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Corso MC, Cortasa SA, Schmidt AR, Proietto S, Inserra PIF, Fernández MO, Di Giorgio N, Lux-Lantos V, Vitullo AD, Dorfman VB, Halperin J. Mammary gland-specific regulation of GNRH and GNRH-receptor gene expression is likely part of a local autoregulatory system in female vizcachas (Rodentia: Chinchillidae). Gen Comp Endocrinol 2020; 296:113518. [PMID: 32474048 DOI: 10.1016/j.ygcen.2020.113518] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/22/2020] [Revised: 04/06/2020] [Accepted: 05/22/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
Abstract
In addition to key mammotrophic hormones such as the pituitary prolactin (PRL) and the ovarian steroids progesterone and estradiol, there are local factors that modulate the tissue dynamics of the mammary glands during pregnancy and lactation. By immunohistochemistry and RT-PCR, we found local transcription and translation of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GNRH), GNRH receptor (GNRHR), PRL and PRL receptor (PRLR) in mammary glands of adult vizcachas during pregnancy and lactation. Both GNRH and GNRHR showed a lag between protein expression and gene transcription throughout the gestational period: while the highest transcription levels of these genes were recorded at early-pregnancy, the epithelial immunoexpressions of both showed their maximum during lactation. RIA results corroborated the presence of GNRH in mammary glands at all the analyzed stages and confirmed the maximum amount of this peptide in the lactating group. Significant amounts of GNRH were detected in milk samples as well. Conversely, PRL and PRLR shared similar protein and gene expression profiles, all exhibiting maximum values during lactation. GNRH peptide content in mammary glands of females with sulpiride-induced hyperprolactinemia (HP) was significantly lower than that of control females (CT). Although PRL mRNA levels remained unchanged, there was a marked increase in theα-lactalbumin (LALBA) transcription in mammary glands of HP- vs CT-females. These results suggest that after targeting mammary glands, PRL stimulates the expression of milk protein genes, but also, tempers the local expression of GNRH. Mammary gland-explantssupplemented with a GNRH analogue (GN-explants) had no differences in terms of PRLR orLALBA transcription levels compared to CT-explants, so the mammary PRLR signaling would not appear to be modulated by GNRH. Yet, mRNA expression levels of both GNRH and the GNRHR-downstream factor, EGR1, were significantly higher in GN-explants compared to that of CT which would point to a GNRH-positive feedback mechanism. In summary, the local coupled expression of GNRH, GNRHR and EGR1 in the mammary gland throughout pregnancy of vizcachas, the PRL-dependent mammary GNRH secretion as well as the GNRH positive feedback on its own transcription suggest an autocrine-paracrine regulatory mechanism and propose an active role for GNRH in mammary gland tissue remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Clara Corso
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Santiago Andrés Cortasa
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Alejandro Raúl Schmidt
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Sofía Proietto
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Pablo Ignacio Felipe Inserra
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Marina Olga Fernández
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Noelia Di Giorgio
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Victoria Lux-Lantos
- Laboratorio de Neuroendocrinología, Instituto de Biología y Medicina Experimental (IByME)-CONICET, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina; Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Alfredo Daniel Vitullo
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Verónica Berta Dorfman
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina
| | - Julia Halperin
- Centro de Estudios Biomédicos Básicos, Aplicados y Desarrollo (CEBBAD), Universidad Maimónides, Ciudad Autónoma de Buenos Aires, Argentina(2); Consejo Nacional de Investigaciones Científicas y Técnicas (CONICET), Argentina.
