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Bruggeman KF, Moriarty N, Dowd E, Nisbet DR, Parish CL. Harnessing stem cells and biomaterials to promote neural repair. Br J Pharmacol 2019; 176:355-368. [PMID: 30444942 PMCID: PMC6329623 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14545] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2018] [Revised: 10/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
With the limited capacity for self-repair in the adult CNS, efforts to stimulate quiescent stem cell populations within discrete brain regions, as well as harness the potential of stem cell transplants, offer significant hope for neural repair. These new cells are capable of providing trophic cues to support residual host populations and/or replace those cells lost to the primary insult. However, issues with low-level adult neurogenesis, cell survival, directed differentiation and inadequate reinnervation of host tissue have impeded the full potential of these therapeutic approaches and their clinical advancement. Biomaterials offer novel approaches to stimulate endogenous neurogenesis, as well as for the delivery and support of neural progenitor transplants, providing a tissue-appropriate physical and trophic milieu for the newly integrating cells. In this review, we will discuss the various approaches by which bioengineered scaffolds may improve stem cell-based therapies for repair of the CNS.
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Affiliation(s)
- K F Bruggeman
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - N Moriarty
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - E Dowd
- Pharmacology and Therapeutics and Galway Neuroscience CentreNational University of Ireland GalwayGalwayIreland
| | - D R Nisbet
- Laboratory of Advanced Biomaterials, Research School of EngineeringThe Australian National UniversityCanberraACTAustralia
| | - C L Parish
- The Florey Institute of Neuroscience and Mental HealthThe University of MelbourneParkvilleVICAustralia
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Ohno K, Samaranch L, Hadaczek P, Bringas JR, Allen PC, Sudhakar V, Stockinger DE, Snieckus C, Campagna MV, San Sebastian W, Naidoo J, Chen H, Forsayeth J, Salegio EA, Hwa GGC, Bankiewicz KS. Kinetics and MR-Based Monitoring of AAV9 Vector Delivery into Cerebrospinal Fluid of Nonhuman Primates. MOLECULAR THERAPY-METHODS & CLINICAL DEVELOPMENT 2018; 13:47-54. [PMID: 30666308 PMCID: PMC6330508 DOI: 10.1016/j.omtm.2018.12.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Here we evaluated the utility of MRI to monitor intrathecal infusions in nonhuman primates. Adeno-associated virus (AAV) spiked with gadoteridol, a gadolinium-based MRI contrast agent, enabled real-time visualization of infusions delivered either via cerebromedullary cistern, lumbar, cerebromedullary and lumbar, or intracerebroventricular infusion. The kinetics of vector clearance from the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) were analyzed. Our results highlight the value of MRI in optimizing the delivery of infusate into CSF. In particular, MRI revealed differential patterns of infusate distribution depending on the route of delivery. Gadoteridol coverage analysis showed that cerebellomedullary cistern delivery was a reliable and effective route of injection, achieving broad infusate distribution in the brain and spinal cord, and was even greater when combined with lumbar injection. In contrast, intracerebroventricular injection resulted in strong cortical coverage but little spinal distribution. Lumbar injection alone led to the distribution of MRI contrast agent mainly in the spinal cord with little cortical coverage, but this delivery route was unreliable. Similarly, vector clearance analysis showed differences between different routes of delivery. Overall, our data support the value of monitoring CSF injections to dissect different patterns of gadoteridol distribution based on the route of intrathecal administration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kousaku Ohno
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Lluis Samaranch
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Piotr Hadaczek
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - John R Bringas
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | - Vivek Sudhakar
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | - Christopher Snieckus
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | - Waldy San Sebastian
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | - Jerusha Naidoo
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | - John Forsayeth
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
| | | | | | - Krystof S Bankiewicz
- Department of Neurological Surgery, University of California, San Francisco, San Francisco, CA 94103, USA
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Cheng J, Korte N, Nortley R, Sethi H, Tang Y, Attwell D. Targeting pericytes for therapeutic approaches to neurological disorders. Acta Neuropathol 2018; 136:507-523. [PMID: 30097696 PMCID: PMC6132947 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-018-1893-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 152] [Impact Index Per Article: 25.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2018] [Revised: 07/30/2018] [Accepted: 07/31/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Many central nervous system diseases currently lack effective treatment and are often associated with defects in microvascular function, including a failure to match the energy supplied by the blood to the energy used on neuronal computation, or a breakdown of the blood–brain barrier. Pericytes, an under-studied cell type located on capillaries, are of crucial importance in regulating diverse microvascular functions, such as angiogenesis, the blood–brain barrier, capillary blood flow and the movement of immune cells into the brain. They also form part of the “glial” scar isolating damaged parts of the CNS, and may have stem cell-like properties. Recent studies have suggested that pericytes play a crucial role in neurological diseases, and are thus a therapeutic target in disorders as diverse as stroke, traumatic brain injury, migraine, epilepsy, spinal cord injury, diabetes, Huntington’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease, diabetes, multiple sclerosis, glioma, radiation necrosis and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Here we report recent advances in our understanding of pericyte biology and discuss how pericytes could be targeted to develop novel therapeutic approaches to neurological disorders, by increasing blood flow, preserving blood–brain barrier function, regulating immune cell entry to the CNS, and modulating formation of blood vessels in, and the glial scar around, damaged regions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinping Cheng
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Rd, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China
| | - Nils Korte
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Ross Nortley
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Huma Sethi
- Department of Neurosurgery, National Hospital for Neurology and Neurosurgery, Queen Square, London, WC1N 3BG, UK
| | - Yamei Tang
- Department of Neurology, Sun Yat-Sen Memorial Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, 107 Yan Jiang Xi Rd, Guangzhou, 510120, People's Republic of China.
