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Predictors and patterns of eating behaviors across childhood: Results from The Generation R study. Appetite 2019; 141:104295. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.05.026] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2019] [Revised: 05/13/2019] [Accepted: 05/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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Favieri F, Forte G, Casagrande M. The Executive Functions in Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review of Neuropsychological Cross-Sectional and Longitudinal Studies. Front Psychol 2019; 10:2126. [PMID: 31616340 PMCID: PMC6764464 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2019.02126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2019] [Accepted: 09/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: The increasing incidence of people affected by overweight or obesity is a significant health problem. The knowledge of the factors which influences the inappropriate eating behaviors causing excessive body fat is an essential goal for the research. Overweight and obesity are significant risk factors for many health diseases, such as cardiovascular problems, diabetes. Recently, many studies have focused on the relationship between body weight and cognitive processes. Objectives: This systematic review is aimed to investigate the existence and the nature of the relationship between excessive body weight (overweight/obesity) and executive functions, analyzing cross-sectional, and longitudinal studies in order to verify the evidence of a possible causality between these variables. Methods: The review was carried out according to the PRISMA-Statement, through systematic searches in the scientific databases PubMed, Medline, PsychInfo, and PsycArticles. The studies selected examined performance on executive tasks by participants with overweight or obesity, aged between 5 and 70 years. Studies examining eating disorders or obesity resulting from other medical problems were excluded. Furthermore, the results of studies using a cross-sectional design and those using a longitudinal one were separately investigated. Results: Sixty-three cross-sectional studies and twenty-eight longitudinal studies that met our inclusion and exclusion criteria were analyzed. The results confirmed the presence of a relation between executive functions and overweight/obesity, although the directionality of this relation was not clear; nor did any single executive function emerge as being more involved than others in this relation. Despite this, there was evidence of a reciprocal influence between executive functions and overweight/obesity. Conclusions: This systematic review underlines the presence of a relationship between executive functions and overweight/obesity. Moreover, it seems to suggest a bidirectional trend in this relationship that could be the cause of the failure of interventions for weight reduction. The results of this review highlight the importance of a theoretical model able to consider all the main variables of interest, with the aim to structuring integrated approaches to solve the overweight/obesity problems.
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Affiliation(s)
- Francesca Favieri
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Giuseppe Forte
- Department of Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
| | - Maria Casagrande
- Department of Dynamic and Clinical Psychology, "Sapienza" University of Rome, Rome, Italy
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Eichler J, Schmidt R, Poulain T, Hiemisch A, Kiess W, Hilbert A. Stability, Continuity, and Bi-Directional Associations of Parental Feeding Practices and Standardized Child Body Mass Index in Children from 2 to 12 Years of Age. Nutrients 2019; 11:nu11081751. [PMID: 31366059 PMCID: PMC6723946 DOI: 10.3390/nu11081751] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/23/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
(1) Background: Parental feeding practices are related to child body mass index (BMI, kg/m2) and seem to be a consequence rather than cause of child BMI, but research so far is limited. Stability and continuity of feeding practices, probably explaining changes in food intake and child BMI, remain to be poorly examined. (2) Methods: Feeding practices (i.e., restriction, food as reward, pressure to eat, monitoring) assessed via the Child Feeding Questionnaire, child age, standardized BMI (zBMI), and socio-economic status were measured annually at multiple visits (range 2–8) in a population-based longitudinal cohort study of 1512 parents with their children aged 2 to 12 years. Stability, continuity, and bi-directionality of feeding practices and child zBMI were calculated using correlation coefficients, paired t tests, and cross-lagged panels, respectively. (3) Results: Feeding practices and child zBMI showed moderate to high stability. While continuity was high for restriction, minor temporal changes were observed for other feeding practices and child zBMI. Cross-lags indicated that child zBMI predicted restriction, pressure to eat, and monitoring, while food-rewarding predicted child zBMI only minorly. (4) Conclusions: Parents seem to adapt feeding practices to child zBMI with the exception of food-rewarding.
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Affiliation(s)
- Janina Eichler
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany.
| | - Ricarda Schmidt
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Tanja Poulain
- LIFE Child Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Andreas Hiemisch
- LIFE Child Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Wieland Kiess
- LIFE Child Leipzig Research Center for Civilization Diseases, Leipzig University, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
- Department of Women and Child Health, Hospital for Children and Adolescents and Centre for Paediatric Research (CPL), Leipzig University, Liebigstrasse 20a, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
| | - Anja Hilbert
- Leipzig University Medical Center, Integrated Research and Treatment Center AdiposityDiseases, Medical Psychology and Medical Sociology, Psychosomatic Medicine and Psychotherapy, Philipp-Rosenthal-Strasse 27, 04103 Leipzig, Germany
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Pediatric Eating Behaviors as the Intersection of Biology and Parenting: Lessons from the Birds and the Bees. Curr Nutr Rep 2019; 7:1-9. [PMID: 29892784 DOI: 10.1007/s13668-018-0223-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Current feeding advice to prevent pediatric obesity focuses on caregiver feeding behaviors. This review integrates newer data showing that child appetitive traits also have a genetic component. RECENT FINDINGS Caregiver feeding behaviors robustly correlate with child eating behaviors; however, there is also a strong heritable component. The satiety cascade delineates the biological drive underlying hunger, satiation, and satiety. Innate individual differences exist for the components of the satiety cascade, which may explain the heritability of child eating behaviors. However, given the correlation of caregiver feeding behaviors with child eating behaviors, any etiological model should include both genetic/biological components and environmental. Integrating the biological etiology of child eating behaviors into the current environmental model has implications for tailoring feeding advice which needs to move from a "one size fits all" approach to one that is tailored to individual differences in children's biological drives to appetite.
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Toddlers' impulsivity, inhibitory control, and maternal eating-related supervision in relation to toddler body mass index: Direct and interactive effects. Appetite 2019; 142:104343. [PMID: 31276711 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.104343] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2019] [Revised: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 07/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Previous studies have noted that child temperament characteristics, such as aspects of self-regulation, as well as parental feeding practices contribute to children's body mass index (BMI), and have implications for identifying children who may be at risk of being overweight or obese. While studies have considered children's temperament or maternal feeding practices separately, few have considered these correlates of children's BMI jointly or in interaction in relation to children's BMI. The current study included 179 mother-child dyads participating in a longitudinal study. Information on children's impulsivity and inhibitory control was collected when children were 24 months of age. Children's tendency to emotionally overeat, maternal supervision of children's eating, and toddler and maternal BMI were assessed when children reached 30 months of age. Higher toddler impulsivity and emotional overeating, as well as maternal BMI were positively associated with toddler BMI. Inhibitory control and maternal supervision of toddler eating were not directly associated with toddler BMI. However, the main effect of toddler impulsivity was qualified by a significant interaction with maternal supervision of toddler eating. For children high in impulsivity, there was a significant negative association between maternal eating supervision and toddler BMI. For children low in impulsivity, there was a trend level (p = .059) positive relation between maternal eating supervision and toddler BMI. These findings suggest that increased maternal supervision of children's eating may be beneficial for helping children maintain a healthy BMI when they exhibit high impulsivity.
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56
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Boswell N, Byrne R, Davies PSW. Family food environment factors associated with obesity outcomes in early childhood. BMC OBESITY 2019; 6:17. [PMID: 31171974 PMCID: PMC6545727 DOI: 10.1186/s40608-019-0241-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Background In attempting to gain understanding of the family food environment (FFE), as a central context for the development of obesity and obesogenic eating behaviours during early childhood, attention has largely focused on the relationships of individual variables. This fails to capture the complex combinations of variables children are exposed to. To more authentically reflect the impact of the FFE on the development of obesity and obesogenic eating behaviours during early childhood, this study aims to derive composites of FFE variables using factor analysis. Methods FFE and eating behaviour data were available from 757 Australian children (2.0–5.0 years) via a parent-completed online survey. Children were categorised as normal weight, overweight or obese, based on parent-reported anthropometry (underweight children were excluded). Results Eight FFE factors were derived. Scores for factors ‘Negative Feeding Strategies’ and ‘Negative Nutrition Related Beliefs’ increased with child BMI category, while ‘Use of TV and devices’ and ‘Parent’s Nutrition Knowledge’ decreased. The FFE factor ‘Negative Feeding Strategies’ was positively associated with food fussiness, food responsiveness and slowness in eating, and negatively associated with parent body mass index (BMI) score. The FFE factor ‘Negative Nutrition Related Beliefs’ was positively associated with food responsiveness, as well as positively with parent BMI, male children, breastfeeding less than 6 months, and low-income status. The FFE factor ‘Television (TV) and devices’ was only positively associated with residing in a capital city. The FFE factor ‘Parent’s Nutrition Knowledge’ was negatively associated with slowness in eating, breastfeeding less than 6 months and low-income status, and positively with parent stress and residing in a capital city. Conclusion Consideration of the composite effect of FFE on child’s eating behaviours and obesity outcomes is important in guiding future research and obesity prevention initiatives by providing a more authentic picture of the FFE children are exposed to. Examining factors of FFE variables in conjunction with psycho-social variables, further articulates the reciprocal influence of these variables on environmental constructs thus assisting in understanding of inequitable distribution of obesity risk. *keywords childhood obesity, eating behaviours, early childhood, Family Food Environment, Factor Analysis,
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Affiliation(s)
- Nikki Boswell
- 1The University of Queensland, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
| | - Rebecca Byrne
- 2Queensland University of Technology, QLD, Brisbane, Australia
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Quah PL, Ng JC, Fries LR, Chan MJ, Aris IM, Lee YS, Yap F, Godfrey KM, Chong YS, Shek LP, Tan KH, Forde CG, Chong MFF. Longitudinal Analysis Between Maternal Feeding Practices and Body Mass Index (BMI): A Study in Asian Singaporean Preschoolers. Front Nutr 2019; 6:32. [PMID: 31001535 PMCID: PMC6454195 DOI: 10.3389/fnut.2019.00032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2018] [Accepted: 03/06/2019] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Bidirectional studies between maternal feeding practices with subsequent child weight are limited, with no studies in Asian populations. In longitudinal analyses, we assessed the directionality of the associations between maternal feeding practices and body mass index (BMI) in preschoolers. Participants were 428 mother child dyads from the GUSTO (Growing Up in Singapore Toward healthy Outcomes) cohort. Feeding practices were assessed using the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) at age 5 y. Child BMI was measured at ages 4 and 6 y. BMI and maternal feeding practices subscales were transformed to SD scores and both directions of their associations examined with multivariable linear regression and pathway modeling. Higher BMI at age 4 was associated with lower encouragement of balance and variety (β = −0.33; 95%CI: −0.53, −0.13), lower pressure to eat (β = −0.49; −0.68, −0.29) and higher restriction (β = 1.10; 0.67, 1.52) at age 5, adjusting for confounders and baseline feeding practices at 3 years. In the reverse direction, only pressure and restriction at age 5 were associated with lower and higher child BMI at age 6 years, respectively. After the adjustment for baseline BMI at age 5, the association with pressure was attenuated to non-significance (β = 0.01 (−0.01, 0.03), while the association with restriction remained significant (β = 0.02; 0.002, 0.03). Overall, associations from child BMI to maternal restriction for weight control and pressure feeding practices was stronger than the association from these maternal feeding practices to child BMI (Wald's statistics = 24.3 and 19.5, respectively; p < 0.001). The strength and directionality suggests that the mothers in the Asian population were likely to adopt these feeding practices in response to their child's BMI, rather than the converse. Clinical Trial Registry Number and Website This study was registered at clinicaltrials.gov as NCT01174875 (www.clinicaltrials.gov, NCT01174875).
