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Verkhratsky A, Ho MS, Vardjan N, Zorec R, Parpura V. General Pathophysiology of Astroglia. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2019; 1175:149-179. [PMID: 31583588 PMCID: PMC7188602 DOI: 10.1007/978-981-13-9913-8_7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells are involved in most if not in all pathologies of the brain. These cells can change the morpho-functional properties in response to pathology or innate changes of these cells can lead to pathologies. Overall pathological changes in astroglia are complex and diverse and often vary with different disease stages. We classify astrogliopathologies into reactive astrogliosis, astrodegeneration with astroglial atrophy and loss of function, and pathological remodelling of astrocytes. Such changes can occur in neurological, neurodevelopmental, metabolic and psychiatric disorders as well as in infection and toxic insults. Mutation in astrocyte-specific genes leads to specific pathologies, such as Alexander disease, which is a leukodystrophy. We discuss changes in astroglia in the pathological context and identify some molecular entities underlying pathology. These entities within astroglia may repent targets for novel therapeutic intervention in the management of brain pathologies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain.
| | - Margaret S Ho
- School of Life Science and Technology, ShanghaiTech University, 201210, Shanghai, China
| | - Nina Vardjan
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology-Molecular Cell Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Institute of Pathophysiology, University of Ljubljana, Ljubljana, Slovenia
- Celica BIOMEDICAL, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, The University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
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Kim R, Healey KL, Sepulveda-Orengo MT, Reissner KJ. Astroglial correlates of neuropsychiatric disease: From astrocytopathy to astrogliosis. Prog Neuropsychopharmacol Biol Psychiatry 2018; 87:126-146. [PMID: 28989099 PMCID: PMC5889368 DOI: 10.1016/j.pnpbp.2017.10.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/19/2017] [Revised: 09/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
Complex roles for astrocytes in health and disease continue to emerge, highlighting this class of cells as integral to function and dysfunction of the nervous system. In particular, escalating evidence strongly implicates a range of changes in astrocyte structure and function associated with neuropsychiatric diseases including major depressive disorder, schizophrenia, and addiction. These changes can range from astrocytopathy, degeneration, and loss of function, to astrogliosis and hypertrophy, and can be either adaptive or maladaptive. Evidence from the literature indicates a myriad of changes observed in astrocytes from both human postmortem studies as well as preclinical animal models, including changes in expression of glial fibrillary protein, as well as changes in astrocyte morphology and astrocyte-mediated regulation of synaptic function. In this review, we seek to provide a comprehensive assessment of these findings and consequently evidence for common themes regarding adaptations in astrocytes associated with neuropsychiatric disease. While results are mixed across conditions and models, general findings indicate decreased astrocyte cellular features and gene expression in depression, chronic stress and anxiety, but increased inflammation in schizophrenia. Changes also vary widely in response to different drugs of abuse, with evidence reflective of features of astrocytopathy to astrogliosis, varying across drug classes, route of administration and length of withdrawal.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ronald Kim
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, CB 3270, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kati L Healey
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, CB 3270, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Marian T Sepulveda-Orengo
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, CB 3270, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States
| | - Kathryn J Reissner
- Department of Psychology and Neuroscience, CB 3270, UNC Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC 27599, United States..
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Zorec R, Županc TA, Verkhratsky A. Astrogliopathology in the infectious insults of the brain. Neurosci Lett 2018; 689:56-62. [PMID: 30096375 DOI: 10.1016/j.neulet.2018.08.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/04/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astroglia, a heterogeneous type of neuroglia, play key homeostatic functions in the central nervous system (CNS) and represent an important defence system. Impaired homeostatic capacity of astrocytes manifests in diseases and this is mirrored in various astrocyte-based pathological features including reactive astrogliosis, astrodegeneration with astroglial atrophy and pathological remodelling of astrocytes. All of these manifestations are most prominently associated with infectious insults, mediated by bacteria, protozoa and viruses. Here we focus onto neurotropic viruses such as tick-borne encephalitis (TBEV) and Zika virus (ZIKV), both belonging to Flaviviridae and both causing severe neurological impairments. We argue that astrocytes provide a route through which neurotropic infectious agents attack the CNS, since they are anatomically associated with the blood-brain barrier and exhibit aerobic glycolysis, a metabolic specialisation of highly morphologically dynamic cells, which may provide a suitable metabolic milieu for proliferation of infectious agents, including viral bodies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert Zorec
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology, Zaloska cesta 4, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Tatjana Avšič Županc
- Institute of Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology and Molecular Cell Physiology, Zaloska cesta 4, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark; Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain.
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Abstract
Astrocytes, the neural homeostatic cells, play a key role in the information processing in the central nervous system. They express multiple receptors which respond to a number of chemical messengers and get excited as evidenced by an increase in second messengers in short and delayed time domains. Astrocytes secrete numerous neuroactive agents and mount various homeostatic responses. These signal integrating functions are key factors of neuropathology (better termed astroneuropathology): they provide for neuroprotection through both homeostatic support and astroglial reactivity; failure in astroglial defensive or supporting capabilities facilitates evolution of neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, 2200 Copenhagen, Denmark; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
| | - Robert Zorec
- University of Ljubljana, Institute of Pathophysiology, Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology - Molecular Cell Physiology, Zaloška cesta 4, SI-1000, Ljubljana, Slovenia; Celica, BIOMEDICAL, Technology Park 24, 1000 Ljubljana, Slovenia.
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Liu CY, Yang Y, Ju WN, Wang X, Zhang HL. Emerging Roles of Astrocytes in Neuro-Vascular Unit and the Tripartite Synapse With Emphasis on Reactive Gliosis in the Context of Alzheimer's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:193. [PMID: 30042661 PMCID: PMC6048287 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00193] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Accepted: 06/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, which are five-fold more numerous than neurons in the central nervous system (CNS), are traditionally viewed to provide simple structural and nutritional supports for neurons and to participate in the composition of the blood brain barrier (BBB). In recent years, the active roles of astrocytes in regulating cerebral blood flow (CBF) and in maintaining the homeostasis of the tripartite synapse have attracted increasing attention. More importantly, astrocytes have been associated with the pathogenesis of Alzheimer's disease (AD), a major cause of dementia in the elderly. Although microglia-induced inflammation is considered important in the development and progression of AD, inflammation attributable to astrogliosis may also play crucial roles. A1 reactive astrocytes induced by inflammatory stimuli might be harmful by up-regulating several classical complement cascade genes thereby leading to chronic inflammation, while A2 induced by ischemia might be protective by up-regulating several neurotrophic factors. Here we provide a concise review of the emerging roles of astrocytes in the homeostasis maintenance of the neuro-vascular unit (NVU) and the tripartite synapse with emphasis on reactive astrogliosis in the context of AD, so as to pave the way for further research in this area, and to search for potential therapeutic targets of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cai-Yun Liu
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Yu Yang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Wei-Na Ju
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Xu Wang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
| | - Hong-Liang Zhang
- Department of Neurology and Neuroscience Center, The First Hospital of Jilin University, Changchun, China
- Department of Life Sciences, The National Natural Science Foundation of China, Beijing, China
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Dheer A, Jain V, Kushwah N, Kumar R, Prasad D, Singh S. Temporal and Spatial Changes in Glial Cells During Chronic Hypobaric Hypoxia: Role in Neurodegeneration. Neuroscience 2018; 383:235-246. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2018.04.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2018] [Revised: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
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Mohamet L, Jones VC, Dayanithi G, Verkhratsky A. Pathological human astroglia in Alzheimer's disease: opening new horizons with stem cell technology. FUTURE NEUROLOGY 2018. [DOI: 10.2217/fnl-2017-0029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/25/2022]
Abstract
Pathological remodeling, degeneration and reactivity of astrocytes are fundamental astrogliopathies contributing to all neurological diseases. In neurodegenerative disorders (including Alzheimer's disease [AD]) astroglia undergo complex changes that range from atrophy with loss of function to accumulation of reactive cells around disease-specific lesions (senile plaques in the case of AD). The cellular pathology of astroglia in the context of human AD remains enigmatic; mainly because of the severe limitations of animal models, which, although reproducing some pathological features of the disease, do not mimic its progression in full. Human-induced pluripotent stem cells technology creates a novel and potentially revolutionizing platform for studying fundamental mechanisms of the disease and for screening to identify new therapeutic compounds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lisa Mohamet
- StrataStem Ltd, Suite 112, 4a Rylands Street, Warrington, WA1 1EN, UK
| | - Vicky C Jones
- School of Pharmacy & Biomedical Sciences, The University of Central Lancashire, Preston PR1 2HE, UK
| | - Govindan Dayanithi
- Centre Nationale de la Recherche Scientifique Institut des Sciences Biologiques (INSB)3, rue Michel-Ange 75794 Paris cedex 16, France
- INSERM U1198, École Pratique des Hautes Études-Sorbonne, Université Montpellier34095 Montpellier, France
- Deptartment of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Faculty of Pharmacy, Charles University in Plzen, alej Svobody 76, 323 00 Plzeň-Czech Republic
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain & Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, 48940, Leioa, Spain
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58
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l-Dopa and Fluoxetine Upregulate Astroglial 5-HT2B Receptors and Ameliorate Depression in Parkinson’s Disease Mice. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2018. [DOI: 10.3390/neuroglia1010006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here, we report the association between depressive behavior (anhedonia) and astroglial expression of 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B (5-HT2B) in an animal model of Parkinson’s disease, induced by bilateral injection of 6-hydroxydopamine (6-OHDA) into the striatum. Expression of the 5-HT2B receptor at the mRNA and protein level was decreased in the brain tissue of 6-OHDA-treated animals with anhedonia. Expression of the 5-HT2B receptor was corrected by four weeks treatment with either l-3,4-dihydroxyphenylalanine (l-dopa) or fluoxetine. Simultaneously, treatment with l-dopa abolished 6-OHDA effects on both depressive behavior and motor activity. In contrast, fluoxetine corrected 6-OHDA-induced depression but did not affect 6-OHDA-induced motor deficiency. In addition, 6-OHDA downregulated gene expression of the 5-HT2B receptor in astrocytes in purified cell culture and this downregulation was corrected by both l-dopa and fluoxetine. Our findings suggest that 6-OHDA-induced depressive behavior may be related to the downregulation of gene expression of the 5-HT2B receptor but 6-OHDA-induced motor deficiency reflects, arguably, dopamine depletion. Previously, we demonstrated that fluoxetine regulates gene expression in astrocytes by 5-HT2B receptor-mediated transactivation of epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR). However, the underlying mechanism of l-dopa action remains unclear. The present work indicates that the decrease of gene expression of the astroglial 5-HT2B receptor may contribute to development of depressive behavior in Parkinson’s disease.