| | - David Attwell
- Department of Neuroscience, Physiology and Pharmacology, University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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54
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Constantinescu R, Blennow K, Rosengren L, Eriksson B, Gudmundsdottir T, Jansson Y, Johnels B, Renck A, Bergquist F. Cerebrospinal fluid protein markers in PD patients after DBS-STN surgery-A retrospective analysis of patients that underwent surgery between 1993 and 2001. Clin Neurol Neurosurg 2018; 174:174-179. [PMID: 30248592 DOI: 10.1016/j.clineuro.2018.09.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 05/11/2018] [Accepted: 09/15/2018] [Indexed: 01/16/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) markers of neurodegeneration [neurofilament light chain (NFL), total Tau (T-Tau)], tau pathology [phosphorylated tau (p-Tau)], glial cell damage or activation [glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP)], and brain amyloidosis [β-amyloid 1-42 (Aβ42)] are useful for diagnosis and prognosis in several neurodegenerative disorders. In this paper we investigate these markers and their relationship to key clinical milestones in patients with advanced Parkinson´s disease (PD) operated at our center with subthalamic nucleus deep brain stimulation (STN-DBS) for at least 15 years ago. PATIENTS AND METHODS Retrospective analysis of available cerebrospinal fluid and clinical data in PD-patients, 15 years or more after they underwent STN-DBS surgery. All PD-patients implanted with STN-DBS at Sahlgrenska University Hospital before January 1, 2001, were regularly assessed until January 10, 2018, or until death, or until lost to follow-up. RESULTS Twenty three PD patients were operated with STN-DBS. Sixteen of these (six females and ten males) underwent at least one lumbar puncture (LP) immediately prior to or after STN-DBS. Their age at the latest available LP was 64 (55-75) years [median (range)], PD duration 20 (11-33) years, and Hoehn & Yahr (H&Y) stage 3 (2-4). Time between DBS operation and the last LP was 4.5 (0.3-10.8) years. Time from the last LP to the last follow up was 6 (0.1-18) years, and for the entire cohort 115 person-years. On January 10, 2018, four PD-patients (25%) were still alive. All preoperative CSF marker levels were normal. Between two days and six months after DBS, NFL and GFAP levels increased sharply but they normalized thereafter in most patients, and were normal up to almost 11 years after neurosurgery. Over time, all patients deteriorated slowly. At the last follow up, H&Y was 5 (3-5) and 12/16 were demented. There was no significant correlation between postoperative (> 6 months) CSF NFL, GFAP, T-Tau, p-Tau, β-amyloid levels and the presence of dementia, psychosis, inability to walk or need for nursing home at the time for LP, nor for presence of dementia at the last follow up or for death as of January 10, 2018. CONCLUSION CSF protein biomarkers remain normal despite long PD duration, severe disability, and chronic STN-DBS. They cannot be used for PD staging or prognostication but may indicate brain damage caused by other pathological factors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Radu Constantinescu
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden.
| | - Kaj Blennow
- Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Department of Psychiatry and Neurochemistry, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Mölndal, Sweden; Clinical Neurochemistry Laboratory, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Mölndal, Sweden
| | - Lars Rosengren
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Barbro Eriksson
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Thordis Gudmundsdottir
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Yvonne Jansson
- Department of Neurology, Norra Älvsborgs Länssjukhus, Sjukhuskansliet, 461 85, Trollhättan, Sweden
| | - Bo Johnels
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Annika Renck
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Filip Bergquist
- Department of Neurology, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology at Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, 413 45 Göteborg, Sweden
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Papadopoulos N, Lennartsson J. The PDGF/PDGFR pathway as a drug target. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 62:75-88. [DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2017.11.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 11/10/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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56
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Growth Factors and Neuroglobin in Astrocyte Protection Against Neurodegeneration and Oxidative Stress. Mol Neurobiol 2018; 56:2339-2351. [PMID: 29982985 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-018-1203-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Accepted: 06/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases, such as Parkinson and Alzheimer, are among the main public health issues in the world due to their effects on life quality and high mortality rates. Although neuronal death is the main cause of disruption in the central nervous system (CNS) elicited by these pathologies, other cells such as astrocytes are also affected. There is no treatment for preventing the cellular death during neurodegenerative processes, and current drug therapy is focused on decreasing the associated motor symptoms. For these reasons, it has been necessary to seek new therapeutical procedures, including the use of growth factors to reduce α-synuclein toxicity and misfolding in order to recover neuronal cells and astrocytes. Additionally, it has been shown that some growth factors are able to reduce the overproduction of reactive oxygen species (ROS), which are associated with neuronal death through activation of antioxidative enzymes such as catalase, superoxide dismutase, glutathione peroxidase, and neuroglobin. In the present review, we discuss the use of growth factors such as PDGF-BB, VEGF, BDNF, and the antioxidative enzyme neuroglobin in the protection of astrocytes and neurons during the development of neurodegenerative diseases.
