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Non-invasive blood pressure measurement in ferrets ( Mustela putorius furo ) using high definition oscillometry. Vet J 2017; 228:53-62. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2017.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Revised: 07/06/2017] [Accepted: 10/25/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
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Willems A, Paepe D, Daminet S. Letter to the Editor. Vet Med (Auckl) 2017; 31:1370. [PMID: 28675535 PMCID: PMC5598896 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14785] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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Whittemore JC, Nystrom MR, Mawby DI. Effects of various factors on Doppler ultrasonographic measurements of radial and coccygeal arterial blood pressure in privately owned, conscious cats. J Am Vet Med Assoc 2017; 250:763-769. [PMID: 28306487 DOI: 10.2460/javma.250.7.763] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess the effects of age, body condition score (BCS), and muscle condition score (MCS) on radial and coccygeal systolic arterial blood pressure (SAP) in cats. DESIGN Prospective randomized trial. ANIMALS 66 privately owned cats enrolled between May and December 2010. PROCEDURES BCS and MCS of cats were assessed by 2 investigators; SAP was measured via Doppler ultrasonic flow detector, with cats positioned in right lateral or sternal recumbency for measurements at the radial or coccygeal artery, respectively, with order of site randomized. Associations among variables were assessed through correlation coefficients, partial correlation coefficients, and ANCOVA. RESULTS Interrater reliability for BCS and MCS assessment was high (correlation coefficients, 0.95 and 0.83, respectively). No significant effect was identified for order of SAP measurement sites. Coccygeal and radial SAP were positively correlated (ρ = 0.45). The median difference in coccygeal versus radial SAP was 19 mm Hg, but differences were not consistently positive or negative. Radial SAP was positively correlated with age (ρ = 0.48) and negatively correlated with MCS (ρ = -0.30). On the basis of the correlation analysis, the association between radial SAP and MCS reflected the confounding influence of age. Coccygeal SAP was not significantly correlated with age, BCS, or MCS. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL RELEVANCE Use of the coccygeal artery is recommended to reduce the confounding effects of age and sarcopenia on Doppler ultrasonographic SAP measurements in cats. Additionally, monitoring for changes in MCS is recommended for cats undergoing serial SAP measurement.
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Vandendriessche VL, Picavet P, Hesta M. First detailed nutritional survey in a referral companion animal population. J Anim Physiol Anim Nutr (Berl) 2017. [DOI: 10.1111/jpn.12621] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- V. L. Vandendriessche
- Laboratory of Nutrition; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | | | - M. Hesta
- Laboratory of Nutrition; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
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Taffin ERL, Paepe D, Ghys LFE, De Roover K, Van de Maele I, Saunders JH, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Systolic blood pressure, routine kidney variables and renal ultrasonographic findings in cats naturally infected with feline immunodeficiency virus. J Feline Med Surg 2017; 19:672-679. [PMID: 27307141 PMCID: PMC11128819 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16653165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Hypertension is a common cause of proteinuria in HIV-infected people. In cats, feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) infection appears to be associated with proteinuria. Therefore, the results from systolic blood pressure (SBP) measurements in naturally infected FIV-positive cats were reviewed to assess whether hypertension contributes to the observed proteinuria in these cats. Ultrasonographic findings in FIV-positive cats were reviewed to complete renal assessment and to extend the scant knowledge on renal ultrasonography in cats. Methods Data from client-owned, naturally infected FIV-positive cats were retrospectively reviewed. To obtain a control group, records were reviewed from age-matched, privately owned, FIV-negative cats. Results Data from 91 FIV-infected and 113 control cats were compared. FIV-infected cats showed a significantly lower SBP ( P <0.0001) and significantly fewer FIV-infected cats were hypertensive (⩾160 mmHg) compared with control cats ( P = 0.025). The prevalence of renal azotaemia did not significantly differ between groups, although FIV-infected cats had significantly lower urine specific gravity (USG) ( P = 0.0273) and a higher incidence of USG below 1.035 ( P = 0.043). Urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) was significantly higher in FIV-infected cats ( P = 0.0005) and proteinuria (UPC >0.4) occurred more frequently in FIV-infected cats ( P <0.001). Renal ultrasonography showed abnormalities in 60/91 FIV-infected cats, with hyperechogenic cortices in 39/91 and enlarged kidneys in 31/91. Conclusions and relevance Hypertension can be excluded as a common cause of renal damage leading to proteinuria in FIV-infected cats. Proteinuria and poorly concentrated urine are common in naturally infected FIV-positive cats, in contrast to azotaemia. Clinicians should cautiously interpret ultrasonographic abnormalities as these occur in over half of FIV-infected cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien RL Taffin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth FE Ghys
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Katrien De Roover
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Isabel Van de Maele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Jimmy H Saunders
- Department of Medical Imaging of Domestic Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Lefebvre HP, Reynolds BS, Croubels S, Meyer E, Delanghe JR, Daminet S. Evaluation of Cystatin C for the Detection of Chronic Kidney Disease in Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 30:1074-82. [PMID: 27461722 PMCID: PMC5108422 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14256] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 05/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Serum cystatin C (sCysC) and urinary cystatin C (uCysC) are potential biomarkers for early detection of chronic kidney disease (CKD) in cats. An in-depth clinical validation is required. OBJECTIVES To evaluate CysC as a marker for CKD in cats and to compare assay performance of the turbidimetric assay (PETIA) with the previously validated nephelometric assay (PENIA). ANIMALS Ninety cats were included: 49 CKD and 41 healthy cats. METHODS Serum CysC and uCysC concentrations were prospectively evaluated in cats with CKD and healthy cats. Based on plasma exo-iohexol clearance test (PexICT), sCysC was evaluated to distinguish normal, borderline, and low GFR. Sensitivity and specificity to detect PexICT < 1.7 mL/min/kg were calculated. Serum CysC results of PENIA and PETIA were correlated with GFR. Statistical analysis was performed using general linear modeling. RESULTS Cats with CKD had significantly higher mean ± SD sCysC (1.4 ± 0.5 mg/L) (P < .001) and uCysC/urinary creatinine (uCr) (291 ± 411 mg/mol) (P < .001) compared to healthy cats (sCysC 1.0 ± 0.3 and uCysC/uCr 0.32 ± 0.97). UCysC was detected in 35/49 CKD cats. R(2) values between GFR and sCysC or sCr were 0.39 and 0.71, respectively (sCysC or sCr = μ + GFR + ε). Sensitivity and specificity were 22 and 100% for sCysC and 83 and 93% for sCr. Serum CysC could not distinguish healthy from CKD cats, nor normal from borderline or low GFR, in contrast with sCr. CONCLUSION Serum CysC is not a reliable marker of reduced GFR in cats and uCysC could not be detected in all CKD cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F E Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - H P Lefebvre
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - B S Reynolds
- Clinical Research Unit, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Toulouse Cedex 3, France
| | - S Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J R Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Ghent University, Gent, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Dell'Osa D, Jaensch S. Prevalence of clinicopathological changes in healthy middle-aged dogs and cats presenting to veterinary practices for routine procedures. Aust Vet J 2017; 94:317-23. [PMID: 27569834 DOI: 10.1111/avj.12481] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 11/06/2015] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The objective of the present study was to investigate the frequency of abnormal clinicopathological parameters in a population of client-owned clinically healthy middle-aged dogs and cats. MATERIALS AND METHODS Biochemical and haematological profiles, urinalysis and total T4 were measured in clinically healthy middle-aged dogs (age, 5-8 years) and cats (age, 6-9 years) presenting to veterinary practices for routine procedures. RESULTS Of the 406 dogs, only 55 had no abnormalities identified in the testing panel. Most changes were minor or considered artifactual; however, changes that were diagnostic of significant disease or warranting additional evaluation were identified in 25 dogs (6.2%). Of the 130 cats, only 26 had no abnormalities identified in the testing panel. Most changes were minor or considered artifactual; however, changes diagnostic of significant disease or warranting additional evaluation were identified in 25 cats (19.2%). Significant abnormalities included anaemia, inflammation and evidence of liver, kidney and pancreatic disease. CONCLUSION Biochemical and haematological testing as part of regular preventive health checks may facilitate early detection of diseases before they present clinically, allowing earlier intervention and better health outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- D Dell'Osa
- IDEXX Laboratories Pty Ltd, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia
| | - S Jaensch
- IDEXX Laboratories Pty Ltd, Rydalmere, NSW, Australia.
