoid, indicating hyponatremia and hypotension in the proband. In addition, cortisol deficiency was not affected by adrenocorticotropic hormone treatment, while the adrenal glands in the two patients did not show any hyperplasia. Gene analysis revealed two compound heterozygote mutations c.533T>A (p. Leu178Gln) and c.737A>G (p. Asp246Gly) in the steroid hormone acute regulatory protein (STAR) gene in both patients, which may have been obtained from their parents and the proband passed one of the mutations to her son. The present study results revealed that STAR mutations cause non-classic congenital lipoid adrenal hyperplasia in China.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuanyuan Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First People's Hospital of Yunnan Province, The Affiliated Hospital of Kunming University of Science and Technology, Kunming, Yunnan 650032, P.R. China
| | - Ruojing Bai
- Department of Medical Technology, Beijing Health Vocational College, Beijing 100053, P.R. China
| | - Zhifang Wang
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xiaofan Zhu
- Department of Genetic and Prenatal Diagnosis Center, Chinese University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong 999077, SAR, P.R. China
| | - Jingjing Xing
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
| | - Xialian Li
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, Henan 450052, P.R. China
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60
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Active Replication Checkpoint Drives Genome Instability in Fission Yeast mcm4 Mutant. Mol Cell Biol 2020; 40:MCB.00033-20. [PMID: 32341083 DOI: 10.1128/mcb.00033-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Upon replication fork arrest, the replication checkpoint kinase Cds1 is stimulated to preserve genome integrity. Robust activation of Cds1 in response to hydroxyurea prevents the endonuclease Mus81 from cleaving the stalled replication fork inappropriately. However, we find that the response is different in temperature-sensitive mcm4 mutants, affecting a subunit of the MCM replicative helicase. We show that Cds1 inhibition of Mus81 promotes genomic instability and allows mcm4-dg cells to evade cell cycle arrest. Cds1 regulation of Mus81 activity also contributes to the formation of the replication stress-induced DNA damage markers replication protein A (RPA) and Ku. These results identify a surprising role for Cds1 in driving DNA damage and disrupted chromosomal segregation under certain conditions of replication stress.
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61
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Conde CD, Petronczki ÖY, Baris S, Willmann KL, Girardi E, Salzer E, Weitzer S, Ardy RC, Krolo A, Ijspeert H, Kiykim A, Karakoc-Aydiner E, Förster-Waldl E, Kager L, Pickl WF, Superti-Furga G, Martínez J, Loizou JI, Ozen A, van der Burg M, Boztug K. Polymerase δ deficiency causes syndromic immunodeficiency with replicative stress. J Clin Invest 2020; 129:4194-4206. [PMID: 31449058 DOI: 10.1172/jci128903] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2019] [Accepted: 06/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Polymerase δ is essential for eukaryotic genome duplication and synthesizes DNA at both the leading and lagging strands. The polymerase δ complex is a heterotetramer comprising the catalytic subunit POLD1 and the accessory subunits POLD2, POLD3, and POLD4. Beyond DNA replication, the polymerase δ complex has emerged as a central element in genome maintenance. The essentiality of polymerase δ has constrained the generation of polymerase δ-knockout cell lines or model organisms and, therefore, the understanding of the complexity of its activity and the function of its accessory subunits. To our knowledge, no germline biallelic mutations affecting this complex have been reported in humans. In patients from 2 independent pedigrees, we have identified what we believe to be a novel syndrome with reduced functionality of the polymerase δ complex caused by germline biallelic mutations in POLD1 or POLD2 as the underlying etiology of a previously unknown autosomal-recessive syndrome that combines replicative stress, neurodevelopmental abnormalities, and immunodeficiency. Patients' cells showed impaired cell-cycle progression and replication-associated DNA lesions that were reversible upon overexpression of polymerase δ. The mutations affected the stability and interactions within the polymerase δ complex or its intrinsic polymerase activity. We believe our discovery of human polymerase δ deficiency identifies the central role of this complex in the prevention of replication-related DNA lesions, with particular relevance to adaptive immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cecilia Domínguez Conde
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and
| | - Özlem Yüce Petronczki
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Safa Baris
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Katharina L Willmann
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and
| | - Enrico Girardi
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and
| | - Elisabeth Salzer
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Stefan Weitzer
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Rico Chandra Ardy
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Ana Krolo
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria
| | - Hanna Ijspeert
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Ayca Kiykim
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elif Karakoc-Aydiner
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Elisabeth Förster-Waldl
- Department of Neonatology, Pediatric Intensive Care and Neuropediatrics, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine
| | - Leo Kager
- St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Winfried F Pickl
- Institute of Immunology, Center for Pathophysiology, Infectiology and Immunology, and
| | - Giulio Superti-Furga
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and.,Center for Physiology and Pharmacology, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Javier Martínez
- Center for Medical Biochemistry, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Joanna I Loizou
- CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and
| | - Ahmet Ozen
- Pediatric Allergy and Immunology, Marmara University, Faculty of Medicine, Istanbul, Turkey.,Jeffrey Modell Diagnostic Center for Primary Immunodeficiency Diseases, Marmara University, Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Mirjam van der Burg
- Department of Pediatrics, Laboratory for Immunology, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, Netherlands
| | - Kaan Boztug
- Ludwig Boltzmann Institute for Rare and Undiagnosed Diseases.,CeMM Research Center for Molecular Medicine of the Austrian Academy of Sciences, and.,St. Anna Children's Cancer Research Institute (CCRI), Vienna, Austria.,St. Anna Children's Hospital, Department of Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Vienna, Austria
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62
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Lam MT, Mace EM, Orange JS. A research-driven approach to the identification of novel natural killer cell deficiencies affecting cytotoxic function. Blood 2020; 135:629-637. [PMID: 31945148 PMCID: PMC7046607 DOI: 10.1182/blood.2019000925] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2019] [Accepted: 12/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell deficiencies (NKDs) are an emerging phenotypic subtype of primary immune deficiency. NK cells provide a defense against virally infected cells using a variety of cytotoxic mechanisms, and patients who have defective NK cell development or function can present with atypical, recurrent, or severe herpesviral infections. The current pipeline for investigating NKDs involves the acquisition and clinical assessment of patients with a suspected NKD followed by subsequent in silico, in vitro, and in vivo laboratory research. Evaluation involves initially quantifying NK cells and measuring NK cell cytotoxicity and expression of certain NK cell receptors involved in NK cell development and function. Subsequent studies using genomic methods to identify the potential causative variant are conducted along with variant impact testing to make genotype-phenotype connections. Identification of novel genes contributing to the NKD phenotype can also be facilitated by applying the expanding knowledge of NK cell biology. In this review, we discuss how NKDs that affect NK cell cytotoxicity can be approached in the clinic and laboratory for the discovery of novel gene variants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael T Lam
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
- Medical Scientist Training Program, and
- Translational Biology and Molecular Medicine Graduate Program, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY; and
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63
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Minnetti M, Caiulo S, Ferrigno R, Baldini-Ferroli B, Bottaro G, Gianfrilli D, Sbardella E, De Martino MC, Savage MO. Abnormal linear growth in paediatric adrenal diseases: Pathogenesis, prevalence and management. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2020; 92:98-108. [PMID: 31747461 DOI: 10.1111/cen.14131] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2019] [Revised: 11/10/2019] [Accepted: 11/18/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Abnormal adrenal function can interfere with linear growth, potentially causing either acceleration or impairment of growth in paediatric patients. These abnormalities can be caused by direct effects of adrenal hormones, particularly glucocorticoids and sex steroids, or be mediated by indirect mechanisms such as the disturbance of the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor-1 axis and aromatization of androgens to oestrogens. The early diagnosis and optimal treatment of adrenal disorders can prevent or minimize growth disturbance and facilitate improved height gain. Mechanisms of growth disturbance in the following abnormal states will be discussed; hypercortisolaemia, hyperandrogenaemia and obesity. Prevalence and features of growth disturbance will be discussed in ACTH-dependent and ACTH-independent Cushing's syndrome, adrenocortical tumours, premature adrenarche, congenital adrenal hyperplasia and adrenal insufficiency disorders. Recommendations for management have been included.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marianna Minnetti
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Silvana Caiulo
- Department of Pediatrics, IRCCS San Raffaele Hospital, Milan, Italy
| | - Rosario Ferrigno
- Dipartimento di Medicina Clinica e Chirurgia, Federico II University, Naples, Italy
| | - Barbara Baldini-Ferroli
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Giorgia Bottaro
- Dipartimento Pediatrico Universitario Ospedaliero, Bambino Gesu' Children's Hospital, Rome, Italy
| | - Daniele Gianfrilli
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Emilia Sbardella
- Department of Experimental Medicine, Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | | | - Martin O Savage
- Endocrinology Centre, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, London, UK
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64
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Human inborn errors of immunity to herpes viruses. Curr Opin Immunol 2020; 62:106-122. [PMID: 32014647 DOI: 10.1016/j.coi.2020.01.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2019] [Revised: 12/16/2019] [Accepted: 01/07/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Infections with any of the nine human herpes viruses (HHV) can be asymptomatic or life-threatening. The study of patients with severe diseases caused by HHVs, in the absence of overt acquired immunodeficiency, has led to the discovery or diagnosis of various inborn errors of immunity. The related inborn errors of adaptive immunity disrupt α/β T-cell rather than B-cell immunity. Affected patients typically develop HHV infections in the context of other infectious diseases. However, this is not always the case, as illustrated by inborn errors of SAP-dependent T-cell immunity to EBV-infected B cells. The related inborn errors of innate immunity disrupt leukocytes other than T and B cells, non-hematopoietic cells, or both. Patients typically develop only a single type of infection due to HHV, although, again, this is not always the case, as illustrated by inborn errors of TLR3 immunity resulting in HSV1 encephalitis in some patients and influenza pneumonitis in others. Most severe HHV infections in otherwise healthy patients remains unexplained. The forward human genetic dissection of isolated and syndromic HHV-driven illnesses will establish the molecular and cellular basis of protective immunity to HHVs, paving the way for novel diagnosis and management strategies.