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57
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Gao F, Li D, Rui Q, Ni H, Liu H, Jiang F, Tao L, Gao R, Dang B. Annexin A7 Levels Increase in Rats With Traumatic Brain Injury and Promote Secondary Brain Injury. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:357. [PMID: 29896083 PMCID: PMC5987168 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00357] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2018] [Accepted: 05/08/2018] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The incidence of traumatic brain injury (TBI) has been increasing annually. Annexin A7 is a calcium-dependent phospholipid binding protein. It can promote melting of the cell membrane. Recent studies have shown that it plays an important role in atherosclerosis, other cardiovascular diseases, and a variety of tumors. However, few studies of ANXA7 in TBI have been performed. We here observed how ANXA7 changes after TBI and discuss whether brain injury is associated with the use of ANXA7 antagonist intervention. Experimental Results: 1. After TBI, ANXA7 levels were higher than in the sham group, peaking 24 h after TBI. 2. The use of siA7 was found to reduce the expression of A7 in the injured brain tissue, and also brain edema, BBB damage, cell death, and apoptosis relative to the sham group. Conclusion: ANXA7 promotes the development of secondary brain injury (SBI) after TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Gao
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
| | - Di Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and Translational Medicine Center, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, China
| | - Qin Rui
- Clinical Laboratory, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, China
| | - Haibo Ni
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, China
| | - Huixiang Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, China
| | - Feng Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Pharmacy, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, China
| | - Rong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, The First People's Hospital of Zhangjiagang, Suzhou, China
| | - Baoqi Dang
- Department of Rehabilitation, Zhangjiagang Hospital of Traditional Chinese Medicine Affiliated to Nanjing University of Chinese Medicine, Suzhou, China
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58
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The pericyte secretome: Potential impact on regeneration. Biochimie 2018; 155:16-25. [PMID: 29698670 DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2018.04.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/31/2017] [Accepted: 04/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Personalized and regenerative medicine is an emerging therapeutic strategy that is based on cell biology and biomedical engineering used to develop biological substitutes to maintain normal function or restore damaged tissues and organs. The secretory capacities of different cell types are now explored as such possible therapeutic regenerative agents in a variety of diseases. A secretome can comprise chemokines, cytokines, growth factors, but also extracellular matrix components, microvesicles and exosomes as well as genetic material and may differ depending on the tissue and the stimulus applied to the cell. With regard to clinical applications, the secretome of mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) is currently the most widely explored. However, other cell types such as pericytes may have similar properties as MSC and the potential therapeutic possibilities of these cells are only just beginning to emerge. In this review, we will summarize the currently available data describing the secretome of pericytes and its potential implications for tissue regeneration, whereby we especially focus on brain pericytes as potential new target cell for neuroregeneration and brain repair.
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59
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Sil S, Periyasamy P, Thangaraj A, Chivero ET, Buch S. PDGF/PDGFR axis in the neural systems. Mol Aspects Med 2018; 62:63-74. [PMID: 29409855 DOI: 10.1016/j.mam.2018.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/13/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 01/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factors (PDGFs) and their receptors (PDGFRs) are expressed in several cell types including the brain cells such as neuronal progenitors, neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes. Emerging evidence shows that PDGF-mediated signaling regulates diverse functions in the central nervous system (CNS) such as neurogenesis, cell survival, synaptogenesis, modulation of ligand-gated ion channels, and development of specific types of neurons. Interestingly, PDGF/PDFGR signaling can elicit paradoxical roles in the CNS, depending on the cell type and the activation stimuli and is implicated in the pathogenesis of various neurodegenerative diseases. This review summarizes the role of PDGFs/PDGFRs in several neurodegenerative diseases such as Alzheimer disease, Parkinson disease, amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, brain cancer, cerebral ischemia, HIV-1 and drug abuse. Understanding PDGF/PDGFR signaling may lead to novel approaches for the future development of therapeutic strategies for combating CNS pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susmita Sil
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Palsamy Periyasamy
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Annadurai Thangaraj
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Ernest T Chivero
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA
| | - Shilpa Buch
- Department of Pharmacology and Experimental Neuroscience, 985880 Nebraska Medical Center, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE 68198, USA.
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60
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Heldin CH, Lennartsson J, Westermark B. Involvement of platelet-derived growth factor ligands and receptors in tumorigenesis. J Intern Med 2018; 283:16-44. [PMID: 28940884 DOI: 10.1111/joim.12690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) isoforms and their receptors have important roles during embryogenesis, particularly in the development of various mesenchymal cell types in different organs. In the adult, PDGF stimulates wound healing and regulates tissue homeostasis. However, overactivity of PDGF signalling is associated with malignancies and other diseases characterized by excessive cell proliferation, such as fibrotic conditions and atherosclerosis. In certain tumours, genetic or epigenetic alterations of the genes for PDGF ligands and receptors drive tumour cell proliferation and survival. Examples include the rare skin tumour dermatofibrosarcoma protuberance, which is driven by autocrine PDGF stimulation due to translocation of a PDGF gene, and certain gastrointestinal stromal tumours and leukaemias, which are driven by constitute activation of PDGF receptors due to point mutations and formation of fusion proteins of the receptors, respectively. Moreover, PDGF stimulates cells in tumour stroma and promotes angiogenesis as well as the development of cancer-associated fibroblasts, both of which promote tumour progression. Inhibitors of PDGF signalling may thus be of clinical usefulness in the treatment of certain tumours.
