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Huang R, Li J, Kebebe D, Wu Y, Zhang B, Liu Z. Cell penetrating peptides functionalized gambogic acid-nanostructured lipid carrier for cancer treatment. Drug Deliv 2018; 25:757-765. [PMID: 29528244 PMCID: PMC6058566 DOI: 10.1080/10717544.2018.1446474] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2017] [Revised: 02/26/2018] [Accepted: 02/26/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Tumor-targeted delivery is considered a crucial component of current anticancer drug development and is the best approach to increase the efficacy and reduce the toxicity. Nanomedicine, particularly ligand-based nanoparticles have shown a great potential for active targeting of tumor. Cell penetrating peptide is one of the promising ligands in a targeted cancer therapy. In this study, the gambogic acid-loaded nanostructured lipid carrier (GA-NLC) was modified with two kinds of cell penetrating peptides (cRGD and RGERPPR). The GA-NLC was prepared by emulsification and solvent evaporation method and coupled with cRGD, RGERPPR, and combination cRGD and RGERPPR to form GA-NLC-cRGD, GA-NLC-RGE, and GA-NLC-cRGD/RGE, respectively. The formulations were characterized by their particle size and morphology, zeta potential, encapsulation efficiency, and differential scanning calorimetry. In vitro cytotoxicity and cellular uptake study of the formulations were performed against breast cancer cell (MDA-MB-231). Furthermore, in vivo biodistribution and antitumor activity of the formulations were determined by in vivo imaging and in tumor-bearing nude mice, respectively. The result of in vitro cytotoxicity study showed that GA-NLC-RGE exhibited a significantly higher cytotoxicity on MDA-MB-231 as compared with GA-NLC and GA-Sol. Similarly, RGE-Cou-6-NLC showed remarkably higher uptake by the cells than other NLCs over the incubation period. The in vivo imaging study has demonstrated that among the formulations, the RGE-decorated DiR-NLC were more accumulated in the tumor site. The in vivo antitumor activity revealed that RGE-GA-NLC inhibits the tumor growth more efficiently than other formulations. In conclusion, RGERPPR has a potential as an effective carrier in targeting drug delivery of anticancer agents.
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MESH Headings
- Absorption, Physiological
- Animals
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/administration & dosage
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacokinetics
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/pharmacology
- Antineoplastic Agents, Phytogenic/therapeutic use
- Breast Neoplasms/drug therapy
- Breast Neoplasms/metabolism
- Breast Neoplasms/pathology
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Cell-Penetrating Peptides/adverse effects
- Cell-Penetrating Peptides/chemistry
- Drug Carriers/administration & dosage
- Drug Carriers/pharmacokinetics
- Drug Carriers/pharmacology
- Drug Carriers/therapeutic use
- Drug Compounding
- Female
- Humans
- Mice, Inbred BALB C
- Mice, Nude
- Microscopy, Electron, Transmission
- Nanostructures/adverse effects
- Nanostructures/chemistry
- Nanostructures/ultrastructure
- Particle Size
- Random Allocation
- Surface Properties
- Tissue Distribution
- Tumor Burden/drug effects
- Xanthones/administration & dosage
- Xanthones/pharmacokinetics
- Xanthones/pharmacology
- Xanthones/therapeutic use
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui Huang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Jiawei Li
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Dereje Kebebe
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- School of Pharmacy, Institute of Health Sciences, Jimma University, Jimma, Ethiopia
| | - Yumei Wu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Bing Zhang
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
| | - Zhidong Liu
- Tianjin State Key Laboratory of Modern Chinese Medicine, Institute of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
- Engineering Research Center of Modern Chinese Medicine Discovery and Preparation Technique, Ministry of Education, Tianjin University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Tianjin, P.R. China
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Zhang B, Liu Y, Li X, Xu J, Fang J. Small Molecules to Target the Selenoprotein Thioredoxin Reductase. Chem Asian J 2018; 13:3593-3600. [DOI: 10.1002/asia.201801136] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/24/2018] [Revised: 09/11/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Baoxin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Yuxin Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Xinming Li
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
| | - Jianqiang Xu
- School of Life Science and Medicine & Panjin Industrial Technology Institute; Dalian University of Technology; Panjin 124221 China
| | - Jianguo Fang
- State Key Laboratory of Applied Organic Chemistry & College of Chemistry and Chemical Engineering; Lanzhou University; Lanzhou 730000 China
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53
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Zhang Y, Tan X, Ren T, Jia C, Yang Z, Sun H. Folate-modified carboxymethyl-chitosan/polyethylenimine/bovine serum albumin based complexes for tumor site-specific drug delivery. Carbohydr Polym 2018; 198:76-85. [DOI: 10.1016/j.carbpol.2018.06.055] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2018] [Revised: 06/12/2018] [Accepted: 06/12/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022]
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54
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Choi EJ, Yeo JH, Yoon SM, Lee J. Gambogic Acid and Its Analogs Inhibit Gap Junctional Intercellular Communication. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:814. [PMID: 30104974 PMCID: PMC6077758 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/04/2018] [Accepted: 07/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Gap junctions (GJs) are intercellular channels composed of connexins. Cellular molecules smaller than 1 kDa can diffuse through GJs by a process termed gap junctional intercellular communication (GJIC), which plays essential roles in various pathological and physiological conditions. Gambogic acid (GA), a major component of a natural yellow dye, has been used as traditional medicine and has been reported to have various therapeutic effects, including an anti-cancer effect. In this study, two different GJ assay methods showed that GA and its analogs inhibited GJIC. The inhibition was rapidly reversible and was not mediated by changes in surface expression or S368 phosphorylation of Cx43, cellular calcium concentration, or redox state. We also developed an assay system to measure the intercellular communication induced by Cx40, Cx30, and Cx43. Dihydrogambogic acid (D-GA) potently inhibited GJIC by Cx40 (IC50 = 5.1 μM), whereas the IC50 value of carbenoxolone, which is known as a broad spectrum GJIC inhibitor, was 105.2 μM. Thus, D-GA can act as a pharmacological tool for the inhibition of Cx40.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eun J Choi
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Joo H Yeo
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Sei M Yoon
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea.,Department of Integrated OMICS for Biomedical Sciences, Yonsei University, Seoul, South Korea
| | - Jinu Lee
- College of Pharmacy, Yonsei Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Yonsei University, Incheon, South Korea
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55
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Zhao K, Zhang S, Song X, Yao Y, Zhou Y, You Q, Guo Q, Lu N. Gambogic acid suppresses cancer invasion and migration by inhibiting TGFβ1-induced epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition. Oncotarget 2018; 8:27120-27136. [PMID: 28404892 PMCID: PMC5432322 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.15449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2016] [Accepted: 01/23/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) contributes to the disruption of cell–cell junctions and imbues cancer cells with invasive and migratory properties. In this study, we investigated the effect of gambogic acid, a xanthone extracted from the resin of Garciania hanburyi, on transforming growth factor β1 (TGFβ1)-induced EMT. Gambogic acid inhibited the invasion and migration of TGFβ1-induced A549 cells in vitro. Gambogic acid also increased the mRNA and protein expression of E-cadherin, but repressed the mRNA and protein expression of N-cadherin, vimentin, and transcription factor TWIST1. Further examination of the mechanism revealed that the nuclear factor κB (NF-κB) pathway is involved in this regulation of EMT-related biomarkers. Gambogic acid inhibited NF-κB p65 nuclear translocation and the phosphorylation of the inhibitor of NF-κB (IκBα) and IκBα kinase (IKKα). Gambogic acid also suppressed the EMT induced by TGFβ1 and tumor necrosis factor α by inhibiting the NF-κB pathway. Our data also indicate that gambogic acid inhibited the primary lesion and lung metastasis of orthotopic model of A549 cells in vivo. We propose that gambogic acid might be developed as a candidate drug with therapeutic potential for the treatment of cancer invasion and migration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kai Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Shuai Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Nanjing Medical University Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Molecular and Translational Cancer Research, Cancer Institute of Jiangsu Province, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Xiuming Song
- Chia Tai Tianqing Pharmaceutical Group Co., Ltd, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuyuan Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Yuxin Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qidong You
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Qinglong Guo
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
| | - Na Lu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, College of Basic Medicine and Clinical Pharmacy, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing, People's Republic of China
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56
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Pollock JK, Greene LM, Nathwani SM, Kinsella P, O’Boyle NM, Meegan MJ, Zisterer DM. Involvement of NF-κB in mediating the anti-tumour effects of combretastatins in T cells. Invest New Drugs 2018; 36:523-535. [DOI: 10.1007/s10637-017-0543-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/13/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023]
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57
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Yu F, Jiang F, Tang X, Wang B. N-octyl-N-arginine-chitosan micelles for gambogic acid intravenous delivery: characterization, cell uptake, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution. Drug Dev Ind Pharm 2017; 44:615-623. [PMID: 29188736 DOI: 10.1080/03639045.2017.1405973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE The deeper research of N-octyl-N-arginine chitosan (OACS) as intravenous delivery was characterized, cell uptake study, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution of OACS micelles (GA-OACS) were investigated. SIGNIFICANCE Gambogic acid (GA) can inhibit the growth of various cancer cells. However, the short elimination half-life time and treatment without targeting limits its application. OACS was synthesized as delivery carrier for GA by us, but the deeper characterization of OACS, such as molecular modeling, pharmacokinetics, and biodistribution were not investigated. METHODS Gambogic acid loaded OACS micelles (GA-OACS) were evaluated by the molecular modeling, characterized by TEM, DLS, IR, 1HNMR, XRD. Confocal laser scanning microscope and flow cytometry were analyzed for cell uptake study. Imaging analysis was used to show the distribution of OACS in vivo directly, pharmacokinetics and biodistribution were also investigated. RESULTS The molecular modeling result showed that GA could encapsulated stably in the core of OACS micelles. TEM, IR, 1HNMR, and XRD also suggested that GA was encapsulated in amorphous form in the core of OACS micelles. AUC and elimination half-life of GA-OACS were all increased by 1.5-fold and 2.0-fold compared with GA-ARG in rat, respectively. Biodistribution study indicated that GA-OACS was distributed mainly in the liver. GA amount in the kidney and heart was greatly reduced in the GA-OACS group. From the imaging analysis, OACS distribution in the liver was the most. CONCLUSIONS OACS was an excellent carrier for GA intravenous delivery to prolong half-life. Moreover, OACS targeted on liver.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fan Yu
- a Jiangsu Provincial Key Laboratory of Coastal Wetland Bioresources , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng, Jiangsu Province , PR China.,b Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education , Chongqing , PR China.,c School of Pharmacy , , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng , Jiangsu Province , PR China.,d Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Biochemistry and Biotechnology of Marine Wetland , Yancheng Institute of Technology , Yancheng , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Fuguang Jiang
- b Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education , Chongqing , PR China
| | - Xinhui Tang
- c School of Pharmacy , , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng , Jiangsu Province , PR China
| | - Bochu Wang
- b Key Laboratory of Biorheological Science and Technology (Chongqing University), Ministry of Education , Chongqing , PR China.,c School of Pharmacy , , Yancheng Teachers University , Yancheng , Jiangsu Province , PR China
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58
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Banik K, Harsha C, Bordoloi D, Lalduhsaki Sailo B, Sethi G, Leong HC, Arfuso F, Mishra S, Wang L, Kumar AP, Kunnumakkara AB. Therapeutic potential of gambogic acid, a caged xanthone, to target cancer. Cancer Lett 2017; 416:75-86. [PMID: 29246645 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2017.12.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 109] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2017] [Revised: 12/04/2017] [Accepted: 12/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Natural compounds have enormous biological and clinical activity against dreadful diseases such as cancer, as well as cardiovascular and neurodegenerative disorders. In spite of the widespread research carried out in the field of cancer therapeutics, cancer is one of the most prevalent diseases with no perfect treatment till date. Adverse side effects and the development of chemoresistance are the imperative limiting factors associated with conventional chemotherapeutics. For this reason, there is an urgent need to find compounds that are highly safe and efficacious for the prevention and treatment of cancer. Gambogic acid (GA) is a xanthone structure extracted from the dry, brownish gamboge resin secreted from the Garcinia hanburyi tree in Southeast Asia and has inherent anti-cancer properties. In this review, the molecular mechanisms underlying the targets of GA that are liable for its effective anti-cancer activity are discussed that reveal the potential of GA as a pertinent candidate that can be appropriately developed and designed into a capable anti-cancer drug.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kishore Banik
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Choudhary Harsha
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Devivasha Bordoloi
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Bethsebie Lalduhsaki Sailo
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India
| | - Gautam Sethi
- Department for Management of Science and Technology Development, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Faculty of Pharmacy, Ton Duc Thang University, Ho Chi Minh City, 700000, Viet Nam; Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore.