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65
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Heshmatzad K, Mahdieh N, Rabbani A, Didban A, Rabbani B. The Genetic Perspective of Familial Glucocorticoid Deficiency: In Silico Analysis of Two Novel Variants. Int J Endocrinol 2020; 2020:2190508. [PMID: 32952553 PMCID: PMC7481914 DOI: 10.1155/2020/2190508] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 07/19/2020] [Accepted: 08/13/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Familial glucocorticoid deficiency is a rare autosomal recessive genetic disorder which belongs to a group of primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) and is mainly caused by mutations in the MC2R and MRAP genes. A comprehensive search was conducted to find the reported variants of MC2R and MRAP genes. In silico pathogenic analysis was performed for the reported variants. PCR amplification and sequencing were performed for three patients. Structural analysis, modeling, and interactome analysis were applied to characterize novel MC2R variants and their proteins. About 80% of MC2R-related cases showed the clinical symptoms which were diagnosed at <2 years old. 107 patients had MC2R mutations (85 homozygotes, 21 compound heterozygotes, and 1 simple heterozygote). 59 variants were found in the MC2R gene. Four mutations were responsible for half of patients. 39 homozygous patients had MRAP mutations; 14 variants were determined in the MRAP gene. Nine proteins were predicted by STRING to associate with the studied proteins. Two novel MC2R variants, c.128T > G (p.Leu43Arg) and c.251T > A (p.Ile84Asn), were found in two patients at the age of above and below 2 years, respectively. Mutations in MC2R and MRAP genes are the main cause of FGD. Genetic studies and in silico analysis will help to confirm the diagnosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katayoun Heshmatzad
- Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Nejat Mahdieh
- Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
- Rajaie Cardiovascular Medical and Research Center, Iran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Ali Rabbani
- Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Abdolah Didban
- Department of Pediatrics, Pediatric Endocrinologist, Qazvin University of Medical Sciences, Qazvin, Iran
| | - Bahareh Rabbani
- Growth and Development Research Center, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
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66
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Defects in the GINS complex increase the instability of repetitive sequences via a recombination-dependent mechanism. PLoS Genet 2019; 15:e1008494. [PMID: 31815930 PMCID: PMC6922473 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008494] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2019] [Revised: 12/19/2019] [Accepted: 10/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Faithful replication and repair of DNA lesions ensure genome maintenance. During replication in eukaryotic cells, DNA is unwound by the CMG helicase complex, which is composed of three major components: the Cdc45 protein, Mcm2-7, and the GINS complex. The CMG in complex with DNA polymerase epsilon (CMG-E) participates in the establishment and progression of the replisome. Impaired functioning of the CMG-E was shown to induce genomic instability and promote the development of various diseases. Therefore, CMG-E components play important roles as caretakers of the genome. In Saccharomyces cerevisiae, the GINS complex is composed of the Psf1, Psf2, Psf3, and Sld5 essential subunits. The Psf1-1 mutant form fails to interact with Psf3, resulting in impaired replisome assembly and chromosome replication. Here, we show increased instability of repeat tracts (mononucleotide, dinucleotide, trinucleotide and longer) in yeast psf1-1 mutants. To identify the mechanisms underlying this effect, we analyzed repeated sequence instability using derivatives of psf1-1 strains lacking genes involved in translesion synthesis, recombination, or mismatch repair. Among these derivatives, deletion of RAD52, RAD51, MMS2, POL32, or PIF1 significantly decreased DNA repeat instability. These results, together with the observed increased amounts of single-stranded DNA regions and Rfa1 foci suggest that recombinational mechanisms make important contributions to repeat tract instability in psf1-1 cells. We propose that defective functioning of the CMG-E complex in psf1-1 cells impairs the progression of DNA replication what increases the contribution of repair mechanisms such as template switch and break-induced replication. These processes require sequence homology search which in case of a repeated DNA tract may result in misalignment leading to its expansion or contraction. Processes that ensure genome stability are crucial for all organisms to avoid mutations and decrease the risk of diseases. The coordinated activity of mechanisms underlying the maintenance of high-fidelity DNA duplication and repair is critical to deal with the malfunction of replication forks or DNA damage. Repeated sequences in DNA are particularly prone to instability; these sequences undergo expansions or contractions, leading in humans to various neurological, neurodegenerative, and neuromuscular disorders. A mutant form of one of the noncatalytic subunits of active DNA helicase complex impairs DNA replication. Here, we show that this form also significantly increases the instability of mononucleotide, dinucleotide, trinucleotide and longer repeat tracts. Our results suggest that in cells that harbor a mutated variant of the helicase complex, continuation of DNA replication is facilitated by recombination processes, and this mechanism can be highly mutagenic during repair synthesis through repetitive regions, especially regions that form secondary structures. Our results indicate that proper functioning of the DNA helicase complex is crucial for maintenance of the stability of repeated DNA sequences, especially in the context of recently described disorders in which mutations or deregulation of the human homologs of genes encoding DNA helicase subunits were observed.
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67
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Mace EM, Orange JS. Emerging insights into human health and NK cell biology from the study of NK cell deficiencies. Immunol Rev 2019; 287:202-225. [PMID: 30565241 DOI: 10.1111/imr.12725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 104] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2018] [Accepted: 09/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
Human NK cells are innate immune effectors that play a critical roles in the control of viral infection and malignancy. The importance of their homeostasis and function can be demonstrated by the study of patients with primary immunodeficiencies (PIDs), which are part of the family of diseases known as inborn defects of immunity. While NK cells are affected in many PIDs in ways that may contribute to a patient's clinical phenotype, a small number of PIDs have an NK cell abnormality as their major immunological defect. These PIDs can be collectively referred to as NK cell deficiency (NKD) disorders and include effects upon NK cell numbers, subsets, and/or functions. The clinical impact of NKD can be severe including fatal viral infection, with particular susceptibility to herpesviral infections, such as cytomegalovirus, varicella zoster virus, and Epstein-Barr virus. While NKD is rare, studies of these diseases are important for defining specific requirements for human NK cell development and homeostasis. New themes in NK cell biology are emerging through the study of both known and novel NKD, particularly those affecting cell cycle and DNA damage repair, as well as broader PIDs having substantive impact upon NK cells. In addition, the discovery of NKD that affects other innate lymphoid cell (ILC) subsets opens new doors for better understanding the relationship between conventional NK cells and other ILC subsets. Here, we describe the biology underlying human NKD, particularly in the context of new insights into innate immune cell function, including a discussion of recently described NKD with accompanying effects on ILC subsets. Given the impact of these disorders upon human immunity with a common focus upon NK cells, the unifying message of a critical role for NK cells in human host defense singularly emerges.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, New York
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68
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Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell deficiency (NKD) is a subset of primary immunodeficiency disorders (PID) in which an abnormality of NK cells represents a major immunological defect resulting in the patient’s clinical immunodeficiency. This is distinct from a much larger group of PIDs that include an NK cell abnormality as a minor component of the immunodeficiency. Patients with NKD most frequently have atypical consequences of herpesviral infections. There are now 6 genes that have been ascribed to causing NKD, some exclusively and others that also cause other known immunodeficiencies. This list has grown in recent years and as such the mechanistic and molecular clarity around what defines an NKD is an emerging and important field of research. Continued increased clarity will allow for more rational approaches to the patients themselves from a therapeutic standpoint. Having evaluated numerous individuals for NKD, I share my perspective on approaching the diagnosis and managing these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, NewYork Presbyterian Morgan Stanley Children's Hospital, Columbia University Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, 622 W 168th St., New York, NY, 10032, USA.