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Affiliation(s)
- C-H Heldin
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Medical Biochemistry and Microbiology, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - J Lennartsson
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, Science for Life Laboratory, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden.,Department of Pharmaceutical Biosciences, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
| | - B Westermark
- Department of Genetics and Pathology, Uppsala University, Uppsala, Sweden
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61
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Gaceb A, Özen I, Padel T, Barbariga M, Paul G. Pericytes secrete pro-regenerative molecules in response to platelet-derived growth factor-BB. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2018; 38:45-57. [PMID: 28741407 PMCID: PMC5757443 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x17719645] [Citation(s) in RCA: 79] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Brain pericytes not only maintain the anatomical, biochemical and immune blood-brain barrier, but display features of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) in vitro. MSCs have pro-regenerative properties attributed to their secretome. However, whether also brain pericytes possess such pro-regenerative capacities is largely unknown. Here we characterize the secretome and microvesicle (MV) release of human brain pericytes mediated by platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB)/PDGF receptor beta (PDGFRβ) signalling. Upon PDGF-BB, pericytes release not only a plethora of growth factors and a panel of cytokines, but also MVs containing BDNF, FGFb, βNGF, VEGF and PLGF, a response that is specific for PDGFRβ signalling and activation of the ERK 1/2 pathway. In contrast, lipopolysaccharide (LPS), an activator of the innate immune system, stimulates the secretion of much higher amounts of mainly inflammatory cytokines and activates the NFκB pathway. Pericytes change their morphology and undergo opposite changes in surface marker expression, respectively. Our findings provide evidence that the secretome of human brain pericytes varies greatly depending on the exogenous stimulus. The differential secretory functions of pericytes may play an important role in either regulating neuroinflammation or contributing to neurorestoration and identify a possible new target cell for neuroregeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abderahim Gaceb
- 1 Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Ilknur Özen
- 1 Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Thomas Padel
- 1 Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Marco Barbariga
- 1 Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden
| | - Gesine Paul
- 1 Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.,2 Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, Lund, Sweden
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62
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Osborne A, Sanderson J, Martin KR. Neuroprotective Effects of Human Mesenchymal Stem Cells and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor on Human Retinal Ganglion Cells. Stem Cells 2017; 36:65-78. [PMID: 29044808 PMCID: PMC5765520 DOI: 10.1002/stem.2722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2017] [Revised: 09/29/2017] [Accepted: 10/07/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Optic neuropathies such as glaucoma occur when retinal ganglion cells (RGCs) in the eye are injured. Strong evidence suggests mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) could be a potential therapy to protect RGCs; however, little is known regarding their effect on the human retina. We, therefore, investigated if human MSCs (hMSCs), or platelet‐derived growth factor (PDGF) as produced by hMSC, could delay RGC death in a human retinal explant model of optic nerve injury. Our results showed hMSCs and the secreted growth factor PDGF‐AB could substantially reduce human RGC loss and apoptosis following axotomy. The neuroprotective pathways AKT, ERK, and STAT3 were activated in the retina shortly after treatments with labeling seen in the RGC layer. A dose dependent protective effect of PDGF‐AB was observed in human retinal explants but protection was not as substantial as that achieved by culturing hMSCs on the retina surface which resulted in RGC cell counts similar to those immediately post dissection. These results demonstrate that hMSCs and PDGF have strong neuroprotective action on human RGCs and may offer a translatable, therapeutic strategy to reduce degenerative visual loss. Stem Cells2018;36:65–78
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrew Osborne
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Julie Sanderson
- School of Pharmacy, University of East Anglia, Norwich, United Kingdom
| | - Keith R Martin
- John van Geest Centre for Brain Repair, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Cambridge NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Eye Department, Addenbrooke's Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust-Medical Research Council, Stem Cell Institute, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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63
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Yadav DB, Maloney JA, Wildsmith KR, Fuji RN, Meilandt WJ, Solanoy H, Lu Y, Peng K, Wilson B, Chan P, Gadkar K, Kosky A, Goo M, Daugherty A, Couch JA, Keene T, Hayes K, Nikolas LJ, Lane D, Switzer R, Adams E, Watts RJ, Scearce-Levie K, Prabhu S, Shafer L, Thakker DR, Hildebrand K, Atwal JK. Widespread brain distribution and activity following i.c.v. infusion of anti-β-secretase (BACE1) in nonhuman primates. Br J Pharmacol 2017; 174:4173-4185. [PMID: 28859225 DOI: 10.1111/bph.14021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 07/09/2017] [Accepted: 08/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE The potential for therapeutic antibody treatment of neurological diseases is limited by poor penetration across the blood-brain barrier. I.c.v. delivery is a promising route to the brain; however, it is unclear how efficiently antibodies delivered i.c.v. penetrate the cerebrospinal spinal fluid (CSF)-brain barrier and distribute throughout the brain parenchyma. EXPERIMENTAL APPROACH We evaluated the pharmacokinetics and pharmacodynamics of an inhibitory monoclonal antibody against β-secretase 1 (anti-BACE1) following continuous infusion into the left lateral ventricle of healthy adult cynomolgus monkeys. KEY RESULTS Animals infused with anti-BACE1 i.c.v. showed a robust and sustained reduction (~70%) of CSF amyloid-β (Aβ) peptides. Antibody distribution was near uniform across the brain parenchyma, ranging from 20 to 40 nM, resulting in a ~50% reduction of Aβ in the cortical parenchyma. In contrast, animals administered anti-BACE1 i.v. showed no significant change in CSF or cortical Aβ levels and had a low (~0.6 nM) antibody concentration in the brain. CONCLUSION AND IMPLICATIONS I.c.v. administration of anti-BACE1 resulted in enhanced BACE1 target engagement and inhibition, with a corresponding dramatic reduction in CNS Aβ concentrations, due to enhanced brain exposure to antibody.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Janice A Maloney
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kristin R Wildsmith
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Reina N Fuji
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - William J Meilandt
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Hilda Solanoy
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Yanmei Lu
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kun Peng
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Blair Wilson
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Pamela Chan
- Department of Biochemical and Cellular Pharmacology, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Kapil Gadkar
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Andrew Kosky
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Marisa Goo
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Ann Daugherty
- Department of Pharmaceutical Technical Development, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Jessica A Couch
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | - Eric Adams
- Northern Biomedical Research, Norton Shores, MI, USA
| | - Ryan J Watts
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | - Saileta Prabhu
- Department of Development Sciences, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | - Jasvinder K Atwal
- Department of Neuroscience, Genentech, Inc., South San Francisco, CA, USA
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Francardo V, Schmitz Y, Sulzer D, Cenci MA. Neuroprotection and neurorestoration as experimental therapeutics for Parkinson's disease. Exp Neurol 2017; 298:137-147. [PMID: 28988910 DOI: 10.1016/j.expneurol.2017.10.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Revised: 09/25/2017] [Accepted: 10/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Disease-modifying treatments remain an unmet medical need in Parkinson's disease (PD). Such treatments can be operationally defined as interventions that slow down the clinical evolution to advanced disease milestones. A treatment may achieve this outcome by either inhibiting primary neurodegenerative events ("neuroprotection") or boosting compensatory and regenerative mechanisms in the brain ("neurorestoration"). Here we review experimental paradigms that are currently used to assess the neuroprotective and neurorestorative potential of candidate treatments in animal models of PD. We review some key molecular mediators of neuroprotection and neurorestoration in the nigrostriatal dopamine pathway that are likely to exert beneficial effects on multiple neural systems affected in PD. We further review past and current strategies to therapeutically stimulate these mediators, and discuss the preclinical evidence that exercise training can have neuroprotective and neurorestorative effects. A future translational task will be to combine behavioral and pharmacological interventions to exploit endogenous mechanisms of neuroprotection and neurorestoration for therapeutic purposes. This type of approach is likely to provide benefit to many PD patients, despite the clinical, etiological, and genetic heterogeneity of the disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Veronica Francardo
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
| | - Yvonne Schmitz
- Departments Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - David Sulzer
- Departments Neurology, Psychiatry, Pharmacology, Columbia University Medical Center: Division of Molecular Therapeutics, New York State Psychiatric Institute, New York 10032, NY, USA
| | - M Angela Cenci
- Basal Ganglia Pathophysiology Unit, Department of Experimental Medical Science, Lund University, Lund, Sweden.
