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Yang FW, Tomášová L, Guttenberg ZV, Chen K, Madzvamuse A. Investigating Optimal Time Step Intervals of Imaging for Data Quality through a Novel Fully-Automated Cell Tracking Approach. J Imaging 2020; 6:jimaging6070066. [PMID: 34460659 PMCID: PMC8321081 DOI: 10.3390/jimaging6070066] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2020] [Revised: 06/20/2020] [Accepted: 07/02/2020] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Computer-based fully-automated cell tracking is becoming increasingly important in cell biology, since it provides unrivalled capacity and efficiency for the analysis of large datasets. However, automatic cell tracking’s lack of superior pattern recognition and error-handling capability compared to its human manual tracking counterpart inspired decades-long research. Enormous efforts have been made in developing advanced cell tracking packages and software algorithms. Typical research in this field focuses on dealing with existing data and finding a best solution. Here, we investigate a novel approach where the quality of data acquisition could help improve the accuracy of cell tracking algorithms and vice-versa. Generally speaking, when tracking cell movement, the more frequent the images are taken, the more accurate cells are tracked and, yet, issues such as damage to cells due to light intensity, overheating in equipment, as well as the size of the data prevent a constant data streaming. Hence, a trade-off between the frequency at which data images are collected and the accuracy of the cell tracking algorithms needs to be studied. In this paper, we look at the effects of different choices of the time step interval (i.e., the frequency of data acquisition) within the microscope to our existing cell tracking algorithms. We generate several experimental data sets where the true outcomes are known (i.e., the direction of cell migration) by either using an effective chemoattractant or employing no-chemoattractant. We specify a relatively short time step interval (i.e., 30 s) between pictures that are taken at the data generational stage, so that, later on, we may choose some portion of the images to produce datasets with different time step intervals, such as 1 min, 2 min, and so on. We evaluate the accuracy of our cell tracking algorithms to illustrate the effects of these different time step intervals. We establish that there exist certain relationships between the tracking accuracy and the time step interval associated with experimental microscope data acquisition. We perform fully-automatic adaptive cell tracking on multiple datasets, to identify optimal time step intervals for data acquisition, while at the same time demonstrating the performance of the computer cell tracking algorithms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Feng Wei Yang
- Department of Chemical and Process Engineering, University of Surrey, Stag Hill, University Campus, Guildford GU2 7XH, UK
- Correspondence: (F.W.Y.); (A.M.)
| | - Lea Tomášová
- Ibidi GmbH Lochhammer Schlag 11, 82166 Gräfelfing, Germany; (L.T.); (Z.v.G.)
| | - Zeno v. Guttenberg
- Ibidi GmbH Lochhammer Schlag 11, 82166 Gräfelfing, Germany; (L.T.); (Z.v.G.)
| | - Ke Chen
- Department of Mathematical Sciences, University of Liverpool, Liverpool L69 7ZL, UK;
| | - Anotida Madzvamuse
- School of Mathematical and Physical Sciences, Department of Mathematics, University of Sussex, Brighton BN1 9QH, UK
- Department of Mathematics, University of Johannesburg, P.O. Box 524, Auckland Park 2006, Johannesburg, South Africa
- Correspondence: (F.W.Y.); (A.M.)
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Yamahira S, Satoh T, Yanagawa F, Tamura M, Takagi T, Nakatani E, Kusama Y, Sumaru K, Sugiura S, Kanamori T. Stepwise construction of dynamic microscale concentration gradients around hydrogel-encapsulated cells in a microfluidic perfusion culture device. ROYAL SOCIETY OPEN SCIENCE 2020; 7:200027. [PMID: 32874617 PMCID: PMC7428233 DOI: 10.1098/rsos.200027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/23/2020] [Accepted: 05/27/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Inside living organisms, concentration gradients dynamically change over time as biological processes progress. Therefore, methods to construct dynamic microscale concentration gradients in a spatially controlled manner are needed to provide more realistic research environments. Here, we report a novel method for the construction of dynamic microscale concentration gradients in a stepwise manner around cells in micropatterned hydrogel. In our method, cells are encapsulated in a photodegradable hydrogel formed inside a microfluidic perfusion culture device, and perfusion microchannels are then fabricated in the hydrogel by micropatterned photodegradation. The cells in the micropatterned hydrogel can then be cultured by perfusing culture medium through the fabricated microchannels. By using this method, we demonstrate the simultaneous construction of two dynamic concentration gradients, which allowed us to expose the cells encapsulated in the hydrogel to a dynamic microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shinya Yamahira
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Taku Satoh
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Fumiki Yanagawa
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Masato Tamura
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Takagi
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Eri Nakatani
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Yuta Kusama
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata 940-2188, Japan
| | - Kimio Sumaru
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Shinji Sugiura
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Kanamori
- Biotechnology Research Institute for Drug Discovery, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST), Central 5, 1-1-1 Higashi, Tsukuba 305-8565, Japan
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53
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Ribeiro P, Leitão L, Monteiro AC, Bortolin A, Moura B, Lamghari M, Neto E. Microfluidic-based models to address the bone marrow metastatic niche complexity. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2020; 112:27-36. [PMID: 32513499 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2020.05.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/26/2020] [Revised: 05/15/2020] [Accepted: 05/19/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Bone marrow (BM) is a preferential metastatic site for solid cancers, contributing to higher morbidity and mortality among millions of oncologic patients worldwide. There are no current efficient therapies to minimize this health burden. Microfluidic based in vitro models emerge as powerful alternatives to animal testing, as well as promising tools for the development of personalized medicine solutions. The complexity associated with the BM metastatic niche originated a wide variety of microfluidic platforms designed to mimic this microenvironment. This review gathers the essential parameters to design an accurate in vitro microfluidic device, based on a comparative analysis of existing models created to address the different steps of the metastatic cascade.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrícia Ribeiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Luís Leitão
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana C Monteiro
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Andrea Bortolin
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal
| | - Beatriz Moura
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Engenharia da Universidade do Porto (FEUP), 4200-465 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Ciências Biomédicas Abel Salazar (ICBAS), Universidade do Porto, 4050-313 Porto, Portugal
| | - Meriem Lamghari
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal
| | - Estrela Neto
- Instituto de Investigação e Inovação em Saúde da Universidade do Porto, Associação (i3S), 4200-135 Porto, Portugal; Instituto de Engenharia Biomédica (INEB), Universidade do Porto, 4200-135 Porto, Portugal.
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Garcia-Seyda N, Aoun L, Tishkova V, Seveau V, Biarnes-Pelicot M, Bajénoff M, Valignat MP, Theodoly O. Microfluidic device to study flow-free chemotaxis of swimming cells. LAB ON A CHIP 2020; 20:1639-1647. [PMID: 32249280 DOI: 10.1039/d0lc00045k] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Microfluidic devices have been used in the last two decades to study in vitro cell chemotaxis, but few existing devices generate gradients in flow-free conditions. Flow can bias cell directionality of adherent cells and precludes the study of swimming cells like naïve T lymphocytes, which only migrate in a non-adherent fashion. We developed two devices that create stable, flow-free, diffusion-based gradients and are adapted for adherent and swimming cells. The flow-free environment is achieved by using agarose gel barriers between a central channel with cells and side channels with chemoattractants. These barriers insulate cells from injection/rinsing cycles of chemoattractants, they dampen residual drift across the device, and they allow co-culture of cells without physical interaction, to study contactless paracrine communication. Our devices were used here to investigate neutrophil and naïve T lymphocyte chemotaxis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicolas Garcia-Seyda
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | - Laurene Aoun
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Valentine Seveau
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | | | - Marc Bajénoff
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, CIML, Marseille, France
| | - Marie-Pierre Valignat
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
| | - Olivier Theodoly
- Aix Marseille Univ, Inserm, CNRS, Turing Center for Living Systems, LAI, Marseille, France.
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55
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Cui KW, Engel L, Dundes CE, Nguyen TC, Loh KM, Dunn AR. Spatially controlled stem cell differentiation via morphogen gradients: A comparison of static and dynamic microfluidic platforms. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. A, VACUUM, SURFACES, AND FILMS : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VACUUM SOCIETY 2020; 38:033205. [PMID: 32255900 PMCID: PMC7093209 DOI: 10.1116/1.5142012#suppl] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/30/2023]
Abstract
The ability to harness the processes by which complex tissues arise during embryonic development would improve the ability to engineer complex tissuelike constructs in vitro-a longstanding goal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In embryos, uniform populations of stem cells are exposed to spatial gradients of diffusible extracellular signaling proteins, known as morphogens. Varying levels of these signaling proteins induce stem cells to differentiate into distinct cell types at different positions along the gradient, thus creating spatially patterned tissues. Here, the authors describe two straightforward and easy-to-adopt microfluidic strategies to expose human pluripotent stem cells in vitro to spatial gradients of desired differentiation-inducing extracellular signals. Both approaches afford a high degree of control over the distribution of extracellular signals, while preserving the viability of the cultured stem cells. The first microfluidic platform is commercially available and entails static culture, whereas the second microfluidic platform requires fabrication and dynamic fluid exchange. In each platform, the authors first computationally modeled the spatial distribution of differentiation-inducing extracellular signals. Then, the authors used each platform to expose human pluripotent stem cells to a gradient of these signals (in this case, inducing a cell type known as the primitive streak), resulting in a regionalized culture with differentiated primitive streak cells predominately localized on one side and undifferentiated stem cells at the other side of the device. By combining this approach with a fluorescent reporter for differentiated cells and live-cell fluorescence imaging, the authors characterized the spatial and temporal dynamics of primitive streak differentiation within the induced signaling gradients. Microfluidic approaches to create precisely controlled morphogen gradients will add to the stem cell and developmental biology toolkit, and may eventually pave the way to create increasingly spatially patterned tissuelike constructs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara W Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Leeya Engel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Carolyn E Dundes
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Tina C Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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56
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Alirezaeizanjani Z, Großmann R, Pfeifer V, Hintsche M, Beta C. Chemotaxis strategies of bacteria with multiple run modes. SCIENCE ADVANCES 2020; 6:eaaz6153. [PMID: 32766440 PMCID: PMC7385427 DOI: 10.1126/sciadv.aaz6153] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2019] [Accepted: 03/20/2020] [Indexed: 06/11/2023]
Abstract
Bacterial chemotaxis-a fundamental example of directional navigation in the living world-is key to many biological processes, including the spreading of bacterial infections. Many bacterial species were recently reported to exhibit several distinct swimming modes-the flagella may, for example, push the cell body or wrap around it. How do the different run modes shape the chemotaxis strategy of a multimode swimmer? Here, we investigate chemotactic motion of the soil bacterium Pseudomonas putida as a model organism. By simultaneously tracking the position of the cell body and the configuration of its flagella, we demonstrate that individual run modes show different chemotactic responses in nutrition gradients and, thus, constitute distinct behavioral states. On the basis of an active particle model, we demonstrate that switching between multiple run states that differ in their speed and responsiveness provides the basis for robust and efficient chemotaxis in complex natural habitats.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Robert Großmann
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Veronika Pfeifer
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
| | - Marius Hintsche
- Institute of Physics and Astronomy, University of Potsdam, 14476 Potsdam, Germany
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57
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Cui KW, Engel L, Dundes CE, Nguyen TC, Loh KM, Dunn AR. Spatially controlled stem cell differentiation via morphogen gradients: A comparison of static and dynamic microfluidic platforms. JOURNAL OF VACUUM SCIENCE & TECHNOLOGY. A, VACUUM, SURFACES, AND FILMS : AN OFFICIAL JOURNAL OF THE AMERICAN VACUUM SOCIETY 2020; 38:033205. [PMID: 32255900 PMCID: PMC7093209 DOI: 10.1116/1.5142012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/09/2019] [Revised: 02/20/2020] [Accepted: 02/21/2020] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
The ability to harness the processes by which complex tissues arise during embryonic development would improve the ability to engineer complex tissuelike constructs in vitro-a longstanding goal of tissue engineering and regenerative medicine. In embryos, uniform populations of stem cells are exposed to spatial gradients of diffusible extracellular signaling proteins, known as morphogens. Varying levels of these signaling proteins induce stem cells to differentiate into distinct cell types at different positions along the gradient, thus creating spatially patterned tissues. Here, the authors describe two straightforward and easy-to-adopt microfluidic strategies to expose human pluripotent stem cells in vitro to spatial gradients of desired differentiation-inducing extracellular signals. Both approaches afford a high degree of control over the distribution of extracellular signals, while preserving the viability of the cultured stem cells. The first microfluidic platform is commercially available and entails static culture, whereas the second microfluidic platform requires fabrication and dynamic fluid exchange. In each platform, the authors first computationally modeled the spatial distribution of differentiation-inducing extracellular signals. Then, the authors used each platform to expose human pluripotent stem cells to a gradient of these signals (in this case, inducing a cell type known as the primitive streak), resulting in a regionalized culture with differentiated primitive streak cells predominately localized on one side and undifferentiated stem cells at the other side of the device. By combining this approach with a fluorescent reporter for differentiated cells and live-cell fluorescence imaging, the authors characterized the spatial and temporal dynamics of primitive streak differentiation within the induced signaling gradients. Microfluidic approaches to create precisely controlled morphogen gradients will add to the stem cell and developmental biology toolkit, and may eventually pave the way to create increasingly spatially patterned tissuelike constructs in vitro.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiara W Cui
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Leeya Engel
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Carolyn E Dundes
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Tina C Nguyen
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Kyle M Loh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Stanford Institute for Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
| | - Alexander R Dunn
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Stanford University, Stanford, California 94305
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58
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Stromal cell-derived factor 1 regulates in vitro sperm migration towards the cumulus-oocyte complex in cattle. PLoS One 2020; 15:e0232536. [PMID: 32353075 PMCID: PMC7192438 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0232536] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Sperm migration towards an oocyte in the female reproductive tract is an important step for successful fertilization. Although several sperm-chemotactic factors have been identified in mammals, it is unclear whether these chemoattractants contribute to sperm migration towards an oocyte that is the final destination for sperm. Furthermore, chemoattractants for bovine sperm are still undiscovered even though the follicular fluid attracts sperm in cattle. Here, we demonstrated that a single bovine cumulus-oocyte complex (COC) had the ability to attract sperm, suggesting that the COC secreted sperm chemoattractants. We identified stromal cell-derived factor 1 (SDF1), which was expressed in COCs, and its receptor CXCR4 in sperm, as a candidate. Our results showed that bovine sperm preferentially migrated to the area with a high SDF1 concentration and occasionally showed turn movements by asymmetric flagellar bends during the migration. We also demonstrated that increasing the intracellular Ca2+ concentration via Ca2+ channels was related to SDF1-induced sperm chemotaxis. Finally, a CXCR4 inhibitor significantly suppressed the in vitro bovine sperm migration towards a COC. Taken together, we propose that SDF1 is a chemotactic factor for bovine sperm to regulate their migration towards an oocyte via the CXCR4 receptor.
