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Abstract
The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is activated in both acute and chronic pain. In this Review, we discuss increasing evidence from rodent studies that ACC activation contributes to chronic pain states and describe several forms of synaptic plasticity that may underlie this effect. In particular, one form of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the ACC, which is triggered by the activation of NMDA receptors and expressed by an increase in AMPA-receptor function, sustains the affective component of the pain state. Another form of LTP in the ACC, which is triggered by the activation of kainate receptors and expressed by an increase in glutamate release, may contribute to pain-related anxiety.
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52
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Zhuo M. Neural Mechanisms Underlying Anxiety-Chronic Pain Interactions. Trends Neurosci 2016; 39:136-145. [PMID: 26878750 DOI: 10.1016/j.tins.2016.01.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 191] [Impact Index Per Article: 23.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/15/2015] [Accepted: 01/21/2016] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Chronic pain is a major medical problem that is resistant to conventional medical intervention. It also causes emotional changes such as anxiety and fear. Furthermore, anxiety or fear often enhances the suffering of pain. Based on recent studies, I propose chronic anxiety triggered by injury or chronic pain is mediated through presynaptic long-term potentiation (LTP) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key cortical region for pain perception. Conversely, NMDA receptor-dependent postsynaptic LTP plays a more important role in behavioral sensitization in chronic pain. Thus, postsynaptic and presynaptic LTP in ACC neurons are likely the key cellular mechanisms for causing chronic pain and its associated anxiety, respectively. This suggests potential targets for treating chronic pain and related anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institutes of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an, 710049, China; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada; Centre for the study of Pain, University of Toronto, Ontario M5S 1A8, Canada.
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53
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Ahn JY, Tae HJ, Cho JH, Kim IH, Ahn JH, Park JH, Kim DW, Cho JH, Won MH, Hong S, Lee JC, Seo JY. Activation of immediate-early response gene c-Fos protein in the rat paralimbic cortices after myocardial infarction. Neural Regen Res 2015; 10:1251-7. [PMID: 26487852 PMCID: PMC4590237 DOI: 10.4103/1673-5374.162757] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
c-Fos is a good biological marker for detecting the pathogenesis of central nervous system disorders. Few studies are reported on the change in myocardial infarction-induced c-Fos expression in the paralimbic regions. Thus, in this study, we investigated the changes in c-Fos expression in the rat cingulate and piriform cortices after myocardial infarction. Neuronal degeneration in cingulate and piriform cortices after myocardial infarction was detected using cresyl violet staining, NeuN immunohistochemistry and Fluoro-Jade B histofluorescence staining. c-Fos-immunoreactive cells were observed in cingulate and piriform cortices at 3 days after myocardial infarction and peaked at 7 and 14 days after myocardial infarction. But they were hardly observed at 56 days after myocardial infarction. The chronological change of c-Fos expression determined by western blot analysis was basically the same as that of c-Fos immunoreactivity. These results indicate that myocardial infarction can cause the chronological change of immediate-early response gene c-Fos protein expression, which might be associated with the neural activity induced by myocardial infarction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Yun Ahn
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Anyang, South Korea ; Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Jin Tae
- Department of Biomedical Science and Research Institute for Bioscience and Biotechnology, Hallym University, Chunchon, South Korea
| | - Jeong-Hwi Cho
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - In Hye Kim
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Ji Hyeon Ahn
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Joon Ha Park
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Dong Won Kim
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Hwi Cho
- Department of Emergency Medicine, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Moo-Ho Won
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Seongkweon Hong
- Department of Surgery, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jae-Chul Lee
- Department of Neurobiology, School of Medicine, Kangwon National University, Chuncheon, South Korea
| | - Jeong Yeol Seo
- Department of Emergency Medicine, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon, South Korea
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54
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Jagannath A, Hughes S, Abdelgany A, Pothecary CA, Di Pretoro S, Pires SS, Vachtsevanos A, Pilorz V, Brown LA, Hossbach M, MacLaren RE, Halford S, Gatti S, Hankins MW, Wood MJA, Foster RG, Peirson SN. Isoforms of Melanopsin Mediate Different Behavioral Responses to Light. Curr Biol 2015; 25:2430-4. [PMID: 26320947 PMCID: PMC4580334 DOI: 10.1016/j.cub.2015.07.071] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/22/2014] [Revised: 05/18/2015] [Accepted: 07/30/2015] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Melanopsin (OPN4) is a retinal photopigment that mediates a wide range of non-image-forming (NIF) responses to light including circadian entrainment, sleep induction, the pupillary light response (PLR), and negative masking of locomotor behavior (the acute suppression of activity in response to light). How these diverse NIF responses can all be mediated by a single photopigment has remained a mystery. We reasoned that the alternative splicing of melanopsin could provide the basis for functionally distinct photopigments arising from a single gene. The murine melanopsin gene is indeed alternatively spliced, producing two distinct isoforms, a short (OPN4S) and a long (OPN4L) isoform, which differ only in their C terminus tails. Significantly, both isoforms form fully functional photopigments. Here, we show that different isoforms of OPN4 mediate different behavioral responses to light. By using RNAi-mediated silencing of each isoform in vivo, we demonstrated that the short isoform (OPN4S) mediates light-induced pupillary constriction, the long isoform (OPN4L) regulates negative masking, and both isoforms contribute to phase-shifting circadian rhythms of locomotor behavior and light-mediated sleep induction. These findings demonstrate that splice variants of a single receptor gene can regulate strikingly different behaviors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aarti Jagannath
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Neuroscience pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Steven Hughes
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK; F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Neuroscience pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Amr Abdelgany
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Carina A Pothecary
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Simona Di Pretoro
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Susana S Pires
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Athanasios Vachtsevanos
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Violetta Pilorz
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Laurence A Brown
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Markus Hossbach
- Axolabs GmbH, Fritz-Hornschuch-Straße 9, 95326 Kulmbach, Germany
| | - Robert E MacLaren
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Stephanie Halford
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Silvia Gatti
- F. Hoffmann-La Roche AG, Pharma Research and Early Development, DTA Neuroscience pRED, Grenzacherstrasse 124, Basel 4070, Switzerland
| | - Mark W Hankins
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK
| | - Matthew J A Wood
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Genetics, South Parks Road, Oxford OX1 3QX, UK
| | - Russell G Foster
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
| | - Stuart N Peirson
- Nuffield Laboratory of Ophthalmology, John Radcliffe Hospital, University of Oxford, Levels 5-6 West Wing, Headley Way, Oxford OX3 9DU, UK.