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69
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Starokadomskyy P, Wilton KM, Krzewski K, Lopez A, Sifuentes-Dominguez L, Overlee B, Chen Q, Ray A, Gil-Krzewska A, Peterson M, Kinch LN, Rohena L, Grunebaum E, Zinn AR, Grishin NV, Billadeau DD, Burstein E. NK cell defects in X-linked pigmentary reticulate disorder. JCI Insight 2019; 4:125688. [PMID: 31672938 PMCID: PMC6948767 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.125688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/02/2019] [Indexed: 01/16/2023] Open
Abstract
X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder (XLPDR, Mendelian Inheritance in Man #301220) is a rare syndrome characterized by recurrent infections and sterile multiorgan inflammation. The syndrome is caused by an intronic mutation in POLA1, the gene encoding the catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase-α (Pol-α), which is responsible for Okazaki fragment synthesis during DNA replication. Reduced POLA1 expression in this condition triggers spontaneous type I interferon expression, which can be linked to the autoinflammatory manifestations of the disease. However, the history of recurrent infections in this syndrome is as yet unexplained. Here we report that patients with XLPDR have reduced NK cell cytotoxic activity and decreased numbers of NK cells, particularly differentiated, stage V, cells (CD3–CD56dim). This phenotype is reminiscent of hypomorphic mutations in MCM4, which encodes a component of the minichromosome maintenance (MCM) helicase complex that is functionally linked to Pol-α during the DNA replication process. We find that POLA1 deficiency leads to MCM4 depletion and that both can impair NK cell natural cytotoxicity and show that this is due to a defect in lytic granule polarization. Altogether, our study provides mechanistic connections between Pol-α and the MCM complex and demonstrates their relevance in NK cell function. X-linked reticulate pigmentary disorder is associated with functional NK cell defect due to abnormal lytic granule polarization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Petro Starokadomskyy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Katelynn M Wilton
- Department of Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Konrad Krzewski
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Adam Lopez
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | | | - Brittany Overlee
- Department of Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Qing Chen
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Surgery, Tongji University affiliated Tongji Hospital, Shanghai, China
| | - Ann Ray
- Department of Microbiology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Aleksandra Gil-Krzewska
- Receptor Cell Biology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Mary Peterson
- Molecular and Cellular Immunology Section, Laboratory of Immunogenetics, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, NIH, Rockville, Maryland, USA
| | - Lisa N Kinch
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Luis Rohena
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, Texas, USA
| | - Eyal Grunebaum
- Division of Immunology and Allergy and Department of Pediatrics, Developmental and Stem Cell Biology Program, Research Institute, Hospital for Sick Children, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Andrew R Zinn
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Eugene McDermott Center for Human Growth and Development
| | - Nick V Grishin
- Howard Hughes Medical Institute, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Biochemistry.,Department of Biophysics, and
| | - Daniel D Billadeau
- Department of Immunology and Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA.,Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
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70
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Casar Tena T, Maerz LD, Szafranski K, Groth M, Blätte TJ, Donow C, Matysik S, Walther P, Jeggo PA, Burkhalter MD, Philipp M. Resting cells rely on the DNA helicase component MCM2 to build cilia. Nucleic Acids Res 2019; 47:134-151. [PMID: 30329080 PMCID: PMC6326816 DOI: 10.1093/nar/gky945] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2018] [Accepted: 10/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Minichromosome maintenance (MCM) proteins facilitate replication by licensing origins and unwinding the DNA double strand. Interestingly, the number of MCM hexamers greatly exceeds the number of firing origins suggesting additional roles of MCMs. Here we show a hitherto unanticipated function of MCM2 in cilia formation in human cells and zebrafish that is uncoupled from replication. Zebrafish depleted of MCM2 develop ciliopathy-phenotypes including microcephaly and aberrant heart looping due to malformed cilia. In non-cycling human fibroblasts, loss of MCM2 promotes transcription of a subset of genes, which cause cilia shortening and centriole overduplication. Chromatin immunoprecipitation experiments show that MCM2 binds to transcription start sites of cilia inhibiting genes. We propose that such binding may block RNA polymerase II-mediated transcription. Depletion of a second MCM (MCM7), which functions in complex with MCM2 during its canonical functions, reveals an overlapping cilia-deficiency phenotype likely unconnected to replication, although MCM7 appears to regulate a distinct subset of genes and pathways. Our data suggests that MCM2 and 7 exert a role in ciliogenesis in post-mitotic tissues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teresa Casar Tena
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Lars D Maerz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Karol Szafranski
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Marco Groth
- Leibniz Institute on Aging, Fritz Lipmann Institute, 07745 Jena, Germany
| | - Tamara J Blätte
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Cornelia Donow
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Sabrina Matysik
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Paul Walther
- Central Facility for Electron Microscopy, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Penelope A Jeggo
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9RQ, UK
| | - Martin D Burkhalter
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
| | - Melanie Philipp
- Institute of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, Ulm University, 89081 Ulm, Germany
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71
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Errichiello E, Dardiotis E, Mannino F, Paloneva J, Mattina T, Zuffardi O. Phenotypic Expansion in Nasu-Hakola Disease: Immunological Findings in Three Patients and Proposal of a Unifying Pathogenic Hypothesis. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1685. [PMID: 31396216 PMCID: PMC6664049 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01685] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/17/2019] [Accepted: 07/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Nasu-Hakola disease (NHD) is a rare autosomal recessive disorder characterized by progressive presenile dementia and bone cysts, caused by variants in either TYROBP or TREM2. Despite the well-researched role of TREM2 and TYROBP/DAP12 in immunity, immunological phenotypes have never been reported in NHD patients. We initially diagnosed an Italian patient, using whole exome sequencing, with classical NHD clinical sequelae who additionally showed a decrease in NK cells and autoimmunity features underlined by the presence of autoantibodies. Based on this finding, we retrospectively explored the immunophenotype in another two NHD patients, in whom a low NK cell count and positive autoantibody serology were recorded. Accordingly, Trem2−/− mice show abnormal levels of circulating proinflammatory cytokines and the dysfunction of immune cells, whereas knockout mice for Tyrobp, encoding the adapter for TREM2, exhibit increased levels of autoantibodies and defective NK cell activity. Our findings tend to redefine NHD as a multisystem “immunological” disease, considering that osteoclasts are derived from the fusion of mononuclear myeloid precursors, whereas neurological anomalies in NHD are directly caused by microglia dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Edoardo Errichiello
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
| | - Efthimios Dardiotis
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital of Larissa, University of Thessaly, Larissa, Greece
| | - Fiorenza Mannino
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Juha Paloneva
- Department of Surgery, Central Finland Hospital, Jyväskylä, Finland.,University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Teresa Mattina
- Department of Biomedical and Biotechnological Sciences, University of Catania, Catania, Italy
| | - Orsetta Zuffardi
- Unit of Medical Genetics, Department of Molecular Medicine, University of Pavia, Pavia, Italy
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72
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Moon WY, Powis SJ. Does Natural Killer Cell Deficiency (NKD) Increase the Risk of Cancer? NKD May Increase the Risk of Some Virus Induced Cancer. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1703. [PMID: 31379882 PMCID: PMC6658984 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01703] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2019] [Accepted: 07/08/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Natural killer cell deficiency (NKD) is a primary immunodeficiency where the main defect lies in CD56+CD3− natural killer (NK) cells which mediate cytotoxicity against tumors. Most cases are observed in children and adolescents with recurrent viral infections and cancer. GATA2 and MCM4 mutations are found in NKD patients with cancer. However, the question remains unclear whether NKD increases the risk of cancer. Mutations in the second zinc finger of GATA2 cause both NKD and haematopoietic malignancies. MCM4 splice site mutations are found in NKD patients and they increase susceptibility to DNA instability during replication. IRF8, RTEL1, and FCGR3A mutations are associated with NKD but their associations with cancer are unknown. Based on the studies, it is hypothesized that genetic mutations alone are sufficient to cause cancer. However, a number of NKD patients developed oncogenic viral infections which progressed into cancer. Here, we review the evidence of genetic mutations responsible for both NKD and cancer to identify whether NKD contributes to development of cancer. The findings provide insights into the role of NK cells in the prevention of cancer and the significance of assessing NK cell functions in susceptible individuals.
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Affiliation(s)
- Won Young Moon
- Taunton and Somerset NHS Foundation Trust, Taunton, United Kingdom
| | - Simon J Powis
- School of Medicine and Biological Sciences Research Complex, University of St. Andrews, St. Andrews, Scotland
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73
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Abstract
Mechanisms that limit origin firing are essential as the ˜50,000 origins that replicate the human genome in unperturbed cells are chosen from an excess of ˜500,000 licensed origins. Computational models of the spatiotemporal pattern of replication foci assume that origins fire stochastically with a domino-like progression that places later firing origins near recent fired origins. These stochastic models of origin firing require dormant origin signaling that inhibits origin firing and suppresses licensed origins for passive replication at a distance of ∼7-120 kbp around replication forks. ATR and CHK1 kinase inhibitors increase origin firing and increase origin density in unperturbed cells. Thus, basal ATR and CHK1 kinase-dependent dormant origin signaling inhibits origin firing and there appear to be two thresholds of ATR kinase signaling. A minority of ATR molecules are activated for ATR and CHK1 kinase-dependent dormant origin signaling and this is essential for DNA replication in unperturbed cells. A majority of ATR molecules are activated for ATR and CHK1 kinase-dependent checkpoint signaling in cells treated with DNA damaging agents that target replication forks. Since ATR and CHK1 kinase inhibitors increase origin firing and this is associated with fork stalling and extensive regions of single-stranded DNA, they are DNA damaging agents. Accordingly, the sequence of administration of ATR and CHK1 kinase inhibitors and DNA damaging agents may impact the DNA damage induced by the combination and the efficacy of cell killing by the combination.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tatiana N Moiseeva
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 2.6, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, United States.
| | - Christopher J Bakkenist
- Department of Radiation Oncology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, UPMC Hillman Cancer Center, Research Pavilion, Suite 2.6, 5117 Centre Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213-1863, United States.