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Abstract
Introduction: Astroglia represent the main cellular homeostatic system of the central nervous system (CNS). Astrocytes are intimately involved in regulation and maintenance of neurotransmission by regulating neurotransmitters removal and turnover and by supplying neurons with neurotransmitters precursors. Astroglial cells are fundamental elements of monoaminergic transmission in the brain and in the spinal cord. Astrocytes receive monoaminergic inputs and control catabolism of monoamines through dedicated transporters and intracellular enzymatic pathways.Areas covered: Astroglial cells express serotonergic receptors; in this review, we provide an in-depth characterization of 5-HT2B receptors. Activation of these receptors triggers numerous intracellular signaling cascades that regulate expression of multiple genes. Astroglial 5-HT2B receptors are activated by serotonin-specific reuptake inhibitors, such as major anti-depressant fluoxetine. Expression of astroglial serotonin receptors undergoes remarkable changes in depression disorders, and these changes can be corrected by chronic treatment with anti-depressant drugs.Expert commentary: Depressive behaviors, which occur in rodents following chronic stress or in neurotoxic models of Parkinson disease, are associated with significant changes in the expression of astroglial, but not neuronal 5-HT2B receptors; while therapy with anti-depressants normalizes both receptors expression and depressive behavioral phenotype. In summary, astroglial serotonin receptors are linked to mood disorders and may represent a novel target for cell- and molecule-specific therapies of depression and mood disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Dan Song
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Baoman Li
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, PR China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, Ikerbasque, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
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60
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Miguel-Hidalgo JJ. Molecular Neuropathology of Astrocytes and Oligodendrocytes in Alcohol Use Disorders. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:78. [PMID: 29615864 PMCID: PMC5869926 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00078] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2017] [Accepted: 02/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Postmortem studies reveal structural and molecular alterations of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in both the gray and white matter (GM and WM) of the prefrontal cortex (PFC) in human subjects with chronic alcohol abuse or dependence. These glial cellular changes appear to parallel and may largely explain structural and functional alterations detected using neuroimaging techniques in subjects with alcohol use disorders (AUDs). Moreover, due to the crucial roles of astrocytes and oligodendrocytes in neurotransmission and signal conduction, these cells are very likely major players in the molecular mechanisms underpinning alcoholism-related connectivity disturbances between the PFC and relevant interconnecting brain regions. The glia-mediated etiology of alcohol-related brain damage is likely multifactorial since metabolic, hormonal, hepatic and hemodynamic factors as well as direct actions of ethanol or its metabolites have the potential to disrupt distinct aspects of glial neurobiology. Studies in animal models of alcoholism and postmortem human brains have identified astrocyte markers altered in response to significant exposures to ethanol or during alcohol withdrawal, such as gap-junction proteins, glutamate transporters or enzymes related to glutamate and gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA) metabolism. Changes in these proteins and their regulatory pathways would not only cause GM neuronal dysfunction, but also disturbances in the ability of WM axons to convey impulses. In addition, alcoholism alters the expression of astrocyte and myelin proteins and of oligodendrocyte transcription factors important for the maintenance and plasticity of myelin sheaths in WM and GM. These changes are concomitant with epigenetic DNA and histone modifications as well as alterations in regulatory microRNAs (miRNAs) that likely cause profound disturbances of gene expression and protein translation. Knowledge is also available about interactions between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes not only at the Nodes of Ranvier (NR), but also in gap junction-based astrocyte-oligodendrocyte contacts and other forms of cell-to-cell communication now understood to be critical for the maintenance and formation of myelin. Close interactions between astrocytes and oligodendrocytes also suggest that therapies for alcoholism based on a specific glial cell type pathology will require a better understanding of molecular interactions between different cell types, as well as considering the possibility of using combined molecular approaches for more effective therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- José J Miguel-Hidalgo
- Department of Psychiatry and Human Behavior, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, United States
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61
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Mhillaj E, Morgese MG, Tucci P, Furiano A, Luongo L, Bove M, Maione S, Cuomo V, Schiavone S, Trabace L. Celecoxib Prevents Cognitive Impairment and Neuroinflammation in Soluble Amyloid β-treated Rats. Neuroscience 2018; 372:58-73. [PMID: 29306052 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2017.12.046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2017] [Revised: 12/11/2017] [Accepted: 12/26/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Recent findings suggest that soluble forms of amyloid-β (sAβ) peptide contribute to synaptic and cognitive dysfunctions in early stages of Alzheimer's disease (AD). On the other hand, neuroinflammation and cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2) enzyme have gained increased interest as key factors involved early in AD, although the signaling pathways and pathophysiologic mechanisms underlying a link between sAβ-induced neurotoxicity and inflammation are still unclear. Here, we investigated the effects of selective COX-2 enzyme inhibition on neuropathological alterations induced by sAβ administration in rats. To this purpose, animals received an intracerebroventricular (icv) injection of predominantly monomeric forms of sAβ and, 7 days after, behavioral as well as biochemical parameters and neurotransmitter alterations were evaluated. During this period, rats also received a sub-chronic treatment with celecoxib. Biochemical results demonstrated that icv sAβ injection significantly increased both COX-2 and pro-inflammatory cytokines expression in the hippocampus (Hipp) of treated rats. In addition, the number of hypertrophic microglial cells and astrocytes were upregulated in sAβ-treated group. Interestingly, rats treated with sAβ showed long-term memory deficits, as confirmed by a significant reduction of discrimination index in the novel object recognition test, along with reduced brain-derived neurotrophic factor expression and increased noradrenaline levels in the Hipp. Systemic administration of celecoxib prevented behavioral dysfunctions, as well as biochemical and neurotransmitter alterations. In conclusion, our results suggest that sAβ neurotoxicity might be associated to COX-2-mediated inflammatory pathways and that early treatment with selective COX-2 inhibitor might provide potential remedies to counterbalance the sAβ-induced effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emanuela Mhillaj
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Grazia Morgese
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Paolo Tucci
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Anna Furiano
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, The Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Livio Luongo
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, The Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Maria Bove
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Sabatino Maione
- Dept. of Experimental Medicine, The Second University of Naples, Naples, Italy
| | - Vincenzo Cuomo
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Stefania Schiavone
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy
| | - Luigia Trabace
- Dept. of Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Foggia, Foggia, Italy.
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62
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Rubio-Casillas A, Fernández-Guasti A. The dose makes the poison: from glutamate-mediated neurogenesis to neuronal atrophy and depression. Rev Neurosci 2018; 27:599-622. [PMID: 27096778 DOI: 10.1515/revneuro-2015-0066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 03/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Experimental evidence has demonstrated that glutamate is an essential factor for neurogenesis, whereas another line of research postulates that excessive glutamatergic neurotransmission is associated with the pathogenesis of depression. The present review shows that such paradox can be explained within the framework of hormesis, defined as biphasic dose responses. Low glutamate levels activate adaptive stress responses that include proteins that protect neurons against more severe stress. Conversely, abnormally high levels of glutamate, resulting from increased release and/or decreased removal, cause neuronal atrophy and depression. The dysregulation of the glutamatergic transmission in depression could be underlined by several factors including a decreased inhibition (γ-aminobutyric acid or serotonin) or an increased excitation (primarily within the glutamatergic system). Experimental evidence shows that the activation of N-methyl-D-aspartate receptor (NMDA) and α-amino-3-hydroxy-5-methyl-4-isoxazolepropionic acid (AMPA) receptors (AMPAR) can exert two opposite effects on neurogenesis and neuron survival depending on the synaptic or extrasynaptic concentration. Chronic stress, which usually underlies experimental and clinical depression, enhances glutamate release. This overactivates NMDA receptors (NMDAR) and consequently impairs AMPAR activity. Various studies show that treatment with antidepressants decreases plasma glutamate levels in depressed individuals and regulates glutamate receptors by reducing NMDAR function by decreasing the expression of its subunits and by potentiating AMPAR-mediated transmission. Additionally, it has been shown that chronic treatment with antidepressants having divergent mechanisms of action (including tricyclics, selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors, and ketamine) markedly reduced depolarization-evoked glutamate release in the hippocampus. These data, taken together, suggest that the glutamatergic system could be a final common pathway for antidepressant treatments.