| | - Hin Chong Leong
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Frank Arfuso
- Stem Cell and Cancer Biology Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Curtin Health Innovation Research Institute, Curtin University, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - Srishti Mishra
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore
| | - Lingzhi Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore
| | - Alan P Kumar
- Department of Pharmacology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, 117600, Singapore; Cancer Science Institute of Singapore, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Medical Science Cluster, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore; Curtin Medical School, Faculty of Health Sciences, Curtin University, Perth, WA, Australia; National University Cancer Institute, National University Health System, Singapore.
| | - Ajaikumar B Kunnumakkara
- Cancer Biology Laboratory, DBT-AIST International Laboratory for Advanced Biomedicine (DAILAB), Department of Biosciences and Bioengineering, Indian Institute of Technology Guwahati, Assam, 781039, India.
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Li X, Wu Y, Wang Y, You Q, Zhang X. 'Click Chemistry' Synthesis of Novel Natural Product-Like Caged Xanthones Bearing a 1,2,3-Triazole Moiety with Improved Druglike Properties as Orally Active Antitumor Agents. Molecules 2017; 22:molecules22111834. [PMID: 29077076 PMCID: PMC6150271 DOI: 10.3390/molecules22111834] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2017] [Revised: 10/26/2017] [Accepted: 10/26/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
DDO-6101, a natural-product-like caged xanthone discovered previously in our laboratory based on the pharmacophoric scaffold of the Garcinia natural product gambogic acid (GA), shows potent cytotoxicity in vitro, but poor efficacy in vivo due to its poor druglike properties. In order to improve the druglike properties and in vivo antitumor potency, a novel series of ten triazole-bearing caged xanthone derivatives of DDO-6101 has been efficiently synthesized by 'click chemistry' and evaluated for their in vitro antitumor activity and druglike properties. Most of the target compounds have sustained cytotoxicity against A549, HepG2, HCT116, and U2OS cancer cells and possess improved aqueous solubility, as well as permeability. Notably, these caged xanthones are also active towards taxol-resistant or cisplatin-resistant A549 cancer cells. Taking both the in vitro activities and druglike properties into consideration, compound 8g has been advanced into in vivo efficacy experiments. The results reveal that 8g (named as DDO-6318), both by intravenous or per os administration, are much more potent than the lead DDO-6101 in A549-transplanted mice models and it could be a promising antitumor candidate for further evaluation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang Li
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Department of Pharmaceutical Engineering, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
| | - Yue Wu
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China.
| | - Yanyan Wang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China.
| | - Qidong You
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Department of Medicinal Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 21009, China.
| | - Xiaojin Zhang
- Jiangsu Key Laboratory of Drug Design and Optimization, State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 210009, China.
- Department of Organic Chemistry, China Pharmaceutical University, Nanjing 211198, China.
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60
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Ji Y, Shan S, He M, Chu CC. Inclusion complex from cyclodextrin-grafted hyaluronic acid and pseudo protein as biodegradable nano-delivery vehicle for gambogic acid. Acta Biomater 2017; 62:234-245. [PMID: 28859900 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2017.08.036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2017] [Revised: 08/23/2017] [Accepted: 08/28/2017] [Indexed: 01/26/2023]
Abstract
β-Cyclodextrin can form inclusion complex with a series of guest molecules including phenyl moieties, and has gained considerable popularity in the study of supramolecular nanostructure. In this study, a biodegradable nanocomplex (HA(CD)-4Phe4 nanocomplex) was developed from β-cyclodextrin grafted hyaluronic acid (HA) and phenylalanine based poly(ester amide). The phenylalanine based poly(ester amide) is a biodegradable pseudo protein which provides the encapsulation capacity for gambogic acid (GA), a naturally-derived chemotherapeutic which has been effectively employed to treat multidrug resistant tumor. The therapeutic potency of free GA is limited due to its poor solubility in water and the lack of tumor-selective toxicity. The nanocomplex carrier enhanced the solubility and availability of GA in aqueous media, and the HA component enabled the targeted delivery to tumor cells with overexpression of CD44 receptors. In the presence of hyaluronidase, the release of GA from the nanocomplex was significantly accelerated, due to the enzymatic biodegradation of the carrier. Compared to free GA, GA-loaded nanocomplex exhibited improved cytotoxicity in MDA-MB-435/MDR multidrug resistant melanoma cells, and induced enhanced level of apoptosis and mitochondrial depolarization, at low concentration of GA (1-2µM). The nanocomplex enhanced the therapeutic potency of GA, especially when diluted in physiological environment. In addition, suppressed matrix metalloproteinase activity was also detected in MDA-MB-435/MDR cells treated by GA-loaded nanocomplex, which demonstrated its potency in the inhibition of tumor metastasis. The in vitro data suggested that HA(CD)-4Phe4 nanocomplex could provide a promising alternative in the treatment of multidrug resistant tumor cells. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE Gambogic acid (GA), naturally derived from genus Garcinia trees, exhibited significant cytotoxic activity against multiple types of tumors with resistance to traditional chemotherapeutics. Unfortunately, the poor solubility of GA in conventional pharmaceutical solvents and non-targeted distribution in normal tissues greatly limited its therapeutic potency. To overcome the challenges, we develop a nanoplatform from the supramolecular assembly of β-cyclodextrin grafted hyaluronic acid (HA) and phenylalanine based pseudo protein. The pseudo protein in the nanocomplex provided the hydrophobic interaction and loading capacity for GA, while the HA component targeted the overexpressed CD44 receptor and improved the selective endocytosis in multidrug resistant melanoma cells. The supramolecular nanocomplex provide a promising platform for the delivery of hydrophobic chemotherapeutics to improve the bioavailability and efficiency.
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Pandey MK, Gowda K, Sung SS, Abraham T, Budak-Alpdogan T, Talamo G, Dovat S, Amin S. A novel dual inhibitor of microtubule and Bruton's tyrosine kinase inhibits survival of multiple myeloma and osteoclastogenesis. Exp Hematol 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.exphem.2017.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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Pandey MK, Gupta SC, Nabavizadeh A, Aggarwal BB. Regulation of cell signaling pathways by dietary agents for cancer prevention and treatment. Semin Cancer Biol 2017; 46:158-181. [PMID: 28823533 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2017.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Accepted: 07/12/2017] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Although it is widely accepted that better food habits do play important role in cancer prevention and treatment, how dietary agents mediate their effects remains poorly understood. More than thousand different polyphenols have been identified from dietary plants. In this review, we discuss the underlying mechanism by which dietary agents can modulate a variety of cell-signaling pathways linked to cancer, including transcription factors, nuclear factor κB (NF-κB), signal transducer and activator of transcription 3 (STAT3), activator protein-1 (AP-1), β-catenin/Wnt, peroxisome proliferator activator receptor- gamma (PPAR-γ), Sonic Hedgehog, and nuclear factor erythroid 2 (Nrf2); growth factors receptors (EGFR, VEGFR, IGF1-R); protein Kinases (Ras/Raf, mTOR, PI3K, Bcr-abl and AMPK); and pro-inflammatory mediators (TNF-α, interleukins, COX-2, 5-LOX). In addition, modulation of proteasome and epigenetic changes by the dietary agents also play a major role in their ability to control cancer. Both in vitro and animal based studies support the role of dietary agents in cancer. The efficacy of dietary agents by clinical trials has also been reported. Importantly, natural agents are already in clinical trials against different kinds of cancer. Overall both in vitro and in vivo studies performed with dietary agents strongly support their role in cancer prevention. Thus, the famous quote "Let food be thy medicine and medicine be thy food" made by Hippocrates 25 centuries ago still holds good.