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Tsutsui S, Wakasa H, Tsugami Y, Suzuki T, Nishimura T, Kobayashi K. Distinct Expression Patterns of Fibrillar Collagen Types I, III, and V in Association with Mammary Gland Remodeling during Pregnancy, Lactation and Weaning. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:219-232. [PMID: 32915396 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09457-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2020] [Accepted: 09/06/2020] [Indexed: 10/23/2022] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland structurally and functionally remodels during pregnancy, during lactation and after weaning. There are three types of fibrillar collagens, types I, III, and V, in mammary stromal tissue. While the importance of the fibrillar structure of collagens for mammary morphogenesis has been suggested, the expression patterns of each type of fibrillar collagen in conjunction with mammary remodeling remain unclear. In this study, we investigated their expression patterns during pregnancy, parturition, lactation and involution. Type I collagen showed a well-developed fibril structure during pregnancy, but the fibrillar structure of type I collagen then became sparse at parturition and during lactation, which was concurrent with the downregulation of its mRNA and protein levels. The well-developed fibrillar structure of type I collagen reappeared after weaning. On the other hand, type V collagen showed a well-developed fibrillar structure and upregulation in the lactation period but not in the periods of pregnancy and involution. Type III collagen transiently developed a dense fibrillar network at the time of parturition and exhibited drastic increases in mRNA expression. These results indicate that each type of fibrillar collagen is distinctly involved in structural and functional remodeling in mammary glands during pregnancy, parturition, lactation, and involution after weaning. Furthermore, in vitro studies of mammary epithelial cells showed regulatory effects of type I collagen on cell adhesion, cell proliferation, ductal branching, and β-casein secretion. Each type of fibrillar collagen may have different roles in defining the cellular microenvironment in conjunction with structural and functional mammary gland remodeling.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Tsutsui
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Haruka Wakasa
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Yusaku Tsugami
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takahiro Suzuki
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Takanori Nishimura
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan
| | - Ken Kobayashi
- Laboratory of Cell and Tissue Biology, Research Faculty of Agriculture, Hokkaido University, North 9, West 9, Sapporo, 060-8589, Japan.
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Bruce JIE, James AD. Targeting the Calcium Signalling Machinery in Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12092351. [PMID: 32825277 PMCID: PMC7565467 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12092351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2020] [Revised: 07/30/2020] [Accepted: 08/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer is caused by excessive cell proliferation and a propensity to avoid cell death, while the spread of cancer is facilitated by enhanced cellular migration, invasion, and vascularization. Cytosolic Ca2+ is central to each of these important processes, yet to date, there are no cancer drugs currently being used clinically, and very few undergoing clinical trials, that target the Ca2+ signalling machinery. The aim of this review is to highlight some of the emerging evidence that targeting key components of the Ca2+ signalling machinery represents a novel and relatively untapped therapeutic strategy for the treatment of cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I. E. Bruce
- Division of Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +44-(0)-161-275-5484
| | - Andrew D. James
- Department of Biology, University of York, Heslington, York YO10 5DD, UK;
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Ambrosone CB, Higgins MJ. Relationships between Breast Feeding and Breast Cancer Subtypes: Lessons Learned from Studies in Humans and in Mice. Cancer Res 2020; 80:4871-4877. [PMID: 32816853 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-20-0077] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/07/2020] [Revised: 04/21/2020] [Accepted: 08/06/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
There are differential risk relationships between parity and breast cancer according to estrogen receptor (ER) status, with an increased risk of ER- disease reduced by breastfeeding. This may be particularly relevant for understanding the higher incidence of ER- tumors in Black women, who are more likely to be parous and less likely to breastfeed than other U.S. groups. Potential mechanisms for these relationships may include effects of disordered breast involution on inflammatory milieu in the breast as well as epigenetic reprogramming in the mammary gland, which can affect cell fate decisions in progenitor cell pools. In normal breast tissue, parity has been associated with hypermethylation of FOXA1, a pioneer transcription factor that promotes the luminal phenotype in luminal progenitors, while repressing the basal phenotype. In breast tumors, relationships between FOXA1 methylation and parity were strongest among women who did not breastfeed. Here, we summarize the epidemiologic literature regarding parity, breastfeeding, and breast cancer subtypes, and review potential mechanisms whereby these factors may influence breast carcinogenesis, with a focus on effects on progenitor cell pools in the mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christine B Ambrosone
- Department of Cancer Prevention and Control, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York.