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58
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Marynissen S, Willems A, Paepe D, Smets P, Picavet P, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Proteinuria in Apparently Healthy Elderly Dogs: Persistency and Comparison Between Free Catch and Cystocentesis Urine. J Vet Intern Med 2017; 31:93-101. [PMID: 28019038 PMCID: PMC5259622 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 08/10/2016] [Accepted: 11/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Up to 25% of elderly humans have proteinuria, often associated with underlying lesions. Data concerning the presence of proteinuria in elderly dogs is scarce. OBJECTIVES To describe the presence and persistence of proteinuria and to compare urinary protein : creatinine ratio (UPC) between free catch and cystocentesis urine samples in apparently healthy elderly dogs. ANIMALS Hundred apparently healthy elderly dogs. METHODS Prospective study. Owners of 100 elderly dogs were asked to collect 2 free catch urine samples. Dogs were considered healthy based on owner's perception and an age chart, based on ideal bodyweight, was used to define dogs as senior or geriatric. UPC of urine collected by free catch and cystocentesis were compared. Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were defined as UPC >0.5 and between 0.2 and 0.5, respectively, if examination of sediment did not explain proteinuria. Proteinuria was considered persistent if present at both sampling times. RESULTS At baseline, 71 owners succeeded in collecting urine. Eleven percent of dogs had overt proteinuria, 14% were borderline proteinuric, and 75% nonproteinuric. Thirty-seven repeated urine samples, with a median time interval of 31 days (range 10-90), were available. Nineteen percent of dogs had a persistently increased UPC (>0.2), with persistent overt proteinuria present in 8%. A strong correlation (ρ = 0.88) was found between UPC of urine collected by free catch and cystocentesis. CONCLUSIONS AND CLINICAL IMPORTANCE As 19% of study dogs had persistent proteinuria, our findings emphasize that measurement of proteinuria should be part of geriatric health screening. For UPC in dogs, free catch urine provides a good alternative to cystocentesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- S.J.J. Marynissen
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - A.L. Willems
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - D. Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - P.M.Y. Smets
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - P. Picavet
- Hill's Pet Nutrition, IncMerelbekeBelgium
| | - L. Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and BiometricsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
| | - S. Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small AnimalsFaculty of Veterinary MedicineGhent UniversityMerelbekeBelgium
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59
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Buckley FI, Mahony O, Webster CRL. Adrenal function in cats with cholestatic liver disease. J Vet Diagn Invest 2016; 29:14-19. [DOI: 10.1177/1040638716671978] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cats with cholestatic liver disease experience significant morbidity and mortality when they undergo invasive procedures under anesthesia. Although inadequate adrenal response might account for these outcomes, adrenal function in cats with cholestatic liver disease has not been documented, to our knowledge. The goal of our study was to describe adrenal function in these cats. Twenty-seven cats with a serum bilirubin >230 µmol/L (3 mg/dL) and serum alanine aminotransferase >2 times the upper limit of normal had pre– and 60-min post–adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) cortisol analysis after administration of 5 µg/kg cosyntropin intravenously. The change in cortisol concentrations (delta cortisol) was calculated. Pre- and post-ACTH cortisol concentrations were compared to reference values. Pre-ACTH, post-ACTH, and delta cortisol values were compared between cats surviving to discharge or for 30 d postdischarge. Mean pre-ACTH cortisol levels (205 ± 113 nmol/L [7.4 ± 4.2 µg/dL]) and post-ACTH cortisol levels (440 ± 113 nmol/L [15.9 ± 4.1 g/dL]) in cholestatic cats were significantly greater than reference values in clinically normal cats. There was no association of pre- or post-ACTH cortisol with survival. Cats with a delta cortisol <179 nmol/L (6.5 µg/dL) were more likely to be non-survivors at 30 d post-discharge ( p = 0.037) than cats with delta cortisol >179 nmol/L (6.5 µg/dL). Results indicate that cats with cholestasis have high basal and ACTH-stimulated cortisol values. A delta cortisol <179 nmol/L (6.5 µg/dL) defines a population of cats that have decreased 30-d survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Faith I. Buckley
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA
| | - Orla Mahony
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA
| | - Cynthia R. L. Webster
- Department of Clinical Sciences, Cummings School of Veterinary Medicine at Tufts University, Grafton, MA
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60
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Willems A, Paepe D, Marynissen S, Smets P, Van de Maele I, Picavet P, Duchateau L, Daminet S. Results of Screening of Apparently Healthy Senior and Geriatric Dogs. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 31:81-92. [PMID: 27747924 PMCID: PMC5259637 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14587] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2016] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/24/2016] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Background There is a growing interest in health care of elderly dogs; however, scientific information about physical and laboratory examination findings in this age group is limited. Objectives To describe systolic blood pressure (SBP), and results of physical examination and laboratory tests in senior and geriatric dogs that were judged by the owner to be healthy. Animals Hundred client‐owned dogs. Methods Dogs were prospectively recruited. Owners completed a questionnaire. SBP measurement, physical, orthopedic and neurologic examination, direct fundoscopy and Schirmer tear test were performed. Complete blood count, serum biochemistry, and urinalysis were evaluated. Results Forty‐one senior and 59 geriatric dogs were included. Mean SBP was 170 ± 38 mmHg, and 53 dogs had SBP > 160 mmHg. Thirty‐nine animals were overweight. A heart murmur was detected in 22, severe calculus in 21 and 1 or more (sub)cutaneous masses in 56 dogs. Thirty‐two dogs had increased serum creatinine, 29 hypophosphatemia, 27 increased ALP, 25 increased ALT, and 23 leukopenia. Crystalluria, mostly amorphous crystals, was commonly detected (62/96). Overt proteinuria and borderline proteinuria were detected in 13 and 18 of 97 dogs, respectively. Four dogs had a positive urine bacterial culture. Frequency of orthopedic problems, frequency of (sub)cutaneous masses, and platelet count were significantly higher in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Body temperature, hematocrit, serum albumin, and serum total thyroxine concentration were significantly lower in geriatric compared with senior dogs. Conclusions and Clinical Importance Physical and laboratory abnormalities are common in apparently healthy elderly dogs. Veterinarians play a key role in implementing health screening and improving health care for elderly pets.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Willems
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - D Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Marynissen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Smets
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - I Van de Maele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - P Picavet
- Hill's Pet Nutrition, Inc., Brussels, Belgium