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59
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van den Bos E, Ambrosy B, Horsthemke M, Walbaum S, Bachg AC, Wettschureck N, Innamorati G, Wilkie TM, Hanley PJ. Knockout mouse models reveal the contributions of G protein subunits to complement C5a receptor-mediated chemotaxis. J Biol Chem 2020; 295:7726-7742. [PMID: 32332099 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.011984] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/19/2019] [Revised: 04/22/2020] [Indexed: 01/20/2023] Open
Abstract
G protein-coupled receptor signaling is required for the navigation of immune cells along chemoattractant gradients. However, chemoattractant receptors may couple to more than one type of heterotrimeric G protein, each of which consists of a Gα, Gβ, and Gγ subunit, making it difficult to delineate the critical signaling pathways. Here, we used knockout mouse models and time-lapse microscopy to elucidate Gα and Gβ subunits contributing to complement C5a receptor-mediated chemotaxis. Complement C5a-mediated chemokinesis and chemotaxis were almost completely abolished in macrophages lacking Gnai2 (encoding Gαi2), consistent with a reduced leukocyte recruitment previously observed in Gnai2 -/- mice, whereas cells lacking Gnai3 (Gαi3) exhibited only a slight decrease in cell velocity. Surprisingly, C5a-induced Ca2+ transients and lamellipodial membrane spreading were persistent in Gnai2 -/- macrophages. Macrophages lacking both Gnaq (Gαq) and Gna11 (Gα11) or both Gna12 (Gα12) and Gna13 (Gα13) had essentially normal chemotaxis, Ca2+ signaling, and cell spreading, except Gna12/Gna13-deficient macrophages had increased cell velocity and elongated trailing ends. Moreover, Gnaq/Gna11-deficient cells did not respond to purinergic receptor P2Y2 stimulation. Genetic deletion of Gna15 (Gα15) virtually abolished C5a-induced Ca2+ transients, but chemotaxis and cell spreading were preserved. Homozygous Gnb1 (Gβ1) deletion was lethal, but mice lacking Gnb2 (Gβ2) were viable. Gnb2 -/- macrophages exhibited robust Ca2+ transients and cell spreading, albeit decreased cell velocity and impaired chemotaxis. In summary, complement C5a-mediated chemotaxis requires Gαi2 and Gβ2, but not Ca2+ signaling, and membrane protrusive activity is promoted by G proteins that deplete phosphatidylinositol 4,5-bisphosphate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Esther van den Bos
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Benjamin Ambrosy
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Markus Horsthemke
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Stefan Walbaum
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Anne C Bachg
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
| | - Nina Wettschureck
- Department of Pharmacology, Max Planck Institute for Heart and Lung Research, Bad Nauheim, Germany
| | - Giulio Innamorati
- Department of Surgical Sciences, Dentistry, Gynecology and Pediatrics, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Thomas M Wilkie
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Texas Southwestern Medical Center, Dallas, Texas, USA
| | - Peter J Hanley
- Institut für Molekulare Zellbiologie, Westfälische Wilhelms-Universität Münster, Münster, Germany
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60
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Wiedemann C, Amann B, Degroote RL, Witte T, Deeg CA. Aberrant Migratory Behavior of Immune Cells in Recurrent Autoimmune Uveitis in Horses. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:101. [PMID: 32211402 PMCID: PMC7076317 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/23/2019] [Accepted: 02/07/2020] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
The participating signals and structures that enable primary immune cells migrating within dense tissues are not completely revealed until now. Especially in autoimmune diseases, mostly unknown mechanisms facilitate autoreactive immune cells to migrate to endogenous tissues, infiltrating and harming organ-specific structures. In order to gain deeper insights into the migratory behavior of primary autoreactive immune cells, we examined peripheral blood-derived lymphocytes (PBLs) of horses with equine recurrent uveitis (ERU), a spontaneous animal model for autoimmune uveitis in humans. In this study, we used a three-dimensional collagen I hydrogel matrix and monitored live-cell migration of primary lymphocytes as a reaction to different chemoattractants such as fetal calf serum (FCS), cytokines interleukin-4 (IL-4), and interferon-γ (IFN-γ), and a specific uveitis autoantigen, cellular retinaldehyde binding protein (CRALBP). Through these experiments, we uncovered distinct differences between PBLs from ERU cases and PBLs from healthy animals, with significantly higher cell motility, cell speed, and straightness during migration of PBLs from ERU horses. Furthermore, we emphasized the significance of expression levels and cellular localization of septin 7, a membrane-interacting protein with decreased abundance in PBLs of autoimmune cases. To underline the importance of septin 7 expression changes and the possible contribution to migratory behavior in autoreactive immune cells, we used forchlorfenuron (FCF) as a reversible inhibitor of septin structures. FCF-treated cells showed more directed migration through dense tissue and revealed aberrant septin 7 and F-actin structures along with different protein distribution and translocalization of the latter, uncovered by immunochemistry. Hence, we propose that septin 7 and interacting molecules play a pivotal role in the organization and regulation of cell shaping and migration. With our findings, we contribute to gaining deeper insights into the migratory behavior and septin 7-dependent cytoskeletal reorganization of immune cells in organ-specific autoimmune diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Carmen Wiedemann
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Barbara Amann
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Roxane L Degroote
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Tanja Witte
- Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Equine Hospital, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Cornelia A Deeg
- Chair of Physiology, Department of Veterinary Sciences, LMU Munich, Munich, Germany
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61
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Hoffmann A, Zwißler LC, El Bounkari O, Bernhagen J. Studying the Pro-Migratory Effects of MIF. Methods Mol Biol 2020; 2080:1-18. [PMID: 31745866 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9936-1_1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/03/2022]
Abstract
Macrophage migration inhibitory factor (MIF) is an upstream regulator of innate immunity and dysregulated MIF is a key mediator of acute and chronic inflammatory processes, autoimmune and cardiovascular diseases, as well as cancer. MIF is a pleiotropic cytokine with chemokine-like functions that has been designated as an atypical chemokine (ACK). It orchestrates leukocyte recruitment and migration into inflamed tissues through non-cognate interactions with the classical chemokine receptors CXCR2 and CXCR4, pathways that are further facilitated by MIF's cognate receptor CD74. Here, we describe two complementary methods that can be used to characterize immune cell migration and motility responses controlled by MIF and its receptors. These are the Transwell filter migration assay, also known as modified Boyden chamber assay, a two-dimensional (2D) device, and a matrix-based three-dimensional (3D) chemotaxis assay. The Transwell system is primarily suitable to study chemotactic cell transmigration responses toward a chemoattractant such as MIF through a porous filter membrane. The 3D chemotaxis setup enables for the cellular tracking of migration, invasion, and motility of single cells using live cell imaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adrian Hoffmann
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.,Department of Anaesthesiology, Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Leon Christian Zwißler
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany
| | - Omar El Bounkari
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany.
| | - Jürgen Bernhagen
- Vascular Biology, Institute for Stroke and Dementia Research (ISD), Klinikum der Universitaet Muenchen (KUM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University (LMU), Munich, Germany. .,Munich Heart Alliance, Munich, Germany. .,Munich Cluster for Systems Neurology (SyNergy), Munich, Germany.