| | - Michael J Higgins
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Biology, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, New York
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Elder AM, Stoller AR, Black SA, Lyons TR. Macphatics and PoEMs in Postpartum Mammary Development and Tumor Progression. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2020; 25:103-113. [PMID: 32535810 PMCID: PMC7395889 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-020-09451-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 05/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Postpartum mammary gland involution is a mammalian tissue remodeling event that occurs after pregnancy and lactation to return the gland to the pre-pregnant state. This event is characterized by apoptosis and lysosomal-mediated cell death of the majority of the lactational mammary epithelium, followed by remodeling of the extracellular matrix, influx of immune cell populations (in particular, T helper cells, monocytes, and macrophages), and neo-lymphangiogenesis. This postpartum environment has been shown to be promotional for tumor growth and metastases and may partially account for why women diagnosed with breast cancer during the postpartum period or within 5 years of last childbirth have an increased risk of developing metastases when compared to their nulliparous counterparts. The lymphatics and macrophages present during mammary gland involution have been implicated in promoting the observed growth and metastasis. Of importance are the macrophages, which are of the "M2" phenotype and are known to create a pro-tumor microenvironment. In this report, we describe a subset of postpartum macrophages that express lymphatic proteins (PoEMs) and directly interact with lymphatic vessels to form chimeric vessels or "macphatics". Additionally, these PoEMs are very similar to tumor-associated macrophages that also express lymphatic proteins and are present at the sites of lymphatic vessels where tumors escape the tissue and enter the lymphatic vasculature. Further characterizing these PoEMs may offer insight in preventing lymphatic metastasis of breast cancer, as well as provide information for how developmental programming of lymphatic endothelial cells and macrophages can contribute to different disease progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alan M Elder
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, 12801 E 17th Ave, RC1 South, Mailstop 8117, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Alexander R Stoller
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, 12801 E 17th Ave, RC1 South, Mailstop 8117, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA
- Division of Medical Oncology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Sarah A Black
- University of Colorado School of Medicine, Aurora, CO, USA
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Cancer Center, 12801 E 17th Ave, RC1 South, Mailstop 8117, Aurora, CO, 80045, USA.
- Division of Medical Oncology, Anschutz Medical Center, University of Colorado, Aurora, CO, USA.
- Graduate Program in Cancer Biology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, USA.
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Gene expression profiles for low-dose exposure to diethyl phthalate in rodents and humans: a translational study with implications for breast carcinogenesis. Sci Rep 2020; 10:7067. [PMID: 32341500 PMCID: PMC7184607 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-63904-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/02/2019] [Accepted: 03/05/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Phthalates are commonly included as ingredients in personal care products such as cosmetics, shampoos and perfumes. Diethyl phthalate (DEP) has been found to be anti-androgenic and linked with adverse reproductive effects on males, but effects on females are poorly understood. We designed an integrative and translational study to experimentally examine the effects of DEP exposure at a human-equivalent dose on the mammary transcriptome in rats and to subsequently examine the DEP gene signature in breast tissues (both pre-malignant and tumor) from a population study. In Sprague-Dawley rats treated orally with DEP from birth to adulthood, we identified a signature panel of 107 genes predominantly down-regulated by DEP exposure. Univariate analysis of this 107 DEP gene signature in pre-malignant breast tissues revealed that six genes (P4HA1, MPZL3, TMC4, PLEKHA6, CA8, AREG) were inversely associated with monoethyl phthalate (MEP; the urinary metabolite of DEP) concentration (p < 0.05) among postmenopausal women; all six genes loaded on to one of seven factors identified by factor analysis. Transcription factor enrichment analysis revealed that genes in this factor were enriched for androgen receptor binding sites. These six genes were also significantly down-regulated in pre-malignant adjacent tissues compared to the corresponding tumor tissues in pair-wise analyses (p < 0.05). Results from our translational study indicate that low level exposure to diethyl phthalate results in measurable genomic changes in breast tissue with implications in breast carcinogenesis.