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Affiliation(s)
- Phaik Ling Quah
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Jing Chun Ng
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lisa R Fries
- Nestlé Research, Vers-chez-les-Blanc, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Mei Jun Chan
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Izzuddin M Aris
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Yung Seng Lee
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Division of Paediatric Endocrinology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Fabian Yap
- Departments of Paediatrics, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore.,Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Lee Kong Chian School of Medicine, Nanyang Technological University, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Keith M Godfrey
- Medical Research Council Lifecourse Epidemiology Unit, National Institute for Health Research Southampton Biomedical Research Centre, University of Southampton and University Hospital, Southampton National Health Service Foundation Trust, Southampton, United Kingdom
| | - Yap-Seng Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Obstetrics and Gynaecology, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Lynette P Shek
- Department of Pediatrics, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Divisions of Pediatric Allergy, Immunology, and Rheumatology, Khoo Teck Puat-National University Children's Medical Institute, National University Hospital, National University Health System, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Kok Hian Tan
- Duke-National University of Singapore Graduate Medical School, Singapore, Singapore.,Maternal Fetal Medicine, KK Women's and Children's Hospital, Singapore, Singapore
| | - Ciaran G Forde
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Department of Physiology, Yong Loo Lin School of Medicine, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore.,Clinical Nutrition Research Center, Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology and Research (ASTAR), Singapore, Singapore
| | - Mary F F Chong
- Singapore Institute for Clinical Sciences, Agency for Science, Technology, and Research, Singapore, Singapore.,Saw Swee Hock School of Public Health, National University of Singapore, Singapore, Singapore
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58
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Correlation between Children's eating behaviors and caregivers' feeding behaviors among preschool children in China. Appetite 2019; 138:146-152. [PMID: 30917942 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.03.022] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/07/2018] [Revised: 03/12/2019] [Accepted: 03/19/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to explore the relationship between caregivers' feeding behaviors and children's eating behaviors among preschoolers in China. From April to July 2016, a cross-sectional survey was administered to 912 preschoolers' caregivers in China. The Chinese Preschooler's Caregiver Feeding Behavior Scale (CPCFBS) and Chinese Preschooler's Eating Behavior Questionnaire (CPEBQ) were used to assess caregivers' feeding behaviors and children's eating behaviors, respectively. Pearson correlation and canonical correlation analysis (CCA) based on principal component analysis were performed to explore the relationships between them. Two interpretable canonical variables and structures were yielded through CCA. The first canonical variable could explain 35.1% and 29.0% of the total variance of the caregivers' feeding behaviors and the children's eating behaviors variable groups, respectively, with a canonical correlation coefficient of 0.659 (rU1,V1 = 0.659, P < 0.001). The second canonical variable could explain 17.6% and 14.9% of the total variance of the caregivers' feeding behaviors and the children's eating behaviors variable groups, respectively, with a canonical correlation coefficient of 0.309 (rU2,V2 = 0.309, P < 0.001). According to the canonical structure, higher performance behaviors of the caregiver, such as encouragement of healthy eating, responsibility for feeding, supervision of eating, behavior restricted feeding, content restricted feeding and lower weight concerns, were associated with reasonable behaviors of children, including lower emotional eating, food responsiveness, unhealthy eating habits and higher initiative eating. Our results demonstrated that caregivers' feeding behaviors were the major influencing factors of children's eating behaviors, and caregivers' encouragement of healthy eating, responsibility for feeding, supervision of eating, restricted feeding and lower weight concerns were associated with reasonable children's eating behaviors, especially low children's emotional eating, low food responsiveness, infrequent unhealthy eating habits, frequent initiative eating, infrequent satiety responsiveness and food fussiness behaviors.
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59
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Freitas FR, Moraes DEB, Warkentin S, Mais LA, Ivers JF, Taddei JAAC. Maternal restrictive feeding practices for child weight control and associated characteristics. J Pediatr (Rio J) 2019; 95:201-208. [PMID: 29438685 DOI: 10.1016/j.jped.2017.12.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/24/2017] [Revised: 12/08/2017] [Accepted: 12/12/2017] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify associations between maternal restrictive feeding practices for child weight control and sociodemographic, behavioral, dietetic, and anthropometric characteristics. METHODS Cross-sectional study with mothers of children aged 2-8 years. Maternal feeding practices were measured by the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire, in private schools in Brazil. Bivariate and multivariate associations were performed, using nonparametric analyses to estimate odds ratios and significance levels. RESULTS Maternal restrictive feeding practices for weight control were independently associated with the mother's perception of her child being a little overweight/overweight/obese (OR=4.61, p=0.001), greater concern about the child's overweight (OR=2.61, p<0.001), child's overweight/obesity/severe obesity (OR= 2.18, p<0.001), and the child's greater intake of ultra-processed foods (OR=1.40, p=0.026). CONCLUSION In this study, the risk variables identified for the use of the maternal restrictive feeding practices to control the child's weight can be used to provide education and guidance interventions in health and education networks directed to groups with similar characteristics to those of the studied population.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fabrícia R Freitas
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil.
| | - Denise E B Moraes
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Sarah Warkentin
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Laís A Mais
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - Júlia F Ivers
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), Departamento de Pediatria, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
| | - José Augusto A C Taddei
- Universidade Federal de São Paulo (Unifesp), Departamento de Pediatria, Disciplina de Nutrologia, São Paulo, SP, Brazil
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Freitas FR, Moraes DE, Warkentin S, Mais LA, Ivers JF, Taddei JAA. Maternal restrictive feeding practices for child weight control and associated characteristics. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022] Open
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61
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Wolstenholme H, Heary C, Kelly C. Fussy eating behaviours: Response patterns in families of school-aged children. Appetite 2019; 136:93-102. [PMID: 30668966 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2019.01.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/01/2018] [Revised: 10/23/2018] [Accepted: 01/09/2019] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Fussy eating is the unwillingness to eat both familiar and novel foods. Childhood fussy eating can be a barrier to a healthful diet and is associated with mealtime stress and conflict. Research has primarily focused on parenting practices in response to fussy eating in pre-schoolers. Less is known about parenting practices and family processes such as setting goals and managing emotions in relation to fussy eating in older children. This research aims to explore how families respond to fussy eating behaviours in school-aged children and based on parents' retrospective accounts, to investigate how responses change over time. METHODS 16 parents from 14 families of school-aged children (6-10 years) participated in semi-structured qualitative interviews. Interviews were analysed using inductive thematic analysis. RESULTS Three family process themes were identified which explain how families respond to fussy eating behaviours: 1) Dynamic and Evolving Feeding Goals, 2) Managing Negative Emotions and 3) Parenting Practices: Figuring out What Works. Three distinct patterns were identified regarding how parent responses change over time: 1) Resistance-to-Acceptance Response, 2) Fluctuating Response and 3) Consistent Response. DISCUSSION The family response to fussy eating behaviours is complex, dynamic and contextual. This has implications for the design and interpretation of quantitative studies, and for the development of guidelines and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hazel Wolstenholme
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Caroline Heary
- School of Psychology, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
| | - Colette Kelly
- Health Promotion Research Centre, National University of Ireland Galway, University Road, Galway, Ireland.
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Rohit A, Tonkin E, Maple-Brown L, Golley R, McCarthy L, Brimblecombe J. Parent Feeding Practices in the Australian Indigenous Population within the Context of non-Indigenous Australians and Indigenous Populations in Other High-Income Countries-A Scoping Review. Adv Nutr 2019; 10:89-103. [PMID: 30668618 PMCID: PMC6370272 DOI: 10.1093/advances/nmy050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2017] [Revised: 03/23/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 01/30/2023] Open
Abstract
Although extensive literature on parent feeding practices among the general Australian population exists, Australian Indigenous populations are generally overlooked. A systematic scoping review was carried out to map any source of literature showing Indigenous parent feeding practices in Australia in the context of what is known about parent feeding practices among broader Australian populations and Indigenous populations in other high-income countries.A search of 8 electronic health databases was conducted. Inclusion criteria were children aged <12 y and reporting ≥1 child outcome related to childhood overweight and/or obesity, body mass index, dietary intake, or eating behavior in the context of parent feeding practices. Studies were grouped according to Indigenous status of the population for data extraction and synthesis.A total of 79 studies were identified; 80% (n = 65) were conducted among the general Australian population and <20% (n = 14) focused on Indigenous populations. Although a wide range of feeding practices were identified among the general Australian population, Indigenous practices most closely aligned with highly responsive and permissive parenting dimensions. The highly valued child autonomy in Indigenous parenting is sometimes criticized by researchers when viewed through a Western lens because the child has agency in deciding what and when to eat.Evidence-based understanding and knowledge of Indigenous parent feeding practices in Australia are limited. Indigenous worldviews are expressed distinctly differently than the general Western worldview in parent feeding practices. How worldviews are represented in parent-child relationships is important to consider for the way in which research with Indigenous populations is conducted and the evidence it generates to inform policy and practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athira Rohit
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Emma Tonkin
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Louise Maple-Brown
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Rebecca Golley
- School of Pharmacy and Medical Sciences (Nutrition), Division of Health Sciences, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Leisa McCarthy
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
| | - Julie Brimblecombe
- Menzies School of Health Research, Darwin, Australia, University of South Australia, Adelaide, Australia
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Patel C, Karasouli E, Shuttlewood E, Meyer C. Food Parenting Practices among Parents with Overweight and Obesity: A Systematic Review. Nutrients 2018; 10:E1966. [PMID: 30545102 PMCID: PMC6316864 DOI: 10.3390/nu10121966] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2018] [Revised: 12/06/2018] [Accepted: 12/10/2018] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Given the links between parental obesity and eating psychopathology in their children, it is important to understand the mechanisms via which unhealthy relationships with eating are passed from generation to generation. The aim was to review research focusing on food-related parenting practices (FPPs) used by parents with overweight/obesity. Web of Science, PubMed and PsycINFO were searched. Studies that included a measure of FPPs were considered eligible and were required to have examined FPPs by parental weight status. Twenty studies were included. Single studies suggest differences between parents with healthy-weight vs. overweight/obesity with respect to; food accessibility, food availability and modelling. Multiple studies suggest that several parenting strategies do not differ according to parental weight status (child involvement, praise, use of food to control negative emotions, use of food-based threats and bribes, pressure, restriction, meal and snack routines, monitoring, and rules and limits). There was inconclusive evidence with respect to differences in parental control, encouragement and use of unstructured FPPs among parents with healthy-weight vs. overweight/obesity. The findings of this review imply some differences between parents with overweight/obesity and healthy-weight and the use of some food-related parenting practices, however, they should be interpreted with caution since research remains limited and is generally methodologically weak. The review highlights opportunities for further research, and suggests improvements to current measures of FPPs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chloe Patel
- Applied Psychology, International Digital Laboratory, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Eleni Karasouli
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
| | - Emma Shuttlewood
- Weight Management Services, Specialist Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK.
| | - Caroline Meyer
- Applied Psychology, International Digital Laboratory, Warwick Manufacturing Group, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, Coventry CV4 7AL, UK.