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Affiliation(s)
- Manoj K Pandey
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA.
| | - Subash C Gupta
- Department of Biochemistry, Institute of Science, Banaras Hindu University, Varanasi, India
| | - Ali Nabavizadeh
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Cooper Medical School of Rowan University, Camden, NJ, USA
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Zhang Y, Yang Z, Tan X, Tang X, Yang Z. Development of a More Efficient Albumin-Based Delivery System for Gambogic Acid with Low Toxicity for Lung Cancer Therapy. AAPS PharmSciTech 2017; 18:1987-1997. [PMID: 27933587 DOI: 10.1208/s12249-016-0670-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2016] [Accepted: 11/10/2016] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) has been proven to be a potent chemotherapeutic agent for the treatment of lung cancer in clinical trials. However, GA is limited in its therapeutic value by properties such as poor water solubility and low chemical stability. In clinical trials, cationic arginine (Arg) was added to solubilize GA, and this may also cause other side effects. Here, we have designed and developed a more efficient human serum albumin (HSA)-based delivery system for GA with low toxicity which helps improve its solubility, chemical stability and increases its antitumor efficacy. The GA-HSA nanoparticles (NPs) were prepared by albumin-bound (nabTM) technology, with a particle size of 135.2 ± 35.03 nm, a zeta potential of -21.81 ± 1.24 mV, and a high entrapment efficiency. Compared with GA-Arg solution, the physical and chemical stability of the NPs were improved when stored at pH 7.4 in PBS or freeze-dried. The in vitro drug release showed that GA-HSA NPs had a more sustained release than GA-Arg solution. Furthermore, HSA NPs improved the therapeutic efficacy of GA and were less toxic compared with GA-Arg solution in A549-bearing mice. Therefore, this delivery system is a promising polymeric carrier for GA when used for tumor therapy.
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Scherer D, Schworm B, Seyler C, Xynogalos P, Scholz EP, Thomas D, Katus HA, Zitron E. Inhibition of inwardly rectifying Kir2.x channels by the novel anti-cancer agent gambogic acid depends on both pore block and PIP 2 interference. Naunyn Schmiedebergs Arch Pharmacol 2017; 390:701-710. [PMID: 28365825 DOI: 10.1007/s00210-017-1372-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2017] [Accepted: 03/23/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The caged xanthone gambogic acid (GA) is a novel anti-cancer agent which exhibits anti-proliferative, anti-inflammatory and cytotoxic effects in many types of cancer tissues. In a recent phase IIa study, GA exhibits a favourable safety profile. However, limited data are available concerning its interaction with cardiac ion channels. Heteromeric assembly of Kir2.x channels underlies the cardiac inwardly rectifying IK1 current which is responsible for the stabilization of the diastolic resting membrane potential. Inhibition of the cardiac IK1 current may lead to ventricular arrhythmia due to delayed afterdepolarizations. Compared to Kv2.1, hERG and Kir1.1, a slow, delayed inhibition of Kir2.1 channels by GA in a mammalian cell line was reported before but no data exist in literature concerning action of GA on homomeric Kir2.2 and Kir2.3 and heteromeric Kir2.x channels. Therefore, the aim of this study was to provide comparative data on the effect of GA on homomeric and heteromeric Kir2.x channels. Homomeric and heteromeric Kir2.x channels were heterologously expressed in Xenopus oocytes, and the two-microelectrode voltage-clamp technique was used to record Kir2.x currents. To investigate the mechanism of the channel inhibition by GA, alanine-mutated Kir2.x channels with modifications in the channels pore region or at phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate (PIP2)-binding sites were employed. GA caused a slow inhibition of homomeric and heteromeric Kir2.x channels at low micromolar concentrations (with IC50 Kir2.1/2.2 < Kir2.2 < Kir2.2/2.3 < Kir2.3 < Kir2.1 < Kir2.1/2.3). The effect did not reach saturation within 60 min and was not reversible upon washout for 30 min. The inhibition showed no strong voltage dependence. We provide evidence for a combination of direct channel pore blockade and a PIP2-dependent mechanism as a molecular basis for the observed effect. We conclude that Kir2.x channel inhibition by GA may be relevant in patients with pre-existing cardiac disorders such as chronic heart failure or certain rhythm disorders and recommend a close cardiac monitoring for those patients when treated with GA.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Scherer
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.
| | - Benedikt Schworm
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Claudia Seyler
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Panagiotis Xynogalos
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Eberhard P Scholz
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Dierk Thomas
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Hugo A Katus
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Edgar Zitron
- Department of Cardiology, Medical University Hospital Heidelberg, Im Neuenheimer Feld 410, D-69120, Heidelberg, Germany.,DZHK (German Centre for Cardiovascular Research), partner site Heidelberg/Mannheim, Heidelberg, Germany
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Brito LDC, Berenger ALR, Figueiredo MR. An overview of anticancer activity of Garcinia and Hypericum. Food Chem Toxicol 2017; 109:847-862. [PMID: 28363851 DOI: 10.1016/j.fct.2017.03.053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2017] [Revised: 03/12/2017] [Accepted: 03/14/2017] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is one of the leading causes of death worldwide (approximately 8.2 million cases/year) and, over the next two decades, a 70% increase in new cancer cases is expected. Through analysis of the available drugs between the years of 1930 and 2014, it was found that 48% were either natural products or their derivatives. This proportion increased to 66% when semi-synthetic products were included. The family Clusiaceae Juss. (Malpighiales) includes approximately 1000 species distributed throughout all tropical and temperate regions. The phytochemical profile of this family includes many chemicals with interesting pharmacological activities, including anticancer activities. This study includes an overview of the in vitro and in vivo anticancer activity of secondary metabolites from Garcinia and Hypericum and the mechanisms involved in this activity. Hypericum no longer belong to Clusiaceae family, but was considered in the past by taxonomists, due to similarities with this family. Research in the area has shown that several compounds belonging to different chemical classes exhibit activity in several tumor cell lines in different experimental models. This review shows the significant antineoplasic activity of these compounds, in particular of these two genera and validates the importance of natural products in the search for anticancer drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lavínia de C Brito
- Central Analítica Fernanda Coutinho, Instituto de Química, UERJ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil; Laboratório de Produtos Naturais 3 (PN3), FIOCRUZ, Rio de Janeiro, RJ, Brazil.
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Xu P, Zuo H, Chen D, Peng M, Jiang Y, Liu X, Ouyang J, Chen B. Anti-CD22-conjugated CdTe QDs co-loaded with doxorubicin and gambogic acid: a novel platform for lymphoma treatment. RSC Adv 2017. [DOI: 10.1039/c7ra04056c] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023] Open
Abstract
DOX/GA–CdTe–CD22 can precisely target lymphoma and deliver DOX and GA to lymphoma cells to improve their therapeutic effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peipei Xu
- Department of Hematology
- Drum Tower Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Huaqin Zuo
- Department of Hematology
- Drum Tower Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Dangui Chen
- Department of Hematology
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 210036
- P. R. China
| | - Miaoxin Peng
- Department of Hematology
- Drum Tower Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Ying Jiang
- Department of Hematology
- Drum Tower Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Xu Liu
- Department of Hematology
- Drum Tower Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Department of Hematology
- Drum Tower Hospital
- School of Medicine
- Nanjing University
- Nanjing
| | - Bing Chen
- Department of Hematology
- Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital Clinical College of Nanjing Medical University
- Nanjing 210036
- P. R. China
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Foggetti G, Ottaggio L, Russo D, Monti P, Degan P, Fronza G, Menichini P. Gambogic acid counteracts mutant p53 stability by inducing autophagy. BIOCHIMICA ET BIOPHYSICA ACTA-MOLECULAR CELL RESEARCH 2016; 1864:382-392. [PMID: 27899303 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbamcr.2016.11.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2016] [Revised: 11/21/2016] [Accepted: 11/24/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
Mutant p53 (mutp53) proteins are frequently present at higher levels than the wild-type (wt) protein in tumors, and some of them can acquire oncogenic properties. Consistently, knockdown of mutp53 protein in human cancer cell lines leads to reduced cell proliferation and invasion as well as to an increased sensitivity to some anticancer drugs. Therefore, the exploitation of cellular pathways and/or molecules that promote mutp53 degradation may have a therapeutic interest. Recently, autophagy is emerging as an important pathway involved in the stability of mutp53. In this paper, we explored the autophagic potential of gambogic acid (GA), a molecule that stimulates the degradation of mutp53 and increases the sensitivity of cancer cells to chemotherapeutic agents. We demonstrated that GA may induce mutp53 degradation through autophagy in cancer cells expressing the p53-R280K (MDA-MB-231) and the p53-S241F (DLD1) proteins. The inhibition of autophagy with bafilomycin A1 or chloroquine counteracted mutp53 degradation by GA. However, the autophagy induction and mutp53 degradation affected cell survival and proliferation only at low GA concentrations. At higher GA concentrations, when cells undergo massive apoptosis, autophagy is no longer detectable by immuno-fluorescence analysis. We concluded that autophagy is a relevant pathway for mutp53 degradation in cancer cells but it contributes only partially to GA-induced cell death, in a time and dose-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giorgia Foggetti
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Laura Ottaggio
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Debora Russo
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Monti
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paolo Degan
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Gilberto Fronza
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy
| | - Paola Menichini
- U.O.C. Mutagenesi, IRCCS AOU San Martino-IST, 16132 Genova, Italy.