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63
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Li X, Liang S, Li Z, Li S, Xia M, Verkhratsky A, Li B. Leptin Increases Expression of 5-HT 2B Receptors in Astrocytes Thus Enhancing Action of Fluoxetine on the Depressive Behavior Induced by Sleep Deprivation. Front Psychiatry 2018; 9:734. [PMID: 30666218 PMCID: PMC6330762 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2018.00734] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2018] [Accepted: 12/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The long-lasting loss of sleep is a generally acknowledged risk factor for the occurrence of major depressive disorder (MDD), whereas sleep abnormalities being a key clinic symptom of the MDD. In our previous work, we demonstrated that the sleep deprivation (SD) stimulates activation of nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasomes as well as the release of IL-1β and IL-18 from astrocytes. However, the underlying mechanism connecting SD and MDD still requires further study. Apart of the secretion of the pro-inflammatory cytokines, SD affects production of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) while release of BDNF from astrocytes appears a key contributor to mood disorders. If and how the activation of NLRP3 inflammasome following SD affects the level of BDNF remains unknown. Antidepressant fluoxetine acts through astroglial 5-hydroxytryptamine receptor 2B (5-HT2B); these receptors are also related to the sleep-wake cycle. Contribution of leptin to MDD has been discovered recently, although the mechanistic links between leptin and the depressive-like behaviors has not been revealed. In this study, we discovered: (i) that activation of NLRP3 inflammasome was involved in the depressive-like behaviors induced by SD; (ii) decrease in BDNF following SD required the activation of NLRP3 inflammasomes; (iii) leptin augmented the anti-depressive action of fluoxetine through an increase in expression of astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors. We suggest that decrease in BDNF by the activated NLRP3 inflammasomes in astrocytes is the key pathological event of the depressive-like behaviors induced by SD, while the combined treatment with fluoxetine and leptin improves therapeutic outcome for the depression induced by SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaowei Li
- Laboratory Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shanshan Liang
- Laboratory Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Zexiong Li
- Laboratory Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuai Li
- Laboratory Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Maosheng Xia
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Baoman Li
- Laboratory Teaching Center, School of Forensic Medicine, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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64
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Zhao Y, Pu D, Sun Y, Chen J, Luo C, Wang M, Zhou J, Lv A, Zhu S, Liao Z, Zhao K, Xiao Q. High glucose-induced defective thrombospondin-1 release from astrocytes via TLR9 activation contributes to the synaptic protein loss. Exp Cell Res 2017; 363:171-178. [PMID: 29294308 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2017.12.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2017] [Revised: 12/27/2017] [Accepted: 12/29/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes, characterized by chronic hyperglycemia, is known to induce synaptic degeneration in the brain, thereby resulting in cognitive dysfunction. Thrombospondin-1(TSP-1), the secreted protein produced by astrocytes, plays a crucial role in promoting synapse formation. Toll-like receptor 9 (TLR9) has been widely known to initiate the innate immune response. We recently reported TLR9 activation in neurons results in tau hyperphosphorylation induced by HG in vitro. Its activation has been also considered to mediate oxidative stress and astrocytic dysfunction under pathological circumstance. However, whether astrocytic TSP-1 alteration plays a role in synaptic protein loss under high glucose condition and whether TLR9 activation is involved in this process have not been reported. In this study, we found that primary mouse astrocytes incubated in high glucose (30mM) induced a significant decreased TSP-1 secretion and increased intracellular contents of TSP-1 without affecting transcription level. Addition of conditioned medium from high glucose (30mM) treated astrocytes to the primary neurons exhibited reduced synaptic proteins expression, which was attenuated by treatment with exogenous rTSP-1. In addition, we demonstrated that TLR9 activation along with reactive oxygen species (ROS) generation in astrocytes was induced by high glucose (30mM). Furthermore, we explored the relationship between TLR9 activation and TSP-1 production. Both TLR9 deficiency and the antioxidant N-acetyl-L-cysteine treatment improved altered intra- and extracellular TSP-1 levels under high glucose condition. Together, our findings suggest that high glucose (30mM) impairs TSP-1 secretion from astrocytes, which depends on astrocytic dysfunction associated with TLR9 activation mediated ROS signaling, ultimately contributing to the synaptic proteins loss.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuxing Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Die Pu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Yue Sun
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Jinliang Chen
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Cheng Luo
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Meili Wang
- The First People's Hospital of Zunyi, Zunyi, China
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Ankang Lv
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Shiyu Zhu
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Zhiyin Liao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Kexiang Zhao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China
| | - Qian Xiao
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Chongqing Medical University, No. 1 Friendship Road, YuZhong District, Chongqing 400016, China.
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65
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Jha MK, Kim JH, Song GJ, Lee WH, Lee IK, Lee HW, An SSA, Kim S, Suk K. Functional dissection of astrocyte-secreted proteins: Implications in brain health and diseases. Prog Neurobiol 2017; 162:37-69. [PMID: 29247683 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2017.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 94] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes, which are homeostatic cells of the central nervous system (CNS), display remarkable heterogeneity in their morphology and function. Besides their physical and metabolic support to neurons, astrocytes modulate the blood-brain barrier, regulate CNS synaptogenesis, guide axon pathfinding, maintain brain homeostasis, affect neuronal development and plasticity, and contribute to diverse neuropathologies via secreted proteins. The identification of astrocytic proteome and secretome profiles has provided new insights into the maintenance of neuronal health and survival, the pathogenesis of brain injury, and neurodegeneration. Recent advances in proteomics research have provided an excellent catalog of astrocyte-secreted proteins. This review categorizes astrocyte-secreted proteins and discusses evidence that astrocytes play a crucial role in neuronal activity and brain function. An in-depth understanding of astrocyte-secreted proteins and their pathways is pivotal for the development of novel strategies for restoring brain homeostasis, limiting brain injury/inflammation, counteracting neurodegeneration, and obtaining functional recovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mithilesh Kumar Jha
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea; Department of Neurology, Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Jong-Heon Kim
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Gyun Jee Song
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Won-Ha Lee
- School of Life Sciences, BK21 Plus KNU Creative BioResearch Group, Kyungpook National University, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - In-Kyu Lee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Won Lee
- Department of Neurology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea
| | - Seong Soo A An
- Department of BioNano Technology, Gachon University, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - SangYun Kim
- Department of Neurology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Gyeonggi-do, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyoungho Suk
- Department of Pharmacology, Brain Science and Engineering Institute, BK21 Plus KNU Biomedical Convergence Program, Kyungpook National University School of Medicine, Daegu, Republic of Korea.
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66
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Xia M, Li X, Yang L, Ren J, Sun G, Qi S, Verkhratsky A, Li B. The ameliorative effect of fluoxetine on neuroinflammation induced by sleep deprivation. J Neurochem 2017; 146:63-75. [PMID: 29222907 DOI: 10.1111/jnc.14272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/21/2017] [Revised: 11/29/2017] [Accepted: 11/30/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
It is well known that sleep disorders are harmful to people's health and performance, and growing evidence suggests that sleep deprivation (SD) can trigger neuroinflammation in the brain. The nucleotide-binding domain and leucine-rich repeat protein-3 (NLRP3) inflammasome is reported to be relevant to the neuroinflammation induced by SD, but the regulatory signaling that governs the NLRP3 inflammasome in SD is still unknown. Meanwhile, whether the regulatory action of antidepressants in astrocytes could affect the neuroinflammation induced by SD also remains obscure. In this study, we were the first to discover that the antidepressant fluoxetine, a type of specific serotonin reuptake inhibitor widely used in clinical practice, could suppress the neuroinflammation and neuronal apoptosis induced by SD. The main findings from this study are as follows: (i) SD stimulated the expression of activated NLRP3 inflammasomes and the maturation of IL-1β/18 via suppressing the phosphorylation of STAT3 in astrocytes; (ii) SD decreased the activation of AKT and stimulated the phosphorylation of GSK-3β, which inhibited the phosphorylation of STAT3; (iii) the NLRP3 inflammasome expression stimulated by SD was partly mediated by the P2X7 receptor; (iv) an agonist of STAT3 could significantly abolish the expression of NLRP3 inflammasomes induced by an agonist of the P2X7 receptor in primary cultured astrocytes; (v) the administration of fluoxetine could reverse the stimulation of NLRP3 inflammasome expression and function by SD through elevating the activation of STAT3. In conclusion, our present research suggests the promising possibility that fluoxetine could ameliorate the neuronal impairment induced by SD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maosheng Xia
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Xiaowei Li
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Jiaan Ren
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Guangfeng Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shuang Qi
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Baoman Li
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
- Department of Orthopaedics, The First Hospital, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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67