| | - L Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Geddes RF, Biourge V, Chang Y, Syme HM, Elliott J. The Effect of Moderate Dietary Protein and Phosphate Restriction on Calcium-Phosphate Homeostasis in Healthy Older Cats. J Vet Intern Med 2016; 30:1690-1702. [PMID: 27527663 PMCID: PMC5032885 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.14563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2015] [Revised: 06/25/2016] [Accepted: 07/18/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Dietary phosphate and protein restriction decreases plasma PTH and FGF‐23 concentrations and improves survival time in azotemic cats, but has not been examined in cats that are not azotemic. Hypothesis Feeding a moderately protein‐ and phosphate‐restricted diet decreases PTH and FGF‐23 in healthy older cats and thereby slows progression to azotemic CKD. Animals A total of 54 healthy, client‐owned cats (≥ 9 years). Methods Prospective double‐blinded randomized placebo‐controlled trial. Cats were assigned to test diet (protein 76 g/Mcal and phosphate 1.6 g/Mcal) or control diet (protein 86 g/Mcal and phosphate 2.6 g/Mcal) and monitored for 18 months. Changes in variables over time and effect of diet were assessed by linear mixed models. Results A total of 26 cats ate test diet and 28 cats ate control diet. There was a significant effect of diet on urinary fractional excretion of phosphate (P = 0.045), plasma PTH (P = 0.005), and ionized calcium concentrations (P = 0.018), but not plasma phosphate, FGF‐23, or creatinine concentrations. Plasma PTH concentrations did not significantly change in cats fed the test diet (P = 0.62) but increased over time in cats fed the control diet (P = 0.001). There was no significant treatment effect of the test diet on development of azotemic CKD (3 of 26 (12%) test versus 3 of 28 (11%) control, odds ratio 1.09 (95% CI 0.13–8.94), P = 0.92). Conclusions and Clinical Importance Feeding a moderately protein‐ and phosphate‐restricted diet has effects on calcium‐phosphate homeostasis in healthy older cats and is well tolerated. This might have an impact on renal function and could be useful in early chronic kidney disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- R F Geddes
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK.
| | | | - Y Chang
- Department of Comparative Biological Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, UK
| | - H M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biological Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, Camden, London, UK
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Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Taffin ERL, Vandermeulen E, Duchateau L, Smets PMY, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Serum and urinary cystatin C in cats with feline immunodeficiency virus infection and cats with hyperthyroidism. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:658-65. [PMID: 26101237 PMCID: PMC10816382 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x15592343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES The objective of this study was to investigate serum cystatin C (sCysC) and urinary cystatin C (uCysC) in cats with hyperthyroidism and cats with feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV). METHODS Thirty cats with FIV, 26 hyperthyroid cats and 28 healthy cats were included. sCysC and uCysC:creatinine (uCysC/uCr) ratio were measured with a human particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay, previously validated for feline CysC measurement. Routine renal variables (serum creatinine [sCr], urine specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio [UPC]) were also measured in the three groups. RESULTS Cats with hyperthyroidism had significantly higher sCysC and higher uCysC/uCr ratio, lower sCr and a higher UPC than healthy cats. Cats with FIV infection did not show a significantly higher sCysC concentration but had a significantly higher sCr and UPC than healthy cats. uCysC could be detected in only four of them. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE This study demonstrated that sCysC is increased in cats with hyperthyroidism, in contrast with sCr, but not in cats with FIV. Many hyperthyroid cats, but only four cats with FIV, had an elevated uCysC/uCr ratio. Further studies may reveal if uCysC might be a valuable marker for tubular dysfunction in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth F E Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elien R L Taffin
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Eva Vandermeulen
- Department of Medical Imaging and Orthopaedics of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Luc Duchateau
- Department of Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke
| | - Pascale M Y Smets
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Wightman PF, Hill KE, Cohen EB, Bridges J, Bolwell CF, French J, Adler BA, Green R. An imaging investigation of in situ uroliths in hospitalized cats in New Zealand and in the United States. Vet Med Sci 2016; 2:255-265. [PMID: 29067201 PMCID: PMC5645850 DOI: 10.1002/vms3.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2016] [Revised: 04/29/2016] [Accepted: 06/01/2016] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The submission rates of feline uroliths to laboratories and the composition of uroliths have been reported in studies. The prevalence of uroliths reported on imaging findings has not been published. The objective of this retrospective study was to use imaging data to investigate the anatomical location and the prevalence of macroscopic in situ uroliths in cats. Radiographs, sonograms and imaging reports from two cohorts of cats (from New Zealand (n = 497) and the United States (n = 693)) from 2004‐2013 were reviewed for the presence of in situ uroliths. Uroliths were categorized by their location in the lower or upper urinary tract. Radiographic studies were performed on 43% (212/497) of the cats from New Zealand and 50% (349/693) of the cats from the USA. Sonographic studies were performed on 57% (285/497) of the cats from New Zealand and 50% (344/693) of the cats from the USA. The total prevalence of uroliths was 3% in the New Zealand cohort and 13% in the USA cohort. Lower tract urolith prevalence in the New Zealand cohort was 2.4% (5/212) in cats ≤ 6y and 1.1% (3/285) in cats >6y. Upper tract urolith prevalence in the New Zealand cohort was 0.5% (1/212) in cats ≤ 6y and 1.8% (5/285) in cats >6y. Lower tract urolith prevalence in the United States cohort was 6.0% (11/183) in cats ≤ 6y and 2.9% (15/510) in cats >6y. Upper tract urolith prevalence in the United States cohort was 2.7% (5/183) in cats ≤ 6y and 10.2% (52/510) in cats >6y. The prevalence of uroliths in the upper tract or lower tract was low in the New Zealand cohort compared to that of cats in the USA cohort, irrespective of age category. Geographical location may be important when evaluating risk factors for feline urolithiasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Paul F Wightman
- Institute of VeterinaryAnimal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11222Palmerston North4442New Zealand
| | - Kate E Hill
- Institute of VeterinaryAnimal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11222Palmerston North4442New Zealand
| | - Eli B Cohen
- Institute of VeterinaryAnimal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11222Palmerston North4442New Zealand.,North Carolina State University College of Veterinary Medicine1060 William Moore Dr.Raleigh27607North CarolinaUSA
| | - Janis Bridges
- Institute of VeterinaryAnimal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11222Palmerston North4442New Zealand
| | - Charlotte F Bolwell
- Institute of VeterinaryAnimal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11222Palmerston North4442New Zealand
| | - John French
- Institute of VeterinaryAnimal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11222Palmerston North4442New Zealand.,Veterinary Teaching HospitalColorado State University300 W. Drake Rd.Fort Collins80523ColoradoUSA
| | - Brian A Adler
- Institute of VeterinaryAnimal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11222Palmerston North4442New Zealand.,Mission Animal Hospital845 W Palmdale BlvdPalmdale93551CaliforniaUSA
| | - Ron Green