- Weight Management Services, Specialist Surgery, University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, Coventry CV2 2DX, UK.
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Hurley KL, Pallan MJ, Lancashire ER, Adab P. An exploration of the longitudinal relation between parental feeding practices and child anthropometric adiposity measures from the West Midlands Active Lifestyle and Healthy Eating in Schoolchildren (WAVES) Study. Am J Clin Nutr 2018; 108:1316-1323. [PMID: 30541090 DOI: 10.1093/ajcn/nqy241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Some research suggests that parent or carer feeding practices may influence children's weight patterns, but longitudinal evidence is limited and inconsistent. Objective The aim of this study was to investigate the relation between various parent or carer feeding practices when a child is aged 7-8 y and proxy measurements of child adiposity at age 8-9 y (weight status, waist-to-height ratio, and body fat percentage). Design The study was a secondary analysis of data from the West Midlands Active Lifestyle and Healthy Eating in Schoolchildren (WAVES) Study comprising a diverse sample of parents and carers and their children from 54 primary schools in the West Midlands, England [n = 774 parent-child dyads (53% of the WAVES study sample)]. Information on feeding practices was collected with the use of subscales from the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire, completed by the child's main parent or carer (self-defined). Child height, weight, bioelectrical impedance, and waist circumference were measured and converted into 3 proxy measurements of adiposity (weight status, waist-to-height ratio, and body fat percentage). Associations between these measurements and parent or carer feeding practices were examined with the use of mixed-effects logistic regression models. Results Of the questionnaire respondents, 80% were mothers, 16% were fathers, and 4% were other carers. Median standardized subscale scores ranged from 1.7 (emotion regulation: IQR = 1.0) to 4.0 (monitoring and modeling: IQR = 1.5), and significantly different subscale scores were present between child weight statuses for emotion regulation, pressure to eat, and restriction for weight control. Logistic regression modeling showed that when baseline adiposity measures were included as covariates, all associations between parental feeding practices at age 7-8 y and measures of adiposity at age 8-9 y were attenuated. Conclusions Observed relations between various parental feeding practices and later adiposity are mitigated by inclusion of the baseline adiposity measure. This finding lends support to the theory of reverse causation, whereby the child's size may influence parental choice of specific feeding practices rather than the child's subsequent weight status being a consequence of these feeding practices.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kiya L Hurley
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Miranda J Pallan
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Emma R Lancashire
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
| | - Peymane Adab
- Institute of Applied Health Research, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham, United Kingdom
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Abstract
Picky eating is a common behaviour in early childhood. There is neither a universally accepted definition of picky eating, nor is there agreement on the best tool to identify it. Causes of picky eating include early feeding difficulties, late introduction of lumpy foods at weaning, pressure to eat and early choosiness, especially if the mother is worried by this; protective factors include the provision of fresh foods and eating the same meal as the child. The consequences for the child's diet include poor dietary variety and a possible distortion of nutrient intakes, with low intakes of iron and zinc (associated with low intakes of meat, and fruit and vegetables) being of particular concern. Low intakes of dietary fibre, as a result of low intakes of fruit and vegetables, are associated with constipation in picky eaters. There may be developmental difficulties in some children with persistent picky eating. There is little evidence, however, for a consistent effect of being a picky eater on growth trajectories. There may be a small subgroup of children in whom picky eating does not resolve who might be at risk of thinness during adolescence, or of developing an eating disorder or adult picky eating: these children need to be identified at an early age to enable support, monitoring and advice to be offered to parents. Strategies for avoiding or ameliorating picky eating include repeated exposures to unfamiliar foods, parental modelling of eating fruit and vegetables and unfamiliar foods, and the creation of positive social experiences around mealtimes.
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Viljakainen HT, Figueiredo RAO, Rounge TB, Weiderpass E. Picky eating - A risk factor for underweight in Finnish preadolescents. Appetite 2018; 133:107-114. [PMID: 30393153 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2018] [Revised: 08/22/2018] [Accepted: 10/22/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Picky eating (PE) is the most common cause of early-life feeding problems. However, the consequences of PE on food intake and weight development in general populations have not been established. OBJECTIVES This study aims to investigate the associations of PE and food neophobia (FN) with weight status in 5700 Finnish preadolescents. In addition, we described food consumption by PE/FN status. MATERIAL AND METHODS We utilised the Finnish Health in Teens (Fin-HIT) cohort of 9-12-year-old preadolescents, who were categorised as having PE and FN based on answers from parental questionnaires. Weight was categorised as underweight, normal weight, and overweight/obesity based on body mass index (BMI) according to IOTF age- and sex-specific cut-offs. Eating patterns were obtained with a 16-item food frequency questionnaire. Multinomial logistic regression models were used to estimate odds ratios (OR) and 95% confidence intervals (CIs). RESULTS The overall prevalence of PE and FN were 34% and 14%, respectively. PE was inversely associated with overweight/obesity (OR = 0.7; 95% CI 0.6-0.8) and led to a higher risk of underweight (OR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.7-2.4), while this was not observed with FN. Compared with preadolescents without PE/FN, those with PE/FN reported consuming unhealthy foods such as pizza, hamburgers/hot dogs, and salty snacks more frequently (p < 0.0038). By the same token, these preadolescents reported consuming healthy foods such as cooked vegetables, fresh vegetables/salad, fruit/berries, milk/soured milk, and dark bread less frequently. CONCLUSIONS Among Finnish preadolescents, only PE was associated with a higher risk for underweight and inversely with overweight/obesity. PE and FN were accompanied with unhealthy eating patterns. Management of PE in children may be explored as a potential strategy for improving healthy eating and avoiding underweight in preadolescents.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heli T Viljakainen
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Food and Environmental Sciences, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland.
| | - Rejane A O Figueiredo
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland
| | - Trine B Rounge
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway
| | - Elisabete Weiderpass
- Folkhälsan Institute of Genetics, Folkhälsan Research Center, Helsinki, Finland; Faculty of Medicine, University of Helsinki, Helsinki, Finland; Department of Research, Cancer Registry of Norway, Institute of Population-based Cancer Research, Oslo, Norway; Department of Medical Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden; Department of Community Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Tromsø, The Arctic University of Norway, Tromsø, Norway
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67
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Early maternal feeding practices: Associations with overweight later in childhood. Appetite 2018; 132:91-96. [PMID: 30308224 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.10.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2018] [Revised: 08/17/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Current understanding of the impact of maternal feeding practices on weight outcomes in young children remains unclear given equivocal longitudinal study outcomes. OBJECTIVES To determine whether feeding practices used by mothers when their child was less than 2 years of age were related to overweight status at ages 3.5 and 5 years in a large cross-country sample; and investigate whether these associations were moderated by weight status in early life. DESIGN Data from mother-child dyads participating in four childhood obesity prevention trials across Australia and New Zealand were pooled (n = 723). Each trial administered items from the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionnaire (CFPQ) to mothers when infants were approximately 20 months of age, measuring food as a reward, modelling, restriction for health, pressure to eat, and emotion regulation. Poisson regression was used to determine risk ratios (RR) for overweight (BMI z-score ≥85th percentile) at 3.5 and 5 years by CFPQ scores. RESULTS Greater use of emotion regulation at 20 months of age predicted higher risk for overweight at 3.5 and 5 years (RR = 1.19 and 1.28, respectively), while restriction for health predicted lower risk for overweight at 5 years (RR = 0.88). Child's weight status at 20 months moderated the association between pressure to eat and overweight risk at 5 years, such that those who were not overweight at 20 months of age had reduced risk of overweight associated with the use of pressure to eat (RR = 0.68) but those who were overweight had an increased risk (RR = 1.09). CONCLUSION Early maternal feeding practices are related to a child's later risk of overweight.
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68
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Cole NC, Musaad SM, Lee SY, Donovan SM. Home feeding environment and picky eating behavior in preschool-aged children: A prospective analysis. Eat Behav 2018; 30:76-82. [PMID: 29894927 DOI: 10.1016/j.eatbeh.2018.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/03/2017] [Revised: 04/06/2018] [Accepted: 06/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Picky eating is prevalent in young children and is associated with poor dietary quality and nutrient deficiencies. Identifying predictors of picky eating could inform the development of anticipatory feeding guidance for parents and caregivers of young children. This study identified the association between factors of the home feeding environment with picky eating behavior in a cohort of preschool-aged children. METHODS Parents of preschool-aged children (n = 497) completed questionnaires including measures of the home feeding environment (i.e., television during mealtime, family mealtime routines, and feeding practices) and child picky eating behavior. The questionnaire was repeated one year later, in which 326 parent-child dyads participated. Logistic regression was used to determine the cross-sectional and prospective associations between home feeding environment measures and child picky eating behavior outcomes. RESULTS Child control over feeding and watching television during mealtime were associated with higher odds of picky eating behavior in both cross-sectional and prospective analyses. A higher sense of positive climate during family meals and mealtime ritualization was associated with lower odds of picky eating behavior one year later. CONCLUSION The home feeding environment plays a role in the development of young children's picky eating behavior. Avoiding the television and maintaining parent control of food choices during mealtimes could lead to improvements in children's food preferences and dietary intake.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natasha Chong Cole
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Salma M Musaad
- Family Resiliency Center, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Soo-Yeun Lee
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
| | - Sharon M Donovan
- Division of Nutritional Sciences, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA; Department of Food Science and Human Nutrition, University of Illinois, Urbana, IL 61801, USA.