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74
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Lim HK, Huang SXL, Chen J, Kerner G, Gilliaux O, Bastard P, Dobbs K, Hernandez N, Goudin N, Hasek ML, García Reino EJ, Lafaille FG, Lorenzo L, Luthra P, Kochetkov T, Bigio B, Boucherit S, Rozenberg F, Vedrinne C, Keller MD, Itan Y, García-Sastre A, Celard M, Orange JS, Ciancanelli MJ, Meyts I, Zhang Q, Abel L, Notarangelo LD, Snoeck HW, Casanova JL, Zhang SY. Severe influenza pneumonitis in children with inherited TLR3 deficiency. J Exp Med 2019; 216:2038-2056. [PMID: 31217193 PMCID: PMC6719423 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20181621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 125] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2018] [Revised: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 05/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Autosomal recessive IRF7 and IRF9 deficiencies impair type I and III IFN immunity and underlie severe influenza pneumonitis. We report three unrelated children with influenza A virus (IAV) infection manifesting as acute respiratory distress syndrome (IAV-ARDS), heterozygous for rare TLR3 variants (P554S in two patients and P680L in the third) causing autosomal dominant (AD) TLR3 deficiency. AD TLR3 deficiency can underlie herpes simplex virus-1 (HSV-1) encephalitis (HSE) by impairing cortical neuron-intrinsic type I IFN immunity to HSV-1. TLR3-mutated leukocytes produce normal levels of IFNs in response to IAV. In contrast, TLR3-mutated fibroblasts produce lower levels of IFN-β and -λ, and display enhanced viral susceptibility, upon IAV infection. Moreover, the patients' iPSC-derived pulmonary epithelial cells (PECs) are susceptible to IAV. Treatment with IFN-α2b or IFN-λ1 rescues this phenotype. AD TLR3 deficiency may thus underlie IAV-ARDS by impairing TLR3-dependent, type I and/or III IFN-mediated, PEC-intrinsic immunity. Its clinical penetrance is incomplete for both IAV-ARDS and HSE, consistent with their typically sporadic nature.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hye Kyung Lim
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Sarah X L Huang
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Center for Stem Cell and Regenerative Medicine, University of Texas Health Science Center at Texas, Houston, TX
| | - Jie Chen
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Department of Infectious Diseases, Shanghai Sixth Hospital, Shanghai Jiaotong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Gaspard Kerner
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Olivier Gilliaux
- Laboratory of Experimental Medicine (ULB222), Medicine Faculty, Libre de Bruxelles University, Brussels, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospital Center of Charleroi, Charleroi, Belgium
| | - Paul Bastard
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Kerry Dobbs
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Nicholas Hernandez
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Nicolas Goudin
- Cell Imaging Platform Structure Fédérative de Recherche Necker, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale US 24, Paris, France
| | - Mary L Hasek
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Eduardo Javier García Reino
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Fabien G Lafaille
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Lazaro Lorenzo
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Priya Luthra
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Tatiana Kochetkov
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Benedetta Bigio
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Soraya Boucherit
- Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Flore Rozenberg
- Virology, Cochin-Saint-Vincent de Paul Hospital, Paris Descartes University, Paris, France
| | - Catherine Vedrinne
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Care Medicine in Cardiovascular Surgery, Louis Pradel Cardiological Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Michael D Keller
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Center for Cancer and Immunology Research, Children's National Health System, Washington, DC
| | - Yuval Itan
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,The Charles Bronfman Institute for Personalized Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Genetics and Genomic Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Adolfo García-Sastre
- Department of Microbiology, Global Health and Emerging Pathogens Institute, The Tisch Cancer Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Division of Infectious Diseases, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Marie Celard
- National Center for Staphylococcus, Lyon Civil Hospital, Lyon, France
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Texas Children's Hospital, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX
| | - Michael J Ciancanelli
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory for Inborn Errors of Immunity, Department of Immunology, Microbiology, and Transplantation, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.,Precision Immunology Institute and Mindich Child Health and Development Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Qian Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Laurent Abel
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Luigi D Notarangelo
- Laboratory of Clinical Immunology and Microbiology, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD
| | - Hans-Willem Snoeck
- Columbia Center for Translational Immunology, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY.,Department of Medicine, Columbia University Medical Center, New York, NY
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY.,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France.,Pediatric Immuno-Hematology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Paris, France.,Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY
| | - Shen-Ying Zhang
- St. Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY .,Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale UMR 1163, Paris, France.,Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
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75
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Van Esch H, Colnaghi R, Freson K, Starokadomskyy P, Zankl A, Backx L, Abramowicz I, Outwin E, Rohena L, Faulkner C, Leong GM, Newbury-Ecob RA, Challis RC, Õunap K, Jaeken J, Seuntjens E, Devriendt K, Burstein E, Low KJ, O'Driscoll M. Defective DNA Polymerase α-Primase Leads to X-Linked Intellectual Disability Associated with Severe Growth Retardation, Microcephaly, and Hypogonadism. Am J Hum Genet 2019; 104:957-967. [PMID: 31006512 PMCID: PMC6506757 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2019.03.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/08/2018] [Accepted: 03/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Replicating the human genome efficiently and accurately is a daunting challenge involving the duplication of upward of three billion base pairs. At the core of the complex machinery that achieves this task are three members of the B family of DNA polymerases: DNA polymerases α, δ, and ε. Collectively these multimeric polymerases ensure DNA replication proceeds at optimal rates approaching 2 × 103 nucleotides/min with an error rate of less than one per million nucleotides polymerized. The majority of DNA replication of undamaged DNA is conducted by DNA polymerases δ and ε. The DNA polymerase α-primase complex performs limited synthesis to initiate the replication process, along with Okazaki-fragment synthesis on the discontinuous lagging strand. An increasing number of human disorders caused by defects in different components of the DNA-replication apparatus have been described to date. These are clinically diverse and involve a wide range of features, including variable combinations of growth delay, immunodeficiency, endocrine insufficiencies, lipodystrophy, and cancer predisposition. Here, by using various complementary approaches, including classical linkage analysis, targeted next-generation sequencing, and whole-exome sequencing, we describe distinct missense and splice-impacting mutations in POLA1 in five unrelated families presenting with an X-linked syndrome involving intellectual disability, proportionate short stature, microcephaly, and hypogonadism. POLA1 encodes the p180 catalytic subunit of DNA polymerase α-primase. A range of replicative impairments could be demonstrated in lymphoblastoid cell lines derived from affected individuals. Our findings describe the presentation of pathogenic mutations in a catalytic component of a B family DNA polymerase member, DNA polymerase α.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hilde Van Esch
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Rita Colnaghi
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK
| | - Kathleen Freson
- Department of Cardiovascular Sciences, Center for Molecular and Vascular Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Petro Starokadomskyy
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA
| | - Andreas Zankl
- Department of Clinical Genetics, the Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Children's Hospital Westmead Clinical School, Sydney Medical School, the University of Sydney, Westmead, NSW 2145, Australia; Bone Biology Division and Kinghorn Centre for Clinical Genomics, Garvan Institute of Medical Research, Darlinghurst, NSW 2010, Australia
| | - Liesbeth Backx
- Laboratory for the Genetics of Cognition, Department of Human Genetics, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Iga Abramowicz
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK
| | - Emily Outwin
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK
| | - Luis Rohena
- Division of Genetics, Department of Pediatrics, San Antonio Military Medical Center, San Antonio, TX 78234, USA
| | - Claire Faulkner
- Bristol Genetics Laboratory, Southmead Hospital, BS10 5NB Bristol, UK
| | - Gary M Leong
- Department of Paediatrics, Nepean Hospital, Nepean Clinical School, the University of Sydney, Kingswood, NSW 2747, Australia
| | - Ruth A Newbury-Ecob
- Clinical Genetics, St. Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals NHS Trust, BS2 8HW Bristol, UK
| | - Rachel C Challis
- MRC Human Genetics Unit, Institute of Genetics and Molecular Medicine, University of Edinburgh, EH4 2XU Edinburgh, UK
| | - Katrin Õunap
- Department of Clinical Genetics, United Laboratories, Tartu University Hospital and Institute of Clinical Medicine, University of Tartu, Tartu 50406, Estonia
| | - Jacques Jaeken
- Center for Metabolic Diseases, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Eve Seuntjens
- Developmental Neurobiology, Department of Biology, Katholieke Universiteit Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Koen Devriendt
- Center for Human Genetics, University Hospitals Leuven, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Ezra Burstein
- Department of Internal Medicine, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, TX 75390 Texas, USA
| | - Karen J Low
- Clinical Genetics, St. Michael's Hospital, University Hospitals NHS Trust, BS2 8HW Bristol, UK
| | - Mark O'Driscoll
- Genome Damage and Stability Centre, University of Sussex, BN1 9RQ Sussex, UK.
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76
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Settas N, Persky R, Faucz FR, Sheanon N, Voutetakis A, Lodish M, Metherell LA, Stratakis CA. SGPL1 Deficiency: A Rare Cause of Primary Adrenal Insufficiency. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2019; 104:1484-1490. [PMID: 30517686 PMCID: PMC6435096 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2018-02238] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Multiple autosomal recessive genes have been etiologically linked to primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI). Recently, sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 (SGPL1) gene mutations were recognized as a cause of steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome type 14 (NPHS14), a sphingolipidosis with multisystemic manifestations, including PAI. OBJECTIVE To check if SGPL1 mutations are involved in the pathogenesis of PAI in patients who do not exhibit nephrotic syndrome. METHODS Sequencing of the SGPL1 gene in 21 patients with familial glucocorticoid disease or triple A syndrome. RESULTS We identified two missense SGPL1 variants in four patients, two of whom were first cousins. We describe in detail the proband, a boy born to Saudi Arabian consanguineous parents with a homozygous c.665G>A, p.R222Q SGPL1 variant. The patient presented with hypoglycemia and seizures at age 2 years and was ultimately diagnosed with PAI (isolated glucocorticoid deficiency). Brain MRI showed abnormalities in the basal ganglia consistent with a degenerative process albeit the patient had no neurologic symptoms. CONCLUSIONS New genetic causes of PAI continue to be identified. We suggest that screening for SGPL1 mutations should not be reserved only for patients with nephrotic syndrome but may also include patients with PAI who lack other clinical manifestations of NPHS14 because, in certain cases, kidney disease and accompanying features might develop. Timely diagnosis of this specific sphingolipidosis while the kidneys still function normally can lead to prompt initiation of therapy and improve outcome.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikolaos Settas
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Rebecca Persky
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Fabio R Faucz
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Nicole Sheanon
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Cincinnati Children's Hospital Medical Center, Cincinnati, Ohio
| | - Antonis Voutetakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Maya Lodish
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Constantine A Stratakis
- Section on Endocrinology and Genetics, Program on Developmental Endocrinology and Genetics & Pediatric Endocrinology Inter-Institute Training Program, Eunice Kennedy Shriver National Institute of Child Health and Human Development, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
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Maharaj A, Maudhoo A, Chan LF, Novoselova T, Prasad R, Metherell LA, Guasti L. Isolated glucocorticoid deficiency: Genetic causes and animal models. J Steroid Biochem Mol Biol 2019; 189:73-80. [PMID: 30817990 DOI: 10.1016/j.jsbmb.2019.02.012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Revised: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 02/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Hereditary adrenocorticotropin (ACTH) resistance syndromes encompass the genetically heterogeneous isolated or Familial Glucocorticoid Deficiency (FGD) and the distinct clinical entity known as Triple A syndrome. The molecular basis of adrenal resistance to ACTH includes defects in ligand binding, MC2R/MRAP receptor trafficking, cellular redox balance, cholesterol synthesis and sphingolipid metabolism. Biochemically, this manifests as ACTH excess in the setting of hypocortisolaemia. Triple A syndrome is an inherited condition involving a tetrad of adrenal insufficiency, achalasia, alacrima and neuropathy. FGD is an autosomal recessive condition characterized by the presence of isolated glucocorticoid deficiency, classically in the setting of preserved mineralocorticoid secretion. Primarily there are three established subtypes of the disease: FGD 1, FGD2 and FGD3 corresponding to mutations in the Melanocortin 2 receptor MC2R (25%), Melanocortin 2 receptor accessory protein MRAP (20%), and Steroidogenic acute regulatory protein STAR (5-10%) respectively. Together, mutations in these 3 genes account for approximately half of cases. Whole exome sequencing in patients negative for MC2R, MRAP and STAR mutations, identified mutations in minichromosome maintenance 4 MCM4, nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase NNT, thioredoxin reductase 2 TXNRD2, cytochrome p450scc CYP11A1, and sphingosine 1-phosphate lyase SGPL1 accounting for a further 10% of FGD. These novel genes have linked replicative and oxidative stress and altered redox potential as a mechanism of adrenocortical damage. However, a genetic diagnosis is still unclear in about 40% of cases. We describe here an updated list of FGD genes and provide a description of relevant mouse models that, despite some being flawed, have been precious allies in the understanding of FGD pathobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Avinaash Maharaj
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Ashwini Maudhoo
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Li F Chan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Novoselova
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Rathi Prasad
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Louise A Metherell
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom
| | - Leonardo Guasti
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary, University of London, Charterhouse Square, London, United Kingdom.
