51
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Wang H, Hong LJ, Huang JY, Jiang Q, Tao RR, Tan C, Lu NN, Wang CK, Ahmed MM, Lu YM, Liu ZR, Shi WX, Lai EY, Wilcox CS, Han F. P2RX7 sensitizes Mac-1/ICAM-1-dependent leukocyte-endothelial adhesion and promotes neurovascular injury during septic encephalopathy. Cell Res 2015; 25:674-90. [PMID: 25998681 PMCID: PMC4456628 DOI: 10.1038/cr.2015.61] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2014] [Revised: 02/10/2015] [Accepted: 03/12/2015] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Septic encephalopathy (SE) is a critical factor determining sepsis mortality. Vascular inflammation is known to be involved in SE, but the molecular events that lead to the development of encephalopathy remain unclear. Using time-lapse in vivo two-photon laser scanning microscopy, we provide the first direct evidence that cecal ligation and puncture in septic mice induces microglial trafficking to sites adjacent to leukocyte adhesion on inflamed cerebral microvessels. Our data further demonstrate that septic injury increased the chemokine CXCL1 level in brain endothelial cells by activating endothelial P2RX7 and eventually enhanced the binding of Mac-1 (CD11b/CD18)-expressing leukocytes to endothelial ICAM-1. In turn, leukocyte adhesion upregulated endothelial CX3CL1, thereby triggering microglia trafficking to the injured site. The sepsis-induced increase in endothelial CX3CL1 was abolished in CD18 hypomorphic mutant mice. Inhibition of the P2RX7 pathway not only decreased endothelial ICAM-1 expression and leukocyte adhesion but also prevented microglia overactivation, reduced brain injury, and consequently doubled the early survival of septic mice. These results demonstrate the role of the P2RX7 pathway in linking neurovascular inflammation to brain damage in vivo and provide a rationale for targeting endothelial P2RX7 for neurovascular protection during SE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Huan Wang
- 1] Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China [2] Key Laboratory of Carbohydrate and Lipid Metabolism Research, College of Life Science and Technology, Dalian University, Dalian, Liaoning 116622, China
| | - Ling-Juan Hong
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ji-Yun Huang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Quan Jiang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Rong-Rong Tao
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Chao Tan
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Nan-Nan Lu
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Cheng-Kun Wang
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Muhammad M Ahmed
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Ying-Mei Lu
- School of Medicine, Zhejiang University City College, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310015, China
| | - Zhi-Rong Liu
- Department of Neurology, Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University, School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310009, China
| | - Wei-Xing Shi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Loma Linda University Health Schools of Medicine, Pharmacy, and Behavioral Health, Loma Linda, CA 92350, USA
| | - En-Yin Lai
- Department of Physiology, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
| | - Christopher S Wilcox
- Hypertension, Kidney, and Vascular Research Center, Georgetown University Medical Center, Washington DC 20007, USA
| | - Feng Han
- Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, College of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang 310058, China
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52
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Nasser MW, Elbaz M, Ahirwar DK, Ganju RK. Conditioning solid tumor microenvironment through inflammatory chemokines and S100 family proteins. Cancer Lett 2015; 365:11-22. [PMID: 25963887 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2015.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2015] [Revised: 04/23/2015] [Accepted: 05/04/2015] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Recently, there has been growing attention to the role of the tumor microenvironment (TME) in cancer growth, metastasis and emergence of chemotherapy resistance. Stromal and tumor cells make up the TME and interact with each other through a complex cross-talk manner. This interaction is facilitated by a variety of growth factors, cytokines, chemokines and S100 proteins. In this review, we focus on chemokines and their cognate receptors in regulating the tumorigenic process. Chemokines are cytokines that have chemotactic potential. Chemokine receptors are expressed on tumor cells and stromal cells. Chemokines and their cognate receptors modulate tumor growth and metastasis in a paracrine and autocrine manner. They play a major role in the modulation of stromal cell recruitment, angiogenic potential, cancer cell proliferation, survival, adhesion, invasion and metastasis to distant sites. In addition, a new class of calcium binding family S100 proteins has been getting attention as they play significant roles in tumor progression and metastasis by modulating TME. Here, we highlight recent developments regarding the inflammatory chemokine/S100 protein systems in the TME. We also focus on how chemokines/S100 proteins, through their role in the TME, modulate cancer cell ability to grow, proliferate, invade and metastasize to different organs. This review highlights the possibility of using the chemokine/chemokine receptor axis as a promising strategy in cancer therapy, the current difficulties in achieving this goal, and how it could be overcome for successful future therapeutic intervention.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohd W Nasser
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA.