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69
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Mallan KM, Jansen E, Harris H, Llewellyn C, Fildes A, Daniels LA. Feeding a Fussy Eater: Examining Longitudinal Bidirectional Relationships Between Child Fussy Eating and Maternal Feeding Practices. J Pediatr Psychol 2018; 43:1138-1146. [DOI: 10.1093/jpepsy/jsy053] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2018] [Accepted: 06/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Kimberley M Mallan
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology
| | - Elena Jansen
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology
- Centre for Children’s Health Research, Queensland, Australia
| | - Holly Harris
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology
- Centre for Children’s Health Research, Queensland, Australia
- School of Public Health, The University of Queensland
| | - Clare Llewellyn
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London
| | - Alison Fildes
- Department of Behavioural Science and Health, University College London
- School of Psychology, University of Leeds, Woodhouse Lane
| | - Lynne A Daniels
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology
- Centre for Children’s Health Research, Queensland, Australia
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70
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Costa S, Pinto A, Santos AC, Oliveira A. The association of problematic eating behaviours with food quality and body mass index at 7 years of age. Eur J Clin Nutr 2018; 73:549-557. [PMID: 29748660 DOI: 10.1038/s41430-018-0169-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2017] [Revised: 03/27/2018] [Accepted: 03/29/2018] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND/OBJECTIVES There is scarce evidence of how certain eating behaviours compromise the compliance with dietary guidelines and weight status in school-aged children. This study aims to evaluate the association of children's problematic eating behaviours with food quality and body mass index at 7 years of age. SUBJECTS/METHODS Participants were children aged 7 years old from a population-based cohort study from Porto, Portugal-Generation XXI. Children's quantity and speed of ingestion, food refusal at the table and food rewards requesting were evaluated by caregiver's perception. Food consumption was evaluated by a food frequency questionnaire and compared with age-appropriate guidelines. Children's weight status was assessed by objective measurements and parent's perceptions. Associations were estimated by logistic regressions (odds ratio (OR), 95% confidence intervals (95% CI)) adjusted for maternal age, education, smoking during pregnancy, birth type, child's sex, weight-for-gestational age and sports (n = 3801). RESULTS Children eating small amounts of food, refusing to eat at the table with the rest of the family during meals and asking for food rewards showed a higher consumption of energy-dense foods (OR = 1.51; 95% CI:1.23-1.86; OR = 1.58; 95% CI:1.16-2.16; OR = 1.56; 95% CI:1.14-2.12) and presented higher odds of consuming fruit and vegetables below recommendations (OR = 1.41; 95% CI:1.22-1.64; OR = 1.20; 95% CI:1.00-1.45; OR = 1.28; 95% CI:1.05-1.55). Children displaying these eating behaviours were less likely to be overweight/obese, hence their parents were less likely to show concern with their weight. Including food quality as covariate in the final models with obesity status did not change the associations. CONCLUSIONS Problematic eating behaviours were associated with poorer food quality (more energy-dense foods and low fruit and vegetables), but food quality does not seem to explain the association with obesity status. Parents were less likely to be concerned about their child's weight if the child ate slowly or poorly, and accordingly the odds of them being overweight or obese were lower.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sara Costa
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Pinto
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Ana Cristina Santos
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.,Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Unit of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- EPIUnit-Institute of Public Health, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal. .,Department of Public Health and Forensic Sciences, and Medical Education, Unit of Epidemiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Porto, Porto, Portugal.
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71
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Korani M, Rea DM, King PF, Brown AE. Significant differences in maternal child-feeding style between ethnic groups in the UK: the role of deprivation and parenting styles. J Hum Nutr Diet 2018; 31:625-633. [PMID: 29611252 DOI: 10.1111/jhn.12557] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Nonresponsive maternal child-feeding interactions, such as restricting, pressurising and emotional feeding, can affect the ability of a child to self-regulate intake and increase the risk of becoming overweight. However, despite findings that South Asian and Black children living in the UK are more likely to be overweight, UK research has not considered how maternal child-feeding style might differ between ethnic groups. The present study aimed to explore variations in maternal child-feeding style between ethnic groups in the UK, taking into account associated factors such as deprivation and parenting style. METHODS Six hundred and fifty-nine UK mothers with a child who was aged 5-11 years old completed a questionnaire. Items included ethnicity and demographic data, as well as copies of the Child Feeding Questionnaire, Parental Feeding Styles Questionnaire and Parenting Styles and Dimensions Questionnaire. RESULTS Significant differences in perceived responsibility (P = 0.002), restriction (P = 0.026), pressure to eat (P = 0.045), instrumental feeding (P = 0.000) and emotional feeding (P = 0.000) were found between the groups. Mothers from South Asian backgrounds reported higher levels of pressure to eat, emotional feeding and indulgent feeding styles, whereas mothers from Chinese backgrounds reported greater perceived responsibility and restriction. Mothers from Black and White British backgrounds were not significantly higher with respect to any behaviour. Maternal child-feeding style was also associated with deprivation and parenting style, although these did not fully explain the data. CONCLUSIONS Understanding cultural factors behind maternal child-feeding style, particularly around pressurising and indulgent feeding behaviours, may play an important part in reducing levels of children who are overweight and obese in the UK.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Korani
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Social Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - D M Rea
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Social Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - P F King
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Social Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
| | - A E Brown
- Department of Public Health, Policy and Social Sciences, Swansea University, Swansea, UK
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72
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Lumeng JC, Miller AL, Appugliese D, Rosenblum K, Kaciroti N. Picky eating, pressuring feeding, and growth in toddlers. Appetite 2018; 123:299-305. [PMID: 29331364 PMCID: PMC5817026 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2017] [Revised: 12/16/2017] [Accepted: 12/17/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
Several common theoretical frameworks have posited causal pathways between picky eating, pressuring feeding, and growth in early childhood. The evidence to support these pathways is limited. This observational cohort study sought to examine the cross-lagged associations between mother-reported pressuring feeding, mother-reported child picky eating, and measured weight-for-length z-score (WLZ) across child ages 21, 27, and 33 months (n = 244). Cross-lagged analysis was used to evaluate longitudinal associations between these three constructs. The sample was 50.5% white, 52.3% male and 37.8% of mothers had a high school education or less. Mean WLZ was 0.52, 0.41, and 0.38 at each age, respectively. Pressuring feeding, picky eating, and WLZ each tracked strongly from 21 to 33 months. There were concurrent associations between pressuring feeding and picky eating. However, there were no prospective associations between pressuring feeding and future WLZ; WLZ and future pressuring feeding; pressuring feeding and future picky eating; picky eating and future pressuring feeding; or picky eating and future WLZ. Our results do not support causal relationships between picky eating, pressuring feeding, and growth in toddlerhood. Future work that examines alternative mechanisms shaping growth in early childhood is needed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | | | - Katherine Rosenblum
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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73
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Brown CL, Perrin EM, Peterson KE, Brophy Herb HE, Horodynski MA, Contreras D, Miller AL, Appugliese DP, Ball SC, Lumeng JC. Association of Picky Eating With Weight Status and Dietary Quality Among Low-Income Preschoolers. Acad Pediatr 2018; 18:334-341. [PMID: 28887030 PMCID: PMC5837907 DOI: 10.1016/j.acap.2017.08.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2016] [Revised: 08/18/2017] [Accepted: 08/29/2017] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Picky eating is common in children. Few studies have examined predictors of picky eating, and the association of picky eating with weight status and dietary quality is inconsistent in the literature. We aimed to identify predictors of picky eating and to test the association of picky eating with child body mass index z-score (BMIz), dietary quality, and micronutrient intake. METHODS This was a cross-sectional analysis of baseline data from a randomized controlled trial to prevent obesity among 506 preschoolers attending Head Start. Parents completed questionnaires to assess picky eating and child temperament. Three 24-hour dietary recalls were collected to assess dietary intake. Multivariate regression models assessed child, parent, and family predictors of picky eating; additional models tested adjusted associations of picky eating with child BMIz, dietary quality (measured using the Healthy Eating Index-2010), and micronutrient intake. RESULTS Picky eating was predicted by male sex, older child age, and more difficult temperament but not race/ethnicity, maternal body mass index, maternal depressive symptoms, household food insecurity, or single parent home. Picky eating was not associated with child BMIz or micronutrient deficiencies; it was inversely associated with total Healthy Eating Index-2010 score and servings of whole fruit, total vegetables, greens and beans, and total protein foods. CONCLUSIONS Pediatric providers should support parents in expanding the number of healthy foods the child eats to improve dietary quality, but reassure parents that picky eating is not associated with children's weight status or micronutrient deficiencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie L Brown
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest University School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.
| | - Eliana M Perrin
- Division of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, The University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill School of Medicine
| | - Karen E Peterson
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor; Department of Nutrition, Harvard W.T. Chan School of Public Health, Boston, Mass
| | - Holly E Brophy Herb
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing
| | | | - Dawn Contreras
- Department of Human Development and Family Studies, Michigan State University, East Lansing; Health and Nutrition Institute, Michigan State University Extension, East Lansing
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | | | - Sarah C Ball
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor
| | - Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor; Department of Pediatrics, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor
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Persky S, Goldring MR, Turner SA, Cohen RW, Kistler WD. Validity of assessing child feeding with virtual reality. Appetite 2018; 123:201-207. [PMID: 29277518 PMCID: PMC5817019 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/20/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 12/04/2017] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Assessment of parents' child feeding behavior is challenging, and there is need for additional methodological approaches. Virtual reality technology allows for the creation of behavioral measures, and its implementation overcomes several limitations of existing methods. This report evaluates the validity and usability of the Virtual Reality (VR) Buffet among a sample of 52 parents of children aged 3-7. Participants served a meal of pasta and apple juice in both a virtual setting and real-world setting (counterbalanced and separated by a distractor task). They then created another meal for their child, this time choosing from the full set of food options in the VR Buffet. Finally, participants completed a food estimation task followed by a questionnaire, which assessed their perceptions of the VR Buffet. Results revealed that the amount of virtual pasta served by parents correlated significantly with the amount of real pasta they served, rs = 0.613, p < .0001, as did served amounts of virtual and real apple juice, rs = 0.822, p < .0001. Furthermore, parents' perception of the calorie content of chosen foods was significantly correlated with observed calorie content (rs = 0.438, p = .002), and parents agreed that they would feed the meal they created to their child (M = 4.43, SD = 0.82 on a 1-5 scale). The data presented here demonstrate that parent behavior in the VR Buffet is highly related to real-world behavior, and that the tool is well-rated by parents. Given the data presented and the potential benefits of the abundant behavioral data the VR Buffet can provide, we conclude that it is a valid and needed addition to the array of tools for assessing feeding behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Susan Persky
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, USA.
| | - Megan R Goldring
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, USA
| | - Sara A Turner
- Clinical Center Nutrition Department, National Institutes of Health, USA
| | - Rachel W Cohen
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, USA
| | - William D Kistler
- Social and Behavioral Research Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, USA
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Boots SB, Tiggemann M, Corsini N. "That's enough now!": A prospective study of the effects of maternal control on children's snack intake. Appetite 2018. [PMID: 29534989 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
The aim of this study was to investigate maternal feeding strategies as prospective predictors of young children's snack intake. Participants were 252 mothers of children aged 3-11 years old who completed questionnaire measures of parent feeding strategies (Restriction and Covert Control) and reported on their child's healthy and unhealthy snack intake at two time points separated by three years. Longitudinal regression models showed no prediction of healthy snack food intake. However, Time 1 parental restrictive feeding predicted greater unhealthy snack intake at Time 2, while Time 1 covert feeding strategies predicted lower unhealthy snack intake at Time 2. Structural equation modeling showed that these associations were independent of known covariates that influence children's snack intake (child and parent weight, education level and SES). The results provide longitudinal evidence for the negative impact of restrictive parent feeding strategies on children's snack intake and highlight the importance of dissuading parents from using this type of feeding control. Instead, parents should be encouraged to use more covert feeding strategies that are associated with less unhealthy snack intake over the longer term.