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Yu XC, Yang JJ, Jin BH, Xu HL, Zhang HY, Xiao J, Lu CT, Zhao YZ, Yang W. A strategy for bypassing the blood-brain barrier: Facial intradermal brain-targeted delivery via the trigeminal nerve. J Control Release 2017; 258:22-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2017.05.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2017] [Revised: 04/25/2017] [Accepted: 05/01/2017] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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66
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Cabezas R, Vega-Vela NE, González-Sanmiguel J, González J, Esquinas P, Echeverria V, Barreto GE. PDGF-BB Preserves Mitochondrial Morphology, Attenuates ROS Production, and Upregulates Neuroglobin in an Astrocytic Model Under Rotenone Insult. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3085-3095. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0567-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2017] [Accepted: 04/19/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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Ishii Y, Hamashima T, Yamamoto S, Sasahara M. Pathogenetic significance and possibility as a therapeutic target of platelet derived growth factor. Pathol Int 2017; 67:235-246. [DOI: 10.1111/pin.12530] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/13/2017] [Accepted: 03/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Yoko Ishii
- Department of Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Takeru Hamashima
- Department of Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Seiji Yamamoto
- Department of Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
| | - Masakiyo Sasahara
- Department of Pathology; Graduate School of Medicine and Pharmaceutical Sciences; University of Toyama; Toyama 930-0194 Japan
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Abstract
Dementia is a frequent problem encountered in advanced stages of Parkinson disease (PD). In recent years, research has focused on the pre-dementia stages of cognitive impairment in PD, including mild cognitive impairment (MCI). Several longitudinal studies have shown that MCI is a harbinger of dementia in PD, although the course is variable, and stabilization of cognition - or even reversal to normal cognition - is not uncommon. In addition to limbic and cortical spread of Lewy pathology, several other mechanisms are likely to contribute to cognitive decline in PD, and a variety of biomarker studies, some using novel structural and functional imaging techniques, have documented in vivo brain changes associated with cognitive impairment. The evidence consistently suggests that low cerebrospinal fluid levels of amyloid-β42, a marker of comorbid Alzheimer disease (AD), predict future cognitive decline and dementia in PD. Emerging genetic evidence indicates that in addition to the APOE*ε4 allele (an established risk factor for AD), GBA mutations and SCNA mutations and triplications are associated with cognitive decline in PD, whereas the findings are mixed for MAPT polymorphisms. Cognitive enhancing medications have some effect in PD dementia, but no convincing evidence that progression from MCI to dementia can be delayed or prevented is available, although cognitive training has shown promising results.