| | - Mohamad Elbaz
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Dinesh K Ahirwar
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
| | - Ramesh K Ganju
- Department of Pathology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, The Ohio State Medical Center, Columbus, OH, USA
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53
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Raphael I, Nalawade S, Eagar TN, Forsthuber TG. T cell subsets and their signature cytokines in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Cytokine 2014; 74:5-17. [PMID: 25458968 DOI: 10.1016/j.cyto.2014.09.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 711] [Impact Index Per Article: 71.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2014] [Revised: 09/26/2014] [Accepted: 09/29/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
CD4(+) T helper (Th) cells are critical for proper immune cell homeostasis and host defense, but are also major contributors to pathology of autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Since the discovery of the Th1/Th2 dichotomy, many additional Th subsets were discovered, each with a unique cytokine profile, functional properties, and presumed role in autoimmune tissue pathology. This includes Th1, Th2, Th17, Th22, Th9, and Treg cells which are characterized by specific cytokine profiles. Cytokines produced by these Th subsets play a critical role in immune cell differentiation, effector subset commitment, and in directing the effector response. Cytokines are often categorized into proinflammatory and anti-inflammatory cytokines and linked to Th subsets expressing them. This article reviews the different Th subsets in terms of cytokine profiles, how these cytokines influence and shape the immune response, and their relative roles in promoting pathology in autoimmune and inflammatory diseases. Furthermore, we will discuss whether Th cell pathogenicity can be defined solely based on their cytokine profiles and whether rigid definition of a Th cell subset by its cytokine profile is helpful.
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Affiliation(s)
- Itay Raphael
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Saisha Nalawade
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States
| | - Todd N Eagar
- Department of Pathology and Genomic Medicine, Houston Methodist Hospital, TX 77030, United States
| | - Thomas G Forsthuber
- Department of Biology, University of Texas at San Antonio, TX 78249, United States.
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54
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Sawicki CM, McKim DB, Wohleb ES, Jarrett BL, Reader BF, Norden DM, Godbout JP, Sheridan JF. Social defeat promotes a reactive endothelium in a brain region-dependent manner with increased expression of key adhesion molecules, selectins and chemokines associated with the recruitment of myeloid cells to the brain. Neuroscience 2014; 302:151-64. [PMID: 25445193 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.10.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2014] [Revised: 09/29/2014] [Accepted: 10/01/2014] [Indexed: 01/02/2023]
Abstract
Repeated social defeat (RSD) in mice causes myeloid cell trafficking to the brain that contributes to the development of prolonged anxiety-like behavior. Myeloid cell recruitment following RSD occurs in regions where neuronal and microglia activation is observed. Thus, we hypothesized that crosstalk between neurons, microglia, and endothelial cells contributes to brain myeloid cell trafficking via chemokine signaling and vascular adhesion molecules. Here we show that social defeat caused an exposure- and brain region-dependent increase in several key adhesion molecules and chemokines involved in the recruitment of myeloid cells. For example, RSD induced distinct patterns of adhesion molecule expression that may explain brain region-dependent myeloid cell trafficking. VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 mRNA expression were increased in an exposure-dependent manner. Furthermore, RSD-induced VCAM-1 and ICAM-1 protein expression were localized to the vasculature of brain regions implicated in fear and anxiety responses, which spatially corresponded to previously reported patterns of myeloid cell trafficking. Next, mRNA expression of additional adhesion molecules (E- and P-selectin, PECAM-1) and chemokines (CXCL1, CXCL2, CXCL12, CCL2) were determined in the brain. Social defeat induced an exposure-dependent increase in mRNA levels of E-selectin, CXCL1, and CXCL2 that increased with additional days of social defeat. While CXCL12 was unaffected by RSD, CCL2 expression was increased by six days of social defeat. Last, comparison between enriched CD11b(+) cells (microglia/macrophages) and enriched GLAST-1(+)/CD11b(-) cells (astrocytes) revealed RSD increased mRNA expression of IL-1β, CCL2, and CXCL2 in microglia/macrophages but not in astrocytes. Collectively, these data indicate that key mediators of leukocyte recruitment were increased in the brain vasculature following RSD in an exposure- and brain region-dependent manner.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Sawicki
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D B McKim
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - E S Wohleb
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - B L Jarrett
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - B F Reader
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - D M Norden
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA
| | - J P Godbout
- Department of Neuroscience, The Ohio State University, 333 West 10th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
| | - J F Sheridan
- Divsion of Biosciences, The Ohio State University, 305 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Institute for Behavioral Medicine Research, The Ohio State University, 460 Medical Center Drive, Columbus, OH 43210, USA; Center for Brain and Spinal Cord Repair, The Ohio State University, 460 West 12th Avenue, Columbus, OH 43210, USA.