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76
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Association Between Maternal Stress, Work Status, Concern About Child Weight, and Restrictive Feeding Practices in Preschool Children. Matern Child Health J 2018; 21:1349-1357. [PMID: 28138826 DOI: 10.1007/s10995-016-2239-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
Abstract
Objectives To examine the relationship between maternal stress, work status, concern about child weight, and the use of restrictive feeding practices among mothers of preschool children. Methods 285 mothers of 2-to-5-year-old children completed an on-line survey. Questions included demographics, items from the Depression Anxiety Stress Scale, and the Child Feeding Questionnaire. Linear regression and ANOVA examined the relationship between maternal stress, work hours, concern about child weight, and the use of restrictive practices for one 2-to-5-year-old child living within the home. Results Mothers were 32.6 ± 5.2 years of age and spent 39.7 ± 12.0 h/week at work. Seventy-one percent worked full time. Children were 3.4 ± 1.0 years of age and 51% male. Stress (3.41 ± 0.77, p ≤ 0.001) and concern about child weight (3.41 ± 0.77, p ≤ 0.00) were associated with the use of restrictive feeding practices. Mothers with severe/extremely severe stress used restriction more than mothers with normal stress, respectively (3.63 ± 0.80, 3.30 ± 0.81, p = 0.03). No difference was found among mothers with mild/moderate stress (3.50 ± 0.63, p = 0.06). There was no association between work hours (p = 0.50) or work status (p = 0.91) and the use of restrictive feeding practices. Conclusions Maternal stress and concern about child weight were associated with the use of restrictive feeding practices. Considering the current rates of childhood obesity in the United States, understanding factors that influence a child's food environment is advantageous and can help improve maternal and child health.
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77
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Jansen E, Williams KE, Mallan KM, Nicholson JM, Daniels LA. Bidirectional associations between mothers' feeding practices and child eating behaviours. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2018; 15:3. [PMID: 29325557 PMCID: PMC5765660 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-018-0644-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2017] [Accepted: 01/03/2018] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background This study examined bidirectional relationships between maternal feeding practices and child food responsiveness and satiety responsiveness from 2 to 5 years. Methods Mothers (N = 207) reported their own feeding practices and child eating behaviours using validated questionnaires at child ages 2, 3.7, and 5 years. Cross-lagged analyses were conducted to test for bidirectional effects, adjusting for child BMI z-score (based on measured weight and height) at 14 months. Results Eating behaviours and feeding practices showed strong continuity across the three time points. Maternal feeding practices (higher reward for behaviour [β = 0.12, p = 0.025] and lower covert restriction [β = −0.14, p = 0.008]) were prospectively associated with higher food responsiveness. Conversely, increased child satiety responsiveness was primarily prospectively associated with mothers’ feeding practices (increased structured meal timing [β = 0.11, p = 0.038], overt [β = 0.14, p = 0.010] and covert restriction [β = 0.11, p = 0.022]). The only exception was family meal setting, which was prospectively negatively associated with satiety responsiveness (β = −0.11, p = 0.035). Conclusion While maternal feeding practices and child satiety and food responsiveness show strong continuity between child age 2 and 5 years, maternal feeding practices appear to be associated with child food responsiveness over time. Conversely, child satiety responsiveness, but not food responsiveness, may also be associated with maternal feeding practices over time. These results are consistent with interventions that provide feeding advice to parents on how to respond appropriately to individual child eating behaviour phenotype. Trial registration ACTRN12608000056392. Registered 29 January 2008. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (10.1186/s12966-018-0644-x) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Jansen
- Centre for Children's Health Research, 62 Graham Street (Level 6), South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia.
| | - Kate E Williams
- School of Early Childhood, Queensland University of Technology, Level 4 B Block, Kelvin Grove, QLD, 4059, Australia
| | - Kimberley M Mallan
- School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, 1100 Nudgee Road, Banyo, QLD, 4014, Australia
| | - Jan M Nicholson
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, 215 Franklin Street, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia
| | - Lynne A Daniels
- Centre for Children's Health Research, 62 Graham Street (Level 6), South Brisbane, QLD, 4101, Australia
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Maranhão HDS, Aguiar RCD, Lira DTJD, Sales MÚF, Nóbrega NÁDN. DIFICULDADES ALIMENTARES EM PRÉ-ESCOLARES, PRÁTICAS ALIMENTARES PREGRESSAS E ESTADO NUTRICIONAL. REVISTA PAULISTA DE PEDIATRIA 2017; 36:7. [PMID: 29091129 PMCID: PMC5849369 DOI: 10.1590/1984-0462/;2018;36;1;00004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 03/24/2017] [Indexed: 08/29/2023]
Abstract
Objective: To identify the prevalence of feeding difficulties in preschoolers, its
association with epidemiological factors and previous eating habits, and
repercussion on nutritional status. Methods: Cross-sectional study with a questionnaire given to the mothers of 301 children
aged 2-6 years enrolled in public and private kindergartens in Natal, Northeast
Brazil, conducted in 2014-2015. Feeding difficulty was assessed according to
Kerzner’s criteria, resulting in the profiles “highly selective intake”, “active
child with small appetite”, “fear of feeding”, and “child with psychological
disorder or neglected”. Association with the following independent variables was
analyzed by logistic regression: breastfeeding time, age of cows’ milk and
complementary feeding introduction, age range, family income, type of school,
mothers’ profile (responsive or nonresponsive), and body mass index (BMI). Results: Feeding difficulty was found in 37.2% of cases, with predominance of “highly
selective intake” (25.4%). It was not associated with infancy feeding practices,
family income or type of school. There were no differences between the BMI Z score
means for the groups with and without feeding difficulty (1.0±1.5 SD and 1.1±1.4
SD, respectively). The five-to-six age range had more occurrences (OR 1.8; 95%CI
1.1-2.9). Children of responsive mothers were less likely to have feeding
difficulties (OR 0.4; 95%CI 0.2-0.8). Conclusions: Feeding difficulties were very frequent. Nutritional status was not impacted by
it, and infancy eating habits were not associated with it. Responsive mothers’
profile is a protective factor against eating difficulties and reinforces the
importance of behavioral factors and mother-child interaction.
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79
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Schnettler B, Lobos G, Miranda-Zapata E, Denegri M, Ares G, Hueche C. Diet Quality and Satisfaction with Life, Family Life, and Food-Related Life across Families: A Cross-Sectional Pilot Study with Mother-Father-Adolescent Triads. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2017; 14:E1313. [PMID: 29109387 PMCID: PMC5707952 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph14111313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/17/2017] [Revised: 10/23/2017] [Accepted: 10/24/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Family is a major determinant of children's and adolescents' eating behavior. The objectives of the present study were to assess diet quality, eating habits, satisfaction with life, family life, and food-related life in mother-father-adolescent triads, and to identify profiles of families according to family members' diet quality. Questionnaires were administered to a sample of 300 two-parent families with one child over the age of 10 in the city of Temuco (Chile), including the Adapted Healthy Eating Index (AHEI), Satisfaction with Life Scale (SWLS), Satisfaction with Food-related Life (SWFoL) scale, Satisfaction with Family Life (SWFaL) scales, and questions relating to their eating habits. Positive relationships were found between the diet quality of the family members, particularly between mothers and adolescents. Three family profiles with different diet qualities were identified: "families with an unhealthy diet" (39.3%), "families in which mothers and adolescents have healthy diets, but the fathers' diets require changes" (14.3%), and "families that require changes in their diet" (46.4%). These findings stress the key role of mothers in determining family diet quality and suggest a positive relationship between diet quality and satisfaction with life.
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Affiliation(s)
- Berta Schnettler
- Facultad de Ciencias Agropecuarias y Forestales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
- Centro de Excelencia en Psicología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
| | - Germán Lobos
- Facultad de Economía y Negocios, Universidad de Talca, Talca 3460000, Chile.
| | - Edgardo Miranda-Zapata
- LICSA, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
| | - Marianela Denegri
- Centro de Excelencia en Psicología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
- Facultad de Educación, Ciencias Sociales y Humanidades, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
| | - Gastón Ares
- Instituto Polo Tecnológico de Pando, Facultad de Química, Universidad de la República, Pando 4225, Uruguay.
| | - Clementina Hueche
- Centro de Excelencia en Psicología Económica y del Consumo, Núcleo Científico y Tecnológico en Ciencias Sociales, Universidad de La Frontera, Temuco 4811230, Chile.
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80
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Associations between bottle-feeding intensity and maternal encouragement of bottle-emptying. Public Health Nutr 2017; 20:3090-3098. [DOI: 10.1017/s1368980017002166] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/03/2023]
Abstract
AbstractObjectiveTo explore longitudinal associations between bottle-feeding and maternal encouragement of infant bottle-emptying during the first 6 months of infancy.DesignMothers completed questionnaires during the third trimester of pregnancy, then monthly during the first 6 months postpartum. Questionnaires assessed family demographics, maternal and infant weight status, infant feeding patterns and maternal encouragement of infant bottle-emptying.SettingThe Infant Feeding Practices Study 2, conducted by the US Centers for Disease Control and Prevention and the Food and Drug Administration.SubjectsMothers (n 1776).ResultsRepeated-measures regression was used to explore associations between bottle-feeding intensity (BFI; defined as the percentage of daily feedings that were from a bottle) and encouragement of bottle-emptying. Mothers who reported consistently high or consistently low BFI also exhibited consistently higher or lower frequency of encouraging their infants to empty the bottle (respectively) across the first 6 months of infancy, whereas mothers who reported increases in their BFI also exhibited concomitant increases in the frequency to which they encouraged their infants to finish the bottle. More frequent encouragement of bottle-emptying was also associated with feeding expressed breast milk (P<0·001), and lower parity (P=0·01), pre-pregnancy BMI (P=0·002) and infant birth weight (P=0·001).ConclusionsMore frequent use of bottles for infant feeding was significantly associated with more frequent encouragement of bottle-emptying. Further research using causal designs is needed to better understand whether the use of bottles promotes this controlling feeding practice or whether mothers with more controlling feeding practices opt to bottle-feed.