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62
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Rauff A, LaBelle SA, Strobel HA, Hoying JB, Weiss JA. Imaging the Dynamic Interaction Between Sprouting Microvessels and the Extracellular Matrix. Front Physiol 2019; 10:1011. [PMID: 31507428 PMCID: PMC6713949 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2019.01011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Thorough understanding of growth and evolution of tissue vasculature is fundamental to many fields of medicine including cancer therapy, wound healing, and tissue engineering. Angiogenesis, the growth of new vessels from existing ones, is dynamically influenced by a variety of environmental factors, including mechanical and biophysical factors, chemotactic factors, proteolysis, and interaction with stromal cells. Yet, dynamic interactions between neovessels and their environment are difficult to study with traditional fixed time imaging techniques. Advancements in imaging technologies permit time-series and volumetric imaging, affording the ability to visualize microvessel growth over 3D space and time. Time-lapse imaging has led to more informative investigations of angiogenesis. The environmental factors implicated in angiogenesis span a wide range of signals. Neovessels advance through stromal matrices by forming attachments and pulling and pushing on their microenvironment, reorganizing matrix fibers, and inducing large deformations of the surrounding stroma. Concurrently, neovessels secrete proteolytic enzymes to degrade their basement membrane, create space for new vessels to grow, and release matrix-bound cytokines. Growing neovessels also respond to a host of soluble and matrix-bound growth factors, and display preferential growth along a cytokine gradient. Lastly, stromal cells such as macrophages and mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) interact directly with neovessels and their surrounding matrix to facilitate sprouting, vessel fusion, and tissue remodeling. This review highlights how time-lapse imaging techniques advanced our understanding of the interaction of blood vessels with their environment during sprouting angiogenesis. The technology provides means to characterize the evolution of microvessel behavior, providing new insights and holding great promise for further research on the process of angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Adam Rauff
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Steven A. LaBelle
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
| | - Hannah A. Strobel
- Innovations Laboratory, Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, NH, United States
| | - James B. Hoying
- Innovations Laboratory, Advanced Solutions Life Sciences, Manchester, NH, United States
| | - Jeffrey A. Weiss
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
- Scientific Computing and Imaging Institute, University of Utah, Salt Lake City, UT, United States
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63
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Yetkin-Arik B, Vogels IMC, Neyazi N, van Duinen V, Houtkooper RH, van Noorden CJF, Klaassen I, Schlingemann RO. Endothelial tip cells in vitro are less glycolytic and have a more flexible response to metabolic stress than non-tip cells. Sci Rep 2019; 9:10414. [PMID: 31320669 PMCID: PMC6639367 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-019-46503-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2019] [Accepted: 06/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Formation of new blood vessels by differentiated endothelial tip cells, stalk cells, and phalanx cells during angiogenesis is an energy-demanding process. How these specialized endothelial cell phenotypes generate their energy, and whether there are differences between these phenotypes, is unknown. This may be key to understand their functions, as (1) metabolic pathways are essentially involved in the regulation of angiogenesis, and (2) a metabolic switch has been associated with angiogenic endothelial cell differentiation. With the use of Seahorse flux analyses, we studied metabolic pathways in tip cell and non-tip cell human umbilical vein endothelial cell populations. Our study shows that both tip cells and non-tip cells use glycolysis as well as mitochondrial respiration for energy production. However, glycolysis is significantly lower in tip cells than in non-tip cells. Additionally, tip cells have a higher capacity to respond to metabolic stress. Finally, in non-tip cells, blocking of mitochondrial respiration inhibits endothelial cell proliferation. In conclusion, our data demonstrate that tip cells are less glycolytic than non-tip cells and that both endothelial cell phenotypes can adapt their metabolism depending on microenvironmental circumstances. Our results suggest that a balanced involvement of metabolic pathways is necessary for both endothelial cell phenotypes for proper functioning during angiogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- B Yetkin-Arik
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - I M C Vogels
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - N Neyazi
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - V van Duinen
- Department of Systems Biomedicine and Pharmacology, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands.,Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Nephrology and the Einthoven Laboratory for Vascular and Regenerative Medicine, Leiden University Medical Centre, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - R H Houtkooper
- Laboratory Genetic Metabolic Diseases, Amsterdam Gastroenterology and Metabolism, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - C J F van Noorden
- Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Genetic Toxicology and Cancer Biology, National Institute of Biology, Ljubljana, Slovenia
| | - I Klaassen
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands. .,Department of Medical Biology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.
| | - R O Schlingemann
- Ocular Angiogenesis Group, Department of Ophthalmology, Amsterdam Cardiovascular Sciences and Cancer Center Amsterdam, Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Amsterdam, The Netherlands.,Department of Ophthalmology, University of Lausanne, Jules-Gonin Eye Hospital, Fondation Asile des Aveugles, Lausanne, Switzerland
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64
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Advanced 2D/3D cell migration assay for faster evaluation of chemotaxis of slow-moving cells. PLoS One 2019; 14:e0219708. [PMID: 31314801 PMCID: PMC6636736 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0219708] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/28/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Considering the essential role of chemotaxis of adherent, slow-moving cells in processes such as tumor metastasis or wound healing, a detailed understanding of the mechanisms and cues that direct migration of cells through tissues is highly desirable. The state-of-the-art chemotaxis instruments (e.g. microfluidic-based devices, bridge assays) can generate well-defined, long-term stable chemical gradients, crucial for quantitative investigation of chemotaxis in slow-moving cells. However, the majority of chemotaxis tools are designed for the purpose of an in-depth, but labor-intensive analysis of migratory behavior of single cells. This is rather inefficient for applications requiring higher experimental throughput, as it is the case of e.g. clinical examinations, chemoattractant screening or studies of the chemotaxis-related signaling pathways based on subcellular perturbations. Here, we present an advanced migration assay for accelerated and facilitated evaluation of the chemotactic response of slow-moving cells. The revised chemotaxis chamber contains a hydrogel microstructure–the migration arena, designed to enable identification of chemotactic behavior of a cell population in respect to the end-point of the experiment. At the same time, the assay in form of a microscopy slide enables direct visualization of the cells in either 2D or 3D environment, and provides a stable and linear gradient of chemoattractant. We demonstrate the correctness of the assay on the model study of HT-1080 chemotaxis in 3D and on 2D surface. Finally, we apply the migration arena chemotaxis assay to screen for a chemoattractant of primary keratinocytes, cells that play a major role in wound healing, being responsible for skin re-epithelialization and a successful wound closure. In direction of new therapeutic strategies to promote wound repair, we identified the chemotactic activity of the epithelial growth factor receptor (EGFR) ligands EGF and TGFα (transforming growth factor α).
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65
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Tobia C, Chiodelli P, Barbieri A, Buraschi S, Ferrari E, Mitola S, Borsani G, Guerra J, Presta M. Atypical Chemokine Receptor 3 Generates Guidance Cues for CXCL12-Mediated Endothelial Cell Migration. Front Immunol 2019; 10:1092. [PMID: 31156639 PMCID: PMC6529557 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2019.01092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2019] [Accepted: 04/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Chemokine receptor CXCR4, its ligand stromal cell-derived factor-1 (CXCL12) and the decoy receptor atypical chemokine receptor 3 (ACKR3, also named CXCR7), are involved in the guidance of migrating cells in different anatomical districts. Here, we investigated the role of the ACKR3 zebrafish ortholog ackr3b in the vascularization process during embryonic development. Bioinformatics and functional analyses confirmed that ackr3b is a CXCL12-binding ortholog of human ACKR3. ackr3b is transcribed in the endoderm of zebrafish embryos during epiboly and is expressed in a wide range of tissues during somitogenesis, including central nervous system and somites. Between 18 somite and 26 h-post fertilization stages, the broad somitic expression of ackr3b becomes restricted to the basal part of the somites. After ackr3b knockdown, intersomitic vessels (ISVs) lose the correct direction of migration and are characterized by the presence of aberrant sprouts and ectopic filopodia protrusions, showing downregulation of the tip/stalk cell marker hlx1. In addition, ackr3b morphants show significant alterations of lateral dorsal aortae formation. In keeping with a role for ackr3b in endothelial cell guidance, CXCL12 gradient generated by ACKR3 expression in CHO cell transfectants guides human endothelial cell migration in an in vitro cell co-culture chemotaxis assay. Our results demonstrate that ackr3b plays a non-redundant role in the guidance of sprouting endothelial cells during vascular development in zebrafish. Moreover, ACKR3 scavenging activity generates guidance cues for the directional migration of CXCR4-expressing human endothelial cells in response to CXCL12.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chiara Tobia
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Paola Chiodelli
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Andrea Barbieri
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Simone Buraschi
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Elena Ferrari
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Stefania Mitola
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Borsani
- Unit of Biology and Genetics, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Jessica Guerra
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
| | - Marco Presta
- Unit of Experimental Oncology and Immunology, Department of Molecular and Translational Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Brescia, Brescia, Italy
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66
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Goldblatt J, Lawrenson RA, Muir L, Dattani S, Hoffland A, Tsuchiya T, Kanegasaki S, Sriskandan S, Pease JE. A Requirement for Neutrophil Glycosaminoglycans in Chemokine:Receptor Interactions Is Revealed by the Streptococcal Protease SpyCEP. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2019; 202:3246-3255. [PMID: 31010851 PMCID: PMC6526389 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1801688] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2019] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
SpyCEP-cleaved CXCL8 is unable to bind and activate CXCL8 receptors. Neutrophil glycosaminoglycans are required for migration along a CXCL8 gradient.
To evade the immune system, the lethal human pathogen Streptococcus pyogenes produces SpyCEP, an enzyme that cleaves the C-terminal α-helix of CXCL8, resulting in markedly impaired recruitment of neutrophils to sites of invasive infection. The basis for chemokine inactivation by SpyCEP is, however, poorly understood, as the core domain of CXCL8 known to interact with CXCL8 receptors is unaffected by enzymatic cleavage. We examined the in vitro migration of human neutrophils and observed that their ability to efficiently navigate a CXCL8 gradient was compromised following CXCL8 cleavage by SpyCEP. SpyCEP-mediated cleavage of CXCL8 also impaired CXCL8-induced migration of transfectants expressing the human chemokine receptors CXCR1 or CXCR2. Despite possessing an intact N terminus and preserved disulfide bonds, SpyCEP-cleaved CXCL8 had impaired binding to both CXCR1 and CXCR2, pointing to a requirement for the C-terminal α-helix. SpyCEP-cleaved CXCL8 had similarly impaired binding to the glycosaminoglycan heparin. Enzymatic removal of neutrophil glycosaminoglycans was observed to ablate neutrophil navigation of a CXCL8 gradient, whereas navigation of an fMLF gradient remained largely intact. We conclude, therefore, that SpyCEP cleavage of CXCL8 results in chemokine inactivation because of a requirement for glycosaminoglycan binding in productive chemokine:receptor interactions. This may inform strategies to inhibit the activity of SpyCEP, but may also influence future approaches to inhibit unwanted chemokine-induced inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Goldblatt
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom
| | | | - Luke Muir
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Saloni Dattani
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Ashley Hoffland
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Asthma U.K. Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; and
| | - Tomoko Tsuchiya
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shiro Kanegasaki
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Shiranee Sriskandan
- Department of Medicine, Imperial College London, London W12 0NN, United Kingdom;
| | - James E Pease
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; .,Asthma U.K. Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom; and
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67
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Doblinger N, Bredthauer A, Mohrez M, Hähnel V, Graf B, Gruber M, Ahrens N. Impact of hydroxyethyl starch and modified fluid gelatin on granulocyte phenotype and function. Transfusion 2019; 59:2121-2130. [PMID: 30934131 DOI: 10.1111/trf.15279] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2018] [Revised: 02/03/2019] [Accepted: 02/03/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Patients with neutropenia or granulocyte dysfunction may require granulocyte transfusions for adequate immune restoration. High-molecular-weight hydroxyethyl starch (HES) is the most commonly used sedimentation agent to enhance granulocyte collection efficiency. However, authorities recently restricted the use of HES due to its unfavorable risk-benefit profile. As modified fluid gelatin (MFG) is already used as an alternative sedimentation agent, we tested the hypothesis that MFG is not inferior to HES in terms of the functionality and viability of granulocytes. STUDY DESIGN AND METHODS Granulocytes from ten healthy donors were isolated, aliquoted and incubated in parallel for 2 hours with either 0% (control), 7.5%, 15%, or 30% MFG (Gelafundin) or HES (Hespan), respectively, and granulocyte migration, chemotaxis, reactive oxygen species (ROS) production, neutrophil extracellular trap formation (NETosis), antigen expression, and viability were subsequently investigated in vitro. RESULTS Relative to the controls, all three concentrations of HES compared to only 15% and 30% MFG lowered migration distances, and the 15% and 30% concentrations of both sedimentation agents reduced track straightness. HES resulted in lower CD11b expression and higher CD62L expression compared to MFG and the controls, whereas the differences for CD66b did not reach statistical significance. No significant differences in the timing of ROS production or NETosis, or in neutrophil viability or respiratory burst were observed. CONCLUSION These results indicate that MFG is not inferior to HES in terms of granulocyte function in vitro when used at equal concentrations, and that potential impairment of granulocyte function can occur with HES.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nina Doblinger
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany.,Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Andre Bredthauer
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Morad Mohrez
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Viola Hähnel
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Bernhard Graf
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anesthesiology, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Norbert Ahrens
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Laboratory Medicine, Transfusion Medicine, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
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68
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Zippel S, Raic A, Lee-Thedieck C. Migration Assay for Leukemic Cells in a 3D Matrix Toward a Chemoattractant. Methods Mol Biol 2019; 2017:97-107. [PMID: 31197771 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4939-9574-5_8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In leukemia, leukemic cells hijack the hematopoietic stem cell (HSC) microenvironment in the bone marrow-the so-called stem cell niche-by flooding the niche with clonal progeny of leukemic cells. They can exploit signaling pathways which are critical for HSC development to support their own survival, homing, and maintenance. These interactions of leukemic cells with the microenvironment have an impact on therapy progress and patient outcome. Therefore, signals for homing and anchorage of leukemic cells to the bone marrow have to be investigated by using tools that allow the migration of cells toward critical signals. Here, we describe an in vitro migration assay for leukemic cells toward a chemoattractant in a 3D environment exemplified by migration of the cell line OCI-AML3 to a CXC motif chemokine ligand 12 (CXCL12) gradient. For this purpose, a chemotaxis slide is filled with a hydrogel system mimicking the extracellular matrix in vivo. The cells are encapsulated into the hydrogel network during polymerization, and a CXCL12 gradient is introduced in the enclosed chambers to trigger migration. Cell migration in the 3D network of the hydrogel is monitored by time-lapse microscopy. We describe the experimental setup and the tools for cell tracking and data analysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sabrina Zippel
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Annamarija Raic
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany
| | - Cornelia Lee-Thedieck
- Institute of Functional Interfaces, Karlsruhe Institute of Technology (KIT), Eggenstein-Leopoldshafen, Germany.