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55
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Arima Y, Kamimura D, Atsumi T, Harada M, Kawamoto T, Nishikawa N, Stofkova A, Ohki T, Higuchi K, Morimoto Y, Wieghofer P, Okada Y, Mori Y, Sakoda S, Saika S, Yoshioka Y, Komuro I, Yamashita T, Hirano T, Prinz M, Murakami M. A pain-mediated neural signal induces relapse in murine autoimmune encephalomyelitis, a multiple sclerosis model. eLife 2015; 4. [PMID: 26193120 PMCID: PMC4530187 DOI: 10.7554/elife.08733] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/14/2015] [Accepted: 07/14/2015] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Although pain is a common symptom of various diseases and disorders, its contribution to disease pathogenesis is not well understood. Here we show using murine experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE), a model for multiple sclerosis (MS), that pain induces EAE relapse. Mechanistic analysis showed that pain induction activates a sensory-sympathetic signal followed by a chemokine-mediated accumulation of MHC class II+CD11b+ cells that showed antigen-presentation activity at specific ventral vessels in the fifth lumbar cord of EAE-recovered mice. Following this accumulation, various immune cells including pathogenic CD4+ T cells recruited in the spinal cord in a manner dependent on a local chemokine inducer in endothelial cells, resulting in EAE relapse. Our results demonstrate that a pain-mediated neural signal can be transformed into an inflammation reaction at specific vessels to induce disease relapse, thus making this signal a potential therapeutic target. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08733.001 Multiple sclerosis (or MS for short) is a disease in which the insulating covers of nerve cells in the brain and spinal cord become inflamed and damaged. Depending on which nerves are affected, this disease can cause a wide range of symptoms, ranging from numbness and muscle spasms to visual disturbances and chronic pain. Many other diseases and disorders also have pain as a symptom, but it is not well understood if pain itself can directly contribute to the development of disease. Most people with MS will, initially, experience periods when their symptoms get worse (called ‘relapses’), which are then followed by periods of improvement. Arima, Kamimura et al. investigated whether the sensation of pain itself could trigger a relapse in a mouse model of MS. The experiments showed that a painful sensation could trigger a relapse in the mice via the so-called ‘gateway reflex’. This reflex describes the phenomenon whereby nerve impulses lead to the release of signaling molecules that cause the walls of nearby blood vessels to open and allow immune cells to move from the bloodstream to the central nervous system. This in turn stimulates the development of inflammation, which causes an imbalance in the affected sites of the central nervous system. These findings demonstrate that pain itself triggers a signal—sent via nerve impulses followed by the release of signaling molecules—that can lead to a relapse; and suggest that interfering with this signal could potentially help to treat to protect against relapses in MS. Following on from this work, it will be important to confirm if the gateway reflex exists in humans, and whether it is linked to other diseases that don't involve the central nervous system. DOI:http://dx.doi.org/10.7554/eLife.08733.002
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Affiliation(s)
- Yasunobu Arima
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Daisuke Kamimura
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Toru Atsumi
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Masaya Harada
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | | | - Naoki Nishikawa
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Andrea Stofkova
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Takuto Ohki
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Kotaro Higuchi
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Yuji Morimoto
- Department of Anesthesiology and Critical Care Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
| | - Peter Wieghofer
- Institute of Neuropathology, Faculty of Biology, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Yuka Okada
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yuki Mori
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Saburo Sakoda
- Department of Neurology, National Hospital Organization Toneyama Hospital, Osaka, Japan
| | - Shizuya Saika
- Department of Ophthalmology, Wakayama Medical University, Wakayama, Japan
| | - Yoshichika Yoshioka
- Laboratory of Biofunctional Imaging, WPI Immunology Frontier Research Center, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | - Issei Komuro
- Department of Cardiovascular Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Toshihide Yamashita
- Laboratory of Molecular Neuroscience, Graduate School of Medicine, Graduate School of Frontier Biosciences, Osaka University, Osaka, Japan
| | | | - Marco Prinz
- BIOSS Centre for Biological Signalling Studies, University of Freiburg, Freiburg, Germany
| | - Masaaki Murakami
- Division of Molecular Neuroimmunology, Institute for Genetic Medicine, Graduate School of Medicine, Hokkaido University, Sapporo, Japan
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56
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Banerji J. Asparaginase treatment side-effects may be due to genes with homopolymeric Asn codons (Review-Hypothesis). Int J Mol Med 2015; 36:607-26. [PMID: 26178806 PMCID: PMC4533780 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2015.2285] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2015] [Accepted: 07/15/2015] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