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81
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Derks IP, Tiemeier H, Sijbrands EJ, Nicholson JM, Voortman T, Verhulst FC, Jaddoe VW, Jansen PW. Testing the direction of effects between child body composition and restrictive feeding practices: results from a population-based cohort. Am J Clin Nutr 2017; 106:783-790. [PMID: 28793987 DOI: 10.3945/ajcn.117.156448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2017] [Accepted: 07/06/2017] [Indexed: 11/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Parental restrictive feeding (i.e., limiting food intake of children) has been linked to childhood overweight. However, the directionality of the causal pathway remains unknown.Objective: The objectives of this study were to examine the bidirectional association of maternal restrictive feeding with children's weight and body composition across childhood and to explore a possible mediating role of maternal concern about child weight.Design: Data were available for 4689 mother-child dyads participating in Generation R, a prospective birth cohort in the Netherlands. At ages 4 and 10 y, restrictive feeding was assessed with the parent-reported Child Feeding Questionnaire, and children's body mass index (BMI) was measured. At age 6 y, fat mass index (FMI) and fat-free mass index (FFMI) were measured with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry. Both directions of the relation between restriction and child body composition were examined with multivariable linear regression analyses and cross-lagged modeling. Mediation analyses were performed to examine concern about child weight (mother reported at child age of 10 y) as a potential mediator.Results: Higher child sex- and age-adjusted BMI SD scores (zBMI) at age 4 y predicted more restrictive feeding at age 10 y (B = 0.15; 95% CI: 0.11, 0.18). Both sex- and age-adjusted FMI SD scores (zFMI) and sex-and age-adjusted FFMI SD scores (zFFMI) at 6 y were also positively associated with restrictive feeding at 10 y. Maternal concern about child weight partially mediated these associations from child body composition to restrictive feeding (e.g., for zBMI at 4 y: Bindirect = 0.10; 95% CI: 0.07, 0.13). There was no temporal association from restrictive feeding at age 4 y to child zBMI at age 10 y after adjustment for baseline zBMI.Conclusions: The continued use of restrictive feeding practices at age 10 y appeared to be primarily a response of mothers to an unhealthy weight of their child rather than a cause of children's overweight. Guidelines discouraging restrictive feeding for preventing childhood overweight should therefore be reconsidered.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivonne Pm Derks
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology.,The Generation R Study Group
| | - Henning Tiemeier
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology.,Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Psychiatry
| | | | - Jan M Nicholson
- Judith Lumley Centre, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Australia; and
| | - Trudy Voortman
- The Generation R Study Group.,Department of Epidemiology
| | | | - Vincent Wv Jaddoe
- The Generation R Study Group.,Department of Epidemiology.,Department of Pediatrics, Erasmus MC-University Medical Center, Rotterdam, Netherlands
| | - Pauline W Jansen
- Department of Child and Adolescent Psychiatry/Psychology, .,Department of Psychology, Education, and Child Studies, Erasmus University Rotterdam, Rotterdam, Netherlands
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82
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Mura Paroche M, Caton SJ, Vereijken CMJL, Weenen H, Houston-Price C. How Infants and Young Children Learn About Food: A Systematic Review. Front Psychol 2017; 8:1046. [PMID: 28790935 PMCID: PMC5524770 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyg.2017.01046] [Citation(s) in RCA: 91] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/08/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Early childhood is a critical time for establishing food preferences and dietary habits. In order for appropriate advice to be available to parents and healthcare professionals it is essential for researchers to understand the ways in which children learn about foods. This review summarizes the literature relating to the role played by known developmental learning processes in the establishment of early eating behavior, food preferences and general knowledge about food, and identifies gaps in our knowledge that remain to be explored. A systematic literature search identified 48 papers exploring how young children learn about food from the start of complementary feeding to 36 months of age. The majority of the papers focus on evaluative components of children's learning about food, such as their food preferences, liking and acceptance. A smaller number of papers focus on other aspects of what and how children learn about food, such as a food's origins or appropriate eating contexts. The review identified papers relating to four developmental learning processes: (1) Familiarization to a food through repeated exposure to its taste, texture or appearance. This was found to be an effective technique for learning about foods, especially for children at the younger end of our age range. (2) Observational learning of food choice. Imitation of others' eating behavior was also found to play an important role in the first years of life. (3) Associative learning through flavor-nutrient and flavor-flavor learning (FFL). Although the subject of much investigation, conditioning techniques were not found to play a major role in shaping the food preferences of infants in the post-weaning and toddler periods. (4) Categorization of foods. The direct effects of the ability to categorize foods have been little studied in this age group. However, the literature suggests that what infants are willing to consume depends on their ability to recognize items on their plate as familiar exemplars of that food type.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Samantha J Caton
- School of Health and Related Research, Section of Public Health, University of SheffieldSheffield, United Kingdom
| | | | - Hugo Weenen
- Danone Nutricia ResearchUtrecht, Netherlands
| | - Carmel Houston-Price
- School of Psychology and Clinical Language Sciences, University of Reading MalaysiaIskandar Puteri, Malaysia
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83
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Haycraft E, Karasouli E, Meyer C. Maternal feeding practices and children's eating behaviours: A comparison of mothers with healthy weight versus overweight/obesity. Appetite 2017; 116:395-400. [PMID: 28536055 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.05.033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2016] [Revised: 03/20/2017] [Accepted: 05/17/2017] [Indexed: 02/02/2023]
Abstract
This study aimed to explore differences between mothers with healthy weight versus overweight/obesity in a wide range of their reported child feeding practices and their reports of their children's eating behaviours. Mothers (N = 437) with a 2-6-year-old child participated. They comprised two groups, based on their BMI: healthy weight (BMI of 18.0-24.9, inclusive) or overweight/obese (BMI of 25.0 or more). All mothers provided demographic information and completed self-report measures of their child feeding practices and their child's eating behaviour. In comparison to mothers with healthy weight, mothers with overweight/obesity reported giving their child more control around eating (p < 0.001), but encouraged less balance and variety around food (p = 0.029). They also had a less healthy home food environment (p = 0.021) and demonstrated less modelling of healthy eating in front of their children (p < 0.001). There were no significant differences in mothers' use of controlling feeding practices, such as pressure to eat or restriction, based on their own weight status. Mothers with overweight/obesity reported their children to have a greater desire for drinks (p = 0.003), be more responsive to satiety (p = 0.007), and be slower eaters (p = 0.034). Mothers with overweight/obesity appear to engage in generally less healthy feeding practices with their children than mothers with healthy weight, and mothers with overweight/obesity perceive their children as more avoidant about food but not drinks. Such findings are likely to inform future intervention developments and help health workers and clinicians to better support mothers with overweight/obesity with implementing healthful feeding practices and promoting healthy eating habits in their children.
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Affiliation(s)
- Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, UK.
| | - Eleni Karasouli
- Warwick Clinical Trials Unit, Division of Health Sciences, Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK
| | - Caroline Meyer
- WMG, University of Warwick, UK; Warwick Medical School, University of Warwick, UK; University Hospitals Coventry and Warwickshire NHS Trust, UK
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84
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Walton K, Kuczynski L, Haycraft E, Breen A, Haines J. Time to re-think picky eating?: a relational approach to understanding picky eating. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2017; 14:62. [PMID: 28476160 PMCID: PMC5420103 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-017-0520-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2016] [Accepted: 04/26/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Estimates of picky eating are quite high among young children, with 14-50% of parents identifying their preschoolers as picky eaters. Dietary intake and preferences during the preschool years are characterized by slowing growth rates and children developing a sense of autonomy over their feeding and food selection. We argue that the current conceptualization of picky eating defines acts of resistance or expressions of preference (acts of autonomy) by a child as deviant behaviour. This conceptualization has guided research that uses a unidirectional, parent to child approach to understanding parent-child feeding interactions. Objectives By reviewing the current feeding literature and drawing parallels from the rich body of child socialization literature, we argue that there is a need to both re-examine the concept and parent/clinician perspectives on picky eating. Thus, the objective of this paper is two-fold: 1) We argue for a reconceptualization of picky eating whereby child agency is considered in terms of eating preferences rather than categorized as compliant or non-compliant behaviour, and 2) We advocate the use of bi-directional relational models of causality and appropriate methodology to understanding the parent-child feeding relationship. Discussion Researchers are often interested in understanding how members in the parent-child dyad affect one another. Although many tend to focus on the parent to child direction of these associations, findings from child socialization research suggest that influence is bidirectional and non-linear such that parents influence the actions and cognitions of children and children influence the actions and cognitions of parents. Bi-directional models of causality are needed to correctly understand parent-child feeding interactions. Conclusions A reconceptualization of picky eating may elucidate the influence that parental feeding practices and child eating habits have on each other. This may allow health professionals to more effectively support parents in developing healthy eating habits among children, reducing both stress around mealtimes and concerns of picky eating.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kathryn Walton
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada.