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55
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Hosking MP, Lane TE. ELR(+) chemokine signaling in host defense and disease in a viral model of central nervous system disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2014; 8:165. [PMID: 24987333 PMCID: PMC4060560 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2014.00165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2014] [Accepted: 05/31/2014] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracranial infection of the neurotropic JHM strain of mouse hepatitis virus (JHMV) into the central nervous system (CNS) of susceptible strains of mice results in an acute encephalomyelitis, accompanied by viral replication in glial cells and robust infiltration of virus-specific T cells that contribute to host defense through cytokine secretion and cytolytic activity. Mice surviving the acute stage of disease develop an immune-mediated demyelinating disease, characterized by viral persistence in white matter tracts and a chronic neuroinflammatory response dominated by T cells and macrophages. Chemokines and their corresponding chemokine receptors are dynamically expressed throughout viral infection of the CNS, influencing neuroinflammation by regulating immune cell infltration and glial biology. This review is focused upon the pleiotropic chemokine receptor CXCR2 and its effects upon neutrophils and oligodendrocytes during JHMV infection and a number of other models of CNS inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Martin P. Hosking
- Department of Molecular Biology and Biochemistry, University of CaliforniaIrvine, CA, USA
| | - Thomas E. Lane
- Department of Pathology, Division of Microbiology and Immunology, School of Medicine, University of UtahSalt Lake City, UT, USA
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56
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Haghmorad D, Mahmoudi MB, Mahmoudi M, Rab SZT, Rastin M, Shegarfi H, Azizi G, Mirshafiey A. Calcium intervention ameliorates experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Oman Med J 2014; 29:185-9. [PMID: 24936267 DOI: 10.5001/omj.2014.46] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2014] [Accepted: 04/19/2014] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is the most common inflammatory disease of the CNS. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is a widely used model for MS. In the present research, our aim was to test the therapeutic efficacy of Calcium (Ca) in an experimental model of MS. METHODS In this study the experiment was done on C57BL/6 mice. EAE was induced using 200 μg of the MOG35-55 peptide emulsified in CFA and injected subcutaneously on day 0 over two flank areas. In addition, 250 ng of pertussis toxin was injected on days 0 and 2. In the treatment group, 30 mg/kg Ca was administered intraperitoneally four times at regular 48 hour intervals. The mice were sacrificed 21 days after EAE induction and blood samples were taken from their hearts. The brains of mice were removed for histological analysis and their isolated splenocytes were cultured. RESULTS Our results showed that treatment with Ca caused a significant reduction in the severity of the EAE. Histological analysis indicated that there was no plaque in brain sections of Ca treated group of mice whereas 4 ± 1 plaques were detected in brain sections of controls. The density of mononuclear infiltration in the CNS of Ca treated mice was lower than in controls. The serum level of Nitric Oxide in the treatment group was lower than in the control group but was not significant. Moreover, the levels of IFN-γ in cell culture supernatant of splenocytes in treated mice were significantly lower than in the control group. CONCLUSION The data indicates that Ca intervention can effectively attenuate EAE progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dariush Haghmorad
- Immunology Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mohammad B Mahmoudi
- Immunology Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Mahmoud Mahmoudi
- Genetics department, Shahid Sadoughi University of Medical Sciences, Yazd, Iran
| | - Shahrzad Z T Rab
- Immunology Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Maryam Rastin
- Immunology Research Center, Buali Research Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Hamid Shegarfi
- Institute for Surgical Research, Oslo University Hospital HF, Oslo, Norway
| | - Gholamreza Azizi
- Imam Hassan Mojtaba Hospital, Alborz University of Medical Sciences, Karaj, Iran
| | - Abbas Mirshafiey
- Department of Immunology, School of Public Health, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran-14155, Box: 6446, Iran
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57