- Institute of VeterinaryAnimal and Biomedical SciencesMassey UniversityPrivate Bag 11222Palmerston North4442New Zealand.,Antech Imaging Services17672-B Cowan AvenueIrvine92614CaliforniaUSA
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Bellows J, Center S, Daristotle L, Estrada AH, Flickinger EA, Horwitz DF, Lascelles BDX, Lepine A, Perea S, Scherk M, Shoveller AK. Aging in cats: Common physical and functional changes. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:533-50. [PMID: 27370392 PMCID: PMC10816677 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16649523] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/27/2024]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Aged pets comprise a significant proportion of the small animal veterinarian's patient population; in the USA, for example, it was estimated that over 20% of pet cats were 11 years of age or older in 2011. Certain changes associated with aging are neither positive nor negative, but others are less desirable, associated with illness, changes in mobility or the development of unwanted behaviors. These changes can greatly affect the health and wellbeing of the cat and have a tremendous impact on the owner. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Regular veterinary examinations are essential for evaluating the health of older patients and for providing owners with guidance regarding optimal care. With the exception of overt disease, however, it is difficult to definitively determine if a cat is displaying changes that are appropriate for age or if they reflect an abnormal process or condition. GOALS This is the first of two review articles in a Special Issue devoted to feline healthy aging. The goals of the project culminating in these publications included developing a working definition for healthy aging in feline patients and identifying clinical methods that can be used to accurately classify healthy aged cats. This first review provides a thorough, systems-based overview of common health-related changes observed in cats as they age. EVIDENCE BASE There is a paucity of research in feline aging. The authors have drawn on expert opinion and available data in both the cat and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Center
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Leighann Daristotle
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA L Daristotle's current address is: The Blue Buffalo Co, Wilton, CT, USA
| | - Amara H Estrada
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Flickinger
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA EA Flickinger's current address is: Kent Pet Group, 2905 N Hwy 61, Muscatine, IA, USA
| | | | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Allan Lepine
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA
| | - Sally Perea
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA
| | | | - Anna K Shoveller
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA AK Shoveller's current address is: Department of Animal BioSciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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66
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Bellows J, Center S, Daristotle L, Estrada AH, Flickinger EA, Horwitz DF, Lascelles BDX, Lepine A, Perea S, Scherk M, Shoveller AK. Evaluating aging in cats: How to determine what is healthy and what is disease. J Feline Med Surg 2016; 18:551-70. [PMID: 27370393 PMCID: PMC10816674 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x16649525] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Many of the changes that occur with aging are not considered pathologic and do not negatively affect overall wellness or quality of life. Ruling out disease is essential, however, when attempting to determine whether an aged cat can be considered 'healthy'. A clear understanding of the normal and abnormal changes that are associated with aging in cats can help practitioners make decisions regarding medical management, feeding interventions and additional testing procedures for their aged patients. CLINICAL CHALLENGES It can be difficult to determine if a cat is displaying changes that are appropriate for age. For example, healthy aged cats may have hematologic or serum biochemistry changes that differ from those of the general feline population. Assessment of behavioral health and cognitive changes, as well as auditory, olfactory and visual changes, can also be challenging in the aged patient. GOALS This is the second of two review articles in a Special Issue devoted to feline healthy aging. The goals of the project culminating in these publications included developing a working definition for healthy aging in feline patients and identifying clinical methods that can be used to accurately classify healthy aged cats. This second review proposes criteria for assessing 'healthy aged cats'. EVIDENCE BASE There is a paucity of research in feline aging. The authors draw on expert opinion and available data in both the cat and other species.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Sharon Center
- Cornell University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Ithaca, New York, USA
| | - Leighann Daristotle
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA L Daristotle's current address is: The Blue Buffalo Co, Wilton, CT, USA
| | - Amara H Estrada
- University of Florida, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Small Animal Clinical Sciences, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Elizabeth A Flickinger
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA EA Flickinger's current address is: Kent Pet Group, 2905 N Hwy 61, Muscatine, IA, USA
| | | | - B Duncan X Lascelles
- North Carolina State University, College of Veterinary Medicine, Department of Clinical Sciences, Raleigh, NC, USA
| | - Allan Lepine
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA
| | - Sally Perea
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA
| | | | - Anna K Shoveller
- The Iams Company, Mars Pet Care, 6574 State Route 503 North, Lewisburg, OH, USA AK Shoveller's current address is: Department of Animal BioSciences, University of Guelph, ON, Canada
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67
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Marynissen SJJ, Smets PMY, Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Delanghe J, Galac S, Meyer E, Lefebvre HP, Daminet S. Long-term follow-up of renal function assessing serum cystatin C in dogs with diabetes mellitus or hyperadrenocorticism. Vet Clin Pathol 2016; 45:320-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12365] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Sofie J. J. Marynissen
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Pascale M. Y. Smets
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Liesbeth F. E. Ghys
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Joris Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology; Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences; Ghent University; Ghent Belgium
| | - Sara Galac
- Department of Clinical Sciences of Companion Animals; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Utrecht University; Utrecht The Netherlands
| | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
| | - Hervé P. Lefebvre
- Department of Clinical Sciences and Clinical Research Unit; INRA; École Nationale Vétérinaire de Toulouse (ENVT); Toulouse France
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology; Faculty of Veterinary Medicine; Ghent University; Merelbeke Belgium
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MOHAMMADI S, BUSA LSA, MAEKI M, MOHAMADI RM, ISHIDA A, TANI H, TOKESHI M. Rapid Detection of Cat Cystatin C (cCys-C) Using Immuno-Pillar Chips. ANAL SCI 2016; 32:1359-1362. [DOI: 10.2116/analsci.32.1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Saeed MOHAMMADI
- Graduate School of Chemical Sciences and Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | | | - Masatoshi MAEKI
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Reza M. MOHAMADI
- Department of Pharmaceutical Science, Leslie Dan Faculty of Pharmacy, University of Toronto
| | - Akihiko ISHIDA