| | - Leon Kuczynski
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | - Andrea Breen
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
| | - Jess Haines
- Department of Family Relations and Applied Nutrition, University of Guelph, 50 Stone Rd. E, Guelph, ON, N1G 2W1, Canada
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85
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Holley CE, Haycraft E, Farrow C. Predicting children's fussiness with vegetables: The role of feeding practices. MATERNAL AND CHILD NUTRITION 2017; 14. [PMID: 28247493 DOI: 10.1111/mcn.12442] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2016] [Revised: 02/02/2017] [Accepted: 02/02/2017] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Vegetables are commonly rejected by children, making it is important to consider factors that are associated with children's fussiness with vegetables. The current study aimed to investigate whether fussiness with vegetables is associated with a number of factors including caregiver and child vegetable consumption; caregivers' general feeding practices; and caregivers' vegetable-specific feeding practices. Caregivers (N = 297) of preschool children completed questionnaire measures of their child's fussiness with vegetables, as well as several caregiver and child factors hypothesised to be associated with children's fussiness with vegetables. Findings indicate that children who are fussier with vegetables consume a smaller quantity of vegetables and that almost all have caregivers who eat a smaller quantity of vegetables. Children's fussiness with vegetables was not significantly related to any general feeding practices used by caregivers. However, children's fussiness with vegetables was significantly associated with the use of several vegetable specific feeding practices. Caregivers of fussier children used more encouragement/pressure to eat with vegetables (r = 0.14, p = .01), hid vegetables within other foods more often (r = 0.30, p = <.01), used more food rewards for vegetable consumption (r = 0.19, p <.01), more other rewards for vegetable consumption (r = 0.21, p < .01), and compromised more when feeding vegetables (r = 0.14, p = .01). These findings suggest that rather than caregivers' general feeding practices being related to children's fussiness with vegetables, the specific feeding practices used when vegetables are rejected are more significant. It may therefore be helpful to develop advice for caregivers about which feeding practices to avoid when faced with a child who is fussy about eating vegetables.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clare E Holley
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Emma Haycraft
- School of Sport, Exercise & Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Leicestershire, UK
| | - Claire Farrow
- School of Health & Life Sciences, Aston University, Birmingham, UK
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86
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Lumeng JC, Kaciroti N, Retzloff L, Rosenblum K, Miller AL. Longitudinal associations between maternal feeding and overweight in low-income toddlers. Appetite 2017; 113:23-29. [PMID: 28212827 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2017.02.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2016] [Revised: 02/09/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Maternal feeding is a frequent intervention target for the prevention of early childhood obesity but longitudinal associations between feeding and child overweight are poorly understood. This observational cohort study sought to examine the cross-lagged associations between maternal feeding and overweight across ages 21, 27, and 33 months. Feeding was measured by maternal self-report (n = 222) at each age. Child weight and length were measured. Cross-lagged analysis was used to evaluate longitudinal associations between feeding and overweight, adjusting for infant birth weight, maternal body mass index, maternal education, and maternal depressive symptoms. The sample was 50.5% white, 52.3% male and 37.8% of mothers had a high school education or less. A total of 30.6%, 29.2%, and 26.3% of the sample was overweight at each age, respectively. Pressuring to Finish, Restrictive with regard to Amount, Restrictive with regard to Diet Quality, Laissez-Faire with regard to Diet Quality, Responsiveness to Satiety, Indulgent Permissive, Indulgent Coaxing, Indulgent Soothing, and Indulgent Pampering each tracked strongly across toddlerhood. There were no significant associations between maternal feeding and child overweight either in cross-sectional or cross-lagged associations. Our results do not support a strong causal role for feeding in childhood overweight. Future work longitudinal work should consider alternative approaches to conceptualizing feeding and alternative measurement approaches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie C Lumeng
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Pediatrics and Communicable Diseases, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Nutritional Sciences, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA.
| | - Niko Kaciroti
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Biostatistics, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Lauren Retzloff
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Katherine Rosenblum
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Psychiatry, University of Michigan Medical School, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
| | - Alison L Miller
- Center for Human Growth and Development, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, MI, USA; Department of Health Behavior and Health Education, University of Michigan School of Public Health, Ann Arbor, MI, USA
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87
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Relationship Between Nutrition Knowledge of Caregivers and Dietary Practices of Children Under Five in Kajiado County, Kenya. WOMEN’S HEALTH BULLETIN 2017. [DOI: 10.5812/whb.43820] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
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88
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Albuquerque G, Severo M, Oliveira A. Early Life Characteristics Associated with Appetite-Related Eating Behaviors in 7-Year-Old Children. J Pediatr 2017; 180:38-46.e2. [PMID: 27769552 DOI: 10.1016/j.jpeds.2016.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/24/2016] [Revised: 08/03/2016] [Accepted: 09/07/2016] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To assess early life characteristics associated with appetite-related eating behaviors in 7-year-old children. STUDY DESIGN The participants are children from the population-based birth cohort Generation XXI. Data on sociodemographics, health, and lifestyles and anthropometrics were collected at birth, and 4- and 7-year-old evaluations. A Portuguese version of the Children's Eating Behavior Questionnaire was completed by mothers (n = 3562 children) with children aged 7 years old. A 2-factor solution was identified: factor 1-appetite restraint and factor 2-appetite disinhibition. Associations were estimated through generalized linear models adjusted for maternal age, education, body mass index (BMI) before birth, family structure, number of siblings, and child's sex (β regression coefficients and 95% CIs). RESULTS Higher appetite restraint at 7 years old was associated with higher maternal age and educational level, families with both parents (1- vs 2-parent: β = -0.074, 95% CI -0.140, -0.007) and no siblings (≥2 vs 0: β = -0.152, 95% CI -0.224, -0.081), and more sedentary lifestyles at 4 years old. It was also associated with lower child and maternal BMI and waist circumference at 4 years old. In contrast, higher appetite disinhibition was associated with lower maternal educational background, having a 1-parent family, more sedentary behaviors (≥120 vs <120 min/d of media: β = 0.055, 95% CI 0.018, 0.093), and higher BMI and waist circumference at 4 years old. CONCLUSIONS Higher maternal age and education, and a family with both parents at 4 years old seem to influence higher appetite restraint, but less appetite disinhibition at 7 years old. More sedentary lifestyles at 4 years old were associated with higher appetite restraint and appetite disinhibition scores later in childhood. These results can be useful for the development of prevention guidelines and educational strategies aimed at improving healthy eating behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gabriela Albuquerque
- Institute of Public Health-Epidemiology Unit, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal
| | - Milton Severo
- Institute of Public Health-Epidemiology Unit, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Porto, Portugal
| | - Andreia Oliveira
- Institute of Public Health-Epidemiology Unit, Universidade do Porto, Porto, Portugal; Faculdade de Medicina, Universidade do Porto, Department of Clinical Epidemiology, Predictive Medicine and Public Health, Porto, Portugal.
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89
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Finnane JM, Jansen E, Mallan KM, Daniels LA. Mealtime Structure and Responsive Feeding Practices Are Associated With Less Food Fussiness and More Food Enjoyment in Children. JOURNAL OF NUTRITION EDUCATION AND BEHAVIOR 2017; 49:11-18.e1. [PMID: 27707544 DOI: 10.1016/j.jneb.2016.08.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2016] [Revised: 08/08/2016] [Accepted: 08/11/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE To identify associations between structure-related and non-responsive feeding practices and children's eating behaviors. DESIGN Cross-sectional online survey design. PARTICIPANTS Parents (n = 413) of 1- to 10-year-old children. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Parental feeding practices and child eating behaviors were measured via the validated Feeding Practices and Structure and Children's Eating Behaviour questionnaires. ANALYSIS Associations between parental feeding practices and children's eating behaviors were tested using hierarchical multivariable linear regression models, adjusted for covariates. RESULTS Feeding practices accounted for 28% and 21% of the variance in food fussiness and enjoyment of food, respectively (P < .001). For all other eating behaviors the amount of variance explained by feeding practices was < 10% (P < .001). Key findings were that more structure and less non-responsive practices were associated with lower food fussiness and higher enjoyment of food. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Overall, the findings suggested that mealtime structure and responsive feeding are associated with more desirable eating behaviors. Contrary to predictions, there was no evidence to indicate that these practices are associated with better self-regulation of energy intake. Longitudinal research and intervention studies are needed to confirm the importance of these feeding practices for children's eating behaviors and weight outcomes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julia M Finnane
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia
| | - Elena Jansen
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia.
| | - Kimberley M Mallan
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Banyo, Queensland, Australia
| | - Lynne A Daniels
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Institute of Health and Biomedical Innovation, School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Faculty of Health, Queensland University of Technology, Brisbane, Queensland, Australia; Department of Nutrition and Dietetics, Flinders University, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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90
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91
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Teixeira VH, Moreira P. Maternal food intake and socioeconomic status to tackle childhood malnutrition. JORNAL DE PEDIATRIA (VERSÃO EM PORTUGUÊS) 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jpedp.2016.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
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92
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Tovar A, Vaughn AE, Fallon M, Hennessy E, Burney R, Østbye T, Ward DS. Providers' response to child eating behaviors: A direct observation study. Appetite 2016; 105:534-41. [PMID: 27328098 PMCID: PMC5067159 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2015] [Revised: 04/22/2016] [Accepted: 06/15/2016] [Indexed: 11/18/2022]
Abstract
Child care providers play an important role in feeding young children, yet little is known about children's influence on providers' feeding practices. This qualitative study examines provider and child (18 months -4 years) feeding interactions. Trained data collectors observed 200 eating occasions in 48 family child care homes and recorded providers' responses to children's meal and snack time behaviors. Child behaviors initiating provider feeding practices were identified and practices were coded according to higher order constructs identified in a recent feeding practices content map. Analysis examined the most common feeding practices providers used to respond to each child behavior. Providers were predominately female (100%), African-American (75%), and obese (77%) and a third of children were overweight/obese (33%). Commonly observed child behaviors were: verbal and non-verbal refusals, verbal and non-verbal acceptance, being "all done", attempts for praise/attention, and asking for seconds. Children's acceptance of food elicited more autonomy supportive practices vs. coercive controlling. Requests for seconds was the most common behavior, resulting in coercive controlling practices (e.g., insisting child eat certain food or clean plate). Future interventions should train providers on responding to children's behaviors and helping children become more aware of internal satiety and hunger cues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alison Tovar
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Amber E Vaughn
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd, CB 7426, Chapel Hill 27599-7426, NC, USA.
| | - Megan Fallon
- Department of Nutrition and Food Sciences, University of Rhode Island, Kingston, RI 02881, USA.
| | - Erin Hennessy
- ChildObesity180, Friedman School of Nutrition Science and Policy, Tufts University, 150 Harrison Avenue, Boston, MA 02111, USA.
| | - Regan Burney
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd, CB 7426, Chapel Hill 27599-7426, NC, USA.
| | - Truls Østbye
- Duke University Medical Center, 310 Trent Drive, Durham, NC 27710, USA.
| | - Dianne S Ward
- Center for Health Promotion and Disease Prevention, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, 1700 Martin L. King Jr. Blvd, CB 7426, Chapel Hill 27599-7426, NC, USA.