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Minten C, Alt C, Gentner M, Frei E, Deutsch U, Lyck R, Schaeren-Wiemers N, Rot A, Engelhardt B. DARC shuttles inflammatory chemokines across the blood-brain barrier during autoimmune central nervous system inflammation. Brain 2014; 137:1454-69. [PMID: 24625696 PMCID: PMC3999718 DOI: 10.1093/brain/awu045] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/21/2013] [Revised: 12/30/2013] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The Duffy antigen/receptor for chemokines, DARC, belongs to the family of atypical heptahelical chemokine receptors that do not couple to G proteins and therefore fail to transmit conventional intracellular signals. Here we show that during experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis, an animal model of multiple sclerosis, the expression of DARC is upregulated at the blood-brain barrier. These findings are corroborated by the presence of a significantly increased number of subcortical white matter microvessels staining positive for DARC in human multiple sclerosis brains as compared to control tissue. Using an in vitro blood-brain barrier model we demonstrated that endothelial DARC mediates the abluminal to luminal transport of inflammatory chemokines across the blood-brain barrier. An involvement of DARC in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis pathogenesis was confirmed by the observed ameliorated experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis in Darc(-/-) C57BL/6 and SJL mice, as compared to wild-type control littermates. Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis studies in bone marrow chimeric Darc(-/-) and wild-type mice revealed that increased plasma levels of inflammatory chemokines in experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis depended on the presence of erythrocyte DARC. However, fully developed experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis required the expression of endothelial DARC. Taken together, our data show a role for erythrocyte DARC as a chemokine reservoir and that endothelial DARC contributes to the pathogenesis of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis by shuttling chemokines across the blood-brain barrier.
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MESH Headings
- Adult
- Aged
- Aged, 80 and over
- Animals
- Female
- Humans
- Male
- Mice
- Middle Aged
- Antigens, CD/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/metabolism
- Blood-Brain Barrier/physiopathology
- Capillary Permeability/genetics
- Central Nervous System/immunology
- Central Nervous System/metabolism
- Central Nervous System/pathology
- Cerebellum/metabolism
- Chemokines/genetics
- Chemokines/metabolism
- Disease Models, Animal
- Duffy Blood-Group System/metabolism
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/blood
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/chemically induced
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/pathology
- Encephalomyelitis, Autoimmune, Experimental/physiopathology
- Endothelium, Vascular/metabolism
- Endothelium, Vascular/pathology
- In Vitro Techniques
- Mice, Inbred C57BL
- Mice, Knockout
- Multiple Sclerosis/pathology
- Receptors, Cell Surface/deficiency
- Receptors, Cell Surface/metabolism
- Up-Regulation/genetics
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Affiliation(s)
- Carsten Minten
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Carsten Alt
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Melanie Gentner
- 2 Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Switzerland
| | - Elisabeth Frei
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Urban Deutsch
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Ruth Lyck
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
| | - Nicole Schaeren-Wiemers
- 2 Neurobiology, Department of Biomedicine, University Hospital Basel, University Basel, Switzerland
| | - Antal Rot
- 3 MRC Centre for Immune Regulation, School of Immunity and Infection, University of Birmingham, UK
| | - Britta Engelhardt
- 1 Theodor Kocher Institute, University of Bern, CH-3012 Bern, Switzerland
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58
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Dumas A, Amiable N, de Rivero Vaccari JP, Chae JJ, Keane RW, Lacroix S, Vallières L. The inflammasome pyrin contributes to pertussis toxin-induced IL-1β synthesis, neutrophil intravascular crawling and autoimmune encephalomyelitis. PLoS Pathog 2014; 10:e1004150. [PMID: 24875775 PMCID: PMC4038594 DOI: 10.1371/journal.ppat.1004150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2013] [Accepted: 04/15/2014] [Indexed: 12/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Microbial agents can aggravate inflammatory diseases, such as multiple sclerosis (MS) and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). An example is pertussis toxin (PTX), a bacterial virulence factor commonly used as an adjuvant to promote EAE, but whose mechanism of action is