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Hirofumi TANI
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
| | - Manabu TOKESHI
- Division of Applied Chemistry, Faculty of Engineering, Hokkaido University
- ImPACT Research Center for Advanced Nanobiodevices, Nagoya University
- Innovative Research Center for Preventive Medical Engineering, Nagoya University
- Institute of Innovative for Future Society, Nagoya University
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69
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Williams TL, Archer J. Evaluation of urinary biomarkers for azotaemic chronic kidney disease in cats. J Small Anim Pract 2015; 57:122-9. [DOI: 10.1111/jsap.12439] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2015] [Revised: 08/27/2015] [Accepted: 09/21/2015] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- T. L. Williams
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES
| | - J. Archer
- Department of Veterinary Medicine; University of Cambridge; Madingley Road Cambridge CB3 0ES
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70
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Ghys L, Paepe D, Lefebvre H, Taffin E, Hesta M, Delanghe J, Smets P, Vandendriessche V, Daminet S. The effect of feeding, storage and anticoagulant on feline serum cystatin C. Vet J 2015; 206:91-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/01/2015] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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71
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Paepe D, Ghys LF, Smets P, Lefebvre HP, Croubels S, Daminet S. Routine kidney variables, glomerular filtration rate and urinary cystatin C in cats with diabetes mellitus, cats with chronic kidney disease and healthy cats. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:880-8. [PMID: 25425599 PMCID: PMC11112199 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14559788] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is a frequent and serious complication in human diabetic patients, but data are limited in cats. This study was undertaken to assess whether diabetic cats are susceptible to DKD. METHODS Kidney function was compared between 36 cats with diabetes mellitus (DM), 10 cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD) and 10 age-matched healthy cats by measuring routine kidney variables (serum creatinine [sCreat], serum urea [sUrea], urine specific gravity [USG], urinary protein:creatinine ratio [UPC]), urinary cystatin C:creatinine ratio and glomerular filtration rate (GFR). Urinary cystatin C (uCysC) was measured with a human particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay, validated to measure feline cystatin C, in all but two diabetic cats. GFR was evaluated by exo-iohexol clearance in 17 diabetic cats, all cats with CKD and all healthy cats. RESULTS Diabetic cats had significantly (mean ± SD) lower sCreat (123 ± 38 vs 243 ± 80 µmol/l), sUrea (11 ± 3 vs 18 ± 7 mmol/l) and urinary cystatin C:creatinine ratio (6 ± 31 vs 173 ± 242 mg/mol), and a significantly higher USG (1.033 ± 0.012 vs 1.018 ± 0.006) and GFR (2.0 ± 0.7 vs 0.8 ± 0.3 ml/min/kg) compared with cats with CKD. Compared with healthy cats, diabetic cats only had significantly lower USG (1.033 ± 0.012 vs 1.046 ± 0.008). Proteinuria (UPC >0.4) was present in 39% of diabetic cats, in 30% of cats with CKD and in none of the healthy cats. However, the UPC did not differ statistically between the three groups. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE Based on evaluation of routine kidney variables, GFR and uCysC as a tubular marker at a single time point, a major impact of feline DM on kidney function could not be demonstrated.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Liesbeth Fe Ghys
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Pascale Smets
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- University of Toulouse, INP, National Toulouse Veterinary School, Clinical Research Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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72
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Paepe D, Lefebvre HP, Concordet D, van Hoek I, Croubels S, Daminet S. Simplified methods for estimating glomerular filtration rate in cats and for detection of cats with low or borderline glomerular filtration rate. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:889-900. [PMID: 25518848 PMCID: PMC11112193 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14561106] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Diagnosis of early feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is challenging. Glomerular filtration rate (GFR) is the best overall indicator of kidney function, but multisample plasma clearance methods to determine GFR are labour intensive, time consuming and stressful for feline patients. This study aimed to develop simplified methods to detect decreased GFR in cats. METHODS Data from a nine-sample combined plasma exogenous creatinine-iohexol clearance test of 73 cats were used. Limited sampling strategies were developed by comparing all sampling time combinations with the complete nine sampling times set and selecting the best sampling time combinations based on maximum relative error. By regression analysis, the ability of routine blood (serum creatinine, serum urea) and urine (urine specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio) variables to predict GFR or identify cats with low or borderline GFR was examined. Cut-off clearance marker concentrations to predict low or borderline GFR was determined at three time points after marker injection. All procedures were analysed for three clearance markers (exo-iohexol, creatinine, endo-iohexol). RESULTS For reliable estimation of GFR, at least three blood samples for clinical purposes and five blood samples for research purposes are required. Regression formulae based on routine variables did not reliably predict GFR, but accurately identified cats with low (sensitivity 96.5-98.2%; specificity 60-91.3%) or borderline (sensitivity 91.1-96%; specificity 76.5-81.8%) GFR. Clearance marker concentrations exceeding given marker cut-off concentrations also identified cats with low or borderline GFR with high sensitivities and specificities. CONCLUSIONS AND RELEVANCE These simplified methods will facilitate the detection of early kidney dysfunction in cats. Early diagnosis allows timely therapeutic intervention, and future studies must reveal whether this improves the long-term outcome of cats with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hervé P Lefebvre
- University of Toulouse, INP, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, Clinical Research Unit, Toulouse, France
| | - Didier Concordet
- INRA, UMR 1331, Toxalim, National Veterinary School of Toulouse, 23 Chemin des Capelles, Toulouse, France
| | - Ingrid van Hoek
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium Current address: Royal Canin SAS, BP 4 - 650, Avenue de la Petite Camargue, 30470, Aimargues, France
| | - Siska Croubels
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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73
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Danielson KC, Hardie RJ, McAnulty JF. Outcome of Donor Cats After Unilateral Nephrectomy as Part of a Clinical Kidney Transplant Program. Vet Surg 2015; 44:914-9. [DOI: 10.1111/vsu.12362] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Kelson C. Danielson
- Department of Surgical Sciences; University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Robert J. Hardie
- Department of Surgical Sciences; University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine; Madison Wisconsin
| | - Jonathan F. McAnulty
- Department of Surgical Sciences; University of Wisconsin School of Veterinary Medicine; Madison Wisconsin
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74
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Puig J, Cattin I, Seth M. Concurrent diseases in hyperthyroid cats undergoing assessment prior to radioiodine treatment. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:537-42. [PMID: 25234248 PMCID: PMC10816783 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14551775] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 07/10/2024]