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Sumbal J, Chiche A, Charifou E, Koledova Z, Li H. Primary Mammary Organoid Model of Lactation and Involution. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:68. [PMID: 32266252 PMCID: PMC7098375 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 13.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/01/2019] [Accepted: 01/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mammary gland development occurs mainly after birth and is composed of three successive stages: puberty, pregnancy and lactation, and involution. These developmental stages are associated with major tissue remodeling, including extensive changes in mammary epithelium, as well as surrounding stroma. Three-dimensional (3D) mammary organoid culture has become an important tool in mammary gland biology and enabled invaluable discoveries on pubertal mammary branching morphogenesis and breast cancer. However, a suitable 3D organoid model recapitulating key aspects of lactation and involution has been missing. Here, we describe a robust and straightforward mouse mammary organoid system modeling lactation and involution-like process, which can be applied to study mechanisms of physiological mammary gland lactation and involution as well as pregnancy-associated breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jakub Sumbal
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Aurelie Chiche
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Elsa Charifou
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
| | - Zuzana Koledova
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Masaryk University, Brno, Czechia
| | - Han Li
- Department of Developmental and Stem Cell Biology, Cellular Plasticity and Disease Modelling, CNRS UMR 3738, Institut Pasteur, Paris, France
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Guan D, Landi V, Luigi-Sierra MG, Delgado JV, Such X, Castelló A, Cabrera B, Mármol-Sánchez E, Fernández-Alvarez J, de la Torre Casañas JLR, Martínez A, Jordana J, Amills M. Analyzing the genomic and transcriptomic architecture of milk traits in Murciano-Granadina goats. J Anim Sci Biotechnol 2020; 11:35. [PMID: 32175082 PMCID: PMC7065321 DOI: 10.1186/s40104-020-00435-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2019] [Accepted: 02/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Background In this study, we aimed to investigate the molecular basis of lactation as well as to identify the genetic factors that influence milk yield and composition in goats. To achieve these two goals, we have analyzed how the mRNA profile of the mammary gland changes in seven Murciano-Granadina goats at each of three different time points, i.e. 78 d (T1, early lactation), 216 d (T2, late lactation) and 285 d (T3, dry period) after parturition. Moreover, we have performed a genome-wide association study (GWAS) for seven dairy traits recorded in the 1st lactation of 822 Murciano-Granadina goats. Results The expression profiles of the mammary gland in the early (T1) and late (T2) lactation were quite similar (42 differentially expressed genes), while strong transcriptomic differences (more than one thousand differentially expressed genes) were observed between the lactating (T1/T2) and non-lactating (T3) mammary glands. A large number of differentially expressed genes were involved in pathways related with the biosynthesis of amino acids, cholesterol, triglycerides and steroids as well as with glycerophospholipid metabolism, adipocytokine signaling, lipid binding, regulation of ion transmembrane transport, calcium ion binding, metalloendopeptidase activity and complement and coagulation cascades. With regard to the second goal of the study, the performance of the GWAS allowed us to detect 24 quantitative trait loci (QTLs), including three genome-wide significant associations: QTL1 (chromosome 2, 130.72-131.01 Mb) for lactose percentage, QTL6 (chromosome 6, 78.90-93.48 Mb) for protein percentage and QTL17 (chromosome 17, 11.20 Mb) for both protein and dry matter percentages. Interestingly, QTL6 shows positional coincidence with the casein genes, which encode 80% of milk proteins. Conclusions The abrogation of lactation involves dramatic changes in the expression of genes participating in a broad array of physiological processes such as protein, lipid and carbohydrate metabolism, calcium homeostasis, cell death and tissue remodeling, as well as immunity. We also conclude that genetic variation at the casein genes has a major impact on the milk protein content of Murciano-Granadina goats.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dailu Guan
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Vincenzo Landi
- 2Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - María Gracia Luigi-Sierra
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | | | - Xavier Such
- 3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Anna Castelló
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Betlem Cabrera
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Emilio Mármol-Sánchez
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Javier Fernández-Alvarez
- Asociación Nacional de Criadores de Caprino de Raza Murciano-Granadina (CAPRIGRAN), 18340 Granada, Spain
| | | | - Amparo Martínez
- 2Departamento de Genética, Universidad de Córdoba, 14071 Córdoba, Spain
| | - Jordi Jordana
- 3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
| | - Marcel Amills
- 1Centre for Research in Agricultural Genomics (CRAG), CSIC-IRTA-UAB-UB, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain.,3Departament de Ciència Animal i dels Aliments, Facultat de Veterinària, Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, 08193 Bellaterra, Spain
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de Bessa Garcia SA, Araújo M, Pereira T, Mouta J, Freitas R. HOX genes function in Breast Cancer development. Biochim Biophys Acta Rev Cancer 2020; 1873:188358. [PMID: 32147544 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbcan.2020.188358] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/06/2019] [Revised: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 03/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Breast cancer develops in the mammary glands during mammalian adulthood and is considered the second most common type of human carcinoma and the most incident and mortal in the female population. In contrast to other human structures, the female mammary glands continue to develop after birth, undergoing various modifications during pregnancy, lactation and involution under the regulation of hormones and transcription factors, including those encoded by the HOX clusters (A, B, C, and D). Interestingly, HOX gene deregulation is often associated to breast cancer development. Within the HOXB cluster, 8 out of the 10 genes present altered expression levels in breast cancer with an impact in its aggressiveness and resistance to hormone therapy, which highlights the importance of HOXB genes as potential therapeutic targets used to overcome the limitations of tamoxifen-resistant cancer treatments. Here, we review the current state of knowledge on the role of HOX genes in breast cancer, specially focus on HOXB, discussing the causes and consequences of HOXB gene deregulation and their relevance as prognostic factors and therapeutic targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Simone Aparecida de Bessa Garcia
- IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, I3S- Institute for Innovation and Health Research, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Mafalda Araújo
- IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, I3S- Institute for Innovation and Health Research, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Tiago Pereira
- IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, I3S- Institute for Innovation and Health Research, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - João Mouta
- IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, I3S- Institute for Innovation and Health Research, Universidade do Porto, Portugal
| | - Renata Freitas
- IBMC- Institute for Molecular and Cell Biology, I3S- Institute for Innovation and Health Research, Universidade do Porto, Portugal.; ICBAS- Institute of Biomedical Sciences Abel Salazar, Universidade do Porto, Portugal..