- Institute of Cell Biology and Biophysics, Leibniz University Hannover, Hannover, Germany.
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69
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Hattenkofer M, Gruber M, Metz S, Pfaehler SM, Lehle K, Trabold B. Time course of chemotaxis and chemokinesis of neutrophils following stimulation with IL-8 or FMLP. EUR J INFLAMM 2018. [DOI: 10.1177/2058739218819171] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Polymorphonuclear cells (PMNs) attend to inflammatory sites by chemotactic movement, caused by chemoattractants (CAs) like n-formyl-l-methionyl-l-leucyl-l-phenylalanine (FMLP) and interleukin-8 (IL-8). However, distinct but applicable assays for investigations of PMNs’ migration limit in vitro examination. We integrated CD15-bead-based isolation of PMNs with analysing their chemotaxis in a novel 3D-µ-Slide migration chamber. The PMNs were exposed to different concentrations of FMLP and IL-8 (1, 10 and 100 nM) and observed for 180 min in cell-physiological environment conditions. Moving PMNs’ percentage (median and interquartile range) decreased from 62% (27%) to 36% (31%) without CA, from 88% (30%) to 22% (26%) for 1 nM IL-8, from 70% (22%) to 28% (13%) for 100 nM IL-8, from 30% (23%) to 18% (46%) for 1 nM FMLP and from 76% (20%) to 28% (13%) for 100 nM FMLP. Centres of cell movement turned towards the CAs (negative values) within a single 30-min observation period: 5.37 µm (16.82 µm) without CA, −181.37 µm (132.18 µm) with 10 nM and −239.34 µm (152.19 µm) with 100 nM IL-8; −116.2 µm (69.07 µm) with 10 nM and −71.59 µm (98.58 µm) with 100 nM FMLP. FMLP and IL-8 ensure chemotaxis without increase of chemokinesis. 3D-µ-Slide chemotaxis chambers facilitate time course analyses of PMNs’ migration in stable conditions over a long time with concise distinction of chemotaxis and chemokinesis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Michael Gruber
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Sophia Metz
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | | | - Karla Lehle
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
| | - Benedikt Trabold
- Department of Anaesthesia, University Hospital Regensburg, Regensburg, Germany
- Institute of Anaesthesia, Asklepios Hospital, Bad Abbach, Germany
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70
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Durré T, Morfoisse F, Erpicum C, Ebroin M, Blacher S, García-Caballero M, Deroanne C, Louis T, Balsat C, Van de Velde M, Kaijalainen S, Kridelka F, Engelholm L, Struman I, Alitalo K, Behrendt N, Paupert J, Noel A. uPARAP/Endo180 receptor is a gatekeeper of VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 heterodimerisation during pathological lymphangiogenesis. Nat Commun 2018; 9:5178. [PMID: 30518756 PMCID: PMC6281649 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-018-07514-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The development of new lymphatic vessels occurs in many cancerous and inflammatory diseases through the binding of VEGF-C to its receptors, VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3. The regulation of VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 heterodimerisation and its downstream signaling in lymphatic endothelial cells (LECs) remain poorly understood. Here, we identify the endocytic receptor, uPARAP, as a partner of VEGFR-2 and VEGFR-3 that regulates their heterodimerisation. Genetic ablation of uPARAP leads to hyperbranched lymphatic vasculatures in pathological conditions without affecting concomitant angiogenesis. In vitro, uPARAP controls LEC migration in response to VEGF-C but not VEGF-A or VEGF-CCys156Ser. uPARAP restricts VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 heterodimerisation and subsequent VEGFR-2-mediated phosphorylation and inactivation of Crk-II adaptor. uPARAP promotes VEGFR-3 signaling through the Crk-II/JNK/paxillin/Rac1 pathway. Pharmacological Rac1 inhibition in uPARAP knockout mice restores the wild-type phenotype. In summary, our study identifies a molecular regulator of lymphangiogenesis, and uncovers novel molecular features of VEGFR-2/VEGFR-3 crosstalk and downstream signaling during VEGF-C-driven LEC sprouting in pathological conditions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tania Durré
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Florent Morfoisse
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Charlotte Erpicum
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Marie Ebroin
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Silvia Blacher
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Melissa García-Caballero
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Christophe Deroanne
- Laboratory of Connective Tissues Biology, GIGA-Cancer, Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Thomas Louis
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Cédric Balsat
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Maureen Van de Velde
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Seppo Kaijalainen
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Frédéric Kridelka
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, CHU Liege, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Lars Engelholm
- The Finsen Laboratory/BRIC, Rigshospitalet/University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 124, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Ingrid Struman
- Laboratory of Molecular Angiogenesis, GIGA-Cancer, Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Kari Alitalo
- Wihuri Research Institute and Translational Cancer Biology Program, Biomedicum Helsinki, University of Helsinki, 00014, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Niels Behrendt
- The Finsen Laboratory/BRIC, Rigshospitalet/University of Copenhagen, Jagtvej 124, 2200, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Jenny Paupert
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium
| | - Agnès Noel
- Laboratory of Tumor and Development Biology, GIGA (GIGA-Cancer), Liege University, B23, Avenue Hippocrate 13, 4000, Liege, Belgium.
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71
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Ishak R, Hallett MB. Defective rapid cell shape and transendothelial migration by calpain-1 null neutrophils. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2018; 506:1065-1070. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2018.10.174] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
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72
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Biswenger V, Baumann N, Jürschick J, Häckl M, Battle C, Schwarz J, Horn E, Zantl R. Characterization of EGF-guided MDA-MB-231 cell chemotaxis in vitro using a physiological and highly sensitive assay system. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0203040. [PMID: 30212492 PMCID: PMC6136702 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0203040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/13/2023] Open
Abstract
Chemotactic cell migration is a central mechanism during cancer cell invasion and hence metastasis. In order to mimic in vivo conditions, we used a three-dimensional hydrogel matrix made of collagen I and a stable gradient-generating chemotaxis assay system, which is commercially available (μ-Slide Chemotaxis) to characterize epidermal growth factor (EGF)-induced chemotaxis of the human breast cancer cell line MDA-MB-231. Surprisingly, chemotactic effects of EGF on MDA-MB-231 cells could neither be observed in the standard growth medium DMEM/F-12 supplemented with 10% serum nor in starvation medium. In contrast, after adapting the cells to the serum-free growth medium UltraCULTURETM, significant chemotactic effects could be measured with high sensitivity. The extremely time-stable linear gradients, generated in the chemotaxis chamber, led to consistent directional migration of MDA-MB-231 cells. Dose-response experiments showed increased directional and kinetic response of MDA-MB-231 cells towards stable gradients of EGF. While EGF-guided directional migration (chemotaxis) was highly concentration-dependent with the highest response at 1.5 nM/mm EGF, we found that the chemokinetic effect induced by EGF was concentration-independent. Both, blocking the ligand-binding domain of the EGF receptor by an antibody (monoclonal anti-EGFR antibody 225) and inhibition of its kinase domain by a small molecule inhibitor (AG1478) led to a reduction in EGF-induced directed migration. The high sensitivity of the assay even allowed us to observe synergistic effects in EGF-receptor inhibition using a combination of low doses of both inhibitor types. Those results validate the fact that EGF is a potent guidance cue for MDA-MB-231 cell migration and help to understand the mechanism behind chemotaxis-driven cancer metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Martina Häckl
- ibidi GmbH, Martinsried, Germany
- Hochschule Weihenstephan-Triesdorf, Freising, Germany
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73
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Krishnan D, Ghosh SK. Cellular Events of Multinucleated Giant Cells Formation During the Encystation of Entamoeba invadens. Front Cell Infect Microbiol 2018; 8:262. [PMID: 30109218 PMCID: PMC6079502 DOI: 10.3389/fcimb.2018.00262] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2018] [Accepted: 07/13/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Entamoeba histolytica, the causative agent of amoebiasis, does not form cysts in vitro, so reptilian pathogen Entamoeba invadens is used as an Entamoeba encystation model. During the in vitro encystation of E. invadens, a few multinucleated giant cells (MGC) were also appeared in the culture along with cysts. Like the cyst, these MGC's were also formed in the multicellular aggregates found in the encystation culture. Time-lapse live cell imaging revealed that MGC's were the result of repeated cellular fusion with fusion-competent trophozoites as a starting point. The early MGC were non-adherent, and they moved slowly and randomly in the media, but under confinement, MGC became highly motile and directionally persistent. The increased motility resulted in rapid cytoplasmic fissions, which indicated the possibility of continuous cell fusion and division taking place inside the compact multicellular aggregates. Following cell fusion, each nucleus obtained from the fusion-competent trophozoites gave rise to four nuclei with half genomic content. All the haploid nuclei in MGC later aggregated and fused to form a polyploid nucleus. These observations have important implications on Entamoeba biology as they point toward the possibility of E. invadens undergoing sexual or parasexual reproduction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepak Krishnan
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
| | - Sudip K Ghosh
- Department of Biotechnology, Indian Institute of Technology Kharagpur, Kharagpur, India
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74
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CXCL4/Platelet Factor 4 is an agonist of CCR1 and drives human monocyte migration. Sci Rep 2018; 8:9466. [PMID: 29930254 PMCID: PMC6013489 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-27710-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/05/2018] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Activated platelets release micromolar concentrations of the chemokine CXCL4/Platelet Factor-4. Deposition of CXCL4 onto the vascular endothelium is involved in atherosclerosis, facilitating monocyte arrest and recruitment by an as yet, unidentified receptor. Here, we demonstrate that CXCL4 drives chemotaxis of the monocytic cell line THP-1. Migration and intracellular calcium responses induced by CXCL4 were pertussis toxin-sensitive, implicating a GPCR in signal transduction. Cell treatment with chondroitinase ABC ablated migration, suggesting that cis presentation of CXCL4 by cell surface glycosaminoglycans to a GPCR is required. Although CXCR3 has been previously described as a CXCL4 receptor, THP-1 cells were unresponsive to CXCR3 ligands and CXCL4-induced migration was insensitive to a CXCR3 antagonist, suggesting that an alternative receptor is involved. Interrogating CC-class chemokine receptor transfectants, we unexpectedly found that CXCL4 could induce the migration of CCR1-expressing cells and also induce CCR1 endocytosis. Extending our findings to primary human monocytes, we observed that CXCL4 induced CCR1 endocytosis and could induce monocyte chemotaxis in a CCR1 antagonist-sensitive manner. Collectively, our data identify CCR1 as a previously elusive monocyte CXCL4 receptor and suggest that CCR1 may play a role in inflammation where the release of CXCL4 is implicated.