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He M, Ro L, Liu J, Chu CC. Folate-decorated arginine-based poly(ester urea urethane) nanoparticles as carriers for gambogic acid and effect on cancer cells. J Biomed Mater Res A 2016; 105:475-490. [PMID: 27706899 DOI: 10.1002/jbm.a.35924] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2016] [Revised: 09/20/2016] [Accepted: 10/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) exhibits a broad spectrum of anticancer activity and low chemotoxicity to normal tissues. However, poor aqueous solubility and sensitivity to hydrolysis make its pharmaceutical applications a challenge. Linear and branched Arg-based poly(ester urea urethane)s (Arg-PEUUs), folate (FA)-conjugated Arg PEUUs (FA-Arg-PEUUs), and their self-assembled nanoparticles (NPs) were designed, synthesized, and studied as the potential GA carriers for cancer treatment. The average diameters of linear or branched Arg-PEUU/FA-Arg-PEUU NPs were 98-267 nm. FA-Arg-PEUU NPs adhered onto and were internalized into HeLa and A549 cells, and showed no cytotoxicity. The GA loading efficiency in the NP carriers ranged from 40 to 98%, depending on the feed weight ratio of GA to Arg-PEUU and the Arg-PEUU polymer structure (i.e., linear vs. branched). The GA at 2 µg/mL concentration delivered by the FA-Arg-PEUU NP carriers had higher cytotoxicity and induced a higher apoptosis percentage against folate receptor (FR)-overexpressed HeLa or HCT116 than Arg-PEUU NPs. When compared to the free GA treatment, the GA loaded in the FA-Arg-PEUU NP carriers also led to significant loss of the mitochondrial membrane potential in a higher percentage of the cancer cell population and more DNA fragmentation. The GA loaded in FA-Arg-PEUU NP carriers at as low as 0.6 µg/mL GA concentration led to lower MMP-2 and MMP-9 activity of cancer cells compared to free GA, suggesting that GA-loaded Arg-PEUU NPs may have greater potential to reduce cancer cell invasion and metastasis than free GA. © 2016 Wiley Periodicals, Inc. J Biomed Mater Res Part A: 105A: 475-490, 2017.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingyu He
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853-4401
| | - Lillian Ro
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853
| | - Jing Liu
- Center for Biomedical Materials and Tissue Engineering, Academy for Advanced Interdisciplinary Studies, Peking University, Beijing, 100871, China
| | - Chih-Chang Chu
- Department of Fiber Science and Apparel Design, Cornell University, Ithaca, New York, 14853-4401
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Yu XJ, Zhao Q, Wang XB, Zhang JX, Wang XB. Gambogenic acid induces proteasomal degradation of CIP2A and sensitizes hepatocellular carcinoma to anticancer agents. Oncol Rep 2016; 36:3611-3618. [PMID: 27779687 DOI: 10.3892/or.2016.5188] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancerous inhibitor of protein phosphatase 2A (CIP2A) is an oncoprotein that is overexpressed in many human malignancies. It regulates phosphorylated AKT and stabilizes c‑Myc in cell proliferation and tumor formation, suggesting that CIP2A plays an essential role in the development of cancer. In the present study, we report that a natural compound, gambogenic acid (GEA), induced the degradation of CIP2A via the ubiquitin‑proteasome pathway. Interestingly, the combination of GEA and proteasome inhibitors potentiated the accumulation of ubiquitinated CIP2A and aggresome formation. In addition, GEA exhibited an inhibitory effect on cell proliferation and CIP2A‑downstream signaling molecules (c‑Myc and pAKT). Furthermore, GEA and CIP2A silencing enhanced the chemosensitivity of hepatocellular carcinoma cells to anticancer agents, suggesting that a combination of a CIP2A inhibitor and anticancer agents could be a valuable clinical therapeutic strategy. These results indicate that GEA is a CIP2A inhibitor that interferes with the ubiquitination and destabilization of CIP2A, providing a promising strategy to enhance the combinational therapy for hepatocellular carcinoma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xian-Jun Yu
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, P.R. China
| | - Xuan-Bin Wang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Jing-Xuan Zhang
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital and School of Basic Medical Sciences, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan, Hubei 442000, P.R. China
| | - Xiao-Bo Wang
- Center for Translational Medicine, Suizhou Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Suizhou, Hubei 441300, P.R. China
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Boueroy P, Hahnvajanawong C, Boonmars T, Saensa-Ard S, Anantachoke N, Vaeteewoottacharn K, Reutrakul V. Antitumor effect of forbesione isolated from Garcinia hanburyi on cholangiocarcinoma in vitro and in vivo. Oncol Lett 2016; 12:4685-4698. [PMID: 28101220 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2016.5284] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/06/2015] [Accepted: 09/22/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholangiocarcinoma (CCA) is a malignancy with no effective therapy and poor prognosis. Forbesione, a caged xanthone isolated from Garcinia hanburyi, has been reported to inhibit proliferation and to induce apoptosis in human CCA cell lines. The present study aimed to further explore the potential anticancer properties of forbesione by testing its effects against the hamster CCA cell line Ham-1 in vitro and in vivo. It was observed that forbesione inhibited the growth of Ham-1 cells in vitro and suppressed Ham-1 growth as allograft in hamsters by inducing cell cycle arrest at the S phase. This was mediated by decreasing the protein expression of cyclin E, cyclin A and cyclin-dependent kinase 2. In addition, increased expression of p21 and p27 was detected, which could possibly explain the reduced expression of proliferating cell nuclear antigen and of the bile duct cell marker cytokeratin 19 observed in forbesione-treated Ham-1 cells in vitro and in tumor tissues of forbesione-treated hamsters. Furthermore, forbesione induced apoptosis through multiple pathways. The death receptor pathway was activated by increased expression of Fas, Fas-associated death domain and activated caspase-3, along with decreased expression of procaspase-8 and procaspase-3. The mitochondrial pathway was driven by increased expression of B-cell lymphoma (Bcl)-2-like protein 4, activated caspase-9 and inhibitor of κB-α, along with decreased expression of Bcl-2, survivin, procaspase-9 and nuclear factor-κB/p65. The endoplasmic reticulum pathway was stimulated by increased expression of activated caspase-12 and decreased expression of procaspase-12. No side effects or toxicity were observed in forbesione-treated hamsters. Thus, forbesione is a potential drug candidate for cancer therapy that deserves further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Parichart Boueroy
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Chariya Hahnvajanawong
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Thidarut Boonmars
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Parasitology, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Sunitta Saensa-Ard
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Natthinee Anantachoke
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Pharmacognosy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
| | - Kulthida Vaeteewoottacharn
- Liver Fluke and Cholangiocarcinoma Research Center, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Biochemistry, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand
| | - Vichai Reutrakul
- Center of Excellence for Innovation in Chemistry, Faculty of Medicine, Khon Kaen University, Khon Kaen 40002, Thailand; Department of Chemistry, Faculty of Science, Mahidol University, Bangkok 10400, Thailand
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Xu X, Wu Y, Hu M, Li X, Gu C, You Q, Zhang X. Structure–activity relationship of Garcinia xanthones analogues: Potent Hsp90 inhibitors with cytotoxicity and antiangiogenesis activity. Bioorg Med Chem 2016; 24:4626-4635. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmc.2016.07.067] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2016] [Revised: 07/21/2016] [Accepted: 07/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
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Zhang W, Zhang M, Wang Z, Cheng Y, Liu H, Zhou Z, Han B, Chen B, Yao H, Chao J. Neogambogic acid prevents silica-induced fibrosis via inhibition of high-mobility group box 1 and MCP-1-induced protein 1. Toxicol Appl Pharmacol 2016; 309:129-40. [PMID: 27616297 DOI: 10.1016/j.taap.2016.09.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2016] [Revised: 08/13/2016] [Accepted: 09/06/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Silicosis is a systemic disease caused by inhaling silicon dioxide (SiO2); early stages are characterized by alveolar inflammation, and later stages are characterized by progressive lung fibrosis. Mounting evidence indicates that high-mobility group box 1 (HMGB1) is involved in pulmonary fibrosis. Whether neogambogic acid (NGA) inhibits macrophage and fibroblast activation induced by SiO2 by targeting HMGB1 remains unclear. METHODS AND RESULTS Experiments using cultured mouse macrophages (RAW264.7 cells) demonstrated that SiO2 treatment induces the expression of HMGB1 in a time- and dose-dependent manner via mitogen-activated protein kinases (MAPKs) and the phosphatidylinositol 3-kinase (PI3K)/Akt pathway; in turn, this expression causes macrophage apoptosis and fibroblast activation. Pretreating macrophages with NGA inhibited the HMGB1 expression induced by SiO2 and attenuated both macrophage apoptosis and fibroblast activation. Moreover, NGA directly inhibited MCP-1-induced protein 1 (MCPIP1) expression, as well as markers of fibroblast activation and migration induced by SiO2. Furthermore, the effects of NGA on macrophages and fibroblasts were confirmed in vivo by exposing mice to SiO2. CONCLUSION NGA can prevent SiO2-induced macrophage activation and apoptosis via HMGB1 inhibition and SiO2-induced fibrosis via the MCPIP1 pathway. Targeting HMGB1 and MCPIP1 with NGA could provide insights into the potential development of a therapeutic approach for alleviating the inflammation and fibrosis induced by SiO2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Zhang
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Mei Zhang
- Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
| | - Zhongjiang Wang
- Department of Radiology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Yusi Cheng
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Haijun Liu
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Zewei Zhou
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Baoan Chen
- Department of Hematology and Oncology, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China
| | - Honghong Yao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China.
| | - Jie Chao
- Department of Physiology, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China; Key Laboratory of Developmental Genes and Human Disease, Southeast University, Nanjing 210096, China; Department of Respiration, Zhongda Hospital, School of Medicine, Southeast University, Nanjing, Jiangsu 210009, China.
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Verma S, Goyal S, Jamal S, Singh A, Grover A. Hsp90: Friends, clients and natural foes. Biochimie 2016; 127:227-40. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biochi.2016.05.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2016] [Accepted: 05/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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74
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Molecular targets of gambogic acid in cancer: recent trends and advancements. Tumour Biol 2016; 37:12915-12925. [DOI: 10.1007/s13277-016-5194-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 07/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
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Steroid receptor coactivator-3 is a pivotal target of gambogic acid in B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma and an inducer of histone H3 deacetylation. Eur J Pharmacol 2016; 789:46-59. [PMID: 27370960 DOI: 10.1016/j.ejphar.2016.06.048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2016] [Revised: 06/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), the active ingredient from gamboges, has been verified as a potent anti-tumor agent in many cancer cells. Nevertheless, its function in lymphoma, especially in B-cell Non-Hodgkin lymphoma (NHL), remains unclear. Amplification and/or overexpression of steroid receptor coactivator-3 (SRC-3) have been detected in multiple tumors and have confirmed its critical roles in carcinogenesis, progression, metastasis and therapy resistance in these cancers. However, no clinical data have revealed the overexpression of SRC-3 and its role in B-cell NHL. In this study, we demonstrated the anti-tumor effects of GA, which included cell growth inhibition, G1/S phase cell cycle arrest and apoptosis in B-cell NHL. We also verified that SRC-3 was overexpressed in B-cell NHL in both cell lines and lymph node samples from patients. The overexpressed SRC-3 was a central drug target of GA, and its down-regulation subsequently modulated down-stream gene expression, ultimately contributing to apoptosis. Silencing SRC-3 decreased the expression of Bcl-2, Bcl-6 and cyclin D3, but not of NF-κB and IκB-α. GA treatment did not inhibit the activation of AKT signaling pathway, but induced the deacetylation of histone H3 at lysine 9 and lysine 27. Down-regulated SRC-3 was observed to interact with more HDAC1 to mediate the deacetylation of H3. As the component of E3 ligase, Cullin3 was up-regulated and mediated the degradation of SRC-3. Our results demonstrate that GA is a potent anti-tumor agent that can be used for therapy against B-cell NHL, especially against those with an abundance of SRC-3.