The present treatment of childhood T-cell leukemias involves the systemic administration of prokary-otic L-asparaginase (ASNase), which depletes plasma Asparagine (Asn) and inhibits protein synthesis. The mechanism of therapeutic action of ASNase is poorly understood, as are the etiologies of the side-effects incurred by treatment. Protein expression from genes bearing Asn homopolymeric coding regions (N-hCR) may be particularly susceptible to Asn level fluctuation. In mammals, N-hCR are rare, short and conserved. In humans, misfunctions of genes encoding N-hCR are associated with a cluster of disorders that mimic ASNase therapy side-effects which include impaired glycemic control, dislipidemia, pancreatitis, compromised vascular integrity, and neurological dysfunction. This paper proposes that dysregulation of Asn homeostasis, potentially even by ASNase produced by the microbiome, may contribute to several clinically important syndromes by altering expression of N-hCR bearing genes. By altering amino acid abundance and modulating ribosome translocation rates at codon repeats, the microbiomic environment may contribute to genome decoding and to shaping the proteome. We suggest that impaired translation at poly Asn codons elevates diabetes risk and severity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julian Banerji
- Center for Computational and Integrative Biology, MGH, Simches Research Center, Boston, MA 02114, USA
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57
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Somatostatin, neuronal vulnerability and behavioral emotionality. Mol Psychiatry 2015; 20:377-87. [PMID: 25600109 PMCID: PMC4355106 DOI: 10.1038/mp.2014.184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2014] [Revised: 10/13/2014] [Accepted: 11/17/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Somatostatin (SST) deficits are common pathological features in depression and other neurological disorders with mood disturbances, but little is known about the contribution of SST deficits to mood symptoms or causes of these deficits. Here we show that mice lacking SST (Sst(KO)) exhibit elevated behavioral emotionality, high basal plasma corticosterone and reduced gene expression of Bdnf, Cortistatin and Gad67, together recapitulating behavioral, neuroendocrine and molecular features of human depression. Studies in Sst(KO) and heterozygous (Sst(HZ)) mice show that elevated corticosterone is not sufficient to reproduce the behavioral phenotype, suggesting a putative role for Sst cell-specific molecular changes. Using laser capture microdissection, we show that cortical SST-positive interneurons display significantly greater transcriptome deregulations after chronic stress compared with pyramidal neurons. Protein translation through eukaryotic initiation factor 2 (EIF2) signaling, a pathway previously implicated in neurodegenerative diseases, was most affected and suppressed in stress-exposed SST neurons. We then show that activating EIF2 signaling through EIF2 kinase inhibition mitigated stress-induced behavioral emotionality in mice. Taken together, our data suggest that (1) low SST has a causal role in mood-related phenotypes, (2) deregulated EIF2-mediated protein translation may represent a mechanism for vulnerability of SST neurons and (3) that global EIF2 signaling has antidepressant/anxiolytic potential.
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58
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Koga K, Descalzi G, Chen T, Ko HG, Lu J, Li S, Son J, Kim T, Kwak C, Huganir RL, Zhao MG, Kaang BK, Collingridge GL, Zhuo M. Coexistence of two forms of LTP in ACC provides a synaptic mechanism for the interactions between anxiety and chronic pain. Neuron 2014; 85:377-89. [PMID: 25556835 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2014.12.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 229] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Chronic pain can lead to anxiety and anxiety can enhance the sensation of pain. Unfortunately, little is known about the synaptic mechanisms that mediate these re-enforcing interactions. Here we characterized two forms of long-term potentiation (LTP) in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC); a presynaptic form (pre-LTP) that requires kainate receptors and a postsynaptic form (post-LTP) that requires N-methyl-D-aspartate receptors. Pre-LTP also involves adenylyl cyclase and protein kinase A and is expressed via a mechanism involving hyperpolarization-activated cyclic nucleotide-gated (HCN) channels. Interestingly, chronic pain and anxiety both result in selective occlusion of pre-LTP. Significantly, microinjection of the HCN blocker ZD7288 into the ACC in vivo produces both anxiolytic and analgesic effects. Our results provide a mechanism by which two forms of LTP in the ACC may converge to mediate the interaction between anxiety and chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kohei Koga
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Giannina Descalzi
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Tao Chen
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Hyoung-Gon Ko
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Jinshan Lu
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China
| | - Shermaine Li
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada
| | - Junehee Son
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - TaeHyun Kim
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Chuljung Kwak
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Richard L Huganir
- Solomon H. Snyder Department of Neuroscience, The Johns Hopkins University School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21205, USA
| | - Ming-Gao Zhao
- Department of Pharmacology, School of Pharmacy, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xi'an 710032, China
| | - Bong-Kiun Kaang
- Department of Biological Sciences, College of Natural Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul 151-747, Korea
| | - Graham L Collingridge
- Centre for Synaptic Plasticity, School of Physiology and Pharmacology, University of Bristol, Bristol, BS8 1TD, UK
| | - Min Zhuo
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710049, China; Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON M5S 1A8, Canada.