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Li B, Jia S, Yue T, Yang L, Huang C, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Biphasic Regulation of Caveolin-1 Gene Expression by Fluoxetine in Astrocytes: Opposite Effects of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK Signaling Pathways on c-fos. Front Cell Neurosci 2017; 11:335. [PMID: 29163047 PMCID: PMC5671492 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2017.00335] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 10/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Previously, we reported that fluoxetine acts on 5-HT2B receptor and induces epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) transactivation in astrocytes. Recently, we have found that chronic treatment with fluoxetine regulates Caveolin-1 (Cav-1)/PTEN/PI3K/AKT/glycogen synthase kinase 3β (GSK-3β) signaling pathway and glycogen content in primary cultures of astrocytes with bi-phasic concentration dependence. At low concentrations fluoxetine down-regulates Cav-1 gene expression, decreases membrane content of PTEN, increases PI3K activity and increases phosphorylation of GSK-3β and increases its activity; at high concentrations fluoxetine acts on PTEN/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β in an inverse fashion. Here, we present the data indicating that acute treatment with fluoxetine at lower concentrations down-regulates c-Fos gene expression via PI3K/AKT signaling pathway; in contrast at higher concentrations fluoxetine up-regulates c-Fos gene expression via MAPK/extracellular-regulated kinase (ERK) signaling pathway. However, acute treatment with fluoxetine has no effect on Cav-1 protein content. Similarly, chronic effects of fluoxetine on Cav-1 gene expression are suppressed by inhibitor of PI3K at lower concentrations, but by inhibitor of MAPK at higher concentrations, indicating that the mechanism underlying bi-phasic regulation of Cav-1 gene expression by fluoxetine is opposing effects of PI3K/AKT and MAPK/ERK signal pathways on c-Fos gene expression. The effects of fluoxetine on Cav-1 gene expression at both lower and higher concentrations are abolished by AG1478, an inhibitor of EGFR, indicating the involvement of 5-HT2B receptor induced EGFR transactivation as we reported previously. However, PP1, an inhibitor of Src only abolished the effect by lower concentrations, suggesting the relevance of Src with PI3K/AKT signal pathway during activation of EGFR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoman Li
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Shu Jia
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Tingting Yue
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Li Yang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Chen Huang
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
| | - Alexej Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, United Kingdom.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, China
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68
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. The homeostatic astroglia emerges from evolutionary specialization of neural cells. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2017; 371:rstb.2015.0428. [PMID: 27377722 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2015.0428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 83] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Evolution of the nervous system progressed through cellular diversification and specialization of functions. Conceptually, the nervous system is composed from electrically excitable neuronal networks connected with chemical synapses and non-excitable glial cells that provide for homeostasis and defence. Astrocytes are integrated into neural networks through multipartite synapses; astroglial perisynaptic processes closely enwrap synaptic contacts and control homeostasis of the synaptic cleft, supply neurons with glutamate and GABA obligatory precursor glutamine and contribute to synaptic plasticity, learning and memory. In neuropathology, astrocytes may undergo reactive remodelling or degeneration; to a large extent, astroglial reactions define progression of the pathology and neurological outcome.This article is part of the themed issue 'Evolution brings Ca(2+) and ATP together to control life and death'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny, Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, NY 14642, USA Center for Basic and Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen 2200, Denmark
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69
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Verkhratsky A, Zorec R, Parpura V. Stratification of astrocytes in healthy and diseased brain. Brain Pathol 2017; 27:629-644. [PMID: 28805002 PMCID: PMC5599174 DOI: 10.1111/bpa.12537] [Citation(s) in RCA: 157] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2017] [Revised: 06/03/2017] [Accepted: 06/06/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes, a subtype of glial cells, come in variety of forms and functions. However, overarching role of these cell is in the homeostasis of the brain, be that regulation of ions, neurotransmitters, metabolism or neuronal synaptic networks. Loss of homeostasis represents the underlying cause of all brain disorders. Thus, astrocytes are likely involved in most if not all of the brain pathologies. We tabulate astroglial homeostatic functions along with pathological condition that arise from dysfunction of these glial cells. Classification of astrocytes is presented with the emphasis on evolutionary trails, morphological appearance and numerical preponderance. We note that, even though astrocytes from a variety of mammalian species share some common features, human astrocytes appear to be the largest and most complex of all astrocytes studied thus far. It is then an imperative to develop humanized models to study the role of astrocytes in brain pathologies, which is perhaps most abundantly clear in the case of glioblastoma multiforme.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Division of Neuroscience & Experimental PsychologyThe University of ManchesterManchesterUnited Kingdom
- Achúcarro Basque Center for NeuroscienceIKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science48011 BilbaoSpain
- Department of NeuroscienceUniversity of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED48940 LeioaSpain
| | - Robert Zorec
- Laboratory of Cell EngineeringCelica BIOMEDICAL, Tehnološki park 24, Ljubljana 1000SloveniaEurope
- Laboratory of Neuroendocrinology‐Molecular Cell PhysiologyInstitute of Pathophysiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Ljubljana, Zaloška 4, Ljubljana 1000SloveniaEurope
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 429University of Alabama at BirminghamBirminghamAL 35294‐0021
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70
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Naik AA, Patro N, Seth P, Patro IK. Intra-generational protein malnutrition impairs temporal astrogenesis in rat brain. Biol Open 2017; 6:931-942. [PMID: 28546341 PMCID: PMC5550907 DOI: 10.1242/bio.023432] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The lack of information on astrogenesis following stressor effect, notwithstanding the imperative roles of astroglia in normal physiology and pathophysiology, incited us to assess temporal astrogenesis and astrocyte density in an intra-generational protein malnutrition (PMN) rat model. Standard immunohistochemical procedures for glial lineage markers and their intensity measurements, and qRT-PCR studies, were performed to reveal the spatio-temporal origin and density of astrocytes. Reduced A2B5+ glia restricted precursor population in ventricles and caused poor dissemination to cortex at embryonic days (E)11-14, and low BLBP+ secondary radial glia in the subventricular zone (SVZ) of E16 low protein (LP) brains reflect compromised progenitor pooling. Contrary to large-sized BLBP+ gliospheres in high protein (HP) brains at E16, small gliospheres and discrete BLBP+ cells in LP brains evidence loss of colonization and low proliferative potential. Delayed emergence of GFAP expression, precocious astrocyte maturation and significantly reduced astrocyte number suggest impaired temporal and compromised astrogenesis within LP-F1 brains. Our findings of protein deprivation induced impairments in temporal astrogenesis, compromised density and astrocytic dysfunction, strengthen the hypothesis of astrocytes as possible drivers of neurodevelopmental disorders. This study may increase our understanding of stressor-associated brain development, opening up windows for effective therapeutic interventions against debilitating neurodevelopmental disorders. Summary: Maternal protein deprivation results in low progenitor pooling, and delayed and compromised astrogenesis, suggesting astrocyte impairment as a driver of neurological diseases owing to their imperative roles in normal and pathological situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aijaz Ahmad Naik
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India.,School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Nisha Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
| | - Pankaj Seth
- National Brain Research Centre, Manesar, Haryana 122051, India
| | - Ishan K Patro
- School of Studies in Neuroscience, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India .,School of Studies in Zoology, Jiwaji University, Gwalior 474011, India
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71
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Bai Q, Song D, Gu L, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Bi-phasic regulation of glycogen content in astrocytes via Cav-1/PTEN/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway by fluoxetine. Psychopharmacology (Berl) 2017; 234:1069-1077. [PMID: 28233032 DOI: 10.1007/s00213-017-4547-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2016] [Accepted: 01/18/2017] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Here, we present the data indicating that chronic treatment with fluoxetine regulates Cav-1/PTEN/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β signalling pathway and glycogen content in primary cultures of astrocytes with bi-phasic concentration dependence. RESULTS At lower concentrations, fluoxetine downregulates gene expression of Cav-1, decreases membrane content of PTEN, increases activity of PI3K/AKT, and elevates GSK-3β phosphorylation thus suppressing its activity. At higher concentrations, fluoxetine acts in an inverse fashion. As expected, fluoxetine at lower concentrations increased while at higher concentrations decreased glycogen content in astrocytes. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicate that bi-phasic regulation of glycogen content via Cav-1/PTEN/PI3K/AKT/GSK-3β pathway by fluoxetine may be responsible for both therapeutic and side effects of the drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiufang Bai
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Song
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK.,Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011, Bilbao, Spain
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, No. 77, Puhe Road, Shenbei District, Shenyang, People's Republic of China.
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72
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Shirayama Y, Takahashi M, Osone F, Hara A, Okubo T. Myo-inositol, Glutamate, and Glutamine in the Prefrontal Cortex, Hippocampus, and Amygdala in Major Depression. BIOLOGICAL PSYCHIATRY: COGNITIVE NEUROSCIENCE AND NEUROIMAGING 2016; 2:196-204. [PMID: 29560915 DOI: 10.1016/j.bpsc.2016.11.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2016] [Revised: 11/13/2016] [Accepted: 11/28/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The brains of patients with depression exhibit many changes in various regions. Recently, proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy has been used to measure brain metabolites, using saturation bands to shape the volume of interest. Our a priori hypothesis was that myo-inositol and glutamate were downregulated in the hippocampus and amygdala in depression. METHODS We measured brain metabolites from the medial prefrontal cortex, hippocampus, and amygdala of 22 drug-naïve, first-episode patients with major depressive disorder and 27 healthy control subjects using 3T proton magnetic resonance spectroscopy. RESULTS Compared with healthy control subjects, patients showed statistically significant reductions in myo-inositol levels in all three regions and reductions in glutamate levels in the medial prefrontal cortex. Furthermore, we found significant decreases in the ratios of glutamate to creatine plus phosphocreatine in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala. Additionally, the ratios of glutamine to creatine plus phosphocreatine were also decreased in all three regions examined, although not all the participants presented reliable data. Finally, glutamate levels in the medial prefrontal cortex and amygdala have significant correlations with executive function and those in the hippocampus with memory function. Hippocampal myo-inositol was significantly related to blood cortisol. CONCLUSIONS Our findings indicated abnormal myo-inositol, glutamate, and glutamine levels in the brains of major depressive disorder patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yukihiko Shirayama
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan.