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Post-Translational Modifications of the Mini-Chromosome Maintenance Proteins in DNA Replication. Genes (Basel) 2019; 10:genes10050331. [PMID: 31052337 PMCID: PMC6563057 DOI: 10.3390/genes10050331] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2019] [Revised: 04/26/2019] [Accepted: 04/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
The eukaryotic mini-chromosome maintenance (MCM) complex, composed of MCM proteins 2-7, is the core component of the replisome that acts as the DNA replicative helicase to unwind duplex DNA and initiate DNA replication. MCM10 tightly binds the cell division control protein 45 homolog (CDC45)/MCM2-7/ DNA replication complex Go-Ichi-Ni-San (GINS) (CMG) complex that stimulates CMG helicase activity. The MCM8-MCM9 complex may have a non-essential role in activating the pre-replicative complex in the gap 1 (G1) phase by recruiting cell division cycle 6 (CDC6) to the origin recognition complex (ORC). Each MCM subunit has a distinct function achieved by differential post-translational modifications (PTMs) in both DNA replication process and response to replication stress. Such PTMs include phosphorylation, ubiquitination, small ubiquitin-like modifier (SUMO)ylation, O-N-acetyl-D-glucosamine (GlcNAc)ylation, and acetylation. These PTMs have an important role in controlling replication progress and genome stability. Because MCM proteins are associated with various human diseases, they are regarded as potential targets for therapeutic development. In this review, we summarize the different PTMs of the MCM proteins, their involvement in DNA replication and disease development, and the potential therapeutic implications.
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79
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Cruz-Muñoz ME, Valenzuela-Vázquez L, Sánchez-Herrera J, Santa-Olalla Tapia J. From the "missing self" hypothesis to adaptive NK cells: Insights of NK cell-mediated effector functions in immune surveillance. J Leukoc Biol 2019; 105:955-971. [PMID: 30848847 DOI: 10.1002/jlb.mr0618-224rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2018] [Revised: 01/29/2019] [Accepted: 02/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The original discovery of NK cells approximately 40 yr ago was based on their unique capability to kill tumor cells without prior sensitization or priming, a process named natural cytotoxicity. Since then, several studies have documented that NK cells can kill hematopoietic and nonhematopoietic cancer cells. NK cells also recognize and kill cells that have undergone viral infections. Besides natural cytotoxicity, NK cells are also major effectors of antibody-dependent cell cytotoxicity (ADCC). Therefore, NK cells are well "armed" to recognize and mount immune responses against "insults" that result from cell transformation and viral infections. Because of these attributes, an essential role of NK cells in tumor surveillance was noted. Indeed, several studies have shown a correlation between impaired NK cell cytotoxicity and a higher risk of developing cancer. This evidence led to the idea that cancer initiation and progress is intimately related to an abnormal or misdirected immune response. Whereas all these ideas remain current, it is also true that NK cells represent a heterogeneous population with different abilities to secrete cytokines and to mediate cytotoxic functions. In addition, recent data has shown that NK cells are prone to suffer epigenetic modifications resulting in the acquisition of previously unrecognized attributes such as memory and long-term survival. Such NK cells, referred as "adaptive" or "memory-like," also display effector functions that are not necessarily equal to those observed in conventional NK cells. Given the new evidence available, it is essential to discuss the conceptual reasoning and misconceptions regarding the role of NK cells in immune surveillance and immunotherapy.
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Natural killer cells are innate lymphoid cells (ILCs) that play critical roles in human host defense and are especially useful in combating viral pathogens and malignancy. RECENT FINDINGS The NK cell deficiency (NKD) is particularly underscored in patients with a congenital immunodeficiency in which NK cell development or function is affected. The classical NK cell deficiency (cNKD) is a result of absent or a profound decrease in the number of circulating NK cells. In contrast, functional NKD (fNKD) is characterized by abnormal NK cell function but with normal number of NK cells. The combined immune deficiencies with significant impact on NK cells are not considered classical or functional NK cell deficiencies. In these disorders, the impairment of NK cells represents an important aspect of the overall immunodeficiency. In turn, this leads to improved insights on the NK cell development and function. Here, we detail the NK cell biology based upon recent natural killer cell defects described in combined immune deficiencies.
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81
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Steroidogenic differentiation and PKA signaling are programmed by histone methyltransferase EZH2 in the adrenal cortex. Proc Natl Acad Sci U S A 2018; 115:E12265-E12274. [PMID: 30541888 DOI: 10.1073/pnas.1809185115] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Adrenal cortex steroids are essential for body homeostasis, and adrenal insufficiency is a life-threatening condition. Adrenal endocrine activity is maintained through recruitment of subcapsular progenitor cells that follow a unidirectional differentiation path from zona glomerulosa to zona fasciculata (zF). Here, we show that this unidirectionality is ensured by the histone methyltransferase EZH2. Indeed, we demonstrate that EZH2 maintains adrenal steroidogenic cell differentiation by preventing expression of GATA4 and WT1 that cause abnormal dedifferentiation to a progenitor-like state in Ezh2 KO adrenals. EZH2 further ensures normal cortical differentiation by programming cells for optimal response to adrenocorticotrophic hormone (ACTH)/PKA signaling. This is achieved by repression of phosphodiesterases PDE1B, 3A, and 7A and of PRKAR1B. Consequently, EZH2 ablation results in blunted zF differentiation and primary glucocorticoid insufficiency. These data demonstrate an all-encompassing role for EZH2 in programming steroidogenic cells for optimal response to differentiation signals and in maintaining their differentiated state.
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82
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Li X, Tian R, Gao H, Yan F, Ying L, Yang Y, Yang P, Gao Y. Identification of Significant Gene Signatures and Prognostic Biomarkers for Patients With Cervical Cancer by Integrated Bioinformatic Methods. Technol Cancer Res Treat 2018; 17:1533033818767455. [PMID: 29642758 PMCID: PMC5900817 DOI: 10.1177/1533033818767455] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cervical cancer is the leading cause of death with gynecological malignancies. We aimed to explore the molecular mechanism of carcinogenesis and biomarkers for cervical cancer by integrated bioinformatic analysis. We employed RNA-sequencing details of 254 cervical squamous cell carcinomas and 3 normal samples from The Cancer Genome Atlas. To explore the distinct pathways, messenger RNA expression was submitted to a Gene Set Enrichment Analysis. Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes and protein–protein interaction network analysis of differentially expressed genes were performed. Then, we conducted pathway enrichment analysis for modules acquired in protein–protein interaction analysis and obtained a list of pathways in every module. After intersecting the results from the 3 approaches, we evaluated the survival rates of both mutual pathways and genes in the pathway, and 5 survival-related genes were obtained. Finally, Cox hazards ratio analysis of these 5 genes was performed. DNA replication pathway (P < .001; 12 genes included) was suggested to have the strongest association with the prognosis of cervical squamous cancer. In total, 5 of the 12 genes, namely, minichromosome maintenance 2, minichromosome maintenance 4, minichromosome maintenance 5, proliferating cell nuclear antigen, and ribonuclease H2 subunit A were significantly correlated with survival. Minichromosome maintenance 5 was shown as an independent prognostic biomarker for patients with cervical cancer. This study identified a distinct pathway (DNA replication). Five genes which may be prognostic biomarkers and minichromosome maintenance 5 were identified as independent prognostic biomarkers for patients with cervical cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaofang Li
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Run Tian
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Hugh Gao
- 3 Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Feng Yan
- 3 Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia
| | - Le Ying
- 3 Department of Molecular and Translational Science, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria, Australia.,4 Department of Tea Science, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, People's Republic of China
| | - Yongkang Yang
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Pei Yang
- 2 Department of Orthopedics, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
| | - Yan'e Gao
- 1 Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, The Second Affiliated Hospital, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, People's Republic of China
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83
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Logan CV, Murray JE, Parry DA, Robertson A, Bellelli R, Tarnauskaitė Ž, Challis R, Cleal L, Borel V, Fluteau A, Santoyo-Lopez J, Aitman T, Barroso I, Basel D, Bicknell LS, Goel H, Hu H, Huff C, Hutchison M, Joyce C, Knox R, Lacroix AE, Langlois S, McCandless S, McCarrier J, Metcalfe KA, Morrissey R, Murphy N, Netchine I, O’Connell SM, Olney AH, Paria N, Rosenfeld JA, Sherlock M, Syverson E, White PC, Wise C, Yu Y, Zacharin M, Banerjee I, Reijns M, Bober MB, Semple RK, Boulton SJ, Rios JJ, Jackson AP, Aitman TJ, Biankin AV, Cooke SL, Humphrey WI, Martin S, Mennie L, Meynert A, Miedzybrodzka Z, Murphy F, Nourse C, Santoyo-Lopez J, Semple CA, Williams N. DNA Polymerase Epsilon Deficiency Causes IMAGe Syndrome with Variable Immunodeficiency. Am J Hum Genet 2018; 103:1038-1044. [PMID: 30503519 PMCID: PMC6288413 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajhg.2018.10.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2018] [Accepted: 10/26/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023] Open
Abstract
During genome replication, polymerase epsilon (Pol ε) acts as the major leading-strand DNA polymerase. Here we report the identification of biallelic mutations in POLE, encoding the Pol ε catalytic subunit POLE1, in 15 individuals from 12 families. Phenotypically, these individuals had clinical features closely resembling IMAGe syndrome (intrauterine growth restriction [IUGR], metaphyseal dysplasia, adrenal hypoplasia congenita, and genitourinary anomalies in males), a disorder previously associated with gain-of-function mutations in CDKN1C. POLE1-deficient individuals also exhibited distinctive facial features and variable immune dysfunction with evidence of lymphocyte deficiency. All subjects shared the same intronic variant (c.1686+32C>G) as part of a common haplotype, in combination with different loss-of-function variants in trans. The intronic variant alters splicing, and together the biallelic mutations lead to cellular deficiency of Pol ε and delayed S-phase progression. In summary, we establish POLE as a second gene in which mutations cause IMAGe syndrome. These findings add to a growing list of disorders due to mutations in DNA replication genes that manifest growth restriction alongside adrenal dysfunction and/or immunodeficiency, consolidating these as replisome phenotypes and highlighting a need for future studies to understand the tissue-specific development roles of the encoded proteins.