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75
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Binti Mohd Amir NAS, Mackenzie AE, Jenkins L, Boustani K, Hillier MC, Tsuchiya T, Milligan G, Pease JE. Evidence for the Existence of a CXCL17 Receptor Distinct from GPR35. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2018; 201:714-724. [PMID: 29875152 PMCID: PMC6036231 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1700884] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2017] [Accepted: 04/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
The chemokine CXCL17 is associated with the innate response in mucosal tissues but is poorly characterized. Similarly, the G protein–coupled receptor GPR35, expressed by monocytes and mast cells, has been implicated in the immune response, although its precise role is ill-defined. A recent manuscript reported that GPR35 was able to signal in response to CXCL17, which we set out to confirm in this study. GPR35 was readily expressed using transfection systems but failed to signal in response to CXCL17 in assays of β-arrestin recruitment, inositol phosphate production, calcium flux, and receptor endocytosis. Similarly, in chemotaxis assays, GPR35 did not confirm sensitivity to a range of CXCL17 concentrations above that observed in the parental cell line. We subsequently employed a real time chemotaxis assay (TAXIScan) to investigate the migratory responses of human monocytes and the monocytic cell line THP-1 to a gradient of CXCL17. Freshly isolated human monocytes displayed no obvious migration to CXCL17. Resting THP-1 cells showed a trend toward directional migration along a CXCL17 gradient, which was significantly enhanced by overnight incubation with PGE2. However, pretreatment of PGE2-treated THP-1 cells with the well-characterized GPR35 antagonist ML145 did not significantly impair their migratory responses to CXCL17 gradient. CXCL17 was susceptible to cleavage with chymase, although this had little effect its ability to recruit THP-1 cells. We therefore conclude that GPR35 is unlikely to be a bona fide receptor for CXCL17 and that THP-1 cells express an as yet unidentified receptor for CXCL17.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nurul A S Binti Mohd Amir
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom.,Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
| | - Amanda E Mackenzie
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Laura Jenkins
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - Karim Boustani
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Marston C Hillier
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom
| | - Tomoko Tsuchiya
- Research Institute, National Center for Global Health and Medicine, Shinjuku-ku, Tokyo 162-8655, Japan
| | - Graeme Milligan
- Centre for Translational Pharmacology, Institute of Molecular, Cell, and Systems Biology, College of Medical, Veterinary and Life Sciences, University of Glasgow, Glasgow G12 8QQ, United Kingdom; and
| | - James E Pease
- Inflammation, Repair and Development Section, National Heart and Lung Institute, Faculty of Medicine, Imperial College London, London SW7 2AZ, United Kingdom; .,Medical Research Council and Asthma UK Centre in Allergic Mechanisms of Asthma, London, United Kingdom
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76
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Chimote AA, Balajthy A, Arnold MJ, Newton HS, Hajdu P, Qualtieri J, Wise-Draper T, Conforti L. A defect in KCa3.1 channel activity limits the ability of CD8 + T cells from cancer patients to infiltrate an adenosine-rich microenvironment. Sci Signal 2018; 11:11/527/eaaq1616. [PMID: 29692361 DOI: 10.1126/scisignal.aaq1616] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The limited ability of cytotoxic T cells to infiltrate solid tumors hampers immune surveillance and the efficacy of immunotherapies in cancer. Adenosine accumulates in solid tumors and inhibits tumor-specific T cells. Adenosine inhibits T cell motility through the A2A receptor (A2AR) and suppression of KCa3.1 channels. We conducted three-dimensional chemotaxis experiments to elucidate the effect of adenosine on the migration of peripheral blood CD8+ T cells from head and neck squamous cell carcinoma (HNSCC) patients. The chemotaxis of HNSCC CD8+ T cells was reduced in the presence of adenosine, and the effect was greater on HNSCC CD8+ T cells than on healthy donor (HD) CD8+ T cells. This response correlated with the inability of CD8+ T cells to infiltrate tumors. The effect of adenosine was mimicked by an A2AR agonist and prevented by an A2AR antagonist. We found no differences in A2AR expression, 3',5'-cyclic adenosine monophosphate abundance, or protein kinase A type 1 activity between HNSCC and HD CD8+ T cells. We instead detected a decrease in KCa3.1 channel activity, but not expression, in HNSCC CD8+ T cells. Activation of KCa3.1 channels by 1-EBIO restored the ability of HNSCC CD8+ T cells to chemotax in the presence of adenosine. Our data highlight the mechanism underlying the increased sensitivity of HNSCC CD8+ T cells to adenosine and the potential therapeutic benefit of KCa3.1 channel activators, which could increase infiltration of these T cells into tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ameet A Chimote
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Andras Balajthy
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Michael J Arnold
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Hannah S Newton
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Peter Hajdu
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Julianne Qualtieri
- Department of Pathology, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Trisha Wise-Draper
- Division of Hematology Oncology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA
| | - Laura Conforti
- Division of Nephrology, Department of Internal Medicine, University of Cincinnati, Cincinnati, OH 45267, USA.
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77
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Abstract
The timely recruitment of innate and adaptive immune cells to sites of inflammation and repair is essential for host defense against pathogens and repair of damaged tissues. The development of bioassays such as in vitro chemotaxis assays played an important role in the original purification of chemoattractant cytokines including interleukin-1 and the CC and CXC chemokines. The earliest chemotaxis methods were based on the principle of the Boyden chamber, first described in 1962. In this chapter we give detailed protocols for more recent techniques that allow determination of macrophage chemotaxis in real time. These techniques have given new insights into the regulation of macrophage responses to chemotaxis in vitro and in vivo.
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78
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Huang Y, Tong L, Yi L, Zhang C, Hai L, Li T, Yu S, Wang W, Tao Z, Ma H, Liu P, Xie Y, Yang X. Three-dimensional hydrogel is suitable for targeted investigation of amoeboid migration of glioma cells. Mol Med Rep 2017; 17:250-256. [PMID: 29115617 PMCID: PMC5780134 DOI: 10.3892/mmr.2017.7888] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2017] [Accepted: 09/25/2017] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Glioblastoma (GBM) invasion and migration are key biological behaviors leading to refractoriness to current therapies and infiltration into the non-tumor brain parenchyma. GBM cell migration is strongly dependent on tumor architecture in vivo, which is absent in traditional two-dimensional (2D) monolayer culture. The present study applied a three-dimensional (3D) hydrogel model to rebuild the tumor architecture in vitro. Treatment with NSC23766, a specific inhibitor of Ras-related C3 botulinum toxin substrate 1 (Rac1), inhibited the mesenchymal invasiveness however triggered the amoeboid motility called mesenchymal-amoeboid transition (MAT). Notably, NSC23766 stimulated U87 GBM cell migration in the 3D hydrogel. However, this compound inhibited cell motility in 2D monolayer culture without tumor architecture for MAT, suggesting the advantage of 3D hydrogel to investigate tumor cell invasion. Due to the inverse interaction of Rac1 and Ras homolog family member A (RhoA) signaling in the transition between mesenchymal and amoeboid morphology, simultaneous treatment of NSC23766 and Y27632 (selective Rho associated coiled-coil containing protein kinase 1 inhibitor), abolished U87 GBM cell migration through inhibiting MAT and amoeboid-mesenchymal transition. In addition, Y27632 induced integrin expression which gave rise to the focal adhesion to facilitate the mesenchymal invasion. The results of the present study demonstrated that the 3D hydrogel was a preferable model in vitro to study tumor cell invasion and migration. The combined inhibition of Rac1 and RhoA signaling would be a promising strategy to suppress GBM invasion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yubao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Luqing Tong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Li Yi
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Chen Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Long Hai
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Tao Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Shengping Yu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Zhennan Tao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Haiwen Ma
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Peidong Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Yang Xie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
| | - Xuejun Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, P.R. China
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79
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Li X, Dai Y, Shen T, Gao C. Induced migration of endothelial cells into 3D scaffolds by chemoattractants secreted by pro-inflammatory macrophages in situ. Regen Biomater 2017; 4:139-148. [PMID: 28596912 PMCID: PMC5458538 DOI: 10.1093/rb/rbx005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2017] [Revised: 02/27/2017] [Accepted: 03/02/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell migration in scaffolds plays a crucial role in tissue regeneration, which can better mimic cell behaviors in vivo. In this study, a novel model has been proposed on controlling 3D cell migration in porous collagen-chitosan scaffolds with various pore structures under the stimulation of inflammatory cells to mimic the angiogenesis process. Endothelial cells (ECs) cultured atop the scaffolds in the Transwell molds which were placed into a well of a 24-well culture plate were promoted to migrate into the scaffolds by chemoattractants such as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) secreted by the pro-inflammatory macrophages incubated in the well culture plate. The phenotype of macrophages was mediated by 50 ng/ml interferon-gamma (IFN-γ) and different concentrations of lipopolysaccharide (LPS, 150-300 ng/ml). The cell migration depth had a positive correlation with LPS concentration, and thereby the TNF-α concentration. The ECs migrated easier to a deeper zone of the scaffolds prepared at - 10ºC (187 μm in pore diameter) than that at - 20ºC (108 μm in pore diameter) as well. The method provides a useful strategy to study the 3D cell migration, and is helpful to reveal the vascularization process during wound healing in the long run.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuguang Li
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Yuankun Dai
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Tao Shen
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
| | - Changyou Gao
- MOE Key Laboratory of Macromolecular Synthesis and Functionalization, Department of Polymer Science and Engineering, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou 310027, China
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80
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Chowdhury AN, Vo HT, Olang S, Mappus E, Peterson B, Hlavac N, Harvey T, Dean D. A Customizable Chamber for Measuring Cell Migration. J Vis Exp 2017. [PMID: 28362404 DOI: 10.3791/55264] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
Cell migration is a vital part of immune responses, growth, and wound healing. Cell migration is a complex process that involves interactions between cells, the extracellular matrix, and soluble and non-soluble chemical factors (e.g., chemoattractants). Standard methods for measuring the migration of cells, such as the Boyden chamber assay, work by counting cells on either side of a divider. These techniques are easy to use; however, they offer little geometric modification for different applications. In contrast, microfluidic devices can be used to observe cell migration with customizable concentration gradients of soluble factors1,2. However, methods for making microfluidics based assays can be difficult to learn. Here, we describe an easy method for creating cell culture chambers to measure cell migration in response to chemical concentration gradients. Our cell migration chamber method can create different linear concentration gradients in order to study cell migration for a variety of applications. This method is relatively easy to use and is typically performed by undergraduate students. The microchannel chamber was created by placing an acrylic insert in the shape of the final microchannel chamber well into a Petri dish. After this, poly(dimethylsiloxane) (PDMS) was poured on top of the insert. The PDMS was allowed to harden and then the insert was removed. This allowed for the creation of wells in any desired shape or size. Cells may be subsequently added to the microchannel chamber, and soluble agents can be added to one of the wells by soaking an agarose block in the desired agent. The agarose block is added to one of the wells, and time-lapse images can be taken of the microchannel chamber in order to quantify cell migration. Variations to this method can be made for a given application, making this method highly customizable.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Huu Tri Vo
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University
| | - Sharon Olang
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University
| | | | | | - Nora Hlavac
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University
| | - Tyler Harvey
- Department of Bioengineering, Clemson University
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81
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Abstract
Migration of cells toward chemical cues, or chemotaxis, is important for many biologic processes such as immune defense, wound healing and cancer metastasis. Although chemotaxis is thought to occur in cancer cells, it is less well characterized than chemotaxis of professional immune cells such as neutrophils. Here, we show that cancer cell chemotaxis relies on secretion of exosome-type extracellular vesicles. Migration of fibrosarcoma cells toward a gradient of exosome-depleted serum was diminished by knockdown of the exosome secretion regulator Rab27a. Rescue experiments in which chemotaxis chambers were coated with purified extracellular vesicles demonstrate that exosomes but not microvesicles affect both speed and directionality of migrating cells. Chamber coating with purified fibronectin and fibronectin-depleted exosomes demonstrates that the exosome cargo fibronectin promotes cell speed but cannot account for the role of exosomes in promoting directionality of fibrosarcoma cell movement during chemotaxis. These experiments indicate that exosomes contain multiple motility-promoting cargoes that contribute to different aspects of cell motility.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bong Hwan Sung
- a Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
| | - Alissa M Weaver
- a Department of Cancer Biology, School of Medicine , Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,b Department of Cell and Developmental Biology , School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA.,c Department of Pathology , Microbiology, and Immunology, School of Medicine, Vanderbilt University , Nashville , TN , USA
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82
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Nguyen ONP, Grimm C, Schneider LS, Chao YK, Atzberger C, Bartel K, Watermann A, Ulrich M, Mayr D, Wahl-Schott C, Biel M, Vollmar AM. Two-Pore Channel Function Is Crucial for the Migration of Invasive Cancer Cells. Cancer Res 2017; 77:1427-1438. [PMID: 28108508 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-16-0852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2016] [Revised: 12/22/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Metastatic invasion is the major cause of cancer-related deaths. In this study, we introduce two-pore channels (TPC), a recently described class of NAADP- and PI(3,5)P2-sensitive Ca2+-permeable cation channels in the endolysosomal system of cells, as candidate targets for the treatment of invasive cancers. Inhibition of the channel abrogated migration of metastatic cancer cells in vitro Silencing or pharmacologic inhibition of the two-pore channel TPC2 reduced lung metastasis of mammary mouse cancer cells. Disrupting TPC function halted trafficking of β1-integrin, leading to its accumulation in EEA1-positive early endosomes. As a consequence, invasive cancer cells were no longer able to form leading edges, which are required for adequate migration. Our findings link TPC to cancer cell migration and provide a preclinical proof of concept for their candidacy as targets to treat metastatic cancers. Cancer Res; 77(6); 1427-38. ©2017 AACR.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ong Nam Phuong Nguyen
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Grimm
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Lina S Schneider
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Yu-Kai Chao
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Carina Atzberger
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Karin Bartel
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Anna Watermann
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Melanie Ulrich
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Doris Mayr
- Pathological Institute, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Christian Wahl-Schott
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany
| | - Martin Biel
- Department of Pharmacy, Center for Drug Research and Center for Integrated Protein Science Munich (CIPSM), Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
| | - Angelika M Vollmar
- Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology, Ludwig-Maximilians-University Munich, Munich, Germany.