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Yu H, Xiong J, Zhang R, Hu X, Qiu J, Zhang D, Xu X, Xin R, He X, Xie W, Sheng H, Chen Q, Zhang L, Rao X, Zhang K. Ndk, a novel host-responsive regulator, negatively regulates bacterial virulence through quorum sensing in Pseudomonas aeruginosa. Sci Rep 2016; 6:28684. [PMID: 27345215 PMCID: PMC4921839 DOI: 10.1038/srep28684] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/15/2016] [Accepted: 06/08/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Pathogenic bacteria could adjust gene expression to enable their survival in the distinct host environment. However, the mechanism by which bacteria adapt to the host environment is not well described. In this study, we demonstrated that nucleoside diphosphate kinase (Ndk) of Pseudomonas aeruginosa is critical for adjusting the bacterial virulence determinants during infection. Ndk expression was down-regulated in the pulmonary alveoli of a mouse model of acute pneumonia. Knockout of ndk up-regulated transcription factor ExsA-mediated T3S regulon expression and decreased exoproduct-related gene expression through the inhibition of the quorum sensing hierarchy. Moreover, in vitro and in vivo studies demonstrated that the ndk mutant exhibits enhanced cytotoxicity and host pathogenicity by increasing T3SS proteins. Taken together, our data reveal that ndk is a critical novel host-responsive gene required for coordinating P. aeruginosa virulence upon acute infection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hua Yu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China.,Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Junzhi Xiong
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei Hu
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Jing Qiu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Di Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaohui Xu
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Rong Xin
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiaomei He
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Wei Xie
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Halei Sheng
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Qian Chen
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Le Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Xiancai Rao
- Department of Microbiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
| | - Kebin Zhang
- Central Laboratory, Xinqiao Hospital, Third Military Medical University, Chongqing, China
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Yu X, Zhao Q, Zhang H, Fan C, Zhang X, Xie Q, Xu C, Liu Y, Wu X, Han Q, Zhang H. Gambogenic acid inhibits LPS-simulated inflammatory response by suppressing NF-κB and MAPK in macrophages. Acta Biochim Biophys Sin (Shanghai) 2016; 48:454-61. [PMID: 27025602 DOI: 10.1093/abbs/gmw021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2015] [Accepted: 01/26/2016] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Inflammation is a response of body tissues to injury and infection. Compounds that can inhibit inflammation have been shown to have potential therapeutic clinical application. Gambogenic acid (GEA) has potent antitumor and anti-inflammatory activities. Herein, the molecular mechanisms of GEA's anti-inflammatory effect were investigated in lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-stimulated macrophage cells. The results showed that pretreatment with GEA could markedly inhibit interleukin (IL)-1α, IL-1β, tumor necrosis factor-α, IFN-β, IL-12b, and IL-23a production in a dose-dependent manner in LPS-induced model. Furthermore, this drug significantly reduced the release of nitric oxide (NO), and impaired the protein level of inducible NO synthase and the cyclooxygenase 2. The finding also showed that the effect of GEA may be related to the suppression of the nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB) and mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK) signaling pathway. These results indicate that GEA could suppress LPS-simulated inflammatory response partially by attenuating NO synthesis and NF-κB and MAPK activation, suggesting that it may become a potent therapeutic agent for the treatment of inflammatory diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianjun Yu
- Laboratory of Chinese Herbal Pharmacology, Oncology Center, Renmin Hospital, Hubei University of Medicine, Shiyan 442000, China Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qun Zhao
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Haiwei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Cunxian Fan
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xixi Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Qun Xie
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China Department of Anesthesiology, Changhai Hospital, Second Military Medical University, Shanghai 200433, China
| | - Chengxian Xu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Yongbo Liu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Xiaoxia Wu
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
| | - Quanbin Han
- School of Chinese Medicine, Hong Kong Baptist University, Hong Kong, China
| | - Haibing Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Nutrition and Metabolism, Institute for Nutritional Sciences, Shanghai Institutes for Biological Sciences, Graduate School of the Chinese Academy of Sciences, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai 200031, China
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Dahmani FZ, Xiao Y, Zhang J, Yu Y, Zhou J, Yao J. Multifunctional Polymeric Nanosystems for Dual-Targeted Combinatorial Chemo/Antiangiogenesis Therapy of Tumors. Adv Healthc Mater 2016; 5:1447-61. [DOI: 10.1002/adhm.201600169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2016] [Revised: 03/29/2016] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Zohra Dahmani
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yan Xiao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Juan Zhang
- School of Life Science & Technology China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Yao Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jianping Zhou
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
| | - Jing Yao
- State Key Laboratory of Natural Medicines Department of Pharmaceutics China Pharmaceutical University 24 Tongjiaxiang Nanjing 210009 China
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Law BYK, Mok SWF, Wu AG, Lam CWK, Yu MXY, Wong VKW. New Potential Pharmacological Functions of Chinese Herbal Medicines via Regulation of Autophagy. Molecules 2016; 21:359. [PMID: 26999089 PMCID: PMC6274228 DOI: 10.3390/molecules21030359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2016] [Revised: 02/29/2016] [Accepted: 03/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Autophagy is a universal catabolic cellular process for quality control of cytoplasm and maintenance of cellular homeostasis upon nutrient deprivation and environmental stimulus. It involves the lysosomal degradation of cellular components such as misfolded proteins or damaged organelles. Defects in autophagy are implicated in the pathogenesis of diseases including cancers, myopathy, neurodegenerations, infections and cardiovascular diseases. In the recent decade, traditional drugs with new clinical applications are not only commonly found in Western medicines, but also highlighted in Chinese herbal medicines (CHM). For instance, pharmacological studies have revealed that active components or fractions from Chaihu (Radix bupleuri), Hu Zhang (Rhizoma polygoni cuspidati), Donglingcao (Rabdosia rubesens), Hou po (Cortex magnoliae officinalis) and Chuan xiong (Rhizoma chuanxiong) modulate cancers, neurodegeneration and cardiovascular disease via autophagy. These findings shed light on the potential new applications and formulation of CHM decoctions via regulation of autophagy. This article reviews the roles of autophagy in the pharmacological actions of CHM and discusses their new potential clinical applications in various human diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betty Yuen Kwan Law
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Simon Wing Fai Mok
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - An Guo Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Christopher Wai Kei Lam
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Margaret Xin Yi Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
| | - Vincent Kam Wai Wong
- State Key Laboratory of Quality Research in Chinese Medicine, Macau University of Science and Technology, Macau, China.
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Abstract
The 90-kDa heat-shock protein (Hsp90) is a molecular chaperone responsible for the stability and function of a wide variety of client proteins that are critical for cell growth and survival. Many of these client proteins are frequently mutated and/or overexpressed in cancer cells and are therefore being actively pursued as individual therapeutic targets. Consequently, Hsp90 inhibition offers a promising strategy for simultaneous degradation of several anticancer targets. Currently, most Hsp90 inhibitors under clinical evaluation act by blocking the binding of ATP to the Hsp90 N-terminal domain and thereby, induce the degradation of many Hsp90-dependent oncoproteins. Although, they have shown some promising initial results, clinical challenges such as induction of the heat-shock response, retinopathy, and gastrointestinal tract toxicity are emerging from human trials, which constantly raise concerns about the future development of these inhibitors. Novobiocin derivatives, which do not bind the chaperone's N-terminal ATPase pocket, have emerged over the past decade as an alternative strategy to inhibit Hsp90, but to date, no derivative has been investigated in the clinical setting. In recent years, a number of natural or synthetic compounds have been identified that modulate Hsp90 function via various mechanisms. These compounds not only offer new chemotypes for the development of future Hsp90 inhibitors but can also serve as chemical probes to unravel the biology of Hsp90. This chapter presents a synopsis of inhibitors that directly, allosterically, or even indirectly alters Hsp90 function, and highlights their proposed mechanisms of action.