Abstract
Hyperthyroidism is a common endocrinopathy of geriatric cats, which are also prone to various other diseases. This retrospective study examined the prevalence and type of non-renal concurrent diseases present in cats referred for radioiodine assessment that were believed to have no other comorbidities at the time of referral. Ninety-four cats were included and analysed. Seventeen cases (18%) were identified as having concurrent disorders, with alimentary lymphoma (n = 5) and chronic enteropathy (n = 4) as the two most common comorbid diseases. The eosinophil count, total bilirubin and total calcium were significantly higher in the concurrent disease group, although the differences are unlikely to be clinically useful. The results support the utility of careful and individual assessment for all hyperthyroid cats prior to receiving radioiodine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordi Puig
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, UK
| | | | - Mayank Seth
- Animal Health Trust, Lanwades Park, Kentford, Newmarket, UK
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75
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Bijsmans ES, Jepson RE, Chang YM, Syme HM, Elliott J. Changes in systolic blood pressure over time in healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease. J Vet Intern Med 2015; 29:855-61. [PMID: 25917326 PMCID: PMC4895402 DOI: 10.1111/jvim.12600] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2014] [Revised: 01/07/2015] [Accepted: 03/24/2015] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Hypertension is a common problem in older cats, most often associated with chronic kidney disease (CKD). Cross‐sectional studies have suggested that blood pressure in cats increases with age. Hypothesis/Objectives To determine whether blood pressure in cats increases with age and whether this occurs independently of the presence of CKD. To investigate risk factors for developing hypertension. Animals/Subjects Two hundred and sixty‐five cats with CKD and 133 healthy cats ≥9 years were retrospectively identified. Methods Four groups were created according to status at initial evaluation (CKD or healthy) and blood pressure at the last included visit (normotensive [NT] or developed hypertension [DH]): Healthy‐NT, Healthy‐DH, CKD‐NT and CKD‐DH. Systolic blood pressure (SBP) over time slopes were compared with 0 and between groups. Risk factors for the development of hypertension were investigated, and associations of biochemical and clinical variables with SBP were examined. Results Cats that were hypertensive at CKD diagnosis (n = 105) were not included in further analyses. Twenty‐seven cats with CKD and 9 healthy cats developed hypertension ≥3 months after diagnosis of CKD or their first visit. Systolic blood pressure significantly increased with age in all cats (P < .001). Healthy cats were at less risk than cats with CKD to become hypertensive (hazard ratio 0.2, P < .001), with creatinine being an independent risk factor for the development of hypertension. Conclusions and Clinical Importance The high prevalence of hypertension in azotemic cats in this study shows the importance of monitoring of SBP in elderly cats, and in particular in cats with CKD.
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Affiliation(s)
- E S Bijsmans
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - R E Jepson
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - Y M Chang
- Research Support Office, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
| | - H M Syme
- Department of Clinical Science and Services, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, North Mymms, Hatfield, Hertfordshire, UK
| | - J Elliott
- Department of Comparative Biomedical Sciences, Royal Veterinary College, University of London, London, UK
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76
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Rishniw M, Bicalho R. Factors affecting urine specific gravity in apparently healthy cats presenting to first opinion practice for routine evaluation. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:329-37. [PMID: 25030955 PMCID: PMC11104158 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14541263] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that apparently healthy cats presenting for routine evaluation should have a randomly sampled urine specific gravity (USG) >1.035. A USG <1.035 might reflect inappropriate concentrating ability warranting further investigation. We measured the USG of 1040 apparently healthy cats presenting to first opinion practice in an observational study, using either in-clinic refractometers or measurements provided by reference laboratories, and examined factors that might affect USG. In-clinic refractometers were calibrated using distilled water (specific gravity = 1.000). The USG was >1.030 in 91% of cats and >1.035 in 88% of cats; 121 adult cats (⩾6 months old) and five young cats (<6 months old) had USGs of <1.035. Of these 126 cats, a pathological cause was identified in 27 adult cats - of these, 26 were >9 years old - but no young cats. No cause was identified in 43 adult cats, and further investigation was not pursued in 51 adult cats. Factors that affected USG included age, diet type, sex, fasting status, drinking avidity, refractometer type, and the interaction between sex and diet - increasing dietary moisture content lowered USG only in female cats. Most factors minimally affected USG. The odds of having a USG <1.035 without apparent pathology included age and dietary moisture content. Drinking avidity decreased with increasing dietary moisture content. Our results show that most apparently healthy cats presenting to first-opinion practice should have a USG >1.035. Dietary management strategies to lower USG might be less effective than anticipated, and warrant monitoring of USG to determine efficacy. Older cats with USG <1.035 are more likely to have pathological causes identified, although clinicians are more likely to examine these cats for possible pathology. A lack of stringent refractometer calibration could have caused some errors in estimates of USG by some observers, but would be unlikely to alter markedly the findings.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rodrigo Bicalho
- Department of Population Medicine and Epidemiology, College of Veterinary Medicine, Cornell University, Ithaca, NY, USA
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77
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Ghys LFE, Paepe D, Duchateau L, Taffin ERL, Marynissen S, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Biological validation of feline serum cystatin C: The effect of breed, age and sex and establishment of a reference interval. Vet J 2015; 204:168-73. [PMID: 25900195 DOI: 10.1016/j.tvjl.2015.02.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2014] [Revised: 12/16/2014] [Accepted: 02/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Chronic kidney disease (CKD) is common in cats, but the routine renal markers, serum creatinine (sCr) and urea, are not sensitive or specific enough to detect early CKD. Serum cystatin C (sCysC) has advantages over sCr, both in humans and dogs, and sCysC concentration is significantly higher in cats with CKD than in healthy cats. The objective of this study was to determine the effect of age, sex and breed on feline sCysC and to establish a reference interval for feline sCysC. In total, 130 healthy cats aged 1-16 years were included. sCysC was determined using a validated particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay. sCr, urea, urine specific gravity, urinary protein:creatinine ratio (UPC) and systolic blood pressure (SBP) were also measured. No significant differences in sCysC concentration were observed among young, middle-aged and geriatric cats, female intact, female neutered cats, male intact and male neutered cats, or among purebred and domestic short-or longhaired cats. The 95% reference interval for feline sCysC was determined to be 0.58-1.95 mg/L. sCr was significantly higher in geriatric cats than young cats. Serum urea in geriatric cats was significantly higher than in middle-aged and young cats (P = 0.004 and P <0.001, respectively). SBP in geriatric cats was significantly higher than in both middle-aged and young cats (P = 0.004 and P = 0.040, respectively). Male neutered and female neutered cats had significantly higher serum urea concentrations than female intact cats (P = 0.003 and P = 0.006, respectively). Male intact cats had a significantly higher UPC than female intact and female neutered cats (P = 0.02 for each comparison). There were no significant differences among sex groups for USG. It is of concern that sCysC in the majority of cats with CKD in previous studies falls within the reference interval calculated in this study. Further studies are warranted to evaluate the diagnostic value of sCysC as a renal marker in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- L F E Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