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83
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Kick K, Nekolla K, Rehberg M, Vollmar AM, Zahler S. New View on Endothelial Cell Migration. Arterioscler Thromb Vasc Biol 2016; 36:2346-2357. [DOI: 10.1161/atvbaha.116.307870] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2015] [Accepted: 10/04/2016] [Indexed: 01/14/2023]
Abstract
Objective—
Cell–matrix interactions are crucial for regulating cellular activities, such as migration. This is of special importance for morphogenic processes, such as angiogenesis (the development of new blood vessels). Most of our understanding of cell migration relies on 2-dimensional (2D) experiments. However, the awareness that 3D settings might elicit different results has increased. Knowledge about endothelial cell (EC) behavior in 3D environments and the influence of matrix composition on EC migration, in particular, is still limited.
Approach and Results—
We characterize the migration of single ECs through 2 structurally different hydrogels: spongy Matrigel and fibrillar collagen I. Our observations reveal an elongated migration phenotype in Matrigel and a rounded phenotype with pronounced cell blebs (blebs >2 µm) in collagen I, which have not previously been described in ECs. Directed migration seems to depend on Rac1 and Cdc42 in collagen, but not in Matrigel (shown using appropriate pharmacological inhibitors). By applying anti-integrin antibodies and supplementing laminin in collagen gels, we identify laminin as the main determinant of the elongated phenotype. Laminin seems to induce a morphological switch between modes of migration. As an in situ proof of principle, we performed live imaging of EC migration during vascular growth in a murine retina in the absence and presence of anti-integrin antibodies.
Conclusions—
We show that, surprisingly, ECs can evade the pharmacological inhibition of central signaling pathways involved in migration (contractility, small GTPases, and proteolysis) by shifting gears between modes of migration. This finding indicates an unexpected contextual plasticity of EC behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kerstin Kick
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology (K.K., A.M.V., S.Z.) and Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (K.N., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Katharina Nekolla
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology (K.K., A.M.V., S.Z.) and Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (K.N., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Markus Rehberg
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology (K.K., A.M.V., S.Z.) and Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (K.N., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Angelika M. Vollmar
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology (K.K., A.M.V., S.Z.) and Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (K.N., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
| | - Stefan Zahler
- From the Department of Pharmacy, Pharmaceutical Biology (K.K., A.M.V., S.Z.) and Walter Brendel Centre of Experimental Medicine (K.N., M.R.), Ludwig-Maximilians-Universität, Munich, Germany
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84
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Ruangsawasdi N, Zehnder M, Patcas R, Ghayor C, Siegenthaler B, Gjoksi B, Weber FE. Effects of Stem Cell Factor on Cell Homing During Functional Pulp Regeneration in Human Immature Teeth. Tissue Eng Part A 2016; 23:115-123. [PMID: 27762658 DOI: 10.1089/ten.tea.2016.0227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Conventional root canal treatment in immature permanent teeth can lead to early tooth loss in children because root formation is discontinued. We investigated whether the stem cell factor (SCF) could facilitate cell homing in the pulpless immature root canal and promote regeneration of a functional pulp. In vitro, human mesenchymal stem cells (hMSCs) were exposed to SCF at various concentrations for assessing cell migration, proliferation, and differentiation toward odonto/osteoblasts by 3D-chemotaxis slides, WST-1 assay, and alkaline phosphatase activity, respectively. Fibrin gels were used to deliver 15 μg/mL SCF for in vivo experiments. The release kinetic of SCF was assessed in vitro. Two corresponding human immature premolars, with or without SCF, were placed at rat calvariae for 6 and 12 weeks. All tooth specimens were either analyzed histologically and the percentage of tissue ingrowth determined or the cells were extracted from the pulp space, and the mRNA level of DMP1, DSPP, Col1, NGF, and VEGF were assessed by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the presence of SCF, we saw an increase in hMSCs directional migration, proliferation, and odonto/osteogenic differentiation. SCF also increased the extent of tissue ingrowth at 6 weeks but not at 12 weeks. However, at this time point, the formed tissue appeared more mature in samples with SCF. In terms of gene transcription, DMP1, Col1, and VEGF were the significantly upregulated genes, while DSPP and NGF were not affected. Our results suggest that SCF can accelerate cell homing and the maturation of the pulp-dentin complex in human immature teeth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nisarat Ruangsawasdi
- 1 Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland .,2 Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland .,3 Department of Pharmacology, Faculty of Dentistry, Mahidol University , Bangkok, Thailand
| | - Matthias Zehnder
- 4 Clinic for Preventive Dentistry, Periodontology, and Cariology, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Raphael Patcas
- 5 Clinic for Orthodontics and Pediatric Dentistry, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Chafik Ghayor
- 1 Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Barbara Siegenthaler
- 1 Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland .,2 Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Bebeka Gjoksi
- 1 Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
| | - Franz E Weber
- 1 Oral Biotechnology and Bioengineering, Center of Dental Medicine, University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland .,2 Zurich Center for Integrative Human Physiology (ZIHP), University of Zürich , Zürich, Switzerland
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85
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Iqbal AJ, Barrett TJ, Taylor L, McNeill E, Manmadhan A, Recio C, Carmineri A, Brodermann MH, White GE, Cooper D, DiDonato JA, Zamanian-Daryoush M, Hazen SL, Channon KM, Greaves DR, Fisher EA. Acute exposure to apolipoprotein A1 inhibits macrophage chemotaxis in vitro and monocyte recruitment in vivo. eLife 2016; 5. [PMID: 27572261 PMCID: PMC5030090 DOI: 10.7554/elife.15190] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 08/29/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
Apolipoprotein A1 (apoA1) is the major protein component of high-density lipoprotein (HDL) and has well documented anti-inflammatory properties. To better understand the cellular and molecular basis of the anti-inflammatory actions of apoA1, we explored the effect of acute human apoA1 exposure on the migratory capacity of monocyte-derived cells in vitro and in vivo. Acute (20-60 min) apoA1 treatment induced a substantial (50-90%) reduction in macrophage chemotaxis to a range of chemoattractants. This acute treatment was anti-inflammatory in vivo as shown by pre-treatment of monocytes prior to adoptive transfer into an on-going murine peritonitis model. We find that apoA1 rapidly disrupts membrane lipid rafts, and as a consequence, dampens the PI3K/Akt signalling pathway that coordinates reorganization of the actin cytoskeleton and cell migration. Our data strengthen the evidence base for therapeutic apoA1 infusions in situations where reduced monocyte recruitment to sites of inflammation could have beneficial outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Asif J Iqbal
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Tessa J Barrett
- Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Lewis Taylor
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Eileen McNeill
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Arun Manmadhan
- Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
| | - Carlota Recio
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Alfredo Carmineri
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | | | - Gemma E White
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Dianne Cooper
- William Harvey Research Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London, United Kingdom
| | - Joseph A DiDonato
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleavland, United States
| | - Maryam Zamanian-Daryoush
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleavland, United States
| | - Stanley L Hazen
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, Lerner Research Institute of the Cleveland Clinic, Cleavland, United States
| | - Keith M Channon
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom.,John Radcliffe Hospital, Oxford, United Kingdom.,Wellcome Trust Centre for Human Genetics, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - David R Greaves
- Sir William Dunn School of Pathology, University of Oxford, Oxford, United Kingdom
| | - Edward A Fisher
- Division of Cardiology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Department of Medicine, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States.,Marc and Ruti Bell Program in Vascular Biology, NYU School of Medicine, New York, United States
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86
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Complement C3a Mobilizes Dental Pulp Stem Cells and Specifically Guides Pulp Fibroblast Recruitment. J Endod 2016; 42:1377-84. [PMID: 27497510 DOI: 10.1016/j.joen.2016.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Complement activation is considered a major mechanism in innate immunity. Although it is mainly involved in initiating inflammation, recent data reported its involvement in other processes such as tissue regeneration. In the dental pulp, complement C5a fragment has been shown to be involved in the recruitment of dental pulp stem cells (DPSCs). This study sought to investigate the possible role of C3a, another complement fragment, in the early steps of dentin-pulp regeneration. METHODS Expression of C3a receptor (C3aR) was investigated by immunofluorescence and reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction on cultured pulp fibroblasts, STRO-1-sorted DPSCs, as well as on human tooth sections in vivo. The effect of C3a on proliferation of both DPSCs and pulp fibroblasts was investigated by MTT assay. Cell migration under a C3a gradient was investigated by using microfluidic chemotaxis chambers. RESULTS C3aR was expressed in vivo as well as in cultured pulp fibroblasts co-expressing fibroblast surface protein and in DPSCs co-expressing STRO-1. Addition of recombinant C3a induced a significant proliferation of both cell types. When subjected to a C3a gradient, DPSCs were mobilized but not specifically recruited, whereas pulp fibroblasts were specifically recruited following a C3a gradient. CONCLUSIONS These results provide the first demonstration of C3aR expression in the dental pulp and demonstrate that C3a is involved in increasing DPSCs and fibroblast proliferation, in mobilizing DPSCs, and in specifically guiding fibroblast recruitment. This provides an additional link to the tight correlation between inflammation and tissue regeneration.