| | - Michio Takahashi
- Department of Psychiatry, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan
| | - Fumio Osone
- Department of Radiology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan
| | - Akira Hara
- Department of Radiology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Okubo
- Department of Radiology, Teikyo University Chiba Medical Center, Ichihara, Chiba, Japan
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73
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Bronzuoli MR, Iacomino A, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Targeting neuroinflammation in Alzheimer's disease. J Inflamm Res 2016; 9:199-208. [PMID: 27843334 PMCID: PMC5098782 DOI: 10.2147/jir.s86958] [Citation(s) in RCA: 172] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Almost 47 million people suffer from dementia worldwide, with an estimated new case diagnosed every 3.2 seconds. Alzheimer’s disease (AD) accounts for approximately 60%–80% of all dementia cases. Given this evidence, it is clear dementia represents one of the greatest global public health challenges. Currently used drugs alleviate the symptoms of AD but do not treat the underlying causes of dementia. Hence, a worldwide quest is under way to find new treatments to stop, slow, or even prevent AD. Besides the classic targets of the oldest therapies, represented by cholinergic and glutamatergic systems, β-amyloid (Aβ) plaques, and tau tangles, new therapeutic approaches have other targets. One of the newest and most promising strategies is the control of reactive gliosis, a multicellular response to brain injury. This phenomenon occurs as a consequence of a persistent glial activation, which leads to cellular dysfunctions and neuroinflammation. Reactive gliosis is now considered a key abnormality in the AD brain. It has been demonstrated that reactive astrocytes surround both Aβ plaques and tau tangles. In this condition, glial cells lose some of their homeostatic functions and acquire a proinflammatory phenotype amplifying neuronal damage. So, molecules that are able to restore their physiological functions and control the neuroinflammatory process offer new therapeutic opportunities for this devastating disease. In this review, we describe the role of neuroinflammation in the AD pathogenesis and progression and then provide an overview of the recent research with the aim of developing new therapies to treat this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Rosanna Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Aniello Iacomino
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Rome "G. Marconi", Rome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology "Vittorio Erspamer", Sapienza University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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74
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Verkhratsky A, Steardo L, Parpura V, Montana V. Translational potential of astrocytes in brain disorders. Prog Neurobiol 2016; 144:188-205. [PMID: 26386136 PMCID: PMC4794425 DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2015.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 76] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2015] [Revised: 09/03/2015] [Accepted: 09/08/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Fundamentally, all brain disorders can be broadly defined as the homeostatic failure of this organ. As the brain is composed of many different cells types, including but not limited to neurons and glia, it is only logical that all the cell types/constituents could play a role in health and disease. Yet, for a long time the sole conceptualization of brain pathology was focused on the well-being of neurons. Here, we challenge this neuron-centric view and present neuroglia as a key element in neuropathology, a process that has a toll on astrocytes, which undergo complex morpho-functional changes that can in turn affect the course of the disorder. Such changes can be grossly identified as reactivity, atrophy with loss of function and pathological remodeling. We outline the pathogenic potential of astrocytes in variety of disorders, ranging from neurotrauma, infection, toxic damage, stroke, epilepsy, neurodevelopmental, neurodegenerative and psychiatric disorders, Alexander disease to neoplastic changes seen in gliomas. We hope that in near future we would witness glial-based translational medicine with generation of deliverables for the containment and cure of disorders. We point out that such as a task will require a holistic and multi-disciplinary approach that will take in consideration the concerted operation of all the cell types in the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester, Manchester, UK
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, Spain
- University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples, SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine and Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Vedrana Montana
- Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Rijeka, Croatia
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75
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Skatchkov SN, Antonov SM, Eaton MJ. Glia and glial polyamines. Role in brain function in health and disease. BIOCHEMISTRY MOSCOW SUPPLEMENT SERIES A-MEMBRANE AND CELL BIOLOGY 2016. [DOI: 10.1134/s1990747816010116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
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76
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Astrocytes in physiological aging and Alzheimer’s disease. Neuroscience 2016; 323:170-82. [DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2015.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 266] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2014] [Revised: 01/02/2015] [Accepted: 01/06/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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77
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Abstract
Astrocytes are homeostatic cells of the central nervous system, which are critical for development and maintenance of synaptic transmission and hence of synaptically connected neuronal ensembles. Astrocytic densities are reduced in bipolar disorder, and therefore deficient astroglial function may contribute to overall disbalance in neurotransmission and to pathological evolution. Classical anti-bipolar drugs (lithium salts, valproic acid and carbamazepine) affect expression of astroglial genes and modify astroglial signalling and homeostatic cascades. Many effects of both antidepressant and anti-bipolar drugs are exerted through regulation of glutamate homeostasis and glutamatergic transmission, through K(+) buffering, through regulation of calcium-dependent phospholipase A2 (that controls metabolism of arachidonic acid) or through Ca(2+) homeostatic and signalling pathways. Sometimes anti-depressant and anti-bipolar drugs exert opposite effects, and some effects on gene expression in drug treated animals are opposite in neurones vs. astrocytes. Changes in the intracellular pH induced by anti-bipolar drugs affect uptake of myo-inositol and thereby signalling via inositoltrisphosphate (InsP3), this being in accord with one of the main theories of mechanism of action for these drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liang Peng
- a Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development , China Medical University , Shenyang , P. R. China
| | - Baoman Li
- a Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development , China Medical University , Shenyang , P. R. China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- b Faculty of Life Science , The University of Manchester , Manchester , UK.,c Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE , Basque Foundation for Science , Bilbao , Spain.,d Department of Neurosciences , University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED , Leioa , Spain.,e University of Nizhny Novgorod , Nizhny Novgorod , Russia
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78
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Capani F, Quarracino C, Caccuri R, Sica REP. Astrocytes As the Main Players in Primary Degenerative Disorders of the Human Central Nervous System. Front Aging Neurosci 2016; 8:45. [PMID: 26973519 PMCID: PMC4777729 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2016.00045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/23/2015] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Along the last years it has been demonstrated that non-neural cells play a major role in the pathogenesis of the primary degenerative disorders (PDDs) of the human central nervous system. Among them, astrocytes coordinate and participate in many different and complex metabolic processes, in close interaction with neurons. Moreover, increasing experimental evidence hints an early astrocytic dysfunction in these diseases. In this mini review we summarize the astrocytic behavior in PDDs, with special consideration to the experimental observations where astrocytic pathology precedes the development of neuronal dysfunction. We also suggest a different approach that could be consider in human investigations in Alzheimer’s and Parkinson’s disease. We believe that the study of PDDs with human brain samples may hold the key of a paradigmatic physiopathological process in which astrocytes might be the main players.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francisco Capani
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiologicas ININCA UBA CONICETBuenos Aires, Argentina; Instituto de Ciencias Biomédicas, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad Autónoma de ChileTemuco, Chile
| | - Cecilia Quarracino
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiologicas ININCA UBA CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto Caccuri
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiologicas ININCA UBA CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Roberto E P Sica
- Instituto de Investigaciones Cardiologicas ININCA UBA CONICET Buenos Aires, Argentina
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79
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Astrocytes: a central element in neurological diseases. Acta Neuropathol 2016; 131:323-45. [PMID: 26671410 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-015-1513-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 536] [Impact Index Per Article: 67.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 10/28/2015] [Accepted: 11/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
The neurone-centred view of the past disregarded or downplayed the role of astroglia as a primary component in the pathogenesis of neurological diseases. As this concept is changing, so is also the perceived role of astrocytes in the healthy and diseased brain and spinal cord. We have started to unravel the different signalling mechanisms that trigger specific molecular, morphological and functional changes in reactive astrocytes that are critical for repairing tissue and maintaining function in CNS pathologies, such as neurotrauma, stroke, or neurodegenerative diseases. An increasing body of evidence shows that the effects of astrogliosis on the neural tissue and its functions are not uniform or stereotypic, but vary in a context-specific manner from astrogliosis being an adaptive beneficial response under some circumstances to a maladaptive and deleterious process in another context. There is a growing support for the concept of astrocytopathies in which the disruption of normal astrocyte functions, astrodegeneration or dysfunctional/maladaptive astrogliosis are the primary cause or the main factor in neurological dysfunction and disease. This review describes the multiple roles of astrocytes in the healthy CNS, discusses the diversity of astroglial responses in neurological disorders and argues that targeting astrocytes may represent an effective therapeutic strategy for Alexander disease, neurotrauma, stroke, epilepsy and Alzheimer's disease as well as other neurodegenerative diseases.
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80
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Pappalardo LW, Black JA, Waxman SG. Sodium channels in astroglia and microglia. Glia 2016; 64:1628-45. [PMID: 26919466 DOI: 10.1002/glia.22967] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2015] [Revised: 12/27/2015] [Accepted: 01/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Voltage-gated sodium channels are required for electrogenesis in excitable cells. Their activation, triggered by membrane depolarization, generates transient sodium currents that initiate action potentials in neurons, cardiac, and skeletal muscle cells. Cells that have not traditionally been considered to be excitable (nonexcitable cells), including glial cells, also express sodium channels in physiological conditions as well as in pathological conditions. These channels contribute to multiple functional roles that are seemingly unrelated to the generation of action potentials. Here, we discuss the dynamics of sodium channel expression in astrocytes and microglia, and review evidence for noncanonical roles in effector functions of these cells including phagocytosis, migration, proliferation, ionic homeostasis, and secretion of chemokines/cytokines. We also examine possible mechanisms by which sodium channels contribute to the activity of glial cells, with an eye toward therapeutic implications for central nervous system disease. GLIA 2016;64:1628-1645.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura W Pappalardo
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Rehabilitation Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Joel A Black
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Rehabilitation Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
| | - Stephen G Waxman
- Department of Neurology and Center for Neuroscience and Regeneration Research, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, CT.,Rehabilitation Research Center, VA Connecticut Healthcare System, West Haven, CT
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81
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Astroglia dynamics in ageing and Alzheimer's disease. Curr Opin Pharmacol 2016; 26:74-9. [DOI: 10.1016/j.coph.2015.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 89] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/27/2015] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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82
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Fernández del Río L, Gutiérrez-Casado E, Varela-López A, Villalba JM. Olive Oil and the Hallmarks of Aging. Molecules 2016; 21:163. [PMID: 26840281 PMCID: PMC6273542 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21020163] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Revised: 01/20/2016] [Accepted: 01/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Aging is a multifactorial and tissue-specific process involving diverse alterations regarded as the "hallmarks of aging", which include genomic instability, telomere attrition, epigenetic alterations, loss of proteostasis, deregulated nutrient sensing, mitochondrial dysfunction, cellular senescence, stem cell exhaustion and altered intracellular communication. Virtually all these hallmarks are targeted by dietary olive oil, particularly by virgin olive oil, since many of its beneficial effects can be accounted not only for the monounsaturated nature of its predominant fatty acid (oleic acid), but also for the bioactivity of its minor compounds, which can act on cells though both direct and indirect mechanisms due to their ability to modulate gene expression. Among the minor constituents of virgin olive oil, secoiridoids stand out for their capacity to modulate many pathways that are relevant for the aging process. Attenuation of aging-related alterations by olive oil or its minor compounds has been observed in cellular, animal and human models. How olive oil targets the hallmarks of aging could explain the improvement of health, reduced risk of aging-associated diseases, and increased longevity which have been associated with consumption of a typical Mediterranean diet containing this edible oil as the predominant fat source.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucía Fernández del Río
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Severo Ochoa Building, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Elena Gutiérrez-Casado
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Severo Ochoa Building, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
| | - Alfonso Varela-López
- Department of Physiology, Institute of Nutrition and Food Technology "José Mataix", Biomedical Research Center (CIBM), University of Granada, Avda. del Conocimiento s.n., Armilla, 18100 Granada, Spain.
| | - José M Villalba
- Department of Cell Biology, Physiology and Immunology, Agrifood Campus of International Excellence ceiA3, University of Córdoba, Campus Rabanales, Severo Ochoa Building, 14014 Córdoba, Spain.