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84
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Courtot L, Hoffmann JS, Bergoglio V. The Protective Role of Dormant Origins in Response to Replicative Stress. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113569. [PMID: 30424570 PMCID: PMC6274952 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113569] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2018] [Revised: 11/05/2018] [Accepted: 11/07/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Genome stability requires tight regulation of DNA replication to ensure that the entire genome of the cell is duplicated once and only once per cell cycle. In mammalian cells, origin activation is controlled in space and time by a cell-specific and robust program called replication timing. About 100,000 potential replication origins form on the chromatin in the gap 1 (G1) phase but only 20⁻30% of them are active during the DNA replication of a given cell in the synthesis (S) phase. When the progress of replication forks is slowed by exogenous or endogenous impediments, the cell must activate some of the inactive or "dormant" origins to complete replication on time. Thus, the many origins that may be activated are probably key to protect the genome against replication stress. This review aims to discuss the role of these dormant origins as safeguards of the human genome during replicative stress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lilas Courtot
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS; Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Jean-Sébastien Hoffmann
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS; Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037 Toulouse, France.
| | - Valérie Bergoglio
- CRCT, Université de Toulouse, Inserm, CNRS, UPS; Equipe labellisée Ligue Contre le Cancer, Laboratoire d'excellence Toulouse Cancer, 2 Avenue Hubert Curien, 31037 Toulouse, France.
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85
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Lotfi CFP, Kremer JL, dos Santos Passaia B, Cavalcante IP. The human adrenal cortex: growth control and disorders. Clinics (Sao Paulo) 2018; 73:e473s. [PMID: 30208164 PMCID: PMC6113920 DOI: 10.6061/clinics/2018/e473s] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/07/2017] [Accepted: 03/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
This review summarizes key knowledge regarding the development, growth, and growth disorders of the adrenal cortex from a molecular perspective. The adrenal gland consists of two distinct regions: the cortex and the medulla. During embryological development and transition to the adult adrenal gland, the adrenal cortex acquires three different structural and functional zones. Significant progress has been made in understanding the signaling and molecules involved during adrenal cortex zonation. Equally significant is the knowledge obtained regarding the action of peptide factors involved in the maintenance of zonation of the adrenal cortex, such as peptides derived from proopiomelanocortin processing, adrenocorticotropin and N-terminal proopiomelanocortin. Findings regarding the development, maintenance and growth of the adrenal cortex and the molecular factors involved has improved the scientific understanding of disorders that affect adrenal cortex growth. Hypoplasia, hyperplasia and adrenocortical tumors, including adult and pediatric adrenocortical adenomas and carcinomas, are described together with findings regarding molecular and pathway alterations. Comprehensive genomic analyses of adrenocortical tumors have shown gene expression profiles associated with malignancy as well as methylation alterations and the involvement of miRNAs. These findings provide a new perspective on the diagnosis, therapeutic possibilities and prognosis of adrenocortical disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Claudimara Ferini Pacicco Lotfi
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
- *Corresponding author. E-mail:
| | - Jean Lucas Kremer
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Barbara dos Santos Passaia
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
| | - Isadora Pontes Cavalcante
- Departamento de Anatomia, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, SP, BR
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86
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Abstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is a life-threatening disorder of adrenal cortex which is characterized by deficient biosynthesis of glucocorticoids, with or without deficiency in mineralocorticoids and adrenal androgens. Typical manifestations of primary adrenal insufficiency include hyperpigmentation, hypotension, hypoglycaemia, hyponatremia with or without hyperkalemia that are generally preceded by nonspecific symptoms at the onset. Recessively inherited monogenic disorders constitute the largest group of primary adrenal insufficiency in children. The diagnostic process of primary adrenal insufficiency includes demonstration of low cortisol concentrations along with high plasma ACTH and identifying the cause of the disorder. Specific molecular diagnosis is achieved in more than 80% of children with PAI by detailed clinical and biochemical characterization integrated with advanced molecular tools. Hormone replacement therapy determined on the type and the severity of deficient adrenocortical hormones is the mainstay of treatment. Optimized methods of steroid hormone delivery, improved monitoring of hormone replacement along with intensive education of patients and families on the rules during intercurrent illness and stress will significantly reduce the morbidity and mortality associated with primary adrenal insufficiency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tarik Kirkgoz
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Istanbul, Turkey.
| | - Tulay Guran
- Marmara University School of Medicine, Department of Paediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Istanbul, Turkey.
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87
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Bucciol G, Moens L, Bosch B, Bossuyt X, Casanova JL, Puel A, Meyts I. Lessons learned from the study of human inborn errors of innate immunity. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 143:507-527. [PMID: 30075154 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2018.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/07/2017] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/24/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Innate immunity contributes to host defense through all cell types and relies on their shared germline genetic background, whereas adaptive immunity operates through only 3 main cell types, αβ T cells, γδ T cells, and B cells, and relies on their somatic genetic diversification of antigen-specific responses. Human inborn errors of innate immunity often underlie infectious diseases. The range and nature of infections depend on the mutated gene, the deleteriousness of the mutation, and other ill-defined factors. Most known inborn errors of innate immunity to infection disrupt the development or function of leukocytes other than T and B cells, but a growing number of inborn errors affect cells other than circulating and tissue leukocytes. Here we review inborn errors of innate immunity that have been recently discovered or clarified. We highlight the immunologic implications of these errors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Bucciol
- Laboratory of Childhood Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Leen Moens
- Laboratory of Childhood Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Barbara Bosch
- Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY
| | - Xavier Bossuyt
- Experimental Laboratory Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Laboratory Medicine, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium
| | - Jean-Laurent Casanova
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Howard Hughes Medical Institute, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France; Pediatric Hematology-Immunology Unit, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM U1163, Paris, France
| | - Anne Puel
- St Giles Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Rockefeller Branch, Rockefeller University, New York, NY; Laboratory of Human Genetics of Infectious Diseases, Necker Branch, Necker Hospital for Sick Children, INSERM U1163, Paris, France; Paris Descartes University, Imagine Institute, Paris, France
| | - Isabelle Meyts
- Laboratory of Childhood Immunology, Department of Immunology and Microbiology, KU Leuven, Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pediatrics, University Hospitals Leuven, Leuven, Belgium.
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88
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Gunesch JT, Angelo LS, Mahapatra S, Deering RP, Kowalko JE, Sleiman P, Tobias JW, Monaco-Shawver L, Orange JS, Mace EM. Genome-wide analyses and functional profiling of human NK cell lines. Mol Immunol 2018; 115:64-75. [PMID: 30054012 DOI: 10.1016/j.molimm.2018.07.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2018] [Revised: 07/06/2018] [Accepted: 07/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Natural killer (NK) cell lines, including YTS, NK92, NK3.3, and NKL, represent excellent models for the study of human natural killer cells. While phenotypic and functional differences between these cell lines have been reported, a multi-parametric study, encompassing genomic, phenotypic, and functional assays, has not been performed. Here, using a combination of techniques including microarray and copy number analyses, flow cytometry, and functional assays, we provide in-depth genetic, functional, and phenotypic comparison of YTS, NK92, NK3.3, and NKL cell lines. Specifically, we found that while the cell lines shared similarities in enrichment of growth and survival pathways, they had differential expression of 557 genes, including genes related to NK cell development, survival, and function. In addition, we provide genetic and phenotypic analyses that demonstrate distinct developmental origins of NK92, YTS, and NKL cell lines. Specifically, NK92 has a phenotype associated with the CD56bright NK cell subset, while both YTS and NKL appear more CD56dim-like. Finally, by classifying cell lines based on their lytic potential, we identified genes differentially expressed between NK cell lines with high and low lytic function. Taken together, these data provide the first comprehensive genetic, phenotypic, and functional analyses of these commonly used NK cell lines and provides deeper understanding into their origins and function. This will ultimately improve their use as models for human NK cell biology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin T Gunesch
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Laura S Angelo
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Sanjana Mahapatra
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA; Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, USA; Department of Pathology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | | | | | | | - John W Tobias
- Penn Genomic Analysis Core, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA USA
| | | | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Columbia University Irving Medical Center, New York, NY, USA.