unclear. We have reported that PTX triggers an IL-6-mediated signaling cascade that increases the number of leukocytes that patrol the vasculature by crawling on its luminal surface. In the present study, we examined this response in mice lacking either TLR4 or inflammasome components and using enzymatically active and inactive forms of PTX. Our results indicate that PTX, through its ADP-ribosyltransferase activity, induces two series of events upstream of IL-6: 1) the activation of TLR4 signaling in myeloid cells, leading to pro-IL-1β synthesis; and 2) the formation of a pyrin-dependent inflammasome that cleaves pro-IL-1β into its active form. In turn, IL-1β stimulates nearby stromal cells to secrete IL-6, which is known to induce vascular changes required for leukocyte adhesion. Without pyrin, PTX does not induce neutrophil adhesion to cerebral capillaries and is less effective at inducing EAE in transgenic mice with encephalitogenic T lymphocytes. This study identifies the first microbial molecule that activates pyrin, a mechanism by which infections may influence MS and a potential therapeutic target for immune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aline Dumas
- Axis of Neuroscience, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Nathalie Amiable
- Axis of Neuroscience, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Juan Pablo de Rivero Vaccari
- Department of Neurological Surgery, The Miami Project to Cure Paralysis, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Jae Jin Chae
- Medical Genetics Branch, National Human Genome Research Institute, Bethesda, Maryland, United States of America
| | - Robert W. Keane
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Miami, Miami, Florida, United States of America
| | - Steve Lacroix
- Axis of Neuroscience, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
| | - Luc Vallières
- Axis of Neuroscience, University Hospital Center of Quebec, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
- Department of Molecular Medicine, Laval University, Quebec, Quebec, Canada
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59
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Russo RC, Garcia CC, Teixeira MM, Amaral FA. The CXCL8/IL-8 chemokine family and its receptors in inflammatory diseases. Expert Rev Clin Immunol 2014; 10:593-619. [DOI: 10.1586/1744666x.2014.894886] [Citation(s) in RCA: 317] [Impact Index Per Article: 31.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
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60
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Warford J, Jones QR, Nichols M, Sullivan V, Rupasinghe HV, Robertson GS. The flavonoid-enriched fraction AF4 suppresses neuroinflammation and promotes restorative gene expression in a mouse model of experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. J Neuroimmunol 2014; 268:71-83. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jneuroim.2014.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/22/2013] [Revised: 01/10/2014] [Accepted: 01/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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61
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Interactions between neutrophils, Th17 cells, and chemokines during the initiation of experimental model of multiple sclerosis. Mediators Inflamm 2014; 2014:590409. [PMID: 24692851 PMCID: PMC3945772 DOI: 10.1155/2014/590409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 64] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2013] [Revised: 01/07/2014] [Accepted: 01/12/2014] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE) is an animal model of multiple sclerosis (MS) in which activated T cell and neutrophil interactions lead to neuroinflammation. In this study the expression of CCR6, CXCR2, and CXCR6 in Th17 cells and neutrophils migrating to the brain during EAE was measured, alongside an evaluation of the production of IL-17, IL-23, CCL-20, and CXCL16 in the brain. Next, inflammatory cell subpopulations accumulating in the brain after intracerebral injections of IL-17 or CXCL1, as well as during modulation of EAE with anti-IL-23R or anti-CXCR2 antibodies, were analyzed. Th17 cells upregulate CXCR2 during the preclinical phase of EAE and a significant migration of these cells to the brain was observed. Neutrophils upregulated CCR6, CXCR2, and CXCR6 during EAE, accumulating in the brain both prior to and during acute EAE attacks. Production of IL-17, IL-23, CCL20, and CXCL16 in the CNS was increased during both preclinical and acute EAE. Intracerebral delivery of CXCL1 stimulated the early accumulation of neutrophils in normal and preclinical EAE brains but reduced the migration of Th17 cells to the brain during the preclinical stage of EAE. Modulation of EAE by anti-IL-23R antibodies ameliorated EAE by decreasing the intracerebral accumulation of Th17 cells.