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59
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Qiao H, An SC, Ren W, Ma XM. Progressive alterations of hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses in an animal model of depression. Behav Brain Res 2014; 275:191-200. [PMID: 25192638 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2014.08.040] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/03/2013] [Revised: 08/08/2014] [Accepted: 08/20/2014] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Major depressive disorder is the most prevalent psychiatric condition, but the cellular and molecular mechanisms underlying this disorder are largely unknown, although multiple hypotheses have been proposed. The aim of this study was to characterize the progressive alteration of neuronal plasticity in the male rat hippocampus during depression induced by chronic unpredictable mild stress (CUMS), an established animal model of depression. The data in the hippocampus were collected on days 7, 14 and 21 after the onset of three-week CUMS. When analyzed on day 21, three-week CUMS induced typically depressive-like behaviors, impaired LTP induction, and decreased basal synaptic transmission at hippocampal CA3-CA1 synapses recorded in vivo, which was accompanied by decreased density of dendritic spines in CA1 and CA3 pyramidal neurons. The levels of both Kalirin-7 and brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) in the hippocampus were decreased at the same time. On day 14 (middle phase), some depressive-like behaviors were observed, which was accompanied by depressed basal synaptic transmission and enhanced LTP induction at the CA3-CA1 synapses. However, BDNF expression was decreased without alteration of Kalirin7 expression in comparison with no-stress control. Depressed basal synaptic transmission occurred in the middle phase of CUMS may contribute to decreased expression of BDNF. On day 7, depressive-like behaviors were not observed, and LTP induction, spine density, Kalirin-7 and BDNF expression were not altered by CUMS in comparison with no-stress control. These results showed that the functional changes at CA3-CA1synapses occurred earlier than the structural alteration during three-week CUMS as a strategy of neural adaptation, and rats required three weeks to develop depressive-like behaviors during CUMS. Our results suggest an important role of Kalirin-7 in CUMS-mediated alterations in spine density, synaptic function and overall depressive-like behaviors on day 21.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Qiao
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, PR China
| | - Shu-Cheng An
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, PR China.
| | - Wei Ren
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, PR China
| | - Xin-Ming Ma
- College of Life Science, Shaanxi Normal University, Xi'an, Shaanxi Province 710062, PR China; University of Connecticut Health Center, Department of Neuroscience, Farmington, CT 06030, USA
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60
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Emotional regulatory function of receptor interacting protein 140 revealed in the ventromedial hypothalamus. Brain Behav Immun 2014; 40:226-34. [PMID: 24726835 PMCID: PMC4102625 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbi.2014.03.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/14/2014] [Revised: 03/13/2014] [Accepted: 03/28/2014] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Receptor-interacting protein (RIP140) is a transcription co-regulator highly expressed in macrophages to regulate inflammatory and metabolic processes. However, its implication in neurological, cognitive and emotional conditions, and the cellular systems relevant to its biological activity within the central nervous system are currently less clear. A transgenic mouse line with macrophage-specific knockdown of RIP140 was generated (MΦRIPKD mice) and brain-region specific RIP140 knockdown efficiency evaluated. Mice were subjected to a battery of tests, designed to evaluate multiple behavioral domains at naïve or following site-specific RIP140 re-expression. Gene expression analysis assessed TNF-α, IL-1β, TGF-1β, IL1-RA and neuropeptide Y (NPY) expression, and in vitro studies examined the effects of macrophage's RIP140 on astrocytes' NPY production. We found that RIP140 expression was dramatically reduced in macrophages within the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH) and the cingulate cortex of MΦRIPKD mice. These animals exhibited increased anxiety- and depressive-like behaviors. VMH-targeted RIP140 re-expression in MΦRIPKD mice reversed its depressive- but not its anxiety-like phenotype. Analysis of specific neurochemical changes revealed reduced astrocytic-NPY expression within the hypothalamus of MΦRIPKD mice, and in vitro analysis confirmed that conditioned medium of RIP140-silnenced macrophage culture could no longer stimulate NPY production from astrocytes. The current study revealed an emotional regulatory function of macrophage-derived RIP140 in the VMH, and secondary dysregulation of NPY within hypothalamic astrocyte population, which might be associated with the observed behavioral phenotype of MΦRIPKD mice. This study highlights RIP140 as a novel target for the development of potential therapeutic and intervention strategies for emotional regulation disorders.
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61
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Oxytocin in the prelimbic medial prefrontal cortex reduces anxiety-like behavior in female and male rats. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2014; 45:31-42. [PMID: 24845174 PMCID: PMC4067951 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2014.03.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 77] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2013] [Revised: 03/18/2014] [Accepted: 03/20/2014] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
The neuropeptide oxytocin (OT) is anxiolytic in rodents and humans. However, the specific brain regions where OT acts to regulate anxiety requires further investigation. The medial prefrontal cortex (mPFC) has been shown to play a role in the modulation of anxiety-related behavior. In addition, the mPFC contains OT-sensitive neurons, expresses OT receptors, and receives long range axonal projections from OT-producing neurons in the hypothalamus, suggesting that the mPFC may be a target where OT acts to diminish anxiety. To investigate this possibility, female rats were administered OT bilaterally into the prelimbic (PL) region of the mPFC and anxiety-like behavior assessed. In addition, to determine if the effects of OT on anxiety-like behavior are sex dependent and to evaluate the specificity of OT, male and female anxiety-like behavior was tested following delivery of either OT or the closely related neuropeptide arginine vasopressin (AVP) into the PL mPFC. Finally, the importance of endogenous OT in the regulation of anxiety-like behavior was examined in male and female rats that received PL infusions of an OT receptor antagonist (OTR-A). Overall, even though males and females showed some differences in their baseline levels of anxiety-like behavior, OT in the PL region of the mPFC decreased anxiety regardless of sex. In contrast, neither AVP nor an OTR-A affected anxiety-like behavior in males or females. Together, these findings suggest that although endogenous OT in the PL region of the mPFC does not influence anxiety, the PL mPFC is a site where exogenous OT may act to attenuate anxiety-related behavior independent of sex.