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69
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Sidorova YA, Saarma M. Glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor family ligands and their therapeutic potential. Mol Biol 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893316040105] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
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70
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Egawa J, Pearn ML, Lemkuil BP, Patel PM, Head BP. Membrane lipid rafts and neurobiology: age-related changes in membrane lipids and loss of neuronal function. J Physiol 2016; 594:4565-79. [PMID: 26332795 PMCID: PMC4983616 DOI: 10.1113/jp270590] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2015] [Accepted: 08/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A better understanding of the cellular physiological role that plasma membrane lipids, fatty acids and sterols play in various cellular systems may yield more insight into how cellular and whole organ function is altered during the ageing process. Membrane lipid rafts (MLRs) within the plasma membrane of most cells serve as key organizers of intracellular signalling and tethering points of cytoskeletal components. MLRs are plasmalemmal microdomains enriched in sphingolipids, cholesterol and scaffolding proteins; they serve as a platform for signal transduction, cytoskeletal organization and vesicular trafficking. Within MLRs are the scaffolding and cholesterol binding proteins named caveolin (Cav). Cavs not only organize a multitude of receptors including neurotransmitter receptors (NMDA and AMPA receptors), signalling proteins that regulate the production of cAMP (G protein-coupled receptors, adenylyl cyclases, phosphodiesterases (PDEs)), and receptor tyrosine kinases involved in growth (Trk), but also interact with components that modulate actin and tubulin cytoskeletal dynamics (e.g. RhoGTPases and actin binding proteins). MLRs are essential for the regulation of the physiology of organs such as the brain, and age-related loss of cholesterol from the plasma membrane leads to loss of MLRs, decreased presynaptic vesicle fusion, and changes in neurotransmitter release, all of which contribute to different forms of neurodegeneration. Thus, MLRs provide an active membrane domain that tethers and reorganizes the cytoskeletal machinery necessary for membrane and cellular repair, and genetic interventions that restore MLRs to normal cellular levels may be exploited as potential therapeutic means to reverse the ageing and neurodegenerative processes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junji Egawa
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Matthew L Pearn
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Brian P Lemkuil
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Piyush M Patel
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
| | - Brian P Head
- Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, 3350 La Jolla Village Drive, San Diego, CA, 92161, USA
- Department of Anesthesiology, School of Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, 92093, USA
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Rusznák Z, Henskens W, Schofield E, Kim WS, Fu Y. Adult Neurogenesis and Gliogenesis: Possible Mechanisms for Neurorestoration. Exp Neurobiol 2016; 25:103-12. [PMID: 27358578 PMCID: PMC4923354 DOI: 10.5607/en.2016.25.3.103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2016] [Revised: 06/08/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
The subgranular zone (SGZ) and subventricular zone (SVZ) are developmental remnants of the germinal regions of the brain, hence they retain the ability to generate neuronal progenitor cells in adult life. Neurogenesis in adult brain has an adaptive function because newly produced neurons can integrate into and modify existing neuronal circuits. In contrast to the SGZ and SVZ, other brain regions have a lower capacity to produce new neurons, and this usually occurs via parenchymal and periventricular cell genesis. Compared to neurogenesis, gliogenesis occurs more prevalently in the adult mammalian brain. Under certain circumstances, interaction occurs between neurogenesis and gliogenesis, facilitating glial cells to transform into neuronal lineage. Therefore, modulating the balance between neurogenesis and gliogenesis may present a new perspective for neurorestoration, especially in diseases associated with altered neurogenesis and/or gliogenesis, cell loss, or disturbed homeostasis of cellular constitution. The present review discusses important neuroanatomical features of adult neurogenesis and gliogenesis, aiming to explore how these processes could be modulated toward functional repair of the adult brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zoltán Rusznák
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Willem Henskens
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.; Prince of Wales Clinical School, UNSW Medicine, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Emma Schofield
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia
| | - Woojin S Kim
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - YuHong Fu
- Neuroscience Research Australia, Sydney, NSW 2031, Australia.; School of Medical Sciences, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
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Padel T, Özen I, Boix J, Barbariga M, Gaceb A, Roth M, Paul G. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB has neurorestorative effects and modulates the pericyte response in a partial 6-hydroxydopamine lesion mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 94:95-105. [PMID: 27288154 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2016.06.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2016] [Revised: 05/24/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2016] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is a neurodegenerative disease where the degeneration of the nigrostriatal pathway leads to specific motor deficits. There is an unmet medical need for regenerative treatments that stop or reverse disease progression. Several growth factors have been investigated in clinical trials to restore the dopaminergic nigrostriatal pathway damaged in PD. Platelet-derived growth factor-BB (PDGF-BB), a molecule that recruits pericytes to stabilize microvessels, was recently investigated in a phase-1 clinical trial, showing a dose-dependent increase in dopamine transporter binding in the putamen of PD patients. Interestingly, evidence is accumulating that PD is paralleled by microvascular changes, however, whether PDGF-BB modifies pericytes in PD is not known. Using a pericyte reporter mouse strain, we investigate the functional and restorative effect of PDGF-BB in a partial 6-hydroxydopamine medial forebrain bundle lesion mouse model of PD, and whether this restorative effect is accompanied by changes in pericyte features. We demonstrate that a 2-week treatment with PDGF-BB leads to behavioural recovery using several behavioural tests, and partially restores the nigrostriatal pathway. Interestingly, we find that pericytes are activated in the striatum of PD lesioned mice and that these changes are reversed by PDGF-BB treatment. The modulation of brain pericytes may contribute to the PDGF-BB-induced neurorestorative effects, PDGF-BB allowing for vascular stabilization in PD. Pericytes might be a new cell target of interest for future regenerative therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas Padel
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Ilknur Özen
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Jordi Boix
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Marco Barbariga
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Abderahim Gaceb
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Michaela Roth
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden
| | - Gesine Paul
- Translational Neurology Group, Department of Clinical Science, Wallenberg Neuroscience Center, Lund University, 22184 Lund, Sweden; Department of Neurology, Scania University Hospital, 22185 Lund, Sweden.
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73
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Augmentation of Autoantibodies by Helicobacter pylori in Parkinson's Disease Patients May Be Linked to Greater Severity. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0153725. [PMID: 27100827 PMCID: PMC4839651 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0153725] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2016] [Accepted: 04/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD) is the second most common chronic and progressive neurodegenerative disorder. Its etiology remains elusive and at present only symptomatic treatments exists. Helicobacter pylori chronically colonizes the gastric mucosa of more than half of the global human population. Interestingly, H. pylori positivity has been found to be associated with greater of PD motor severity. In order to investigate the underlying cause of this association, the Sengenics Immunome protein array, which enables simultaneous screening for autoantibodies against 1636 human proteins, was used to screen the serum of 30 H. pylori-seropositive PD patients (case) and 30 age- and gender-matched H. pylori-seronegative PD patients (control) in this study. In total, 13 significant autoantibodies were identified and ranked, with 8 up-regulated and 5 down-regulated in the case group. Among autoantibodies found to be elevated in H. pylori-seropositive PD were included antibodies that recognize Nuclear factor I subtype A (NFIA), Platelet-derived growth factor B (PDGFB) and Eukaryotic translation initiation factor 4A3 (eIFA3). The presence of elevated autoantibodies against proteins essential for normal neurological functions suggest that immunomodulatory properties of H. pylori may explain the association between H. pylori positivity and greater PD motor severity.