| | - D Paepe
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - L Duchateau
- Department of Comparative Physiology and Biometrics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - E R L Taffin
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - S Marynissen
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - J Delanghe
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, Microbiology and Immunology, Faculty of Health Medicine and Life Sciences, Ghent University, De Pintelaan 184, B-9000 Ghent, Belgium
| | - S Daminet
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
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Taffin E, Paepe D, Goris N, Auwerx J, Debille M, Neyts J, Van de Maele I, Daminet S. Antiviral treatment of feline immunodeficiency virus-infected cats with (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:79-86. [PMID: 24782459 PMCID: PMC10816418 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14532089] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV), the causative agent of an acquired immunodeficiency syndrome in cats (feline AIDS), is a ubiquitous health threat to the domestic and feral cat population, also triggering disease in wild animals. No registered antiviral compounds are currently available to treat FIV-infected cats. Several human antiviral drugs have been used experimentally in cats, but not without the development of serious adverse effects. Here we report on the treatment of six naturally FIV-infected cats, suffering from moderate to severe disease, with the antiretroviral compound (R)-9-(2-phosphonylmethoxypropyl)-2,6-diaminopurine ([R]-PMPDAP), a close analogue of tenofovir, a widely prescribed anti-HIV drug in human medicine. An improvement in the average Karnofsky score (pretreatment 33.2 ± 9.4%, post-treatment 65±12.3%), some laboratory parameters (ie, serum amyloid A and gammaglobulins) and a decrease of FIV viral load in plasma were noted in most cats. The role of concurrent medication in ameliorating the Karnofsky score, as well as the possible development of haematological side effects, are discussed. Side effects, when noted, appeared mild and reversible upon cessation of treatment. Although strong conclusions cannot be drawn owing to the small number of patients and lack of a placebo-treated control group, the activity of (R)-PMPDAP, as observed here, warrants further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elien Taffin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | | | - Mariella Debille
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | | | - Isabel Van de Maele
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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79
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O'Neill DG, Church DB, McGreevy PD, Thomson PC, Brodbelt DC. Longevity and mortality of cats attending primary care veterinary practices in England. J Feline Med Surg 2015; 17:125-33. [PMID: 24925771 PMCID: PMC10816413 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x14536176] [Citation(s) in RCA: 116] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Enhanced knowledge on longevity and mortality in cats should support improved breeding, husbandry, clinical care and disease prevention strategies. The VetCompass research database of primary care veterinary practice data offers an extensive resource of clinical health information on companion animals in the UK. This study aimed to characterise longevity and mortality in cats, and to identify important demographic risk factors for compromised longevity. Crossbred cats were hypothesised to live longer than purebred cats. Descriptive statistics were used to characterise the deceased cats. Multivariable linear regression methods investigated risk factor association with longevity in cats that died at or after 5 years of age. From 118,016 cats attending 90 practices in England, 4009 cats with confirmed deaths were randomly selected for detailed study. Demographic characterisation showed that 3660 (91.7%) were crossbred, 2009 (50.7%) were female and 2599 (64.8%) were neutered. The most frequently attributed causes of mortality in cats of all ages were trauma (12.2%), renal disorder (12.1%), non-specific illness (11.2%), neoplasia (10.8%) and mass lesion disorders (10.2%). Overall, the median longevity was 14.0 years (interquartile range [IQR] 9.0-17.0; range 0.0-26.7). Crossbred cats had a higher median longevity than purebred cats (median [IQR] 14.0 years [9.1-17.0] vs 12.5 years [6.1-16.4]; P <0.001), but individual purebred cat breeds varied substantially in longevity. In cats dying at or after 5 years (n = 3360), being crossbred, having a lower bodyweight, and being neutered and non-insured were associated with increased longevity. This study described longevity in cats and identified important causes of mortality and breed-related associations with compromised longevity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dan G O'Neill
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - David B Church
- Small Animal Medicine and Surgery Group, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
| | - Paul D McGreevy
- RMC Gunn Building (B19), Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - Peter C Thomson
- RMC Gunn Building (B19), Faculty of Veterinary Science, The University of Sydney, Sydney, NSW, Australia
| | - David C Brodbelt
- Veterinary Epidemiology, Economics and Public Health, The Royal Veterinary College, Hawkshead Lane, North Mymms, Hatfield, UK
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80
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Roukaerts IDM, Theuns S, Taffin ERL, Daminet S, Nauwynck HJ. Phylogenetic analysis of feline immunodeficiency virus strains from naturally infected cats in Belgium and The Netherlands. Virus Res 2014; 196:30-6. [PMID: 25449575 DOI: 10.1016/j.virusres.2014.10.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/20/2014] [Revised: 10/15/2014] [Accepted: 10/25/2014] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Feline immunodeficiency virus (FIV) is a major pathogen in feline populations worldwide, with seroprevalences up to 26%. Virus strains circulating in domestic cats are subdivided into different phylogenetic clades (A-E), based on the genetic diversity of the V3-V4 region of the env gene. In this report, a phylogenetic analysis of the V3-V4 env region, and a variable region in the gag gene was made for 36 FIV strains isolated in Belgium and The Netherlands. All newly generated gag sequences clustered together with previously known clade A FIV viruses, confirming the dominance of clade A viruses in Northern Europe. The same was true for the obtained env sequences, with only one sample of an unknown env subtype. Overall, the genetic diversity of FIV strains sequenced in this report was low. This indicates a relatively recent introduction of FIV in Belgium and The Netherlands. However, the sample with an unknown env subtype indicates that new introductions of FIV from unknown origin do occur and this will likely increase genetic variability in time.