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93
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Bergmeier H, Aksan N, McPhie S, Fuller-Tyszkiewicz M, Baur L, Milgrom J, Campbell K, Demir D, Skouteris H. Mutually Responsive Orientation: A novel observational assessment of mother-child mealtime interactions. Appetite 2016; 105:400-9. [PMID: 27317618 DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.06.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/16/2016] [Revised: 06/10/2016] [Accepted: 06/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Mother-child mealtime interactions during preschool years is an important but overlooked factor when evaluating the influence of parent-child relationships on child eating and weight. This paper describes the validation of the Mutually Responsive Orientation (MRO) coding system adapted for assessing parent-child interactions during food preparation and consumption situations. Home-based mealtimes of 94 mothers and their children (3.03 ± 0.75 years) were filmed at two time points, 12-months apart. Filmed dimensions of mutual mother-child responsiveness, shared positive affect, maternal control relating to food and child compliance were assessed. Objective BMI and maternal reports of parenting, feeding, child eating, diet and child temperament were also collected. Correlations, repeated measures ANOVAs and regressions were performed to examine the validity of MRO variables and their stability across both time points. Validation analysis showed the MRO coding system performed as expected: dyads with higher MRO scores expressed lower control/power assertion, lower child non-compliance, and greater committed compliance. The measure demonstrated sensitivity to specific contexts: maternal responsiveness, mother and child positive affect were higher during food consumption compared to food preparation. Coded dimensions were stable across time points, with the exception of decreases in maternal responsiveness in food consumption and child non-compliance in food preparation. MRO and maternal dimensions were correlated with maternally reported parenting and feeding measures. Maternal responsiveness (inversely) and child responsiveness (positively) were concurrently associated with child fussy eating, and child refusal was prospectively and inversely associated with child fussy eating. Findings suggest the adapted MRO coding system is a useful measure for examining observed parent-child mealtime interactions potentially implicated in preschoolers' eating and weight development.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Nazan Aksan
- Department of Neurology, University of Iowa, Iowa City, IA, USA
| | - Skye McPhie
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | | | - Louise Baur
- Discipline of Paediatrics and Child Health and Sydney School of Public Health, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia; The Children's Hospital at Westmead, Westmead, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Jeannette Milgrom
- School of Psychological Sciences, Melbourne University, Melbourne, Australia; Parent-Infant Research Institute, Department of Clinical and Health, Psychology, Heidelberg Repatriation Hospital, Heidelberg West, Australia
| | - Karen Campbell
- Centre for Physical Activity and Nutrition Research, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Defne Demir
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia
| | - Helen Skouteris
- School of Psychology, Deakin University, Geelong, Australia.
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94
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Nutritional status and Mediterranean diet quality among Spanish children and adolescents with food neophobia. Food Qual Prefer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.04.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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95
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Brown CL, Vander Schaaf EB, Cohen GM, Irby MB, Skelton JA. Association of Picky Eating and Food Neophobia with Weight: A Systematic Review. Child Obes 2016; 12:247-62. [PMID: 27135525 PMCID: PMC4964761 DOI: 10.1089/chi.2015.0189] [Citation(s) in RCA: 93] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Picky eating and food neophobia are common during childhood. Childhood eating behaviors are often predictive of adult eating behaviors. OBJECTIVES Determine if childhood picky eating or food neophobia is associated with childhood weight status, or with becoming underweight, overweight, or obese later in childhood. DATA SOURCES We identified relevant studies from searches of PubMed, PsycINFO, and NEOHAL, as well as citations from identified studies. Study Eligibility Criteria and Participants: Inclusion criteria were original research articles examining a relationship between picky eating and/or food neophobia with childhood weight status. We summarized definitions and prevalence of picky eating or food neophobia and association with weight status. STUDY APPRAISAL Two independent investigators assessed bias and confounding using the Agency for Healthcare Research and Quality's RTI Item Bank. RESULTS Forty-one studies met inclusion criteria. Picky eating was defined inconsistently, and a large variation in prevalence was found (5.8%-59%). Food neophobia was consistently defined as an unwillingness to try new foods, with a prevalence between 40% and 60%. No association existed between childhood weight status and food neophobia, and results were unclear for picky eating. LIMITATIONS Risk of bias and confounding were moderate. Parental report was commonly used to assess picky eating, height, and weight and parental weight, feeding styles, and community characteristics were infrequently considered. CONCLUSIONS AND IMPLICATIONS Heterogeneous definitions used for picky eating led to a wide range of reported prevalence and an unclear relationship with weight. Consistent definitions and an improved understanding of such a relationship could help clinicians provide appropriate anticipatory guidance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Callie L. Brown
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Emily B. Vander Schaaf
- Department of General Pediatrics and Adolescent Medicine, University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill, Chapel Hill, NC
| | - Gail M. Cohen
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.,Brenner FIT Program, Brenner Children's Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Megan B. Irby
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.,Brenner FIT Program, Brenner Children's Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC
| | - Joseph A. Skelton
- Department of Pediatrics, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC.,Brenner FIT Program, Brenner Children's Hospital, Winston-Salem, NC.,Department of Epidemiology and Prevention, Division of Public Health Sciences, Wake Forest School of Medicine, Winston-Salem, NC
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96
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Relationship between Parental Feeding Practices and Neural Responses to Food Cues in Adolescents. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0157037. [PMID: 27479051 PMCID: PMC4968823 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0157037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2016] [Accepted: 05/24/2016] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
Social context, specifically within the family, influences adolescent eating behaviours and thus their health. Little is known about the specific mechanisms underlying the effects of parental feeding practices on eating. We explored relationships between parental feeding practices and adolescent eating habits and brain activity in response to viewing food images. Fifty- seven adolescents (15 with type 2 diabetes mellitus, 21 obese and 21 healthy weight controls) underwent fMRI scanning whilst viewing images of food or matched control images. Participants completed the Kids Child Feeding Questionnaire, the Childrens’ Dutch Eating Behaviour Questionnaire (DEBQ) and took part in an observed meal. Parents completed the Comprehensive Feeding Practices Questionniare and the DEBQ. We were particularly interested in brain activity in response to food cues that was modulated by different feeding and eating styles. Healthy-weight participants increased activation (compared to the other groups) to food in proportion to the level of parental restriction in visual areas of the brain such as right lateral occipital cortex (LOC), right temporal occipital cortex, left occipital fusiform gyrus, left lateral and superior LOC. Adolescents with type 2 diabetes mellitus had higher activation (compared to the other groups) with increased parental restrictive feeding in areas relating to emotional control, attention and decision-making, such as posterior cingulate, precuneus, frontal operculum and right middle frontal gyrus. Participants with type 2 diabetes mellitus also showed higher activation (compared to the other groups) in the left anterior intraparietal sulcus and angular gyrus when they also reported higher self restraint. Parental restriction did not modulate food responses in obese participants, but there was increased activity in visual (visual cortex, left LOC, left occipital fusiform gyrus) and reward related brain areas (thalamus and parietal operculum) in response to parental teaching and modelling of behaviour. Parental restrictive feeding and parental teaching and modelling affected neural responses to food cues in different ways, depending on motivations and diagnoses, illustrating a social influence on neural responses to food cues.
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97
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Harris HA, Fildes A, Mallan KM, Llewellyn CH. Maternal feeding practices and fussy eating in toddlerhood: a discordant twin analysis. Int J Behav Nutr Phys Act 2016; 13:81. [PMID: 27412445 PMCID: PMC4944306 DOI: 10.1186/s12966-016-0408-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2016] [Accepted: 06/30/2016] [Indexed: 01/01/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Parental feeding practices are thought to play a causal role in shaping a child's fussiness; however, a child-responsive model suggests that feeding practices may develop in response to a child's emerging appetitive characteristics. We used a novel twin study design to test the hypothesis that mothers vary their feeding practices for twin children who differ in their 'food fussiness', in support of a child-responsive model. METHODS Participants were mothers and their 16 month old twin children (n = 2026) from Gemini, a British twin birth cohort of children born in 2007. Standardized psychometric measures of maternal 'pressure to eat', 'restriction' and 'instrumental feeding', as well as child 'food fussiness', were completed by mothers. Within-family analyses examined if twin-pair differences in 'food fussiness' were associated with differences in feeding practices using linear regression models. In a subset of twins (n = 247 pairs) who were the most discordant (highest quartile) on 'food fussiness' (difference score ≥ .50), Paired Samples T-test were used to explore the magnitude of differences in feeding practices between twins. Between-family analyses used Complex Samples General Linear Models to examine associations between feeding practices and 'food fussiness'. RESULTS Within-pair differences in 'food fussiness' were associated with differential 'pressure to eat' and 'instrumental feeding' (ps < .001), but not with 'restriction'. In the subset of twins most discordant on 'food fussiness', mothers used more pressure (p < .001) and food rewards (p < .05) with the fussier twin. Between-family analyses indicated that 'pressure to eat' and 'instrumental feeding' were positively associated with 'food fussiness', while 'restriction' was negatively associated with 'food fussiness' (ps < .001). CONCLUSIONS Mothers appear to subtly adjust their feeding practices according to their perceptions of their toddler's emerging fussy eating behavior. Specifically, the fussier toddler is pressured more than their less fussy co-twin, and is more likely to be offered food rewards. Guiding parents on how to respond to fussy eating may be an important aspect of promoting feeding practices that encourage food acceptance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Holly A Harris
- Centre for Children's Health Research, Queensland University of Technology, South Brisbane, 4101, Australia.,School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, 4059, Australia.,Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Alison Fildes
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK
| | - Kimberley M Mallan
- School of Exercise and Nutrition Sciences, Queensland University of Technology, Kelvin Grove, Brisbane, 4059, Australia.,School of Psychology, Australian Catholic University, Brisbane, 4014, Australia
| | - Clare H Llewellyn
- Health Behaviour Research Centre, University College London, London, WC1E 6BT, UK. .,University College of London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK.
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98
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Correlates of parental feeding practices with pre-schoolers: Parental body image and eating knowledge, attitudes, and behaviours. Appetite 2016; 101:192-8. [DOI: 10.1016/j.appet.2016.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/30/2015] [Revised: 03/03/2016] [Accepted: 03/03/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
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99
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Kaar JL, Shapiro AL, Fell DM, Johnson SL. Parental feeding practices, food neophobia, and child food preferences: What combination of factors results in children eating a variety of foods? Food Qual Prefer 2016. [DOI: 10.1016/j.foodqual.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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100
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Eating Behaviours of Preadolescent Children over Time: Stability, Continuity and the Moderating Role of Perceived Parental Feeding Practices. INTERNATIONAL JOURNAL OF ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH AND PUBLIC HEALTH 2016; 13:437. [PMID: 27104552 PMCID: PMC4847099 DOI: 10.3390/ijerph13040437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2016] [Revised: 04/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/14/2016] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
The links between childhood eating behaviours and parental feeding practices are well-established in younger children, but there is a lack of research examining these variables in a preadolescent age group, particularly from the child's perspective, and longitudinally. This study firstly aimed to examine the continuity and stability of preadolescent perceptions of their parents' controlling feeding practices (pressure to eat and restriction) over a 12 month period. The second aim was to explore if perceptions of parental feeding practices moderated the relationship between preadolescents' eating behaviours longitudinally. Two hundred and twenty nine preadolescents (mean age at recruitment 8.73 years) completed questionnaires assessing their eating behaviours and their perceptions of parental feeding practices at two time points, 12 months apart (T1 and T2). Preadolescents' perceptions of their parental feeding practices remained stable. Perceptions of restriction and pressure to eat were continuous. Perceptions of parental pressure to eat and restriction significantly moderated the relationships between eating behaviours at T1 and T2. The findings from this study suggest that in a preadolescent population, perceptions of parental pressure to eat and restriction of food may exacerbate the development of problematic eating behaviours.
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