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74
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Lindholm D, Mäkelä J, Di Liberto V, Mudò G, Belluardo N, Eriksson O, Saarma M. Current disease modifying approaches to treat Parkinson's disease. Cell Mol Life Sci 2016; 73:1365-79. [PMID: 26616211 PMCID: PMC11108524 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-015-2101-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 71] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2015] [Revised: 11/18/2015] [Accepted: 11/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Parkinson's disease (PD is a progressive neurological disorder characterized by the degeneration and death of midbrain dopamine and non-dopamine neurons in the brain leading to motor dysfunctions and other symptoms, which seriously influence the quality of life of PD patients. The drug L-dopa can alleviate the motor symptoms in PD, but so far there are no rational therapies targeting the underlying neurodegenerative processes. Despite intensive research, the molecular mechanisms causing neuronal loss are not fully understood which has hampered the development of new drugs and disease-modifying therapies. Neurotrophic factors are by virtue of their survival promoting activities attract candidates to counteract and possibly halt cell degeneration in PD. In particular, studies employing glial cell line-derived neurotrophic factor (GDNF) and its family member neurturin (NRTN), as well as the recently described cerebral dopamine neurotrophic factor (CDNF) and the mesencephalic astrocyte-derived neurotrophic factor (MANF) have shown positive results in protecting and repairing dopaminergic neurons in various models of PD. Other substances with trophic actions in dopaminergic neurons include neuropeptides and small compounds that target different pathways impaired in PD, such as increased cell stress, protein handling defects, dysfunctional mitochondria and neuroinflammation. In this review, we will highlight the recent developments in this field with a focus on trophic factors and substances having the potential to beneficially influence the viability and functions of dopaminergic neurons as shown in preclinical or in animal models of PD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan Lindholm
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland.
- Minerva Medical Research Institute, Biomedicum-2 Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Johanna Mäkelä
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
- Minerva Medical Research Institute, Biomedicum-2 Helsinki, Tukholmankatu 8, 00290, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Valentina Di Liberto
- Division of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Giuseppa Mudò
- Division of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Natale Belluardo
- Division of Human Physiology, Department of Experimental Biomedicine and Clinical Neuroscience, University of Palermo, Corso Tukory 129, 90134, Palermo, Italy
| | - Ove Eriksson
- Medicum, Department of Biochemistry and Developmental Biology, Medical Faculty, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 63, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Mart Saarma
- Institute of Biotechnology, University of Helsinki, P.O.Box 56, Viikinkaari 9, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
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75
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Dzamko N, Rowe DB, Halliday GM. Increased peripheral inflammation in asymptomatic leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 mutation carriers. Mov Disord 2016; 31:889-97. [PMID: 26917005 DOI: 10.1002/mds.26529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/18/2015] [Revised: 11/13/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND We aimed to determine if peripheral or central inflammatory cytokines are altered in healthy subjects carrying a leucine-rich repeat kinase 2 (LRRK2) G2019S mutation, and thus genetically at risk of Parkinson's disease (PD). We also aimed to identify differences in inflammatory cytokines between LRRK2 G2019S-associated and idiopathic PD once the disease manifests. METHODS Participants were genetically screened and phenotyped, and biological samples were collected and stored by the Michael J. Fox Foundation LRRK2 Cohort Consortium. Serum samples and matching clinical data were obtained from 71 asymptomatic LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers (CSF n = 25), 75 neurologically normal controls (CSF n = 22), 75 idiopathic PD patients (CSF n = 29), and 76 PD patients with a LRRK2 G2019S mutation (CSF n = 20). Inflammatory cytokines were measured using multiplex enzyme-linked immunosorbent assays. RESULTS Serum levels of interleukin 1 beta could discriminate asymptomatic LRRK2 G2019S mutation carriers from controls, with a high inflammatory subgroup of carriers identified. This subgroup was significantly higher in a number of PD-implicated pro-inflammatory cytokines. Once PD had manifest, LRRK2 G2019S patients were discriminated from idiopathic PD by higher serum platelet-derived growth factor, and higher CSF vascular endothelial growth factor and interleukin 8. CONCLUSIONS The results suggest that peripheral inflammation is higher in a percentage of subjects carrying the LRRK2 G2019S mutation. Replication and longitudinal follow-up is required to determine whether the increased peripheral cytokines can predict clinical PD. Importantly, these biological changes were observed prior to the clinical manifestations thought to herald PD. © 2016 International Parkinson and Movement Disorder Society.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Dzamko
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
| | - Dominic B Rowe
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, Macquarie University, Australia
| | - Glenda M Halliday
- School of Medical Sciences, University of NSW, Kensington, Australia.,Neuroscience Research Australia, Randwick, Australia
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76
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Novel Approaches in Astrocyte Protection: from Experimental Methods to Computational Approaches. J Mol Neurosci 2016; 58:483-92. [DOI: 10.1007/s12031-016-0719-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2015] [Accepted: 01/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
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77