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81
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Gambogic Acid and Its Role in Chronic Diseases. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2016; 928:375-395. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-319-41334-1_15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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82
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Dual-functional bio-derived nanoparticulates for apoptotic antitumor therapy. Biomaterials 2015; 72:90-103. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.08.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2015] [Revised: 08/25/2015] [Accepted: 08/28/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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83
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Natural products against hematological malignancies and identification of their targets. SCIENCE CHINA-LIFE SCIENCES 2015; 58:1191-201. [DOI: 10.1007/s11427-015-4922-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2015] [Accepted: 08/16/2015] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
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84
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Yue Q, Feng L, Cao B, Liu M, Zhang D, Wu W, Jiang B, Yang M, Liu X, Guo D. Proteomic Analysis Revealed the Important Role of Vimentin in Human Cervical Carcinoma HeLa Cells Treated With Gambogic Acid. Mol Cell Proteomics 2015; 15:26-44. [PMID: 26499837 DOI: 10.1074/mcp.m115.053272] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) is an anticancer agent in phase IIb clinical trial in China. In HeLa cells, GA inhibited cell proliferation, induced cell cycle arrest at G2/M phase and apoptosis, as showed by results of MTT assay and flow cytometric analysis. Possible target-related proteins of GA were searched using comparative proteomic analysis (2-DE) and nine proteins at early (3 h) stage together with nine proteins at late (24 h) stage were found. Vimentin was the only target-related protein found at both early and late stage. Results of both 2-DE analysis and Western blotting assay suggested cleavage of vimentin induced by GA. MS/MS analysis of cleaved vimentin peptides indicated possible cleavage sites of vimentin at or near ser51 and glu425. Results of targeted proteomic analysis showed that GA induced change in phosphorylation state of the vimentin head domain (aa51-64). Caspase inhibitors could not abrogate GA-induced cleavage of vimentin. Over-expression of vimentin ameliorated cytotoxicity of GA in HeLa cells. The GA-activated signal transduction, from p38 MAPK, heat shock protein 27 (HSP27), vimentin, dysfunction of cytoskeleton, to cell death, was predicted and then confirmed. Results of animal study showed that GA treatment inhibited tumor growth in HeLa tumor-bearing mice and cleavage of vimentin could be observed in tumor xenografts of GA-treated animals. Results of immunohistochemical staining also showed down-regulated vimentin level in tumor xenografts of GA-treated animals. Furthermore, compared with cytotoxicity of GA in HeLa cells, cytotoxicity of GA in MCF-7 cells with low level of vimentin was weaker whereas cytotoxicity of GA in MG-63 cells with high level of vimentin was stronger. These results indicated the important role of vimentin in the cytotoxicity of GA. The effects of GA on vimentin and other epithelial-to-mesenchymal transition (EMT) markers provided suggestion for better usage of GA in clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qingxi Yue
- From the ‡Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; §Institute of Oncology, Shanghai 9th People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China; ¶College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China;
| | - Lixing Feng
- From the ‡Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Biyin Cao
- ‖College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Soochow University, Suzhou, China
| | - Miao Liu
- From the ‡Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dongmei Zhang
- From the ‡Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Wanying Wu
- From the ‡Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Baohong Jiang
- From the ‡Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Min Yang
- From the ‡Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuan Liu
- From the ‡Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China
| | - Dean Guo
- From the ‡Shanghai Institute of Materia Medica, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Shanghai, China; ¶College of Chinese Materia Medica, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
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85
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Kojima-Yuasa A, Huang X, Matsui-Yuasa I. Synergistic Anticancer Activities of Natural Substances in Human Hepatocellular Carcinoma. Diseases 2015; 3:260-281. [PMID: 28943624 PMCID: PMC5548258 DOI: 10.3390/diseases3040260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2015] [Revised: 10/11/2015] [Accepted: 10/13/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) is highly resistant to currently available chemotherapeutic agents. The clinical outcome of HCC treatment remains unsatisfactory. Therefore, new effective and well-tolerated therapy strategies are needed. Natural products are excellent sources for the development of new medications for disease treatment. Recently, we and other researchers have suggested that the combined effect of natural products may improve the effect of chemotherapy treatments against the proliferation of cancer cells. In addition, many combination treatments with natural products augmented intracellular reactive oxygen species (ROS). In this review we will demonstrate the synergistic anticancer effects of a combination of natural products with chemotherapeutic agents or natural products against human HCC and provide new insight into the development of novel combination therapies against HCC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Akiko Kojima-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
| | - Xuedan Huang
- Department of Pharmacognosy, School of Pharmacy, Kitasato University, 5-9-1 Shirogane, Minato-ku, Tokyo 108-8641, Japan.
| | - Isao Matsui-Yuasa
- Department of Food and Human Health Sciences, Graduate School of Human Life Science, Osaka City University, 3-3-138 Sugimoto, Sumiyoshi-ku, Osaka 558-8585, Japan.
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86
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Li D, Yang H, Li R, Wang Y, Wang W, Li D, Ma S, Zhang X. Antitumor activity of gambogic acid on NCI-H1993 xenografts via MET signaling pathway downregulation. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2802-2806. [PMID: 26722245 PMCID: PMC4665713 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/09/2014] [Accepted: 04/24/2015] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
The present study aimed to investigate the anti-tumor mechanisms of gambogic acid (GA) on NCI-H1993 xenografts in vivo. Non-small cell lung carcinoma NCI-H1993 cells, which harbor a MET gene amplification, were subcutaneously injected into athymic nude mice. The mice were randomly assigned to treatment with 10, 20 or 30 mg/kg GA for 3 weeks. At the end of the efficacy study, all the mice were sacrificed and the tumor tissues were subjected to western blot analysis and immunohistochemical (IHC) staining. GA inhibited NCI-H1993 xenograft tumor growth in a dose-dependent manner. Western blot analysis demonstrated that expression of phosphorylated (p)-MET and its downstream signaling molecules p-AKT and p-ERK1/2 were significantly inhibited by GA. IHC analysis of Ki-67 expression demonstrated that GA treatment resulted in dose-dependent inhibition of tumor cell proliferation. GA exerted antitumor effects on NCI-H1993 xenografts in vivo by direct regulation of the MET signaling pathway. Theses antitumor effects were primarily a result of its anti-proliferation function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Donglei Li
- Oncology Department, Baoding Second Central Hospital of Oncology, Zhuozhou, Hebei 072750, P.R. China
| | - Huiwei Yang
- Oncology Department, Baoding Second Central Hospital of Oncology, Zhuozhou, Hebei 072750, P.R. China
| | - Runpu Li
- Oncology Department, Baoding Second Central Hospital of Oncology, Zhuozhou, Hebei 072750, P.R. China
| | - Yanli Wang
- Oncology Department, Baoding Second Central Hospital of Oncology, Zhuozhou, Hebei 072750, P.R. China
| | - Weijun Wang
- Oncology Department, Baoding Second Central Hospital of Oncology, Zhuozhou, Hebei 072750, P.R. China
| | - Dongjie Li
- Oncology Department, Baoding Second Central Hospital of Oncology, Zhuozhou, Hebei 072750, P.R. China
| | - Shaolin Ma
- Oncology Department, Baoding Second Central Hospital of Oncology, Zhuozhou, Hebei 072750, P.R. China
| | - Xuyu Zhang
- Oncology Department, Baoding Second Central Hospital of Oncology, Zhuozhou, Hebei 072750, P.R. China
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Yang Y, Sun X, Yang Y, Yang X, Zhu H, Dai S, Chen X, Zhang H, Guo Q, Song Y, Wang F, Cheng H, Sun X. Gambogic acid enhances the radiosensitivity of human esophageal cancer cells by inducing reactive oxygen species via targeting Akt/mTOR pathway. Tumour Biol 2015; 37:1853-62. [PMID: 26318432 DOI: 10.1007/s13277-015-3974-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2015] [Accepted: 08/21/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Radiotherapy is a widespread treatment in human solid tumors. However, therapy resistance and poor prognosis are still problems. Gambogic acid (GA), extracted from the dried yellow resin of gamboges, has an anticancer effect against various types of cancer cells. To explore the radiosensitivity of GA on esophageal cancer cell line TE13, cell viability was tested by Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay, colony formation assay was used to assess the effects of GA on the radiosensitivity of TE13, and flow cytometry was performed to meter the percentage of apoptosis. The protein levels of microtubule-associated protein 1 light chain 3 (LC3), caspase3, caspase8, casepase9, pAkt, and p-mammalian target of rapamycin (p-mTOR) were tested using Western blot. The distribution of LC3 was detected by immunofluorescence. Additionally, we also examined reactive oxygen species (ROS) expression by laser scanning confocal microscope (LSCM). The cells were transfected with adenovial vector to monitor the autophagy through the expression of green fluorescent protein (GFP-red fluroscent protein (RFP)-LC3. The rates of apoptotic cells in combined-treated TE13 increased significantly compared with the control groups in accordance with the results of Western blot. The clonogenic survival assay showed that GA enhances radiosensitivity with a sensitizing enhancement ratio (SER) of 1.217 and 1.436 at different concentrations. The LC3-II protein level increased in the combined group indicating the increase of autophagy incidence, and the results of GFP-RFP-LC3 experiment showed that GA may block the process of autophagic flux in TE13 cells. Moreover, we successfully demonstrated that ROS is involved in the induction of autophagy. ROS-mediated autophagy depends on the inhibition of the Akt/mTOR pathway. Taken together, GA induced radiosensitivity involves autophagy and apoptosis which are regulated by ROS hypergeneration and Akt/mTOR inhibition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiangdong Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, The 81st Hospital of PLA, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yuehua Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xi Yang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hongcheng Zhu
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Shengbin Dai
- Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xiaochen Chen
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Hao Zhang
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Qing Guo
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.,Department of Oncology, People's Hospital of Taizhou, Taizhou, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Yaqi Song
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Huai'an First People's Hospital, Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu, 223300, China
| | - Feng Wang
- Department of Radiation Oncology, Nantong Tumor Hospital, Affiliated Tumor Hospital of Nantong University, Nantong, 226321, China
| | - Hongyan Cheng
- Department of Synthetic Internal Medicine, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China
| | - Xinchen Sun
- Department of Radiotherapy, The First Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Nanjing, Jiangsu Province, China.
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Wang C, Wang W, Wang C, Tang Y, Tian H. Combined therapy with EGFR TKI and gambogic acid for overcoming resistance in EGFR-T790M mutant lung cancer. Oncol Lett 2015; 10:2063-2066. [PMID: 26622796 PMCID: PMC4579844 DOI: 10.3892/ol.2015.3599] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2014] [Accepted: 06/22/2015] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Although patients with non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) experience an initial response to the epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR) tyrosine kinase inhibitor gefitinib, those individuals with activating mutations in EGFR develop resistance. Gambogic acid (GA), a polyprenylated xanthone, has strong antitumor activities. In the present study, the therapeutic efficacy of gefitinib with GA was evaluated in a gefitinib-resistant NSCLC model. The NCI-H1975 cell line with EGFR-T790M mutation was subcutaneously injected into immunocompromised mice. The mice were randomly assigned to receive treatment with gefitinib, GA, gefitinib plus GA, or vehicle for 4 weeks, then all mice were sacrificed and their tumor tissues were subjected to caspase activity detection and western blot analysis. Gefitinib and GA alone slightly inhibited the tumor growth of NCI-H1975. However, the combined treatment significantly enhanced their antitumor effects, without any marked adverse events. In addition, gefitinib plus GA enhanced the level of apoptosis in the tumor tissues. Western blot analysis also revealed that the combination treatment reduced the phosphorylation level of AKT, MEK1/2 and ERK1/2, while an increased expression ratio of Bax/Bcl-2 was observed. In the current study, gefitinib in combination with GA resulted in antitumor growth in the EGFR-T790M secondary mutation NCI-H1975 tumor model due to an enhanced apoptotic effect. This novel therapeutic strategy may be a practical approach for the treatment of patients who show gefitinib resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chengde Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China ; Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Chaoyang Wang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Yijun Tang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Yantai Yuhuangding Hospital, Yantai, Shandong 264000, P.R. China
| | - Hui Tian
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, Qi Lu Hospital, Shandong University, Jinan, Shandong 250012, P.R. China
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89
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Michael acceptor in gambogic acid—Its role and application for potent antitumor agents. Bioorg Med Chem Lett 2015; 25:2844-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bmcl.2015.04.100] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2015] [Revised: 04/28/2015] [Accepted: 04/30/2015] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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90
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Gambogic acid inhibits osteoclast formation and ovariectomy-induced osteoporosis by suppressing the JNK, p38 and Akt signalling pathways. Biochem J 2015. [PMID: 26205493 DOI: 10.1042/bj20150151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
Excessive osteoclast formation and bone resorption are key causes of osteoporosis. Natural compounds can serve as alternative therapeutic agents for the prevention and treatment of osteoporosis, and some natural compounds may have advantages over traditional drugs. In the present paper, we report that the natural compound GBA (gambogic acid), which is bioavailable, effective and less toxic, inhibits osteoclast formation, thereby attenuating osteoclastic bone resorption in vitro. Further in vivo studies demonstrated that GBA prevented ovariectomy-induced bone loss in a dose-dependent manner. Moreover, we demonstrated that GBA suppressed RANKL (receptor activator of nuclear factor κB ligand)-induced JNK (c-Jun N-terminal kinase), p38 and Akt phosphorylation. Taken together, our results demonstrate that GBA inhibits osteoclast formation in vitro and in vivo, suggesting that it is of potential value in the treatment of osteoclast-related diseases.