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Affiliation(s)
- Inge D M Roukaerts
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sebastiaan Theuns
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Elien R L Taffin
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Sylvie Daminet
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium
| | - Hans J Nauwynck
- Department of Virology, Parasitology and Immunology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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81
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Ghys LFE, Meyer E, Paepe D, Delanghe J, Daminet S. Analytical validation of a human particle-enhanced nephelometric assay for cystatin C measurement in feline serum and urine. Vet Clin Pathol 2014; 43:226-34. [PMID: 24773065 DOI: 10.1111/vcp.12144] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND In people and dogs, Cystatin C (CysC), a renal glomerular and tubular marker, seems superior to serum creatinine to estimate the glomerular filtration rate (GFR). A particle-enhanced nephelometric immunoassay is available to measure human CysC, but there are no reports in cats. OBJECTIVE The goal of this study was the validation of the human CysC nephelometric assay with feline serum and urine, and to perform a pilot study comparing serum and urine CysC between healthy cats and cats with chronic kidney disease (CKD). METHODS Western blot analysis was used to assess cross-reactivity between the polyclonal rabbit anti-human CysC antibody and feline CysC. Imprecision and linearity were determined for feline serum and urine CysC. Serum and urine CysC were measured in 10 healthy and 10 CKD cats. RESULTS Cross-reactivity between the polyclonal rabbit anti-human CysC antibody and feline CysC was demonstrated. Intra- and inter-assay coefficients of variation in feline serum and urine were 1.3% and 0.4%, and 12.5%, and 4.1%, respectively. Cats with CKD had a significantly higher serum CysC concentration (1.24 [0.63-2.99] vs 0.79 [0.43-1.05] mg/L; P = .02) and urine CysC/urinary Creatinine (uCr) ratio (565.6 [0-1311] vs < 0.049/uCr mg/mol; P = .005) compared with healthy cats. CONCLUSIONS The human nephelometric assay showed satisfactory validation results for feline CysC. Cats with CKD had a significantly higher sCysC concentration and uCysC/uCr ratio compared with healthy cats. Additional studies are necessary to evaluate CysC as an early marker of renal damage in cats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liesbeth F E Ghys
- Department of Medicine and Clinical Biology of Small Animals, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Merelbeke, Belgium
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Abstract
PRACTICAL RELEVANCE Feline chronic kidney disease (CKD) is frequently encountered by veterinarians. Timely diagnosis and staging may facilitate the initiation of adequate therapy and improve the prognosis for patients. CLINICAL CHALLENGES Feline CKD is diagnosed based on the presence of compatible clinical signs and renal azotaemia, which implies that urinalysis (particularly urine specific gravity) is mandatory to confirm the diagnosis. Although the diagnosis of advanced feline CKD and associated complications is usually straightforward, based on complete blood and urine examination, all routine blood and urine tests have their limitations in detecting early CKD. Therefore, diagnosing early or non-azotaemic CKD is much more challenging. Although determination of glomerular filtration rate (GFR) would be ideal to identify early kidney dysfunction, practical limitations hamper its routine use in clinical practice. PATIENT GROUP CKD is typically a disease of aged cats, but may affect cats of all ages. Conclusive breed and sex predispositions for feline CKD are not reported. AUDIENCE This review is directed at practising veterinarians and provides an overview of the required diagnostic tests, the classification system established by the International Renal Interest Society, and the importance of and possible techniques for early detection of CKD. EVIDENCE BASE Staging of cats with CKD is essential as it directs management and provides a prognostic guide. Given that diagnosis at early disease stages is associated with more prolonged survival times, simple, inexpensive and accurate methods for early CKD diagnosis are needed. Techniques currently under investigation include limited sampling strategies to estimate GFR, clearance marker cut-off concentrations to identify cats with low GFR, new indirect GFR markers and urinary biomarkers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, B-9820 Merelbeke, Belgium.
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83
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Paepe D, Bavegems V, Combes A, Saunders JH, Daminet S. Prospective evaluation of healthy Ragdoll cats for chronic kidney disease by routine laboratory parameters and ultrasonography. J Feline Med Surg 2013; 15:849-57. [PMID: 23413268 DOI: 10.1177/1098612x13477415] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Ragdoll breeder organisations often forewarn Ragdoll cat owners that renal problems may develop as a result of polycystic kidney disease (PKD), chronic interstitial nephritis, familial renal dysplasia or nephrocalcinosis. Healthy Ragdoll and non-Ragdoll cats were prospectively evaluated by measuring serum creatinine and urea concentrations, routine urinalysis and abdominal ultrasonography. All Ragdoll cats also underwent genetic PKD testing. One hundred and thirty-three Ragdoll and 62 control cats were included. Ragdoll cats had significantly lower serum urea concentrations and higher urinary specific gravity. However, median creatinine concentration, median urinary protein-to-creatinine ratio, and the proportion of cats with serum creatinine or urea concentration exceeding the reference interval did not differ. One or more renal ultrasonographical changes were detected in 66/133 (49.6%) Ragdoll and in 25/62 (40%) control cats. Ragdoll cats showed significantly more frequent segmental cortical lesions (7.5% versus 0%), abnormal renal capsule (19.5% versus 8%) and echogenic urine (51.9% versus 25.8%). Chronic kidney disease (CKD) was ultrasonographically suspected in 7/133 (5.3%) Ragdoll and in none of the control cats, which approached significance. Laboratory parameters confirmed kidney dysfunction only in 1/7 of these Ragdoll cats. All Ragdoll cats were PKD negative. In conclusion, first, breed-specific serum creatinine reference intervals are not likely required for Ragdoll cats. Second, renal ultrasonographical abnormalities are common, both in Ragdoll and non-Ragdoll cats. Third, healthy young Ragdoll cats are uncommonly affected by PKD and CKD, but an increased susceptibility of Ragdoll cats to develop CKD cannot be excluded. Finally, Ragdoll cats are predisposed to segmental cortical lesions, which may indicate renal infarction or cortical scarring.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominique Paepe
- 1Department of Small Animal Medicine and Clinical Biology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Belgium
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