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83
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Verkhratsky A, Steardo L, Peng L, Parpura V. Astroglia, Glutamatergic Transmission and Psychiatric Diseases. ADVANCES IN NEUROBIOLOGY 2016; 13:307-326. [PMID: 27885635 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-45096-4_12] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Astrocytes are primary homeostatic cells of the central nervous system. They regulate glutamatergic transmission through the removal of glutamate from the extracellular space and by supplying neurons with glutamine. Glutamatergic transmission is generally believed to be significantly impaired in the contexts of all major neuropsychiatric diseases. In most of these neuropsychiatric diseases, astrocytes show signs of degeneration and atrophy, which is likely to be translated into reduced homeostatic capabilities. Astroglial glutamate uptake/release and glutamate homeostasis are affected in all forms of major psychiatric disorders and represent a common mechanism underlying neurotransmission disbalance, aberrant connectome and overall failure on information processing by neuronal networks, which underlie pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK.
- Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, Bilbao, 48011, Spain.
- Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU, Leioa, 48940, Spain.
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUN, Largo Madonna delle Grazie, Naples, Italy
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Metabolic Brain Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University, Shenyang, P. R. China
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL, 35294, USA
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84
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Verkhratsky A, Parpura V. Astrogliopathology in neurological, neurodevelopmental and psychiatric disorders. Neurobiol Dis 2016; 85:254-261. [PMID: 25843667 PMCID: PMC4592688 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.03.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 115] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2015] [Revised: 03/20/2015] [Accepted: 03/26/2015] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglial cells represent a main element in the maintenance of homeostasis and providing defense to the brain. Consequently, their dysfunction underlies many, if not all, neurological, neurodevelopmental and neuropsychiatric disorders. General astrogliopathy is evident in diametrically opposing morpho-functional changes in astrocytes, i.e. their hypertrophy along with reactivity or atrophy with asthenia. Neurological disorders with astroglial participation can be genetic, of which Alexander disease is a primary sporadic astrogliopathy, environmentally caused, such as heavy metal encephalopathies, or neurodevelopmental in origin. Astroglia contribute to neurodegenerative processes seen in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis, Alzheimer's and Huntington's diseases. Furthermore, astroglia also play a role in major neuropsychiatric disorders, ranging from schizophrenia to depression, as well as in addictive disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain.
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Civitan International Research Center and Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, University of Alabama at Birmingham, 1719 6th Avenue South, CIRC 429, Birmingham, AL 35294-0021, USA; Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, Radmile Matejčić 2, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia.
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85
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Elsayed M, Magistretti PJ. A New Outlook on Mental Illnesses: Glial Involvement Beyond the Glue. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:468. [PMID: 26733803 PMCID: PMC4679853 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00468] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/21/2015] [Accepted: 11/16/2015] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Mental illnesses have long been perceived as the exclusive consequence of abnormalities in neuronal functioning. Until recently, the role of glial cells in the pathophysiology of mental diseases has largely been overlooked. However recently, multiple lines of evidence suggest more diverse and significant functions of glia with behavior-altering effects. The newly ascribed roles of astrocytes, oligodendrocytes and microglia have led to their examination in brain pathology and mental illnesses. Indeed, abnormalities in glial function, structure and density have been observed in postmortem brain studies of subjects diagnosed with mental illnesses. In this review, we discuss the newly identified functions of glia and highlight the findings of glial abnormalities in psychiatric disorders. We discuss these preclinical and clinical findings implicating the involvement of glial cells in mental illnesses with the perspective that these cells may represent a new target for treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maha Elsayed
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de Lausanne Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Pierre J Magistretti
- Laboratory of Neuroenergetics and Cellular Dynamics, Brain Mind Institute, Ecole Polytechnique Fédérale de LausanneLausanne, Switzerland; Division of Biological and Environmental Sciences and Engineering, King Abdullah University of Science and TechnologyThuwal, Saudi Arabia; Department of Psychiatry, Center for Psychiatric Neurosciences, University of LausanneLausanne, Switzerland
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86
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Qosa H, Batarseh YS, Mohyeldin MM, El Sayed KA, Keller JN, Kaddoumi A. Oleocanthal enhances amyloid-β clearance from the brains of TgSwDI mice and in vitro across a human blood-brain barrier model. ACS Chem Neurosci 2015; 6:1849-59. [PMID: 26348065 PMCID: PMC4653763 DOI: 10.1021/acschemneuro.5b00190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Numerous clinical and preclinical studies have suggested several health promoting effects for the dietary consumption of extra-virgin olive oil (EVOO) that could protect and decrease the risk of developing Alzheimer's disease (AD). Moreover, recent studies have linked this protective effect to oleocanthal, a phenolic secoiridoid component of EVOO. This protective effect of oleocanthal against AD has been related to its ability to prevent amyloid-β (Aβ) and tau aggregation in vitro, and enhance Aβ clearance from the brains of wild type mice in vivo; however, its effect in a mouse model of AD is not known. In the current study, we investigated the effect of oleocanthal on pathological hallmarks of AD in TgSwDI, an animal model of AD. Mice treatment for 4 weeks with oleocanthal significantly decreased amyloid load in the hippocampal parenchyma and microvessels. This reduction was associated with enhanced cerebral clearance of Aβ across the blood-brain barrier (BBB). Further mechanistic studies demonstrated oleocanthal to increase the expression of important amyloid clearance proteins at the BBB including P-glycoprotein and LRP1, and to activate the ApoE-dependent amyloid clearance pathway in the mice brains. The anti-inflammatory effect of oleocanthal in the brains of these mice was also obvious where it was able to reduce astrocytes activation and IL-1β levels. Finally, we could recapitulate the observed protective effect of oleocanthal in an in vitro human-based model, which could argue against species difference in response to oleocanthal. In conclusion, findings from in vivo and in vitro studies provide further support for the protective effect of oleocanthal against the progression of AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hisham Qosa
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Yazan S. Batarseh
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Mohamed M. Mohyeldin
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Khalid A. El Sayed
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
| | - Jeffrey N. Keller
- Pennington
Biomedical Research Center, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, Louisiana 70803, United States
| | - Amal Kaddoumi
- Department
of Basic Pharmaceutical Sciences, School of Pharmacy, University of Louisiana at Monroe, Monroe, Louisiana 71201, United States
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87
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Verkhratsky A, Nedergaard M. Astroglial cradle in the life of the synapse. Philos Trans R Soc Lond B Biol Sci 2015; 369:20130595. [PMID: 25225089 DOI: 10.1098/rstb.2013.0595] [Citation(s) in RCA: 182] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Astroglial perisynaptic sheath covers the majority of synapses in the central nervous system. This glial coverage evolved as a part of the synaptic structure in which elements directly responsible for neurotransmission (exocytotic machinery and appropriate receptors) concentrate in neuronal membranes, whereas multiple molecules imperative for homeostatic maintenance of the synapse (transporters for neurotransmitters, ions, amino acids, etc.) are shifted to glial membranes that have substantially larger surface area. The astrocytic perisynaptic processes act as an 'astroglial cradle' essential for synaptogenesis, maturation, isolation and maintenance of synapses, representing the fundamental mechanism contributing to synaptic connectivity, synaptic plasticity and information processing in the nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, University of Manchester, Manchester, UK Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - Maiken Nedergaard
- Division of Glia Disease and Therapeutics, Center for Translational Neuromedicine, University of Rochester Medical School, Rochester, NY 14580, USA
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88
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Zhang X, Song D, Gu L, Ren Y, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Decrease of gene expression of astrocytic 5-HT2B receptors parallels development of depressive phenotype in a mouse model of Parkinson's disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:388. [PMID: 26500493 PMCID: PMC4594497 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00388] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2015] [Accepted: 09/17/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Astrocytes contribute to pathogenesis of neuropsychiatric disorders, including major depression. Stimulation of astroglial 5-HT2B receptors transactivates epidermal growth factor receptors (EGFRs) and regulates gene expression. Previously we reported that expression of 5-HT2B receptors in cortical astrocytes is down-regulated in animals, which developed anhedonia in response to chronic stress; moreover this down-regulation as well as anhedonia, are reversed by chronic treatment with fluoxetine. In this study we have investigated whether astrocytic 5-HT2B receptor is involved in anhedonia in C57BL/6 mice model of Parkinson' disease (PD) induced by intraperitoneal injection of 1-methyl-4-phenyl-1,2,3,6-tetrahydropyridine (MPTP) for 7 days. The MPTP treatment induced anhendonia in 66.7% of animals. The appearance of depressive behavior was accompanied with motor deficiency and decrease of tyrosine hydroxylase (TH) expression. Expression of mRNA and protein of 5-HT2B receptor in animals that became anhedonic decreased to 77.3 and 79.3% of control groups, respectively; in animals that received MPTP but did not develop anhedonia the expression of 5-HT2B receptor did not change. Experiments with FACS-sorted isolated cells demonstrated that decrease in 5-HT2B receptor expression was confined to astrocytes, and did not occur in neurons. Fluoxetine corrected MPTP-induced decrease of 5-HT2B receptor expression and depressive behavior. Our findings indicate that regulation of gene expression of 5-HT2B receptors in astroglia may be associated with pathophysiological evolution of PD-induced depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xique Zhang
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Song
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Li Gu
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Yan Ren
- Department of Neurology, The First Affiliated Hospital, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain ; University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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89