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62
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Zhang MM, Liu SB, Chen T, Koga K, Zhang T, Li YQ, Zhuo M. Effects of NB001 and gabapentin on irritable bowel syndrome-induced behavioral anxiety and spontaneous pain. Mol Brain 2014; 7:47. [PMID: 24935250 PMCID: PMC4071154 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-7-47] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2014] [Accepted: 06/10/2014] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Irritable bowel syndrome (IBS) is characterized by recurrent abdominal discomfort, spontaneous pain, colorectal hypersensitivity and bowel dysfunction. Patients with IBS also suffer from emotional anxiety and depression. However, few animal studies have investigated IBS-induced spontaneous pain and behavioral anxiety. In this study, we assessed spontaneous pain and anxiety behaviors in an adult mouse model of IBS induced by zymosan administration. By using Fos protein as a marker, we found that sensory and emotion related brain regions were activated at day 7 after the treatment with zymosan; these regions include the prefrontal cortex, anterior cingulate cortex, insular cortex and amygdala. Behaviorally, zymosan administration triggered spontaneous pain (decreased spontaneous activities in the open field test) and increased anxiety-like behaviors in three different tests (the open field, elevated plus maze and light/dark box tests). Intraperitoneal injection of NB001, an adenylyl cyclase 1 (AC1) inhibitor, reduced spontaneous pain but had no significant effect on behavioral anxiety. In contrast, gabapentin reduced both spontaneous pain and behavioral anxiety. These results indicate that NB001 and gabapentin may inhibit spontaneous pain and anxiety-like behaviors through different mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - Yun-Qing Li
- Department of Anatomy, Histology, Embryology & K, K, Leung Brain Research Centre, The Fourth Military Medical University, Xian, Shanxi 710032, China.
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63
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Liu MG, Chen J. Preclinical research on pain comorbidity with affective disorders and cognitive deficits: Challenges and perspectives. Prog Neurobiol 2014; 116:13-32. [DOI: 10.1016/j.pneurobio.2014.01.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 59] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2013] [Revised: 12/31/2013] [Accepted: 01/02/2014] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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64
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Felice VD, Gibney SM, Gosselin RD, Dinan TG, O'Mahony SM, Cryan JF. Differential activation of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala following psychological stress and colorectal distension in the maternally separated rat. Neuroscience 2014; 267:252-62. [PMID: 24513388 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2014.01.064] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2013] [Revised: 01/29/2014] [Accepted: 01/30/2014] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
Visceral hypersensitivity is a hallmark of many clinical conditions and remains an ongoing medical challenge. Although the central neural mechanisms that regulate visceral hypersensitivity are incompletely understood, it has been suggested that stress and anxiety often act as initiating or exacerbating factors. Dysfunctional corticolimbic structures have been implicated in disorders of visceral hypersensitivity such as irritable bowel syndrome (IBS). Moreover, the pattern of altered physiological responses to psychological and visceral stressors reported in IBS patients is also observed in the maternally separated (MS) rat model of IBS. However, the relative contribution of various divisions within the cortex to the altered stress responsivity of MS rats remains unknown. The aim of this study was to analyze the cellular activation pattern of the prefrontal cortex and amygdala in response to an acute psychological stressor (open field) and colorectal distension (CRD) using c-fos immunohistochemistry. Several corticoamygdalar structures were analyzed for the presence of c-fos-positive immunoreactivity including the prelimbic cortex, infralimbic cortex, the anterior cingulate cortex (both rostral and caudal) and the amygdala. Our data demonstrate distinct activation patterns within these corticoamygdalar regions including differential activation in basolateral versus central amygdala following exposure to CRD but not the open field stress. The identification of this neuronal activation pattern may provide further insight into the neurochemical pathways through which therapeutic strategies for IBS could be derived.
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Affiliation(s)
- V D Felice
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - S M Gibney
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - R D Gosselin
- Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - T G Dinan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; Department of Psychiatry, University College Cork, Ireland
| | - S M O'Mahony
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland.