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62
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Snook ER, Fisher-Perkins JM, Sansing HA, Lee KM, Alvarez X, MacLean AG, Peterson KE, Lackner AA, Bunnell BA. Innate immune activation in the pathogenesis of a murine model of globoid cell leukodystrophy. THE AMERICAN JOURNAL OF PATHOLOGY 2013; 184:382-96. [PMID: 24316110 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajpath.2013.10.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2013] [Revised: 09/19/2013] [Accepted: 10/18/2013] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Globoid cell leukodystrophy is a lysosomal storage disease characterized by the loss of galactocerebrosidase. Galactocerebrosidase loss leads to the accumulation of psychosine and subsequent oligodendrocyte cell death, demyelination, macrophage recruitment, and astroglial activation and proliferation. To date, no studies have elucidated the mechanism of glial cell activation and cytokine and chemokine up-regulation and release. We explored a novel explanation for the development of the pathological changes in the early stages of globoid cell leukodystrophy associated with toll-like receptor (TLR) 2 up-regulation in the hindbrain and cerebellum as a response to dying oligodendrocytes. TLR2 up-regulation on microglia/macrophages coincided with morphological changes consistent with activation at 2 and 3 weeks of age. TLR2 up-regulation on activated microglia/macrophages resulted in astrocyte activation and marked up-regulation of cytokines/chemokines. Because oligodendrocyte cell death is an important feature of globoid cell leukodystrophy, we tested the ability of TLR2 reporter cells to respond to oligodendrocyte cell death. These reporter cells responded in vitro to medium conditioned by psychosine-treated oligodendrocytes, indicating the likelihood that oligodendrocytes release a TLR2 ligand during apoptosis. TLRs are a member of the innate immune system and initiate immune and inflammatory events; therefore, the identification of TLR2 as a potential driver in the activation of central nervous system glial activity in globoid cell leukodystrophy may provide important insight into its pathogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eric R Snook
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Jeanne M Fisher-Perkins
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Hope A Sansing
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Kim M Lee
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Xavier Alvarez
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Andrew G MacLean
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Karin E Peterson
- Laboratory of Persistent Viral Diseases, Rocky Mountain Laboratories, National Institute of Allergy and Infectious Disease, Hamilton, Montana
| | - Andrew A Lackner
- Division of Comparative Pathology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana
| | - Bruce A Bunnell
- Division of Regenerative Medicine, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Covington, Louisiana; Department of Pharmacology, Tulane University Health Sciences Center, New Orleans, Louisiana.
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Ramesh G, MacLean AG, Philipp MT. Cytokines and chemokines at the crossroads of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and neuropathic pain. Mediators Inflamm 2013; 2013:480739. [PMID: 23997430 PMCID: PMC3753746 DOI: 10.1155/2013/480739] [Citation(s) in RCA: 417] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2013] [Revised: 07/11/2013] [Accepted: 07/12/2013] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Cytokines and chemokines are proteins that coordinate the immune response throughout the body. The dysregulation of cytokines and chemokines is a central feature in the development of neuroinflammation, neurodegeneration, and demyelination both in the central and peripheral nervous systems and in conditions of neuropathic pain. Pathological states within the nervous system can lead to activation of microglia. The latter may mediate neuronal and glial cell injury and death through production of proinflammatory factors such as cytokines and chemokines. These then help to mobilize the adaptive immune response. Although inflammation may induce beneficial effects such as pathogen clearance and phagocytosis of apoptotic cells, uncontrolled inflammation can result in detrimental outcomes via the production of neurotoxic factors that exacerbate neurodegenerative pathology. In states of prolonged inflammation, continual activation and recruitment of effector cells can establish a feedback loop that perpetuates inflammation and ultimately results in neuronal injury. A critical balance between repair and proinflammatory factors determines the outcome of a neurodegenerative process. This review will focus on how cytokines and chemokines affect neuroinflammation and disease pathogenesis in bacterial meningitis and brain abscesses, Lyme neuroborreliosis, human immunodeficiency virus encephalitis, and neuropathic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geeta Ramesh
- Division of Bacteriology and Parasitology, Tulane National Primate Research Center, Tulane University, 18703 Three Rivers Road, Covington, LA 70433, USA.
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