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89
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Roucher-Boulez F, Mallet-Motak D, Tardy-Guidollet V, Menassa R, Goursaud C, Plotton I, Morel Y. News about the genetics of congenital primary adrenal insufficiency. ANNALES D'ENDOCRINOLOGIE 2018; 79:174-181. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ando.2018.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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90
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Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Monogenic disorders play significant roles in the pathogenesis of childhood-onset primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI). The most common form of PAI is congenital adrenal hyperplasia (CAH), which includes the enzymatic defects of the steroidogenic pathway. This review focuses on less common forms of monogenic PAI (i.e. non-CAH monogenic PAI) with particular attention on their cause, clinical phenotypes and genetic epidemiology. RECENT FINDINGS Non-CAH monogenic PAI can be classified into three major categories: first, adrenocorticotropic hormone resistance, second, impaired adrenal redox homeostasis and third, defective organogenesis of the adrenal glands. The clinical phenotypes of the mutation-carrying patients vary depending on the responsible gene, and they are partially explained by the tissue RNA expression patterns. Genetic epidemiology studies conducted in Turkey and Japan showed that about 80% of PAI of unknown cause was monogenic. SUMMARY Genetic basis of non-CAH monogenic PAI had been less clearly understood than CAH; however, significant advances have been made with use of new research techniques such as next-generation sequencing. Understanding of these rare forms of PAI may contribute to clarifying the physiology and pathology of the adrenal glands.
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Affiliation(s)
- Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
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91
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Bellelli R, Borel V, Logan C, Svendsen J, Cox DE, Nye E, Metcalfe K, O'Connell SM, Stamp G, Flynn HR, Snijders AP, Lassailly F, Jackson A, Boulton SJ. Polε Instability Drives Replication Stress, Abnormal Development, and Tumorigenesis. Mol Cell 2018; 70:707-721.e7. [PMID: 29754823 PMCID: PMC5972231 DOI: 10.1016/j.molcel.2018.04.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Revised: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 04/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
DNA polymerase ε (POLE) is a four-subunit complex and the major leading strand polymerase in eukaryotes. Budding yeast orthologs of POLE3 and POLE4 promote Polε processivity in vitro but are dispensable for viability in vivo. Here, we report that POLE4 deficiency in mice destabilizes the entire Polε complex, leading to embryonic lethality in inbred strains and extensive developmental abnormalities, leukopenia, and tumor predisposition in outbred strains. Comparable phenotypes of growth retardation and immunodeficiency are also observed in human patients harboring destabilizing mutations in POLE1. In both Pole4-/- mouse and POLE1 mutant human cells, Polε hypomorphy is associated with replication stress and p53 activation, which we attribute to inefficient replication origin firing. Strikingly, removing p53 is sufficient to rescue embryonic lethality and all developmental abnormalities in Pole4 null mice. However, Pole4-/-p53+/- mice exhibit accelerated tumorigenesis, revealing an important role for controlled CMG and origin activation in normal development and tumor prevention.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Valerie Borel
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Clare Logan
- MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | | | - Danielle E Cox
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Emma Nye
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Kay Metcalfe
- Department of Genetic Medicine, St Mary's Hospital, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 OJH, UK
| | - Susan M O'Connell
- Department of Paediatrics, Cork University Hospital, Wilton, Cork T12 DC4A, Ireland
| | - Gordon Stamp
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | - Helen R Flynn
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK
| | | | | | - Andrew Jackson
- MRC Institute of Genetics & Molecular Medicine, The University of Edinburgh, Western General Hospital, Crewe Road, Edinburgh EH4 2XU, UK
| | - Simon J Boulton
- The Francis Crick Institute, 1 Midland Road, London NW1 1AT, UK.
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92
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Mace EM. Phosphoinositide-3-Kinase Signaling in Human Natural Killer Cells: New Insights from Primary Immunodeficiency. Front Immunol 2018; 9:445. [PMID: 29563913 PMCID: PMC5845875 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2018.00445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/15/2018] [Accepted: 02/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Human natural killer (NK) cells play a critical role in the control of viral infections and malignancy. Their importance in human health and disease is illustrated by severe viral infections in patients with primary immunodeficiencies that affect NK cell function and/or development. The recent identification of patients with phosphoinositide-3-kinase (PI3K)-signaling pathway mutations that can cause primary immunodeficiency provides valuable insight into the role that PI3K signaling plays in human NK cell maturation and lytic function. There is a rich literature that demonstrates a requirement for PI3K in multiple key aspects of NK cell biology, including development/maturation, homing, priming, and function. Here, I briefly review these previous studies and place them in context with recent findings from the study of primary immunodeficiency patients, particularly those with hyperactivating mutations in PI3Kδ signaling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Center for Human Immunobiology, Texas Children's Hospital, Houston, TX, United States
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93
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Lynch SA, Crushell E, Lambert DM, Byrne N, Gorman K, King MD, Green A, O’Sullivan S, Browne F, Hughes J, Knerr I, Monavari AA, Cotter M, McConnell VPM, Kerr B, Jones SA, Keenan C, Murphy N, Cody D, Ennis S, Turner J, Irvine AD, Casey J. Catalogue of inherited disorders found among the Irish Traveller population. J Med Genet 2018; 55:233-239. [DOI: 10.1136/jmedgenet-2017-104974] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2017] [Revised: 12/21/2017] [Accepted: 12/22/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
Abstract
Background Irish Travellers are an endogamous, nomadic, ethnic minority population mostly resident on the island of Ireland with smaller populations in Europe and the USA. High levels of consanguinity result in many rare autosomal recessive disorders. Due to founder effects and endogamy, most recessive disorders are caused by specific homozygous mutations unique to this population. Key clinicians and scientists with experience in managing rare disorders seen in this population have developed a de facto advisory service on differential diagnoses to consider when faced with specific clinical scenarios.Objective(s) To catalogue all known inherited disorders found in the Irish Traveller population.Methods We performed detailed literature and database searches to identify relevant publications and the disease mutations of known genetic disorders found in Irish Travellers.Results We identified 104 genetic disorders: 90 inherited in an autosomal recessive manner; 13 autosomal dominant and one a recurring chromosomal duplication.Conclusion We have collated our experience of inherited disorders found in the Irish Traveller population to make it publically available through this publication to facilitate a targeted genetic approach to diagnostics in this ethnic group.
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94
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Wei L, Wang Q, Zhang Y, Yang C, Guan H, Chen Y, Sun Z. Identification of key genes, transcription factors and microRNAs involved in intracranial aneurysm. Mol Med Rep 2018; 17:891-897. [PMID: 29115560 PMCID: PMC5780181 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7940] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2016] [Accepted: 08/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Intracranial aneurysm (IA) is a devastating disease, the pathogenesis of which remains to be elucidated. The present study aimed to determine the molecular mechanism of IA and to identify potential therapeutic targets using bioinformatics analysis. The GSE54083 dataset, which includes data from patients with ruptured IA and superficial temporal artery controls, was downloaded from the Gene Expression Omnibus, and differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified in the ruptured IA samples using the limma package in R. Subsequently, the Database for Annotation, Visualization and Integrated Discovery software was used to perform function and pathway enrichment analyses and the Search Tool for the Retrieval of Interacting Genes database was used to construct the protein‑protein interaction (PPI) network. Then, microRNA (miRNA) target and transcription factor (TF) target pairs were identified using the miR2Disease, MiRwalk2, ITFP and TRANSFAC databases. Finally, an integrated network of TF‑target‑miRNAs was constructed using Cytoscape. A total of 402 upregulated DEGs and 375 downregulated DEGs were identified from the ruptured IA samples compared with the superficial temporal artery samples. The majority of the upregulated DEGs were significantly enriched in the immune system development category, including CD40 ligand (CD40LG) and CD40 and the downregulated DEGs, such as striatin (STRN), were enriched in neuron projection development. In addition, nitric oxide synthase 1 (NOS1), a target of miRNA‑125b, and myosin heavy chain 11 (MYH11), a target of minichromosome maintenance complex component 4 (MCM4), had higher degree scores in the integrated network. These findings suggest that CD40, CD40LG, NOS1, STRN, MCM4, MYH11 and miR‑125b may be potential therapeutic targets for the treatment of IA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Yanfei Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Cheng Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Hongxin Guan
- Department of Neurosurgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Yiming Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
| | - Zhiyang Sun
- Department of Neurosurgery, East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai 200120, P.R. China
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95
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Hauck F, Voss R, Urban C, Seidel MG. Intrinsic and extrinsic causes of malignancies in patients with primary immunodeficiency disorders. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2018; 141:59-68.e4. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.06.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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96
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Sekelova Z, Polansky O, Stepanova H, Fedr R, Faldynova M, Rychlik I, Vlasatikova L. Different roles of CD4, CD8 and γδ T-lymphocytes in naive and vaccinated chickens during Salmonella Enteritidis infection. Proteomics 2017. [PMID: 28621911 DOI: 10.1002/pmic.201700073] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Lymphocytes represent the key antigen-specific leukocyte subpopulation. Despite their importance in mounting an immune response, an unbiased description of proteins expressed by chicken lymphocytes has not been presented. In this study, we therefore intravenously infected chickens with Salmonella Enteritidis, sorted CD4, CD8 and γδ T-lymphocytes from the spleen by flow cytometry and determined the proteome of each population by LC-MS/MS. CD4 T-lymphocyte characteristic proteins included ubiquitin SUMO-like domain and BAR domain containing proteins. CD8 T-lymphocyte specific proteins were characterized by purine ribonucleoside triphosphate binding and were involved in cell differentiation, cell activation and regulation of programmed cell death. γδ T-lymphocyte specific proteins exhibited enrichment of small GTPase of Rab type and GTP binding. Following infection, inducible proteins in CD4 lymphocytes included ribosomal proteins and downregulated proteins localized to the lysosome. CD8 T-lymphocytes induced MCM complex proteins, proteins required for DNA replication and machinery for protein processing in the endoplasmic reticulum. Proteins inducible in γδ T-lymphocytes belonged to immune system response, oxidative phosphorylation and the spliceosome. In this study, we predicted the likely events in lymphocyte response to systemic bacterial infection and identified proteins which can be used as markers specific for each lymphocyte subpopulation.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Radek Fedr