| | - J F Cryan
- Department of Anatomy and Neuroscience, University College Cork, Ireland; Laboratory of Neurogastroenterology, Alimentary Pharmabiotic Centre, University College Cork, Ireland
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65
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Ikeda H, Mochizuki K, Murase K. Astrocytes are involved in long-term facilitation of neuronal excitation in the anterior cingulate cortex of mice with inflammatory pain. Pain 2013; 154:2836-2843. [PMID: 23988365 DOI: 10.1016/j.pain.2013.08.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/27/2013] [Revised: 08/18/2013] [Accepted: 08/20/2013] [Indexed: 12/23/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal plasticity in the pain-processing pathway is thought to be a mechanism underlying pain hypersensitivity and negative emotions occurring during a pain state. Recent evidence suggests that the activation of astrocytes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) contributes to the development of negative emotions during pain hypersensitivity after peripheral inflammation. However, it is unknown whether these activated astrocytes contribute to neuronal plasticity in the ACC. In this study, by using optical imaging with voltage- and Ca(2+)-sensitive dyes, we examined the long-term facilitation of neuronal excitation induced by high-frequency conditioning stimulation (HFS) in ACC slices of control mice and mice with peripheral inflammation induced by the injection of complete Freund adjuvant (CFA) to the hind paw. Immunoreactivity of glial fibrillary acidic protein in laminae II-III of the ACC in the CFA-injected mice was higher than in the control mice. Neuronal excitation in ACC slices from the CFA-injected mice was gradually increased by HFS, and the magnitude of this long-term facilitation was greater than in the control mice. The long-term facilitation in the CFA-injected mice was inhibited by the astroglial toxin, the N-methyl-d-aspartate (NMDA) receptor antagonist and NMDA receptor glycine binding site antagonist. The increase of intracellular Ca(2+) concentration in astrocytes during HFS was higher in the CFA-injected mice than in the control mice and was inhibited by l-α-aminoadipate (l-α-AA). These results suggest that the activation of astrocytes in the ACC plays a crucial role in the development of negative emotions and LTP during pain hypersensitivity after peripheral inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hiroshi Ikeda
- Department of Human and Artificial Intelligence Systems, Graduate School of Engineering, Research and Education Program for Life Science, University of Fukui, Fukui, Japan
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66
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Anxiolytic actions of motilin in the basolateral amygdala. Mol Neurobiol 2013; 47:892-902. [PMID: 23307330 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-012-8383-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2012] [Accepted: 12/04/2012] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Motilin is a 22-amino-acid gastrointestinal polypeptide that was first isolated from the porcine intestine. We identified that motilin receptor is highly expressed in GABAergic interneurons in the basolateral nucleus (BLA) of the amygdala, the structure of which is closely involved in assigning stress disorder and anxiety. However, little is known about the role of motilin in BLA neuronal circuits and the molecular mechanisms of stress-related anxiety. Whole-cell recordings from amygdala slices showed that motilin depolarized the interneurons and facilitated GABAergic transmission in the BLA, which is mimicked by the motilin receptor agonist, erythromycin. BLA local injection of erythromycin or motilin can reduce the anxiety-like behavior in mice after acute stress. Therefore, motilin is essential in regulating interneuron excitability and GABAergic transmission in BLA. Moreover, the anxiolytic actions of motilin can partly be explained by modulating the BLA neuronal circuits. The present data demonstrate the importance of motilin in anxiety and the development of motilin receptor non-peptide agonist as a clear target for the potential treatment of anxiety disorders.
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67
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Li H, Ohta H, Izumi H, Matsuda Y, Seki M, Toda T, Akiyama M, Matsushima Y, Goto YI, Kaga M, Inagaki M. Behavioral and cortical EEG evaluations confirm the roles of both CCKA and CCKB receptors in mouse CCK-induced anxiety. Behav Brain Res 2012; 237:325-32. [PMID: 23043971 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2012.09.051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2012] [Revised: 09/28/2012] [Accepted: 09/30/2012] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
This study investigated the roles of cholecystokinin (CCK)(A) and CCK(B) receptors on CCK-4-induced anxiety-like behaviors in mice through behavioral and neural evaluations. Anxiety-like behaviors in mice were induced by an intracerebroventricular (i.c.v.) administration of CCK-4, which can bind to both CCK(A) and CCK(B) receptors. The effects of CCK(A) and CCK(B) receptor antagonists (devazepide and CI-988, respectively) were examined using mouse anxiety tests (elevated-plus maze and light-dark box) and also by examining neuronal activities through EEG monitoring and c-Fos immunohistochemistry in the cortex and amygdala. CCK-4 (3 μg/kg of body weight i.c.v.) significantly induced mouse anxiety-like behaviors in the anxiety tests and also affected their EEG patterns with respect to pre-drug tracing, resulting in increase in spectral power in relative power distribution in the delta and theta bands (0.5-5 Hz frequency bands) and also in increase in c-Fos immunopositive neuron counts. These CCK-4 effects were completely suppressed by 1.0mg/kg CCK(B) receptor antagonist, CI-988, while the same amount of CCK(A) receptor antagonist, devazepide was partly able to suppress the same effects. These findings indicated that not only CCK(B) receptors but also CCK(A) receptors in the brain play important roles in regulating anxiety-like behaviors in mice. The present study also proposed a possibility that cortical EEG is useful for assessing anxiety.