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87
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Rubio-Azpeitia E, Bilbao AM, Sánchez P, Delgado D, Andia I. The Properties of 3 Different Plasma Formulations and Their Effects on Tendinopathic Cells. Am J Sports Med 2016; 44:1952-61. [PMID: 27161868 DOI: 10.1177/0363546516643814] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Tendinopathies are attributed to failure of the healing process and inadequate tissue remodeling. Plasma injections can trigger regenerative responses by modifying the molecular microenvironment. PURPOSE To examine the differences in the mitotic, chemotactic, anabolic, and inflammatory effects between leukocyte- and platelet-rich plasma (L-PRP), platelet-rich plasma (PRP), and platelet-poor plasma (PPP). STUDY DESIGN Controlled laboratory study. METHODS Tendinopathic cells were cultured in 3-dimensional (3D) hydrogels formed using PPP, PRP, and L-PRP. Cell migration was evaluated using a μ-Slide chemotaxis chamber with video microscopy. Proliferation was assessed using XTT assays. Expression of genes associated with matrix turnover, including type 1 collagen (COL1A1), COL3A1, aggrecan, decorin, fibronectin, matrix metalloproteinase 1 (MMP-1), MMP-3, A Disintegrin-Like And Metalloprotease With Thrombospondin Type 1 Motif proteins 4 (ADAMTS-4), and ADAMTS-5, was assessed using real-time reverse-transcription polymerase chain reaction. Secreted inflammatory proteins, including interleukin (IL)-1β, IL-6, IL-8, monocyte chemotactic protein 1 (MCP-1), and regulated on activation, normal T cell expressed and secreted (RANTES), as well as vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and connective tissue growth factor (CTGF), were quantified using enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. RESULTS Tendinopathic cells migrate at a higher velocity along L-PRP and PRP than along PPP gradients. PRP and L-PRP promote hypercellularity. PPP and PRP showed more pronounced anabolic properties, as demonstrated by enhanced COL1A1 and COL3A1 and reduced MMP-1 expression. Decorin, fibronectin, and aggrecan were downregulated in L-PRP compared with PPP and PRP. L-PRP and PRP were shown to be more proinflammatory than PPP in terms of IL-6 secretion, but cells in PPP showed MCP-1(high) phenotype. CTGF secretion was significantly reduced in L-PRP compared with PPP and PRP. CONCLUSION The main advantages of L-PRP and PRP use, compared with PPP, include their stronger chemotactic and proliferative properties. While PPP and PRP stimulate matrix anabolism, L-PRP is more proinflammatory. Emphasis should be placed on the temporal needs and biological characteristics of injured tendons, and plasma formulations need to be tailored accordingly. CLINICAL RELEVANCE Versatile systems allowing the preparation of different plasma formulations, such as PPP, PRP, or L-PRP, can help refine clinical applications by taking advantage of their different biological properties.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Rubio-Azpeitia
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
| | - Ane M Bilbao
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Pello Sánchez
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Diego Delgado
- Arthroscopic Surgery Unit Research, Hospital Vithas San José, Vitoria-Gasteiz, Spain
| | - Isabel Andia
- BioCruces Health Research Institute, Cruces University Hospital, Barakaldo, Spain
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88
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Dental Pulp Stem Cell Recruitment Signals within Injured Dental Pulp Tissue. Dent J (Basel) 2016; 4:dj4020008. [PMID: 29563450 PMCID: PMC5851269 DOI: 10.3390/dj4020008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/29/2016] [Revised: 03/18/2016] [Accepted: 03/21/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
The recruitment of dental pulp stem cells (DPSC) is a prerequisite for the regeneration of dentin damaged by severe caries and/or mechanical injury. Understanding the complex process of DPSC recruitment will benefit future in situ tissue engineering applications based on the stimulation of endogenous DPSC for dentin pulp regeneration. The current known mobilization signals and subsequent migration of DPSC towards the lesion site, which is influenced by the pulp inflammatory state and the application of pulp capping materials, are reviewed. The research outcome of migration studies may be affected by the applied methodology, which should thus be chosen with care. Both the advantages and disadvantages of commonly used assays for investigating DPSC migration are discussed. This review highlights the fact that DPSC recruitment is dependent not only on the soluble chemotactic signals, but also on their interaction with neighboring cells and the extracellular matrix, which can be modified under pathological conditions. These are discussed to explain how these modifications lead to the stimulation of DPSC recruitment.
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89
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Herzmann N, Salamon A, Fiedler T, Peters K. Analysis of migration rate and chemotaxis of human adipose-derived mesenchymal stem cells in response to LPS and LTA in vitro. Exp Cell Res 2016; 342:95-103. [PMID: 26997527 DOI: 10.1016/j.yexcr.2016.03.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/13/2015] [Revised: 02/17/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Mesenchymal stem cells (MSC) are able to stimulate the regeneration of injured tissue. Since bacterial infections are common complications in wound healing, bacterial pathogens and their components come into direct contact with MSC. The interaction with bacterial structures influences the proliferation, differentiation and migratory activity of the MSC, which might be of relevance during regeneration. Studies on MSC migration in response to bacterial components have shown different results depending on the cell type. Here, we analyzed the migration rate and chemotaxis of human adipose-derived MSC (adMSC) in response to the basic cell-wall components lipopolysaccharide (LPS) of Gram-negative bacteria and lipoteichoic acid (LTA) of Gram-positive bacteria in vitro. To this end, we used transwell and scratch assays, as well as a specific chemotaxis assay combined with live-cell imaging. We found no significant influence of LPS or LTA on the migration rate of adMSC in transwell or scratch assays. Furthermore, in the µ-slide chemotaxis assay, the stimulation with LPS did not exert any chemotactic effect on adMSC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicole Herzmann
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Achim Salamon
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Tomas Fiedler
- Institute for Medical Microbiology, Virology and Hygiene, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 70, D-18057 Rostock, Germany
| | - Kirsten Peters
- Department of Cell Biology, University Medicine Rostock, Schillingallee 69, D-18057 Rostock, Germany.
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90
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Unachukwu UJ, Warren A, Li Z, Mishra S, Zhou J, Sauane M, Lim H, Vazquez M, Redenti S. Predicted molecular signaling guiding photoreceptor cell migration following transplantation into damaged retina. Sci Rep 2016; 6:22392. [PMID: 26935401 PMCID: PMC4776098 DOI: 10.1038/srep22392] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2015] [Accepted: 02/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
To replace photoreceptors lost to disease or trauma and restore vision, laboratories around the world are investigating photoreceptor replacement strategies using subretinal transplantation of photoreceptor precursor cells (PPCs) and retinal progenitor cells (RPCs). Significant obstacles to advancement of photoreceptor cell-replacement include low migration rates of transplanted cells into host retina and an absence of data describing chemotactic signaling guiding migration of transplanted cells in the damaged retinal microenvironment. To elucidate chemotactic signaling guiding transplanted cell migration, bioinformatics modeling of PPC transplantation into light-damaged retina was performed. The bioinformatics modeling analyzed whole-genome expression data and matched PPC chemotactic cell-surface receptors to cognate ligands expressed in the light-damaged retinal microenvironment. A library of significantly predicted chemotactic ligand-receptor pairs, as well as downstream signaling networks was generated. PPC and RPC migration in microfluidic ligand gradients were analyzed using a highly predicted ligand-receptor pair, SDF-1α – CXCR4, and both PPCs and RPCs exhibited significant chemotaxis. This work present a systems level model and begins to elucidate molecular mechanisms involved in PPC and RPC migration within the damaged retinal microenvironment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Uchenna John Unachukwu
- Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Alice Warren
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Ze Li
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Shawn Mishra
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Jing Zhou
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA.,Neuroscience Doctoral Program, The Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA
| | - Moira Sauane
- Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
| | - Hyungsik Lim
- Departments of Physics and Biology, Hunter College of the City University of New York, New York, NY USA
| | - Maribel Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, City College of New York, City University of New York, NY, USA
| | - Stephen Redenti
- Biochemistry Doctoral Program, The Graduate School, City University of New York, New York, NY, USA.,Department of Biological Sciences, Lehman College, City University of New York, Bronx, NY, USA
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91
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Carbonate-based Janus micromotors moving in ultra-light acidic environment generated by HeLa cells in situ. Sci Rep 2016; 6:21701. [PMID: 26905939 PMCID: PMC4764847 DOI: 10.1038/srep21701] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2015] [Accepted: 01/28/2016] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Novel approaches to develop naturally-induced drug delivery in tumor environments in a deterministic and controlled manner have become of growing interest in recent years. Different polymeric-based microstructures and other biocompatible substances have been studied taking advantage of lactic acidosis phenomena in tumor cells, which decrease the tumor extracellular pH down to 6.8. Micromotors have recently demonstrated a high performance in living systems, revealing autonomous movement in the acidic environment of the stomach or moving inside living cells by using acoustic waves, opening the doors for implementation of such smart microengines into living entities. The need to develop biocompatible motors which are driven by natural fuel sources inherently created in biological systems has thus become of crucial importance. As a proof of principle, we here demonstrate calcium carbonate Janus particles moving in extremely light acidic environments (pH 6.5), whose motion is induced in conditioned acidic medium generated by HeLa cells in situ. Our system not only obviates the need for an external fuel, but also presents a selective activation of the micromotors which promotes their motion and consequent dissolution in presence of a quickly propagating cell source (i.e. tumor cells), therefore inspiring new micromotor configurations for potential drug delivery systems.
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92
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Uzel SG, Amadi OC, Pearl TM, Lee RT, So PT, Kamm RD. Simultaneous or Sequential Orthogonal Gradient Formation in a 3D Cell Culture Microfluidic Platform. SMALL (WEINHEIM AN DER BERGSTRASSE, GERMANY) 2016; 12:612-22. [PMID: 26619365 PMCID: PMC4752442 DOI: 10.1002/smll.201501905] [Citation(s) in RCA: 68] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2015] [Revised: 09/04/2015] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Biochemical gradients are ubiquitous in biology. At the tissue level, they dictate differentiation patterning or cell migration. Recapitulating in vitro the complexity of such concentration profiles with great spatial and dynamic control is crucial in order to understand the underlying mechanisms of biological phenomena. Here, a microfluidic design capable of generating diffusion-driven, simultaneous or sequential, orthogonal linear concentration gradients in a 3D cell-embedded scaffold is described. Formation and stability of the orthogonal gradients are demonstrated by computational and fluorescent dextran-based characterizations. Then, system utility is explored in two biological systems. First, stem cells are subjected to orthogonal gradients of morphogens in order to mimic the localized differentiation of motor neurons in the neural tube. Similarly to in vivo, motor neurons preferentially differentiate in regions of high concentration of retinoic acid and smoothened agonist (acting as sonic hedgehog), in a concentration-dependent fashion. Then, a rotating gradient is applied to HT1080 cancer cells and the change in migration direction is investigated as the cells adapt to a new chemical environment. The response time of ≈4 h is reported. These two examples demonstrate the versatility of this new design that can also prove useful in many applications including tissue engineering and drug screening.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sebastien G.M. Uzel
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Ovid C. Amadi
- Harvard-MIT Health Sciences and Technology, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Taylor M. Pearl
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Richard T. Lee
- Department of Stem Cell and Regenerative Biology, Harvard University, and Brigham and Women's Hospital, Cambridge, Massachusetts 02138
| | - Peter T.C. So
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
| | - Roger D. Kamm
- Department of Mechanical Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
- Department of Biological Engineering, Massachusetts Institute of Technology (MIT), Cambridge, Massachusetts 02139
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93
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Pfister C, Wolf P. Dynamic monitoring of cellular metabolic activity in combination with live cell imaging. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE OF THE IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. IEEE ENGINEERING IN MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY SOCIETY. ANNUAL INTERNATIONAL CONFERENCE 2016; 2015:7095-8. [PMID: 26737927 DOI: 10.1109/embc.2015.7320027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
We present an automated analysis of the cellular dynamic metabolic activity in combination with live cell imaging, an essential factor for understanding the fundamental cellular physiological responses. For that purpose, we utilized the Intelligent Microplate Reader, a new analysis platform for marker-free cell-based assays in real-time. To demonstrate the benefit of the platform, we analyzed the relationship between various dynamic cell parameters (extracellular acidification, oxygen uptake, cell morphology, cell density and cell migration) of L929, a mouse fibroblast cell line, under the influence of sodium dodecyl sulfate. The dynamic kinetics of the monitored parameters are consistent and revealing much information about the activity occurring in the cells.