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91
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Chen J, Zhou M, Zhang Q, Xu J, Ouyang J. Anticancer Effect and Apoptosis Induction of Gambogic Acid in Human Leukemia Cell Line K562 In Vitro. Med Sci Monit 2015; 21:1604-10. [PMID: 26049398 PMCID: PMC4463775 DOI: 10.12659/msm.893004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The aim of this study was to investigate the anticancer effect and related mechanisms of gambogic acid (GA), a traditional Chinese medicine, on human leukemia cell line K562, together with the effect on bone marrow mononuclear cells (MNCs). MATERIAL AND METHODS K562 cells and MNCs were treated with various concentrations and treatment times of GA. Inhibitory rate was detected by use of the Cell Counting Kit-8 (CCK-8) assay. Apoptosis was analyzed by morphological detection, Annexin-V/PI doubling staining, and TUNEL assays. The expression changes of pivotal proteins were evaluated by Western blotting. RESULTS GA not only suppressed cell proliferation, but also induced apoptosis of K562 cells in a dose-dependent manner. While it did not significantly inhibit cell proliferation of MNCs, it did induce apoptosis in a dose-dependent manner. CCK-8 assay revealed that the proliferation of K562 cells was significantly inhibited when the concentration of GA was more than 0.5 μM. Morphological detection showed the nuclei became denser and more intense orange in K562 cells after GA treatment compared with the untreated group. The expression levels of BCL-2, nuclear factor-κB (NF-κB), c-myc, phosphatidylinositol3-kinase (PI3K), and phosphorylation of serine-threonine kinase (p-AKT) were down-regulated by GA. CONCLUSIONS GA significantly suppressed the proliferation of K562 cells, but has less effect on MNCs. The inhibition of K562 cells proliferation and apoptosis induced by GA might be related to the down-regulation of BCL-2, NF-κB, c-myc, PI3K, and p-AKT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinhao Chen
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Min Zhou
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Qian Zhang
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jingyan Xu
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
| | - Jian Ouyang
- Department of Hematology, Nanjing Drum Tower Hospital, The Affiliated Hospital of Nanjing University Medical School, Nanjing, Jiangsu, China (mainland)
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Huang GM, Sun Y, Ge X, Wan X, Li CB. Gambogic acid induces apoptosis and inhibits colorectal tumor growth via mitochondrial pathways. World J Gastroenterol 2015; 21:6194-6205. [PMID: 26034354 PMCID: PMC4445096 DOI: 10.3748/wjg.v21.i20.6194] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2014] [Revised: 11/22/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2015] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
AIM: To investigate the effect of gambogic acid (GA) on apoptosis in the HT-29 human colon cancer cell line.
METHODS: H-29 cells were used for in vitro experiments in this study. Relative cell viability was assessed using MTT assays. Cell apoptosis was detected by terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase dUTP nick end labeling and Hoechst 33342 staining, and quantified by flow cytometry. Cellular ultrastructure was observed by transmission electron microscopy. Real-time PCR and Western blot analyses were used to evaluate gene and protein expression levels. For in vivo experiments, BALB/c nude mice received subcutaneous injections of HT-29 cells in the right armpit. When well-established xenografts were palpable with a tumor size of 75 mm3, mice were randomly assigned to a vehicle (negative) control, positive control or GA treatment group (n = 6 each). The animals in the treatment group received one of three dosages of GA (in saline; 5, 10 or 20 mg/kg) via the caudal vein twice weekly, whereas animals in the negative and positive control groups were given equal volumes of 0.9% saline or 10 mg/kg docetaxel, respectively, via the caudal vein once weekly.
RESULTS: The cell viability assay showed that GA inhibited proliferation of HT-29 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner after treatment with GA (0.00, 0.31, 0.62, 1.25, 2.50, 5.00 or 10.00 μmol/L) for 24, 48 or 72 h. After 48 h, the percentage of apoptotic cells in cells treated with 0.00, 1.25, 2.50 and 5.00 μmol/L GA was 1.4% ± 0.3%, 9.8% ± 1.2%, 25.7% ± 3.3% and 49.3% ± 5.8%, respectively. Ultrastructural analysis of HT-29 cells treated for 48 h with 2.5μmol/L GA revealed apoptotic bodies and condensed and fragmented nuclei. Levels of caspase-8, -9 and -3 mRNAs were significantly increased after treatment with GA (1.25, 2.50 or 5.00 μmol/L) for 48 h (P < 0.05 for all). Protein levels of apoptosis-related factors Fas, FasL, FADD, cytochrome c, and Apaf-1 were increased in GA-treated cells, whereas levels of pro-caspase-8, -9 and -3 were significantly decreased (P < 0.05 for all). Furthermore, GA significantly and dose-dependently inhibited the growth of HT-29 tumors in a mouse xenograft model (P < 0.05).
CONCLUSION: GA inhibits HT-29 proliferation via induction of apoptosis. The anti-cancer effects are likely mediated by death receptor (extrinsic) and mitochondrial (intrinsic) pathways.
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93
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Shi X, Lan X, Chen X, Zhao C, Li X, Liu S, Huang H, Liu N, Zang D, Liao Y, Zhang P, Wang X, Liu J. Gambogic acid induces apoptosis in diffuse large B-cell lymphoma cells via inducing proteasome inhibition. Sci Rep 2015; 5:9694. [PMID: 25853502 PMCID: PMC4894437 DOI: 10.1038/srep09694] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2014] [Accepted: 02/02/2015] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Resistance to chemotherapy is a great challenge to improving the survival of patients with diffuse large B-cell lymphoma (DLBCL), especially those with activated B-cell-like DLBCL (ABC-DLBCL). Therefore it is urgent to search for novel agents for the treatment of DLBCL. Gambogic acid (GA), a small molecule derived from Chinese herb gamboges, has been approved for Phase II clinical trial for cancer therapy by Chinese FDA. In the present study, we investigated the effect of GA on cell survival and apoptosis in DLBCL cells including both GCB- and ABC-DLBCL cells. We found that GA induced growth inhibition and apoptosis of both GCB- and ABC-DLBCL cells in vitro and in vivo, which is associated with proteasome malfunction. These findings provide significant pre-clinical evidence for potential usage of GA in DLBCL therapy particularly in ABC-DLBCL treatment.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Apoptosis/drug effects
- Caspases/metabolism
- Cell Line, Tumor
- Cell Proliferation/drug effects
- Cell Survival/drug effects
- Disease Models, Animal
- Enzyme Activation/drug effects
- Gene Expression Regulation, Neoplastic
- Humans
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/genetics
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/metabolism
- Lymphoma, Large B-Cell, Diffuse/pathology
- Male
- Mice
- Mice, Nude
- NF-kappa B/metabolism
- Proteasome Endopeptidase Complex/metabolism
- Proteasome Inhibitors/pharmacology
- Signal Transduction/drug effects
- Xanthones/pharmacology
- Xenograft Model Antitumor Assays
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianping Shi
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Xiaoying Lan
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Xin Chen
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Chong Zhao
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Xiaofen Li
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Shouting Liu
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Hongbiao Huang
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Ningning Liu
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
- Guangzhou Research Institute of Cardiovascular Disease, the Second Affiliated Hospital, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510260, People's Republic of China
| | - Dan Zang
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Yuning Liao
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Peiquan Zhang
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
| | - Xuejun Wang
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
- Division of Basic Biomedical Sciences, Sanford School of Medicine of the University of South Dakota, Vermillion, South Dakota 57069, USA
| | - Jinbao Liu
- State Key Lab of Respiratory Disease, Protein Modification and Degradation Lab, Departments of Pathophysiology and Biochemistry, Guangzhou Medical University, Guangdong 510182, China
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94
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Huang W, Wang X, Shi C, Guo D, Xu G, Wang L, Bodman A, Luo J. Fine-tuning vitamin E-containing telodendrimers for efficient delivery of gambogic acid in colon cancer treatment. Mol Pharm 2015; 12:1216-29. [PMID: 25692376 DOI: 10.1021/acs.molpharmaceut.5b00051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Certain natural products such as gambogic acid (GA) exhibit potent antitumor effects. Unfortunately, administration of these natural products is limited by their poor solubility in conventional pharmaceutical solvents. In this study, a series of telodendrimers, composed of linear polyethylene glycol (PEG)-blocking-dendritic oligomer of cholic acid (CA) and vitamin E (VE), have been designed with architectures optimized for efficient delivery of GA and other natural anticancer compounds. Two of the telodendrimers with segregated CA and VE domains self-assembled into stable cylindrical and/or spherical nanoparticles (NPs) after being loaded with GA as observed under transmission electron microscopy (TEM), which correlated with the dynamic light scattering (DLS) analysis of sub-30 nm particle sizes. A very high GA loading capacity (3:10 drug/polymer w/w) and sustained drug release were achieved with the optimized telodendrimers. These novel nanoformulations of GA were found to exhibit similar in vitro cytotoxic activity against colon cancer cells as the free drug. Near-infrared fluorescence small animal imaging revealed preferential accumulation of GA-loaded NPs into tumor tissue. The optimized nanoformulation of GA achieved superior antitumor efficacy compared to GA-Cremophor EL formulation at equivalent doses in HT-29 human colon cancer xenograft mouse models. Given the mild adverse effects associated with this natural compound and the enhanced anticancer effects via tumor targeted telodendrimer delivery, the optimized GA nanoformulation is a promising alternative to the traditional chemotherapy in colon cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wenzhe Huang
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Xu Wang
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Changying Shi
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Dandan Guo
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Gaofei Xu
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Lili Wang
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Alexa Bodman
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
| | - Juntao Luo
- †Department of Pharmacology and §Department of Neurosurgery, State University of New York Upstate Medical University, Syracuse, New York 13078, United States
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95
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Krajarng A, Imoto M, Tashiro E, Fujimaki T, Shinjo S, Watanapokasin R. Apoptosis induction associated with the ER stress response through up-regulation of JNK in HeLa cells by gambogic acid. Altern Ther Health Med 2015; 15:26. [PMID: 25887496 PMCID: PMC4340837 DOI: 10.1186/s12906-015-0544-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2014] [Accepted: 01/29/2015] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Background Gambogic acid (GA) was extracted from the dried yellow resin of gamboge (Garcinia hanburyi) which is traditionally used as a coloring material for painting and cloth dying. Gamboge has been also used as a folk medicine for an internal purgative and externally infected wound. We focused on the mechanisms of apoptosis induction by GA through the unfold protein response (ER stress) in HeLa cells. Methods The cytotoxic effect of GA against HeLa cells was determined by trypan blue exclusion assay. Markers of ER stress such as XBP-1, GRP78, CHOP, GADD34 and ERdj4 were analyzed by RT-PCR and Real-time RT-PCR. Cell morphological changes and apoptotic proteins were performed by Hoechst33342 staining and Western blotting technique. Results Our results indicated a time- and dose-dependent decrease of cell viability by GA. The ER stress induction is determined by the up-regulation of spliced XBP1 mRNA and activated GRP78, CHOP, GADD34 and ERdj4 expression. GA also induced cell morphological changes such as nuclear condensation, membrane blebbing and apoptotic body in Hela cells. Apoptosis cell death detected by increased DR5, caspase-8, −9, and −3 expression as well as increased cleaved-PARP, while decreased Bcl-2 upon GA treatment. In addition, phosphorylated JNK was up-regulated but phosphorylated ERK was down-regulated after exposure to GA. Conclusions These results suggest that GA induce apoptosis associated with the ER stress response through up-regulation of p-JNK and down-regulation of p-ERK in HeLa cells.