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Hanin G, Ferguson-Smith AC. The evolution of genomic imprinting: Epigenetic control of mammary gland development and postnatal resource control. WILEY INTERDISCIPLINARY REVIEWS-SYSTEMS BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 12:e1476. [PMID: 31877240 DOI: 10.1002/wsbm.1476] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2019] [Revised: 11/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/09/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Genomic imprinting is an epigenetically regulated process leading to gene expression according to its parental origin. Imprinting is essential for prenatal growth and development, regulating nutritional resources to offspring, and contributing to a favored theory about the evolution of imprinting being due to a conflict between maternal and paternal genomes for the control of prenatal resources-the so-called kinship hypothesis. Genomic imprinting has been mainly studied during embryonic and placental development; however, maternal nutrient provisioning is not restricted to the prenatal period. In this context, the mammary gland acts at the maternal-offspring interface providing milk to the newborn. Maternal care including lactation supports the offspring, delivering nutrients and bioactive molecules protecting against infections and contributing to healthy organ development and immune maturation. The normal developmental cycle of the mammary gland-pregnancy, lactation, involution-is vital for this process, raising the question of whether genomic imprinting might also play a role in postnatal nutrient transfer by controlling mammary gland development. Characterizing the function and epigenetic regulation of imprinted genes in the mammary gland cycle may therefore provide novel insights into the evolution of imprinting since the offspring's paternal genome is absent from the mammary gland, in addition to increasing our knowledge of postnatal nutrition and its relation to life-long health. This article is categorized under: Developmental Biology > Developmental Processes in Health and Disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Geula Hanin
- Department of Genetics, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, UK
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Piccinin E, Morgano A, Peres C, Contursi A, Bertrand-Michel J, Arconzo M, Guillou H, Villani G, Moschetta A. PGC-1α induced browning promotes involution and inhibits lactation in mammary glands. Cell Mol Life Sci 2019; 76:5011-5025. [PMID: 31154462 PMCID: PMC11105553 DOI: 10.1007/s00018-019-03160-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2019] [Revised: 05/19/2019] [Accepted: 05/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The PPARγ coactivator 1α (PGC-1α) is a transcriptional regulator of mitochondrial biogenesis and oxidative metabolism. Recent studies have highlighted a fundamental role of PGC-1α in promoting breast cancer progression and metastasis, but the physiological role of this coactivator in the development of mammary glands is still unknown. First, we show that PGC-1α is highly expressed during puberty and involution, but nearly disappeared in pregnancy and lactation. Then, taking advantage of a newly generated transgenic mouse model with a stable and specific overexpression of PGC-1α in mammary glands, we demonstrate that the re-expression of this coactivator during the lactation stage leads to a precocious regression of the mammary glands. Thus, we propose that PGC-1α action is non-essential during pregnancy and lactation, whereas it is indispensable during involution. The rapid preadipocyte-adipocyte transition, together with an increased rate of apoptosis promotes a premature mammary glands involution that cause lactation defects and pup growth retardation. Overall, we provide new insights in the comprehension of female reproductive cycles and lactation deficiency, thus opening new roads for mothers that cannot breastfeed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Piccinin
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Annalisa Morgano
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Claudia Peres
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
- INBB, National Institute for Biostuctures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Annalisa Contursi
- Department of Neuroscience, Imaging and Clinical Sciences and Center for Research on Aging and Translational Medicine (CeSI-MeT), "G. d'Annunzio" University of Chieti, Chieti, Italy
| | - Justine Bertrand-Michel
- MetaToul-Lipidomic Facility-MetaboHUB, INSERM UMR1048, Institute of Cardiovascular and Metabolic Diseases, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Maria Arconzo
- INBB, National Institute for Biostuctures and Biosystems, Rome, Italy
| | - Hervé Guillou
- Toxalim (Research Centre in Food Toxicology), Université de Toulouse, UMR1331 INRA, ENVT, INP-Purpan, Université Paul Sabatier, Toulouse, France
| | - Gaetano Villani
- Department of Basic Medical Sciences, Neurosciences and Sense Organs, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy
| | - Antonio Moschetta
- Department of Interdisciplinary Medicine, "Aldo Moro" University of Bari, Bari, Italy.