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Affiliation(s)
- Heng Li
- Department of Developmental Disorders, National Institute of Mental Health, National Center of Neurology and Psychiatry, 4-1-1 Ogawa Higashi, Kodaira, Tokyo 187-8553, Japan
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68
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Zhong XL, Wei R, Zhou P, Luo YW, Wang XQ, Duan J, Bi FF, Zhang JY, Li CQ, Dai RP, Li F. Activation of Anterior Cingulate Cortex Extracellular Signal-Regulated Kinase-1 and -2 (ERK1/2) Regulates Acetic Acid-Induced, Pain-Related Anxiety in Adult Female Mice. Acta Histochem Cytochem 2012; 45:219-25. [PMID: 23012487 PMCID: PMC3445761 DOI: 10.1267/ahc.12002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2012] [Accepted: 05/02/2012] [Indexed: 11/22/2022] Open
Abstract
In visceral pain, anxiety and pain occur simultaneously, but the etiogenesis of this effect is not yet well-described. The anterior cingulate cortex (ACC) is known to be associated with the affective response to noxious stimuli. The aim of the current study is to define the role of ACC extracellular signal-regulated (ERK)-1 and-2 (ERK1/2) activity in the development of pain-related anxiety/depression and the nocifensive response in acetic acid (AA)-elicited visceral pain. The model of visceral pain was created by intraperitoneal (ip) injection of AA to female Kunming mice. We found that AA injection resulted in a dynamic, bilateral ERK1/2 activation pattern in the ACC. Inhibition of ERK1/2 activation 2 hr after AA injection by subcutaneous (sc) injection of the mitogen-activating extracellular kinase (MEK) inhibitor, SL327, had no effect on the nocifensive responses, but did attenuate anxiety-like behavior, as determined by elevated plus-maze and open-field testing results. These data suggest that AA-induced visceral pain activates expression of ACC ERK1/2, which regulates visceral pain-related anxiety, but not the nocifensive response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiao-Lin Zhong
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Rong Wei
- Clinic Medicine of 8-year Program, Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University
| | - Pei Zhou
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
| | - Yan-Wei Luo
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Xue-Qin Wang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Juan Duan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Fang-Fang Bi
- Department of Neurology, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University
| | - Jian-Yi Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Chang-Qi Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University
| | - Ru-Ping Dai
- Department of Anesthesia, The Second Xiangya Hospital of Central South University
| | - Fang Li
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, School of Basic Medical Sciences, Central South University
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69
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Li XY, Chen T, Descalzi G, Koga K, Qiu S, Zhuo M. Characterization of neuronal intrinsic properties and synaptic transmission in layer I of anterior cingulate cortex from adult mice. Mol Pain 2012; 8:53. [PMID: 22818293 PMCID: PMC3495677 DOI: 10.1186/1744-8069-8-53] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/23/2012] [Accepted: 06/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/29/2023] Open
Abstract
The neurons in neocortex layer I (LI) provide inhibition to the cortical networks. Despite increasing use of mice for the study of brain functions, few studies were reported about mouse LI neurons. In the present study, we characterized intrinsic properties of LI neurons of the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), a key cortical area for sensory and cognitive functions, by using whole-cell patch clamp recording approach. Seventy one neurons in LI and 12 pyramidal neurons in LII/III were recorded. Although all of the LI neurons expressed continuous adapting firing characteristics, the unsupervised clustering results revealed five groups in the ACC, including: Spontaneous firing neurons; Delay-sAHP neurons, Delay-fAHP neurons, and two groups of neurons with ADP, named ADP1 and ADP2, respectively. Using pharmacological approaches, we found that LI neurons received both excitatory (mediated by AMPA, kainate and NMDA receptors), and inhibitory inputs (which were mediated by GABAA receptors). Our studies provide the first report characterizing the electrophysiological properties of neurons in LI of the ACC from adult mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yao Li
- Center for Neuron and Disease, Frontier Institute of Science and Technology, Xi'an Jiaotong University, Xi'an 710054, China
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70
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Zhang F, Liu B, Lei Z, Wang JH. mGluR₁,5 activation improves network asynchrony and GABAergic synapse attenuation in the amygdala: implication for anxiety-like behavior in DBA/2 mice. Mol Brain 2012; 5:20. [PMID: 22681774 PMCID: PMC3475049 DOI: 10.1186/1756-6606-5-20] [Citation(s) in RCA: 48] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2012] [Accepted: 05/09/2012] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Anxiety is a prevalent psychological disorder, in which the atypical expression of certain genes and the abnormality of amygdala are involved. Intermediate processes between genetic defects and anxiety, pathophysiological characteristics of neural network, remain unclear. Using behavioral task, two-photon cellular imaging and electrophysiology, we studied the characteristics of neural networks in basolateral amygdala and the influences of metabotropic glutamate receptor (mGluR) on their dynamics in DBA/2 mice showing anxiety-related genetic defects. Amygdala neurons in DBA/2 high anxiety mice express asynchronous activity and diverse excitability, and their GABAergic synapses demonstrate weak transmission, compared to those in low anxiety FVB/N mice. mGluR1,5 activation improves the anxiety-like behaviors of DBA/2 mice, synchronizes the activity of amygdala neurons and strengthens the transmission of GABAergic synapses. The activity asynchrony of amygdala neurons and the weakness of GABA synaptic transmission are associated with anxiety-like behavior.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fengyu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory, Institute of Biophysics, Chinese Academy of Sciences, 15 Datun Road, Beijing 100101, China
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71
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Reis FMCV, Albrechet-Souza L, Franci CR, Brandão ML. Risk assessment behaviors associated with corticosterone trigger the defense reaction to social isolation in rats: role of the anterior cingulate cortex. Stress 2012; 15:318-28. [PMID: 21992055 DOI: 10.3109/10253890.2011.623740] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The extent to which the hypothalamic-pituitary-adrenal axis is activated by short-term and long-term consequences of stress is still open to investigation. This study aimed to determine (i) the correlation between plasma corticosterone and exploratory behavior exhibited by rats subjected to the elevated plus maze (EPM) following different periods of social isolation, (ii) the effects of the corticosterone synthesis blocker, metyrapone, on the behavioral consequences of isolation, and (iii) whether corticosterone produces its effects through an action on the anterior cingulate cortex, area 1 (Cg1). Rats were subjected to 30-min, 2-h, 24-h, or 7-day isolation periods before EPM exposure and plasma corticosterone assessments. Isolation for longer periods of time produced greater anxiogenic-like effects on the EPM. However, stretched attend posture (SAP) and plasma corticosterone concentrations were increased significantly after 30 min of isolation. Among all of the behavioral categories measured in the EPM, only SAP positively correlated with plasma corticosterone. Metyrapone injected prior to the 24 h isolation period reversed the anxiogenic effects of isolation. Moreover, corticosterone injected into the Cg1 produced a selective increase in SAP. These findings indicate that risk assessment behavior induced by the action of corticosterone on Cg1 neurons initiates a cascade of defensive responses during exposure to stressors.