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Tong J, Ang LC, Williams B, Furukawa Y, Fitzmaurice P, Guttman M, Boileau I, Hornykiewicz O, Kish SJ. Low levels of astroglial markers in Parkinson's disease: relationship to α-synuclein accumulation. Neurobiol Dis 2015; 82:243-253. [PMID: 26102022 PMCID: PMC4641013 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2015.06.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 75] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2015] [Revised: 06/04/2015] [Accepted: 06/17/2015] [Indexed: 01/25/2023] Open
Abstract
Although gliosis is a normal response to brain injury, reports on the extent of astrogliosis in the degenerating substantia nigra in Parkinson's disease (PD) are conflicting. It has also been recently suggested that accumulation of nigral α-synuclein in this disorder might suppress astrocyte activation which in turn could exacerbate the degenerative process. This study examined brain protein levels (intact protein, fragments, and aggregates, if any) of astroglial markers and their relationship to α-synuclein in PD and in the positive control parkinson-plus conditions multiple system atrophy (MSA) and progressive supranuclear palsy (PSP). Autopsied brain homogenates of patients with PD (n=10), MSA (n=11), PSP (n=11) and matched controls (n=10) were examined for the astroglial markers glial fibrillary acidic protein (GFAP), vimentin, and heat shock protein-27 (Hsp27) by quantitative immunoblotting. As expected, both MSA (putamen>substantia nigra>caudate>frontal cortex) and PSP (substantia nigra>caudate>putamen, frontal cortex) showed widespread but regionally specific pattern of increased immunoreactivity of the markers, in particular for the partially proteolyzed fragments (all three) and aggregates (GFAP). In contrast, immunoreactivity of the three markers was largely normal in PD in brain regions examined with the exception of trends for variably increased levels of cleaved vimentin in substantia nigra and frontal cortex. In patients with PD, GFAP levels in the substantia nigra correlated inversely with α-synuclein accumulation whereas the opposite was true for MSA. Our biochemical findings of generally normal protein levels of astroglial markers in substantia nigra of PD, and negative correlation with α-synuclein concentration, are consistent with some recent neuropathology reports of mild astroglial response and with the speculation that astrogliosis might be suppressed in this disorder by excessive α-synuclein accumulation. Should astrogliosis protect, to some extent, the degenerating substantia nigra from damage, therapeutics aimed at normalization of astrocyte reaction in PD could be helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Junchao Tong
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada; Addiction Imaging Research Group, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada.
| | - Lee-Cyn Ang
- Division of Neuropathology, London Health Science Centre, University of Western Ontario, London, Ontario, Canada
| | - Belinda Williams
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Yoshiaki Furukawa
- Department of Neurology, Juntendo Tokyo Koto Geriatric Medical Center, and Faculty of Medicine, University & Post Graduate University of Juntendo, Tokyo, Japan
| | | | - Mark Guttman
- Centre for Movement Disorders, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Isabelle Boileau
- Addiction Imaging Research Group, Campbell Family Mental Health Research Institute, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
| | - Oleh Hornykiewicz
- Center for Brain Research, Medical University of Vienna, Spitalgasse 4, A-1090 Vienna, Austria
| | - Stephen J Kish
- Human Brain Laboratory, Research Imaging Centre, Centre for Addiction and Mental Health, Toronto, Ontario, Canada
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90
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Bernstein HG, Meyer-Lotz G, Dobrowolny H, Bannier J, Steiner J, Walter M, Bogerts B. Reduced density of glutamine synthetase immunoreactive astrocytes in different cortical areas in major depression but not in bipolar I disorder. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:273. [PMID: 26321908 PMCID: PMC4530620 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00273] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/02/2015] [Accepted: 07/03/2015] [Indexed: 01/26/2023] Open
Abstract
There is increasing evidence for disturbances within the glutamate system in patients with affective disorders, which involve disruptions of the glutamate–glutamine-cycle. The mainly astroglia-located enzyme glutamine synthetase (GS) catalyzes the ATP-dependent condensation of ammonia and glutamate to form glutamine, thus playing a central role in glutamate and glutamine homoeostasis. However, GS is also expressed in numerous oligodendrocytes (OLs), another class of glial cells implicated in mood disorder pathology. To learn more about the role of glia-associated GS in mental illnesses, we decided to find out if numerical densities of glial cells immunostained for the enzyme protein differ between subjects with major depressive disorder, bipolar disorder (BD), and psychically healthy control cases. Counting of GS expressing astrocytes (ACs) and OLs in eight cortical and two subcortical brain regions of subjects with mood disorder (N = 14), BD (N = 15), and controls (N = 16) revealed that in major depression the densities of ACs were significantly reduced in some cortical but not subcortical gray matter areas, whereas no changes were found for OLs. In BD no alterations of GS-immunoreactive glia were found. From our findings we conclude that (1) GS expressing ACs are prominently involved in glutamate-related disturbances in major depression, but not in BD and (2) GS expressing OLs, though being present in significant numbers in prefrontal cortical areas, play a minor (if any) role in mood disorder pathology. The latter assumption is supported by findings of others showing that – at least in the mouse brain cortex – GS immunoreactive oligodendroglial cells are unable to contribute to the glutamate–glutamine-cycle due to the complete lack of amino acid transporters (Takasaki et al., 2010).
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Henrik Dobrowolny
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Jana Bannier
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Johann Steiner
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Martin Walter
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany ; Clinical Affective Neuroimaging Laboratory, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Bogerts
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Magdeburg Magdeburg, Germany
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91
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Illes P, Verkhratsky A. Purinergic neurone-glia signalling in cognitive-related pathologies. Neuropharmacology 2015; 104:62-75. [PMID: 26256423 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuropharm.2015.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2015] [Revised: 07/19/2015] [Accepted: 08/03/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
Abstract
Neuroglia, represented by astrocytes, oligodendrocytes, NG glia and microglia are homeostatic, myelinating and defensive cells of the brain. Neuroglial cells express various combinations of purinoceptors, which contribute to multiple intercellular signalling pathways in the healthy and diseased nervous system. Neurological diseases are invariably associated with profound neuroglial remodelling, which is manifest by reactive gliosis, pathological remodelling and functional atrophy of various types of glial cells. Gliopathology is disease and region specific and produces multiple glial phenotypes that may be neuroprotective or neurotoxic. In this review we summarise recent knowledge on the role of glial purinergic signalling in cognitive-related neurological diseases. This article is part of the Special Issue entitled 'Purines in Neurodegeneration and Neuroregeneration'.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Illes
- Rudolf Boehm Institute for Pharmacology and Toxicology, University of Leipzig, 04107 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain; Department of Neurosciences, University of the Basque Country UPV/EHU and CIBERNED, Leioa, Spain; University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia.
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92
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Steardo L, Bronzuoli MR, Iacomino A, Esposito G, Steardo L, Scuderi C. Does neuroinflammation turn on the flame in Alzheimer's disease? Focus on astrocytes. Front Neurosci 2015; 9:259. [PMID: 26283900 PMCID: PMC4518161 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2015.00259] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Accepted: 07/10/2015] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Data from animal models and Alzheimer's disease (AD) subjects provide clear evidence for an activation of inflammatory pathways during the pathogenetic course of such illness. Biochemical and neuropathological studies highlighted an important cause/effect relationship between inflammation and AD progression, revealing a wide range of genetic, cellular, and molecular changes associated with the pathology. In this context, glial cells have been proved to exert a crucial role. These cells, in fact, undergo important morphological and functional changes and are now considered to be involved in the onset and progression of AD. In particular, astrocytes respond quickly to pathology with changes that have been increasingly recognized as a continuum, with potentially beneficial and/or negative consequences. Although it is now clear that activated astrocytes trigger the neuroinflammatory process, however, the precise mechanisms have not been completely elucidated. Neuroinflammation is certainly a multi-faceted and complex phenomenon and, especially in the early stages, exerts a reparative intent. However, for reasons not yet all well known, this process goes beyond the physiologic control and contributes to the exacerbation of the damage. Here we scrutinize some evidence supporting the role of astrocytes in the neuroinflammatory process and the possibility that these cells could be considered a promising target for future AD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luca Steardo
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Naples SUNNaples, Italy
| | - Maria R. Bronzuoli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Aniello Iacomino
- Faculty of Psychology, University of Rome “G. Marconi”Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Esposito
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Luca Steardo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
| | - Caterina Scuderi
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology “Vittorio Erspamer”, Sapienza University of RomeRome, Italy
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93
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Kékesi O, Ioja E, Szabó Z, Kardos J, Héja L. Recurrent seizure-like events are associated with coupled astroglial synchronization. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:215. [PMID: 26150770 PMCID: PMC4471369 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00215] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2014] [Accepted: 05/20/2015] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Increasing evidence suggest that astrocytes significantly modulate neuronal function at the level of the tripartite synapse both in physiological and pathophysiological conditions. The global control of the astrocytic syncytium over neuronal networks, however, is still less recognized. Here we examined astrocytic signaling during epileptiform activity which is generally attributed to large-scale neuronal synchronization. We show that seizure-like events in the low-[Mg(2+)] in vitro epilepsy model initiate massive, long-range astrocytic synchronization which is spatiotemporally coupled to the synchronized neuronal activity reaching its maximum at the electrographic tonic/clonic transition. Cross-correlation analysis of neuronal and astrocytic Ca(2+) signaling demonstrates that high degree of synchronization arises not only among astrocytes, but also between neuronal and astrocyte populations, manifesting in astrocytic seizure-like events. We further show that astrocytic gap junction proteins contribute to astrocytic synchronization since their inhibition by carbenoxolone (CBX) or Cx43 antibody increased the interictal interval and in 41% of slices completely prevented recurrent seizure-like activity. In addition, CBX also induced unsynchronized Ca(2+) transients associated with decreasing incidence of epileptiform discharges afterwards. We propose therefore that local, unsynchronized astrocytic Ca(2+) transients inhibit, while long-range, synchronized Ca(2+) signaling contributes to the propagation of recurrent seizure-like events.