- National Cancer Center, IRCCS Istituto Tumori "Giovanni Paolo II", Bari, Italy.
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62
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Hitchcock JR, Hughes K, Harris OB, Watson CJ. Dynamic architectural interplay between leucocytes and mammary epithelial cells. FEBS J 2019; 287:250-266. [PMID: 31691481 PMCID: PMC7003847 DOI: 10.1111/febs.15126] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2019] [Revised: 08/19/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
The adult mammary gland undergoes dynamic changes during puberty and the postnatal developmental cycle. The mammary epithelium is composed of a bilayer of outer basal, or myoepithelial, cells and inner luminal cells, the latter lineage giving rise to the milk-producing alveolar cells during pregnancy. These luminal alveolar cells undergo Stat3-mediated programmed cell death following the cessation of lactation. It is established that immune cells in the microenvironment of the gland have a role to play both in the ductal outgrowth during puberty and in the removal of dead cells and remodelling of the stroma during the process of postlactational regression. However, most studies have focussed on the role of the stromal immune cell compartment or have quantified immune cell populations in tissue extracts. Our recent development of protocols for deep imaging of the mammary gland in three dimensions (3D) has enabled the architectural relationship between immune cells and the epithelium to be examined in detail, and we have discovered a surprisingly dynamic relationship between the basal epithelium and leucocytes. Furthermore, we have observed morphological changes in the myoepithelial cells, as involution progresses, which were not revealed by previous work in 2D tissue sections and whole tissue. This dynamic architecture suggests a role for myoepithelial cells in the orderly progression of involution. We conclude that deep imaging of mammary gland and other tissues is essential for analysing complex interactions between cellular compartments.
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63
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Hinz N, Jücker M. Distinct functions of AKT isoforms in breast cancer: a comprehensive review. Cell Commun Signal 2019; 17:154. [PMID: 31752925 PMCID: PMC6873690 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-019-0450-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 187] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/14/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AKT, also known as protein kinase B, is a key element of the PI3K/AKT signaling pathway. Moreover, AKT regulates the hallmarks of cancer, e.g. tumor growth, survival and invasiveness of tumor cells. After AKT was discovered in the early 1990s, further studies revealed that there are three different AKT isoforms, namely AKT1, AKT2 and AKT3. Despite their high similarity of 80%, the distinct AKT isoforms exert non-redundant, partly even opposing effects under physiological and pathological conditions. Breast cancer as the most common cancer entity in women, frequently shows alterations of the PI3K/AKT signaling. MAIN CONTENT A plethora of studies addressed the impact of AKT isoforms on tumor growth, metastasis and angiogenesis of breast cancer as well as on therapy response and overall survival in patients. Therefore, this review aimed to give a comprehensive overview about the isoform-specific effects of AKT in breast cancer and to summarize known downstream and upstream mechanisms. Taking account of conflicting findings among the studies, the majority of the studies reported a tumor initiating role of AKT1, whereas AKT2 is mainly responsible for tumor progression and metastasis. In detail, AKT1 increases cell proliferation through cell cycle proteins like p21, p27 and cyclin D1 and impairs apoptosis e.g. via p53. On the downside AKT1 decreases migration of breast cancer cells, for instance by regulating TSC2, palladin and EMT-proteins. However, AKT2 promotes migration and invasion most notably through regulation of β-integrins, EMT-proteins and F-actin. Whilst AKT3 is associated with a negative ER-status, findings about the role of AKT3 in regulation of the key properties of breast cancer are sparse. Accordingly, AKT1 is mutated and AKT2 is amplified in some cases of breast cancer and AKT isoforms are associated with overall survival and therapy response in an isoform-specific manner. CONCLUSIONS Although there are several discussed hypotheses how isoform specificity is achieved, the mechanisms behind the isoform-specific effects remain mostly unrevealed. As a consequence, further effort is necessary to achieve deeper insights into an isoform-specific AKT signaling in breast cancer and the mechanism behind it.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nico Hinz
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Manfred Jücker
- Institute of Biochemistry and Signal Transduction, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Martinistraße 52, 20246, Hamburg, Germany.