- Institute of Biophysics of the CAS, Brno, Czech Republic
| | | | - Ivan Rychlik
- Veterinary Research Institute, Brno, Czech Republic
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97
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Vargas-Hernández A, Mace EM, Zimmerman O, Zerbe CS, Freeman AF, Rosenzweig S, Leiding JW, Torgerson T, Altman MC, Schussler E, Cunningham-Rundles C, Chinn IK, Carisey AF, Hanson IC, Rider NL, Holland SM, Orange JS, Forbes LR. Ruxolitinib partially reverses functional natural killer cell deficiency in patients with signal transducer and activator of transcription 1 (STAT1) gain-of-function mutations. J Allergy Clin Immunol 2017; 141:2142-2155.e5. [PMID: 29111217 DOI: 10.1016/j.jaci.2017.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2017] [Revised: 08/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Natural killer (NK) cells are critical innate effector cells whose development is dependent on the Janus kinase-signal transducer and activator of transcription (STAT) pathway. NK cell deficiency can result in severe or refractory viral infections. Patients with STAT1 gain-of-function (GOF) mutations have increased viral susceptibility. OBJECTIVE We sought to investigate NK cell function in patients with STAT1 GOF mutations. METHODS NK cell phenotype and function were determined in 16 patients with STAT1 GOF mutations. NK cell lines expressing patients' mutations were generated with clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeats (CRISPR-Cas9)-mediated gene editing. NK cells from patients with STAT1 GOF mutations were treated in vitro with ruxolitinib. RESULTS Peripheral blood NK cells from patients with STAT1 GOF mutations had impaired terminal maturation. Specifically, patients with STAT1 GOF mutations have immature CD56dim NK cells with decreased expression of CD16, perforin, CD57, and impaired cytolytic function. STAT1 phosphorylation was increased, but STAT5 was aberrantly phosphorylated in response to IL-2 stimulation. Upstream inhibition of STAT1 signaling with the small-molecule Janus kinase 1/2 inhibitor ruxolitinib in vitro and in vivo restored perforin expression in CD56dim NK cells and partially restored NK cell cytotoxic function. CONCLUSIONS Properly regulated STAT1 signaling is critical for NK cell maturation and function. Modulation of increased STAT1 phosphorylation with ruxolitinib is an important option for therapeutic intervention in patients with STAT1 GOF mutations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexander Vargas-Hernández
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, Tex
| | - Emily M Mace
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, Tex
| | - Ofer Zimmerman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md
| | - Christa S Zerbe
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md; Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Alexandra F Freeman
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md; Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Sergio Rosenzweig
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md; Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jennifer W Leiding
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Department of Pediatrics, University of South Florida at Johns Hopkins-All Children's Hospital, St Petersburg, Fla
| | - Troy Torgerson
- Center for Allergy and Inflammation, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Matthew C Altman
- Center for Allergy and Inflammation, University of Washington, Seattle, Wash
| | - Edith Schussler
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Charlotte Cunningham-Rundles
- Division of Allergy and Immunology, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY; Department of Medicine and Pediatrics, Immunology Institute, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, New York, NY
| | - Ivan K Chinn
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, Tex
| | - Alexandre F Carisey
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, Tex
| | - Imelda C Hanson
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex
| | - Nicholas L Rider
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, Tex
| | - Steven M Holland
- National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Diseases, Bethesda, Md; Clinical Center, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Md
| | - Jordan S Orange
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, Tex
| | - Lisa R Forbes
- Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Tex; Texas Children's Hospital, Center for Human Immunobiology, Department of Allergy, Immunology and Rheumatology, Houston, Tex.
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98
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Flück CE. MECHANISMS IN ENDOCRINOLOGY: Update on pathogenesis of primary adrenal insufficiency: beyond steroid enzyme deficiency and autoimmune adrenal destruction. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:R99-R111. [PMID: 28450305 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0128] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2017] [Revised: 04/19/2017] [Accepted: 04/27/2017] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI) is potentially life threatening, but rare. In children, genetic defects prevail whereas adults suffer more often from acquired forms of PAI. The spectrum of genetic defects has increased in recent years with the use of next-generation sequencing methods and now has reached far beyond genetic defects in all known enzymes of adrenal steroidogenesis. Cofactor disorders such as P450 oxidoreductase (POR) deficiency manifesting as a complex form of congenital adrenal hyperplasia with a broad clinical phenotype have come to the fore. In patients with isolated familial glucocorticoid deficiency (FGD), in which no mutations in the genes for the ACTH receptor (MC2R) or its accessory protein MRAP have been found, non-classic steroidogenic acute regulatory protein (StAR) and CYP11A1 mutations have been described; and more recently novel mutations in genes such as nicotinamide nucleotide transhydrogenase (NNT) and thioredoxin reductase 2 (TRXR2) involved in the maintenance of the mitochondrial redox potential and generation of NADPH important for steroidogenesis and ROS detoxication have been discovered. In addition, whole exome sequencing approach also solved the genetics of some syndromic forms of PAI including IMAGe syndrome (CDKN1C), Irish traveler syndrome (MCM4), MIRAGE syndrome (SAMD9); and most recently a syndrome combining FGD with steroid-resistant nephrotic syndrome and ichthyosis caused by mutations in the gene for sphingosine-1-phosphate lyase 1 (SGPL1). This review intends do give an update on novel genetic forms of PAI and their suggested mechanism of disease. It also advocates for advanced genetic work-up of PAI (especially in children) to reach a specific diagnosis for better counseling and treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christa E Flück
- Departments of Pediatrics and Clinical Research, Bern University Children's Hospital Inselspital, University of Bern, Bern, Switzerland
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99
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Shima N, Pederson KD. Dormant origins as a built-in safeguard in eukaryotic DNA replication against genome instability and disease development. DNA Repair (Amst) 2017; 56:166-173. [PMID: 28641940 PMCID: PMC5547906 DOI: 10.1016/j.dnarep.2017.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/24/2023]
Abstract
DNA replication is a prerequisite for cell proliferation, yet it can be increasingly challenging for a eukaryotic cell to faithfully duplicate its genome as its size and complexity expands. Dormant origins now emerge as a key component for cells to successfully accomplish such a demanding but essential task. In this perspective, we will first provide an overview of the fundamental processes eukaryotic cells have developed to regulate origin licensing and firing. With a special focus on mammalian systems, we will then highlight the role of dormant origins in preventing replication-associated genome instability and their functional interplay with proteins involved in the DNA damage repair response for tumor suppression. Lastly, deficiencies in the origin licensing machinery will be discussed in relation to their influence on stem cell maintenance and human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Shima
- The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Masonic Cancer Center, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States.
| | - Kayla D Pederson
- The University of Minnesota, Twin Cities, Department of Genetics, Cell Biology and Development, Masonic Cancer Center, 6-160 Jackson Hall, 321 Church St SE., Minneapolis, MN 55455, United States
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100
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Amano N, Narumi S, Hayashi M, Takagi M, Imai K, Nakamura T, Hachiya R, Sasaki G, Homma K, Ishii T, Hasegawa T. Genetic defects in pediatric-onset adrenal insufficiency in Japan. Eur J Endocrinol 2017; 177:187-194. [PMID: 28546232 DOI: 10.1530/eje-17-0027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Revised: 05/11/2017] [Accepted: 05/18/2017] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
CONTEXT Most patients with pediatric-onset primary adrenal insufficiency (PAI), such as 21-hydroxylase deficiency, can be diagnosed by measuring the urine or serum levels of steroid metabolites. However, the etiology is often difficult to determine in a subset of patients lacking characteristic biochemical findings. OBJECTIVE To assess the frequency of genetic defects in Japanese children with biochemically uncharacterized PAI and characterize the phenotypes of mutation-carrying patients. METHODS We enrolled 63 Japanese children (59 families) with biochemically uncharacterized PAI, and sequenced 12 PAI-associated genes. The pathogenicities of rare variants were assessed based on in silico analyses and structural modeling. We calculated the proportion of mutation-carrying patients according to demographic characteristics. RESULTS We identified genetic defects in 50 (85%) families: STAR in 19, NR0B1 in 18, SAMD9 in seven, AAAS in two, NNT in two, MC2R in one and CDKN1C in one. NR0B1 defects were identified in 78% of the male patients that received both glucocorticoid and mineralocorticoid replacement therapy and had normal male external genitalia. STAR defects were identified in 67% of female and 9% of male patients. Seven of the 19 patients with STAR defects developed PAI at age two or older, out of whom, five did not have mineralocorticoid deficiency. CONCLUSIONS Molecular testing elucidated the etiologies of most biochemically uncharacterized PAI patients. Genetic defects such as NR0B1 defects are presumed based on phenotypes, while others with broad phenotypic variability, such as STAR defects, are difficult to diagnose. Molecular testing is a rational approach to diagnosis in biochemically uncharacterized PAI patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naoko Amano
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Saiseikai Central Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Satoshi Narumi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, National Research Institute for Child Health and Development, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Mie Hayashi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Masaki Takagi
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Kazuhide Imai
- Department of Pediatrics, Nishibeppu National Hospital, Oita, Japan
| | - Toshiro Nakamura
- Department of Pediatrics, Kumamoto Chuo Hospital, Kumamoto, Japan
| | - Rumi Hachiya
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Tokyo Metropolitan Children's Medical Center, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Goro Sasaki
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Pediatrics, Tokyo Dental College Ichikawa General Hospital, Chiba, Japan
| | - Keiko Homma
- Clinical Laboratory, Keio University Hospital, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomohiro Ishii
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Tomonobu Hasegawa
- Department of Pediatrics, Keio University School of Medicine, Tokyo, Japan
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