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72
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Xie Y, Wang Y, Zhang T, Ren G, Yang Z. Effects of nanoparticle zinc oxide on spatial cognition and synaptic plasticity in mice with depressive-like behaviors. J Biomed Sci 2012; 19:14. [PMID: 22300475 PMCID: PMC3305542 DOI: 10.1186/1423-0127-19-14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 65] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/19/2011] [Accepted: 02/03/2012] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Background Nanomaterials, as a new kind of materials, have been greatly applied in different fields due to their special properties. With the industrialization of nanostructured materials and increasing public exposure, the biosafety and potential influences on central nervous system (CNS) have received more attention. Nanosized zinc oxide (nanoZnO) was suggested to up-regulate neuronal excitability and to induce glutamate release in vitro. Therefore, we hypothesized nanoparticles of nanoZnO may lead to changes in balance of neurotransmitter or neuronal excitability of CNS. This study was to investigate if there were effects of nanoZnO on animal model of depression. Methods Male Swiss mice were given lipopolysaccharides (LPS, 100 μg/kg, 100 μg/ml, every other day, 8 times, i.p.) from weaning to induce depressive-like behaviors. NanoZnO (5.6 mg/kg, 5.6 mg/ml, every other day, 8 times, i.p.) was given as the interaction. The mouse model was characterized using the methods of open field test, tail suspension test and forced swim test. Furthermore, the spatial memory was evaluated using Morris water maze (MWM) and the synaptic plasticity was assessed by measuring the long-term potentiation (LTP) in the perforant pathway (PP) to dentate gyrus (DG) in vivo. Results Results indicated that model mice showed disrupted spatial memory and LTP after LPS injections and the behavioral and electrophysiological improvements after nanoZnO treatment. Conclusion Data suggested that nanoZnO may play some roles in CNS of mental disorders, which could provide some useful direction on the new drug exploring and clinical researches.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yongling Xie
- School of Medicine, Nankai University, Tianjin, China
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73
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Spinophilin is required for normal morphology, Ca(2+) homeostasis and contraction but dispensable for β-adrenergic stimulation of adult cardiomyocytes. J Muscle Res Cell Motil 2011; 32:243-8. [PMID: 21922228 DOI: 10.1007/s10974-011-9259-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2011] [Accepted: 09/04/2011] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
Spinophilin (SPN) is a ubiquitously expressed scaffolding protein that interacts through several binding modules with a variety of target proteins. Thus, SPN bundles F-actin, targets protein phosphatase 1 to the ryanodine receptor, and targets regulators of G-protein signaling to G-protein coupled receptors in cardiomyocytes. In this work we studied the role of SPN on cardiomyocyte morphology, function, and β-adrenergic responsiveness using a homozygous SPN knock-out mouse model (SPN-/-). We show that spinophilin deficiency significantly (1) reduced cardiomyocyte length, (2) increases both Ca(2+) amplitude and maximal rate of Ca(2+) rise during systole, and (3) decreased shortening amplitude and maximal rate of shortening, while (4) β-adrenergic stimulation remained intact. Our data suggest that spinophilin is an upstream regulator required for normal growth and excitation-contraction coupling, but is dispensable for β-adrenergic stimulation of adult cardiomyocytes.
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74
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Li XY, Ko HG, Chen T, Collingridge GL, Kaang BK, Zhuo M. Erasing injury-related cortical synaptic potentiation as a new treatment for chronic pain. J Mol Med (Berl) 2011; 89:847-55. [PMID: 21584648 DOI: 10.1007/s00109-011-0768-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2011] [Revised: 04/13/2011] [Accepted: 05/05/2011] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
Synaptic plasticity in the spinal cord and the cortex is believed to be important for the amplification of painful information in chronic pain conditions. The investigation of molecular mechanism responsible for maintaining injury-related plastic changes, such as through the study of long-term potentiation in these structures, provides potential novel targets for designing new medicine for chronic pain. Recent studies using integrative neurobiological approaches demonstrate that protein kinase M zeta (PKMζ) maintains pain-induced persistent changes in the anterior cingulate cortex (ACC), and inhibiting PKMζ by ζ-pseudosubstrate inhibitory peptide produces analgesic effects in animal models of chronic pain. We propose that targeting PKMζ, or its up- or downstream signaling proteins, in the ACC may provide novel clinical treatment for chronic pain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiang-Yao Li
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Medicine, Center for the Study of Pain, University of Toronto, Medical Science Building, Room no. 3342, 1 King's College Circle, Toronto, Ontario, M5S 1A8, Canada
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