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Affiliation(s)
- Orsolya Kékesi
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Functional Pharmacology Group Budapest, Hungary
| | - Enikö Ioja
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Functional Pharmacology Group Budapest, Hungary
| | - Zsolt Szabó
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Functional Pharmacology Group Budapest, Hungary
| | - Julianna Kardos
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Functional Pharmacology Group Budapest, Hungary
| | - László Héja
- Research Centre for Natural Sciences, Hungarian Academy of Sciences, Institute of Organic Chemistry, Functional Pharmacology Group Budapest, Hungary
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94
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Agmatine, by Improving Neuroplasticity Markers and Inducing Nrf2, Prevents Corticosterone-Induced Depressive-Like Behavior in Mice. Mol Neurobiol 2015; 53:3030-3045. [DOI: 10.1007/s12035-015-9182-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2015] [Accepted: 04/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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95
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Schitine C, Nogaroli L, Costa MR, Hedin-Pereira C. Astrocyte heterogeneity in the brain: from development to disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:76. [PMID: 25852472 PMCID: PMC4367182 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00076] [Citation(s) in RCA: 92] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/11/2014] [Accepted: 02/20/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
In the last decades, astrocytes have risen from passive supporters of neuronal activity to central players in brain function and cognition. Likewise, the heterogeneity of astrocytes starts to become recognized in contrast to the homogeneous population previously predicted. In this review, we focused on astrocyte heterogeneity in terms of their morphological, protein expression and functional aspects, and debate in a historical perspective the diversity encountered in glial progenitors and how they may reflect mature astrocyte heterogeneity. We discussed data that show that different progenitors may have unsuspected roles in developmental processes. We have approached the functions of astrocyte subpopulations on the onset of psychiatric and neurological diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clarissa Schitine
- Cellular Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Program in Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Luciana Nogaroli
- Cellular Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Program in Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
| | - Marcos R Costa
- Laboratory of Cellular Neurobiology, Brain Institute, Federal University of Rio Grande do Norte, Natal Brazil
| | - Cecilia Hedin-Pereira
- Cellular Neuroanatomy Laboratory, Program in Neurobiology, Institute of Biophysics Carlos Chagas Filho, Federal University of Rio de Janeiro, Rio de Janeiro Brazil ; Oswaldo Cruz Institute, FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro Brazil
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96
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Ren J, Song D, Bai Q, Verkhratsky A, Peng L. Fluoxetine induces alkalinization of astroglial cytosol through stimulation of sodium-hydrogen exchanger 1: dissection of intracellular signaling pathways. Front Cell Neurosci 2015; 9:61. [PMID: 25784857 PMCID: PMC4347488 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2015.00061] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/24/2015] [Accepted: 02/10/2015] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Clinical evidence suggest astrocytic abnormality in major depression (MD) while treatment with anti-psychotic drugs affects astroglial functions. Astroglial cells are involved in pH homeostasis of the brain by transporting protons (through sodium-proton transporter 1, NHE1, glutamate transporters EAAT1/2 and proton-lactate co-transporter MCT1) and bicarbonate (through the sodium-bicarbonate co-transporter NBC or the chloride-bicarbonate exchanger AE). Here we show that chronic treatment with fluoxetine increases astroglial pHi by stimulating NHE1-mediated proton extrusion. At a clinically relevant concentration of 1 μM, fluoxetine significantly increased astroglial pHi from 7.05 to 7.34 after 3 weeks and from 7.18 to 7.58 after 4 weeks of drug treatment. Stimulation of NHE1 is a result of transporter phosphorylation mediated by several intracellular signaling cascades that include MAPK/ERK1/2, PI3K/AKT and ribosomal S6 kinase (RSK). Fluoxetine stimulated phosphorylation of ERK1/2, AKT and RSK in a concentration dependent manner. Positive crosstalk exists between two signal pathways, MAPK/ERK1/2 and PI3K/AKT activated by fluoxetine since ERK1/2 phosphrylation could be abolished by inhibitors of PI3K, LY294002 and AKT, triciribine, and AKT phosphorylation by inhibitor of MAPK, U0126. As a result, RSK phosphorylation was not only inhibited by U0126 but also by inhibitor of LY294002. The NHE1 phoshorylation resulted in stimulation of NHE1 activity as revealed by the NH4Cl-prepulse technique; the increase of NHE1 activity was dependent on fluoxetine concentration, and could be inhibited by both U0126 and LY294002. Our findings suggest that regulation of astrocytic pHi and brain pH may be one of the mechanisms underlying fluoxetine action.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jienan Ren
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Dan Song
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Qiufang Bai
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Science, The University of Manchester Manchester, UK ; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science Bilbao, Spain ; University of Nizhny Novgorod Nizhny Novgorod, Russia
| | - Liang Peng
- Laboratory of Brain Metabolic Diseases, Institute of Metabolic Disease Research and Drug Development, China Medical University Shenyang, China
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97
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Chronic treatment with anti-bipolar drugs suppresses glutamate release from astroglial cultures. Amino Acids 2015; 47:1045-51. [PMID: 25676933 DOI: 10.1007/s00726-015-1936-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/08/2014] [Accepted: 02/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
Astroglial cells are fundamental elements of most neurological diseases, including bipolar disorders in which astrocytes show morphological and functional deficiency. Here we report the suppression of astroglial glutamate release by chronic treatment with three anti-bipolar drugs, lithium salt (Li(+)), carbamazepine (CBZ) and valproic acid (VPA). Release of glutamate was triggered by transient exposure of astrocytes to ATP (which activated purinoceptors) and 45 mM K(+) (which depolarised cell membrane to ~-30 mV). In both types of stimulation glutamate release was regulated by Ca(2+) entry through plasmalemmal channels and by Ca(2+) release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) intracellular stores. Exposure of astroglial cultures to Li(+), CBZ and VPA for 2 weeks led to a significant (more than 2 times) inhibition of glutamate release, which may alleviate the hyperactivity of the glutamatergic transmission in the brain of patients with bipolar disorders and thus contribute the underlying mechanism of drug action.
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98
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Mitterauer BJ. Self-Structuring of Motile Astrocytic Processes within the Network of a Single Astrocyte. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2015. [DOI: 10.4236/abb.2015.612074] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
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99
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Abstract
This review focuses on the roles of glia and polyamines (PAs) in brain function and dysfunction, highlighting how PAs are one of the principal differences between glia and neurons. The novel role of PAs, such as putrescine, spermidine, and spermine and their precursors and derivatives, is discussed. However, PAs have not yet been a focus of much glial research. They affect many neuronal and glial receptors, channels, and transporters. They are therefore key elements in the development of many diseases and syndromes, thus forming the rationale for PA-focused and glia-focused therapy for these conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Serguei N Skatchkov
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad, Central del Caribe, PO Box 60-327, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA; Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Universidad, Central del Caribe, PO Box 60-327, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA.
| | - Michel A Woodbury-Fariña
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Puerto Rico School of Medicine, 307 Calle Eleonor Roosevelt, San Juan, PR 00918-2720, USA
| | - Misty Eaton
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Medicine, Universidad, Central del Caribe, PO Box 60-327, Bayamón, PR 00960-6032, USA
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100
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Montana V, Verkhratsky A, Parpura V. Pathological role for exocytotic glutamate release from astrocytes in hepatic encephalopathy. Curr Neuropharmacol 2014; 12:324-33. [PMID: 25342940 PMCID: PMC4207072 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x12666140903094700] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/22/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2014] [Accepted: 05/25/2014] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Liver failure can lead to generalized hyperammonemia, which is thought to be the underlying cause of hepatic encephalopathy. This neuropsychiatric syndrome is accompanied by functional changes of astrocytes. These glial cells enter ammonia-induced self-amplifying cycle characterized by brain oedema, oxidative and osmotic stress that causes modification of proteins and RNA. Consequently, protein expression and function are affected, including that of glutamine synthetase and plasmalemmal glutamate transporters, leading to glutamate excitotoxicity; Ca2+-dependent exocytotic glutamate release from astrocytes contributes to this extracellular glutamate overload.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vedrana Montana
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA ; Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
| | - Alexei Verkhratsky
- Faculty of Life Sciences, The University of Manchester, Manchester, M13 9PT, UK ; Achucarro Center for Neuroscience, IKERBASQUE, Basque Foundation for Science, 48011 Bilbao, Spain ; University of Nizhny Novgorod, Nizhny Novgorod 603022, Russia
| | - Vladimir Parpura
- Department of Neurobiology, Center for Glial Biology in Medicine, Atomic Force Microscopy & Nanotechnology Laboratories, Civitan International Research Center, Evelyn F. McKnight Brain Institute, University of Alabama, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA ; Department of Biotechnology, University of Rijeka, 51000 Rijeka, Croatia
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