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94
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Papa S, Caron I, Erba E, Panini N, De Paola M, Mariani A, Colombo C, Ferrari R, Pozzer D, Zanier ER, Pischiutta F, Lucchetti J, Bassi A, Valentini G, Simonutti G, Rossi F, Moscatelli D, Forloni G, Veglianese P. Early modulation of pro-inflammatory microglia by minocycline loaded nanoparticles confers long lasting protection after spinal cord injury. Biomaterials 2016; 75:13-24. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2015.10.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 85] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/09/2015] [Revised: 10/01/2015] [Accepted: 10/05/2015] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
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95
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Nörz D, Grottke A, Bach J, Herzberger C, Hofmann BT, Nashan B, Jücker M, Ewald F. Discontinuing MEK inhibitors in tumor cells with an acquired resistance increases migration and invasion. Cell Signal 2015; 27:2191-200. [PMID: 26210887 DOI: 10.1016/j.cellsig.2015.07.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2015] [Accepted: 07/19/2015] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Development of small molecular inhibitors against BRAF and MEK has been a breakthrough in the treatment of malignant melanoma. However, the long-term effect is foiled in virtually all patients by the emergence of resistant tumor cell populations. Therefore, mechanisms resulting in the acquired resistance against BRAF and MEK inhibitors have gained much attention and several strategies have been proposed to overcome tumor resistance, including interval treatment or withdrawal of these compounds after disease progression. METHODS Using a panel of cell lines with an acquired resistance against MEK inhibitors, we have evaluated the sensitivity of these cells against compounds targeting AKT/mTOR signaling, as well as novel ERK1/2 inhibitors. Furthermore, the effects of withdrawal of MEK inhibitor on migration in resistant cell lines were analyzed. RESULTS We demonstrate that withdrawal of BRAF or MEK inhibitors in tumor cells with an acquired resistance results in reactivation of ERK1/2 signaling and upregulation of EMT-inducing transcription factors, leading to a highly migratory and invasive phenotype of cancer cells. Furthermore, we show that migration in these cells is independent from AKT/mTOR signaling. However, combined targeting of AKT/mTOR using MK-2206 and AZD8055 efficiently inhibits proliferation in all resistant tumor cell lines analyzed. CONCLUSIONS We propose that combined targeting of MEK/AKT/mTOR or treatment with a novel ERK1/2 inhibitor downstream of BRAF/MEK suppresses proliferation as well as migration and invasion in resistant tumor cells. We provide a rationale against the discontinuation of BRAF or MEK inhibitors in patients with an acquired resistance, and provide a rationale for combined targeting of AKT/mTOR and MEK/ERK1/2, or direct targeting of ERK1/2 as an effective treatment strategy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dominik Nörz
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Astrid Grottke
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Johanna Bach
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Christiane Herzberger
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Bianca T Hofmann
- Department of General, Visceral and Thoracic Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Bjorn Nashan
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Center for Experimental Medicine, Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Germany.
| | - Florian Ewald
- Department of Hepatobiliary and Transplant Surgery, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistrasse52, 20246 Hamburg, Germany.
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96
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Hossain M, Qadri SM, Xu N, Su Y, Cayabyab FS, Heit B, Liu L. Endothelial LSP1 Modulates Extravascular Neutrophil Chemotaxis by Regulating Nonhematopoietic Vascular PECAM-1 Expression. THE JOURNAL OF IMMUNOLOGY 2015; 195:2408-16. [PMID: 26238489 DOI: 10.4049/jimmunol.1402225] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2014] [Accepted: 07/05/2015] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
During inflammation, leukocyte-endothelial cell interactions generate molecular signals that regulate cell functions. The Ca(2+)- and F-actin-binding leukocyte-specific protein 1 (LSP1) expressed in leukocytes and nonhematopoietic endothelial cells is pivotal in regulating microvascular permeability and leukocyte recruitment. However, cell-specific function of LSP1 during leukocyte recruitment remains elusive. Using intravital microscopy of cremasteric microvasculature of chimeric LSP1-deficient mice, we show that not neutrophil but endothelial LSP1 regulates neutrophil transendothelial migration and extravascular directionality without affecting the speed of neutrophil migration in tissue in response to CXCL2 chemokine gradient. The expression of PECAM-1-sensitive α6β1 integrins on the surface of transmigrated neutrophils was blunted in mice deficient in endothelial LSP1. Functional blocking studies in vivo and in vitro elucidated that α6β1 integrins orchestrated extravascular directionality but not the speed of neutrophil migration. In LSP1-deficient mice, PECAM-1 expression was reduced in endothelial cells, but not in neutrophils. Similarly, LSP1-targeted small interfering RNA silencing in murine endothelial cells mitigated mRNA and protein expression of PECAM-1, but not ICAM-1 or VCAM-1. Overexpression of LSP1 in endothelial cells upregulated PECAM-1 expression. Furthermore, the expression of transcription factor GATA-2 that regulates endothelial PECAM-1 expression was blunted in LSP1-deficient or LSP1-silenced endothelial cells. The present study unravels endothelial LSP1 as a novel cell-specific regulator of integrin α6β1-dependent neutrophil extravascular chemotactic function in vivo, effective through GATA-2-dependent transcriptional regulation of endothelial PECAM-1 expression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mokarram Hossain
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Syed M Qadri
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Najia Xu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Yang Su
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada
| | - Francisco S Cayabyab
- Department of Surgery, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada; and
| | - Bryan Heit
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Western University, London, Ontario N6A 5C1, Canada
| | - Lixin Liu
- Department of Pharmacology, College of Medicine, University of Saskatchewan, Saskatoon, Saskatchewan S7N 5E5, Canada;
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97
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Wiesner C, Le-Cabec V, El Azzouzi K, Maridonneau-Parini I, Linder S. Podosomes in space: macrophage migration and matrix degradation in 2D and 3D settings. Cell Adh Migr 2015; 8:179-91. [PMID: 24713854 DOI: 10.4161/cam.28116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Migration of macrophages is a key process for a variety of physiological functions, such as pathogen clearance or tissue homeostasis. However, it can also be part of pathological scenarios, as in the case of tumor-associated macrophages. This review presents an overview of the different migration modes macrophages can adopt, depending on the physical and chemical properties of specific environments, and the constraints they impose upon cells. We discuss the importance of these environmental and also of cellular parameters, as well as their relative impact on macrophage migration and on the formation of matrix-lytic podosomes in 2D and 3D. Moreover, we present an overview of routinely used and also newly developed assays for the study of macrophage migration in both 2D and 3D contexts, their respective advantages and limitations, and also their potential to reliably mimic in vivo situations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christiane Wiesner
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Virology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Véronique Le-Cabec
- CNRS UMR 5089; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France; Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France
| | - Karim El Azzouzi
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Virology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany
| | - Isabelle Maridonneau-Parini
- CNRS UMR 5089; IPBS (Institut de Pharmacologie et de Biologie Structurale), BP64182, 205 route de Narbonne, 31077 Toulouse Cedex 04, France; Université de Toulouse; UPS; IPBS; F-31077 Toulouse, France; These authors contributed equally to this work
| | - Stefan Linder
- Institute for Medical Microbiology; Virology and Hygiene; University Medical Center Eppendorf; Hamburg, Germany; These authors contributed equally to this work
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98
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Rico-Varela J, Singh T, McCutcheon S, Vazquez M. EGF as a New Therapeutic Target for Medulloblastoma Metastasis. Cell Mol Bioeng 2015; 8:553-565. [PMID: 26594253 DOI: 10.1007/s12195-015-0395-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
Medulloblastoma (MB) is a malignant pediatric brain tumor known for its aggressive metastatic potential. Despite the well-documented migration of MB cells to other parts of the brain and spinal column, MB chemotaxis is poorly understood. Herein, we examined the in vitro migratory and cellular responses of MB-derived cells to external signaling of Epidermal Growth Factor (EGF), hepatocyte growth factor (HGF), platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF-BB), and the stromal cell-derived factors 1-alpha (SDF-1). Experiments utilized transwell assays and immunocytochemistry to identify receptor activation in MB migration, and used a microfluidic platform to examine directionality, trajectory, and gradient-dependence of motile cells. Data illustrates that MB-derived cells respond strongly to EGF in a dosage and gradient-dependent manner with increased EGF-R activation, and show that high EGF gradient fields cause an increased number of cells to migrate longer directed distances. Our results provide evidence that EGF and its receptor play an important role than previously documented in MB chemotactic migration than previously documented and should be considered for developing migration-target therapies against MB metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer Rico-Varela
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, ST-403D, New York, NY 10031
| | - Tanya Singh
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, ST-403D, New York, NY 10031
| | - Sean McCutcheon
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, ST-403D, New York, NY 10031
| | - Maribel Vazquez
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, The City College of New York, 160 Convent Avenue, ST-403D, New York, NY 10031
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99
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Huang Y, Clarke F, Karimi M, Roy NH, Williamson EK, Okumura M, Mochizuki K, Chen EJH, Park TJ, Debes GF, Zhang Y, Curran T, Kambayashi T, Burkhardt JK. CRK proteins selectively regulate T cell migration into inflamed tissues. J Clin Invest 2015; 125:1019-32. [PMID: 25621495 DOI: 10.1172/jci77278] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2014] [Accepted: 12/11/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Effector T cell migration into inflamed sites greatly exacerbates tissue destruction and disease severity in inflammatory diseases, including graft-versus-host disease (GVHD). T cell migration into such sites depends heavily on regulated adhesion and migration, but the signaling pathways that coordinate these functions downstream of chemokine receptors are largely unknown. Using conditional knockout mice, we found that T cells lacking the adaptor proteins CRK and CRK-like (CRKL) exhibit reduced integrin-dependent adhesion, chemotaxis, and diapedesis. Moreover, these two closely related proteins exhibited substantial functional redundancy, as ectopic expression of either protein rescued defects in T cells lacking both CRK and CRKL. We determined that CRK proteins coordinate with the RAP guanine nucleotide exchange factor C3G and the adhesion docking molecule CASL to activate the integrin regulatory GTPase RAP1. CRK proteins were required for effector T cell trafficking into sites of inflammation, but not for migration to lymphoid organs. In a murine bone marrow transplantation model, the differential migration of CRK/CRKL-deficient T cells resulted in efficient graft-versus-leukemia responses with minimal GVHD. Together, the results from our studies show that CRK family proteins selectively regulate T cell adhesion and migration at effector sites and suggest that these proteins have potential as therapeutic targets for preventing GVHD.
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100
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Simultaneous isolation of enriched myoblasts and fibroblasts for migration analysis within a novel co-culture assay. Biotechniques 2015; 58:25-32. [PMID: 25605577 DOI: 10.2144/000114246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/15/2014] [Accepted: 11/05/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Skeletal muscle injury elicits the activation of satellite cells and their migration to the wound area for subsequent terminal differentiation and tissue integration. However, interstitial fibroblasts recruited to the site of injury promote deposition of fibrotic tissue, which hampers myoblast-mediated muscle regeneration. Currently, analysis of myoblast migration in vitro can be accomplished using chemotactic, cell-exclusion, or wound healing assays. Yet, to investigate cell motility following skeletal muscle damage more accurately, migration assays need to better simulate the repair process. Here we present a protocol for the simultaneous isolation of myoblasts and fibroblasts from the same muscle tissue, ensuring the consistent generation of enriched, purified, and matched cell populations at a low passage number. We then describe a wound assay that uses a novel approach to the co-culture of myoblasts and fibroblasts to mimic the injured environment more closely than other established methods. Using this assay, we demonstrate that fibroblasts are able to increase myoblast migration significantly, validating our new in vitro method. As the observed effect on migration is most likely mediated by secreted factors, our assay could easily be extended to include antibody-based protein analysis of secreted factors in animal or human systems.
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