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Walker DG, Lue LF, Serrano G, Adler CH, Caviness JN, Sue LI, Beach TG. Altered Expression Patterns of Inflammation-Associated and Trophic Molecules in Substantia Nigra and Striatum Brain Samples from Parkinson's Disease, Incidental Lewy Body Disease and Normal Control Cases. Front Neurosci 2016; 9:507. [PMID: 26834537 PMCID: PMC4712383 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00507] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Evidence of inflammation has been consistently associated with pathology in Parkinson's disease (PD)-affected brains, and has been suggested as a causative factor. Dopaminergic neurons in the substantia nigra (SN) pars compacta, whose loss results in the clinical symptoms associated with PD, are particularly susceptible to inflammatory damage and oxidative stress. Inflammation in the striatum, where SN dopaminergic neurons project, is also a feature of PD brains. It is not known whether inflammatory changes occur first in striatum or SN. Many animal models of PD have implicated certain inflammatory molecules with dopaminergic cell neuronal loss; however, there have been few studies to validate these findings by measuring the levels of these and other inflammatory factors in human PD brain samples. This study also included samples from incidental Lewy body disease (ILBD) cases, since ILBD is considered a non-symptomatic precursor to PD, with subjects having significant loss of tyrosine hydroxylase-producing neurons. We hypothesized that there may be a progressive change in key inflammatory factors in ILBD samples intermediate between neurologically normal and PD. To address this, we used a quantitative antibody-array platform (Raybiotech-Quantibody arrays) to measure the levels of 160 different inflammation-associated cytokines, chemokines, growth factors, and related molecules in extracts of SN and striatum from clinically and neuropathologically characterized PD, ILBD, and normal control cases. Patterns of changes in inflammation and related molecules were distinctly different between SN and striatum. Our results showed significantly different levels of interleukin (IL)-5, IL-15, monokine induced by gamma interferon, and IL-6 soluble receptor in SN between disease groups. A different panel of 13 proteins with significant changes in striatum, with IL-15 as the common feature, was identified. Although the ability to detect some proteins was limited by sensitivity, patterns of expression indicated involvement of certain T-cell cytokines, vascular changes, and loss of certain growth factors, with disease progression. The results demonstrate the feasibility of profiling inflammatory molecules using diseased human brain samples, and have provided additional targets to validate in relation to PD pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas G Walker
- Banner Sun Health Research InstituteSun City, AZ, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Lih-Fen Lue
- Banner Sun Health Research InstituteSun City, AZ, USA; Neurodegenerative Disease Research Center, Biodesign Institute, Arizona State UniversityTempe, AZ, USA
| | - Geidy Serrano
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute Sun City, AZ, USA
| | - Charles H Adler
- Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - John N Caviness
- Neurology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Lucia I Sue
- Banner Sun Health Research Institute Sun City, AZ, USA
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Kim D, Kim YS, Shin DW, Park CS, Kang JH. Harnessing Cerebrospinal Fluid Biomarkers in Clinical Trials for Treating Alzheimer's and Parkinson's Diseases: Potential and Challenges. J Clin Neurol 2016; 12:381-392. [PMID: 27819412 PMCID: PMC5063862 DOI: 10.3988/jcn.2016.12.4.381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/21/2015] [Revised: 03/28/2016] [Accepted: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
No disease-modifying therapies (DMT) for neurodegenerative diseases (NDs) have been established, particularly for Alzheimer's disease (AD) and Parkinson's disease (PD). It is unclear why candidate drugs that successfully demonstrate therapeutic effects in animal models fail to show disease-modifying effects in clinical trials. To overcome this hurdle, patients with homogeneous pathologies should be detected as early as possible. The early detection of AD patients using sufficiently tested biomarkers could demonstrate the potential usefulness of combining biomarkers with clinical measures as a diagnostic tool. Cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) biomarkers for NDs are being incorporated in clinical trials designed with the aim of detecting patients earlier, evaluating target engagement, collecting homogeneous patients, facilitating prevention trials, and testing the potential of surrogate markers relative to clinical measures. In this review we summarize the latest information on CSF biomarkers in NDs, particularly AD and PD, and their use in clinical trials. The large number of issues related to CSF biomarker measurements and applications has resulted in relatively few clinical trials on CSF biomarkers being conducted. However, the available CSF biomarker data obtained in clinical trials support the advantages of incorporating CSF biomarkers in clinical trials, even though the data have mostly been obtained in AD trials. We describe the current issues with and ongoing efforts for the use of CSF biomarkers in clinical trials and the plans to harness CSF biomarkers for the development of DMT and clinical routines. This effort requires nationwide, global, and multidisciplinary efforts in academia, industry, and regulatory agencies to facilitate a new era.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dana Kim
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Incheon, Korea.,Hypoxia-Related Diseases Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Young Sam Kim
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Inha University Hospital, Inha University, Incheon, Korea
| | - Dong Wun Shin
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Inje University Ilsan Paik Hospital, Goyang, Korea
| | - Chang Shin Park
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Incheon, Korea.,Hypoxia-Related Diseases Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea
| | - Ju Hee Kang
- Department of Pharmacology and Medicinal Toxicology Research Center, Incheon, Korea.,Hypoxia-Related Diseases Research Center, Inha University School of Medicine, Incheon, Korea.
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Gavzan H, Sayyah M, Sardari S, Babapour V. Synergistic effect of docosahexaenoic acid on anticonvulsant activity of valproic acid and lamotrigine in animal seizure models. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2015; 388:1029-38. [DOI: 10.1007/s00210-015-1135-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2014] [Accepted: 05/19/2015] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Abstract
There have been many attempts at slowing down or even reversing the neurodegenerative process of Parkinson's disease (PD). To date, there are no treatments of proven value in this regard. One underexplored route to slow the neurodegenerative process is the use of agents that may stimulate neurogenesis in the subventricular zone. In animal models of PD, PDGF-BB has been shown to restore/protect against dopaminergic deficits caused by neurotoxins via increased neurogenesis in the subventricular zone. Previous work suggests that these new cells are not themselves dopaminergic but have trophic effects on residual dopaminergic cells in the substantia nigra. In this issue of the JCI, Paul et al. evaluate this agent in individuals with PD and show that i.c.v. administration of PDGF-BB is safe and well tolerated. This study lays the foundation for formal dose-finding studies and clinical trials to assess the efficacy of this agent as a potential neuroprotective treatment for PD.
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