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96
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Yang J, Zhou Y, Cheng X, Fan Y, He S, Li S, Ye H, Xie C, Wu W, Li C, Pei H, Li L, Wei Z, Peng A, Wei Y, Li W, Chen L. Isogambogenic acid induces apoptosis-independent autophagic cell death in human non-small-cell lung carcinoma cells. Sci Rep 2015; 5:7697. [PMID: 25571970 PMCID: PMC4287727 DOI: 10.1038/srep07697] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/04/2014] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
To overcome drug resistance caused by apoptosis deficiency in patients with non-small cell lung carcinoma (NSCLC), there is a need to identify other means of triggering apoptosis-independent cancer cell death. We are the first to report that isogambogenic acid (iso-GNA) can induce apoptosis-independent autophagic cell death in human NSCLC cells. Several features of the iso-GNA-treated NSCLC cells indicated that iso-GNA induced autophagic cell death. First, there was no evidence of apoptosis or cleaved caspase 3 accumulation and activation. Second, iso-GNA treatment induced the formation of autophagic vacuoles, increased LC3 conversion, caused the appearance of autophagosomes and increased the expression of autophagy-related proteins. These findings provide evidence that iso-GNA induces autophagy in NSCLC cells. Third, iso-GNA-induced cell death was inhibited by autophagic inhibitors or by selective ablation of Atg7 and Beclin 1 genes. Furthermore, the mTOR inhibitor rapamycin increased iso-GNA-induced cell death by enhancing autophagy. Finally, a xenograft model provided additional evidence that iso-GNA exhibited anticancer effect through inducing autophagy-dependent cell death in NSCLC cells. Taken together, our results demonstrated that iso-GNA exhibited an anticancer effect by inducing autophagy-dependent cell death in NSCLC cells, which may be an effective chemotherapeutic agent that can be used against NSCLC in a clinical setting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhong Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Yongzhao Zhou
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Xia Cheng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Fan
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Shichao He
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Shucai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Haoyu Ye
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Caifeng Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Wenshuang Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Chunyan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Heying Pei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Luyuan Li
- State Key Laboratory of Medicinal Chemical Biology and Nankai University College of Pharmacy, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhe Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Aihua Peng
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Yuquan Wei
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
| | - Weimin Li
- Department of Respiratory Medicine, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Lijuan Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Biotherapy/Collaborative Innovation Center of Biotherapy and Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University; Chengdu, China
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97
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Miao G, Ma J, Yang K, Huang Z, Gu Q, Wang Y, Guo Q, You Q, Wang J. Synthesis and Bioevaluation of Novel Oxa-Caged Garcinia Xanthones as Anti-Tumour Agents. Aust J Chem 2015. [DOI: 10.1071/ch14328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA), a special category of Garcinia xanthones, has attracted great attention owing to its striking bioactivities and unique structure. To further explore its structure–activity relationship, we prepared seven novel oxa-caged Garcinia xanthones that were for the first time varied at the C-2 position of B ring and at the C-21/22 or C-23 position of the prenyl group in the caged scaffold. Some compounds exhibited strong anti-proliferation activities in different cancer cell lines. Particularly, compound 8 showed more potent cytotoxic activity and better selectivity towards the A549 cell line than GA. Oxa-caged xanthones 8 was identified as an A549 cell apoptosis inducer through observations of morphological changes and Annexin-V/PI double-staining assay. Additionally, the structure–activity relationships of these new analogues were discussed.
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98
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Yui K, Imataka G, Nakamura H, Ohara N, Naito Y. Eicosanoids Derived From Arachidonic Acid and Their Family Prostaglandins and Cyclooxygenase in Psychiatric Disorders. Curr Neuropharmacol 2015; 13:776-85. [PMID: 26521945 PMCID: PMC4759316 DOI: 10.2174/1570159x13666151102103305] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2015] [Revised: 02/25/2015] [Accepted: 02/25/2015] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Arachidonic acid (AA)-derived lipid mediators are called eicosanoids. Eicosanoids have emerged as key regulators of a wide variety of physiological responses and pathological processes, and control important cellular processes. AA can be converted into biologically active compounds by metabolism by cyclooxygenases (COX). Beneficial effect of COX-2 inhibitor celecoxib add-on therapy has been reported in early stage of schizophrenia. Moreover, add-on treatment of celecoxib attenuated refractory depression and bipolar depression. Further, the COX/prostaglandin E pathway play an important role in synaptic plasticity and may be included in pathophysiology in autism spectrum disorders (ASD). In this regard, plasma transferrin, which is an iron mediator related to eicosanoid signaling, may be related to social impairment of ASD. COX-2 is typically induced by inflammatory stimuli in the majority of tissues, and the only isoform responsible for propagating the inflammatory response. Thus, COX-2 inhibitors considered as the best target for Alzheimer's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kunio Yui
- Research Institute of Pervasive Developmental Disorders, Ashiya University Graduate School of Education. Rokurokusocho 13-22, Ashiya 659-8511, Hyogo, Japan.
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99
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Chinese medicines induce cell death: the molecular and cellular mechanisms for cancer therapy. BIOMED RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2014; 2014:530342. [PMID: 25379508 PMCID: PMC4212527 DOI: 10.1155/2014/530342] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2014] [Accepted: 07/23/2014] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Chinese medicines have long history in treating cancer. With the growing scientific evidence of biomedical researches and clinical trials in cancer therapy, they are increasingly accepted as a complementary and alternative treatment. One of the mechanisms is to induce cancer cell death. Aim. To comprehensively review the publications concerning cancer cell death induced by Chinese medicines in recent years and provide insights on anticancer drug discovery from Chinese medicines. Materials and Methods. Chinese medicines (including Chinese medicinal herbs, animal parts, and minerals) were used in the study. The key words including “cancer”, “cell death”, “apoptosis”, “autophagy,” “necrosis,” and “Chinese medicine” were used in retrieval of related information from PubMed and other databases. Results. The cell death induced by Chinese medicines is described as apoptotic, autophagic, or necrotic cell death and other types with an emphasis on their mechanisms of anticancer action. The relationship among different types of cell death induced by Chinese medicines is critically reviewed and discussed. Conclusions. This review summarizes that CMs treatment could induce multiple pathways leading to cancer cell death, in which apoptosis is the dominant type. To apply these preclinical researches to clinic application will be a key issue in the future.
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100
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Chen Y, Hui H, Li Z, Wang HM, You QD, Lu N. Gambogic acid induces growth inhibition and differentiation via upregulation of p21waf1/cip1 expression in acute myeloid leukemia cells. JOURNAL OF ASIAN NATURAL PRODUCTS RESEARCH 2014; 16:1000-1008. [PMID: 24835506 DOI: 10.1080/10286020.2014.918108] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2013] [Revised: 04/21/2014] [Accepted: 04/22/2014] [Indexed: 06/03/2023]
Abstract
Gambogic acid (GA) is the major active ingredient of gamboges, a brownish to orange resin product from Garcinia hanburyi tree in Southeast Asia. This compound exhibits anti-cancer effect on solid tumors. In this study, we investigated the effects of GA on the growth and differentiation of acute myeloid leukemia cells by growth-inhibition detection, morphological changes observation, nitroblue tetrazolium reduction, and the expression of the relative cell-surface differentiation markers. The results showed that GA could inhibit cell growth and promote differentiation in U937 and HL-60 cells. In addition, GA upregulated the expression of p21waf1/cip1 in the two cell lines. Finally, downregulating the p21waf1/cip1 expression with small interfering RNA partially blocked GA-induced cell growth inhibition and differentiation. These results of this study revealed that GA may be used as one of the investigational drugs for acute myeloid leukemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Chen
- a Department of Physiology , Guiyang Medical University , Guiyang 550004 , China
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