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Canul-Medina G, Fernandez-Mejia C. Morphological, hormonal, and molecular changes in different maternal tissues during lactation and post-lactation. J Physiol Sci 2019; 69:825-835. [PMID: 31564033 PMCID: PMC10717399 DOI: 10.1007/s12576-019-00714-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2019] [Accepted: 09/13/2019] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Milk supply and quality during lactation are critical for progeny survival. Maternal tissues and metabolism, influenced by hormonal changes, undergo modification during lactation to sustain breastfeeding. Two organs that suffer essential adjustment are the mammary glands and the bone; however, renal calcium conservation and calcium absorption from the intestine are also modified. Lactation leads to a transient loss of bone minerals to provide adequate amounts of minerals, including calcium for milk production. Physiological, metabolic, and molecular changes in different tissues participate in providing nutrients for milk production. After weaning, the histological, metabolic, and hormonal modifications that take place in lactation are reverted, and bone remineralization is a central function at this time. This study focuses on the hormonal, metabolic, molecular, and tissue modifications that occur in mammary glands, bone, intestine, and kidneys in the mother during lactation and post-weaning periods.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Canul-Medina
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. del Iman #1, 4th Floor, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico
| | - Cristina Fernandez-Mejia
- Unidad de Genética de la Nutrición, Instituto de Investigaciones Biomédicas, Universidad Nacional Autónoma de México/Instituto Nacional de Pediatría, Av. del Iman #1, 4th Floor, 04530, Mexico City, Mexico.
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65
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Stewart TA, Davis FM. Formation and Function of Mammalian Epithelia: Roles for Mechanosensitive PIEZO1 Ion Channels. Front Cell Dev Biol 2019; 7:260. [PMID: 31750303 PMCID: PMC6843007 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2019.00260] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/27/2019] [Accepted: 10/17/2019] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Mechanical forces play important roles in shaping mammalian development. In the embryo, cells experience force both during the formation of the mammalian body plan and in the ensuing phase of organogenesis. Physical forces - including fluid flow, compression, radial pressure, contraction, and osmotic pressure - continue to play central roles as organs mature, function, and ultimately dysfunction. Multiple mechanisms exist to receive, transduce, and transmit mechanical forces in mammalian epithelial tissues and to integrate these cues, which can both fluctuate and coincide, with local and systemic chemical signals. Drawing near a decade since the discovery of the bona fide mechanically activated ion channel, PIEZO1, we discuss in this mini-review established and emerging roles for this protein in the form and function of mammalian epithelia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teneale A. Stewart
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
| | - Felicity M. Davis
- Faculty of Medicine, Mater Research-The University of Queensland, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
- Translational Research Institute, Brisbane, QLD, Australia
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Slocum E, Germain D. Collagen and PAPP-A in the Etiology of Postpartum Breast Cancer. Discov Oncol 2019; 10:137-144. [PMID: 31631239 DOI: 10.1007/s12672-019-00368-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2019] [Accepted: 09/29/2019] [Indexed: 01/14/2023] Open
Abstract
Pregnancy has a dual effect on the risk of breast cancer. On one hand, pregnancy at a young age is known to be protective. However, pregnancy is also associated with a transient increased risk of breast cancer. For women that have children after the age of 30, the risk remains higher than women who never had children for decades. Involution of the breast has been identified as a window of mammary development associated with the adverse effect of pregnancy. In this review, we summarize the current understanding of the role of involution and describe the role of collagen in this setting. We also discuss the role of a collagen-dependent protease, pappalysin-1, in postpartum breast cancer and its role in activating both insulin-like growth factor signaling and discoidin domain collagen receptor 2, DDR2. Together, these novel advances in our understanding of postpartum breast cancer open the way to targeted therapies against this aggressive breast cancer sub-type.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elizabeth Slocum
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Doris Germain
- Department of Medicine, Division of Hematology/Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Tisch Cancer Institute, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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67
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Tripathy S, Singh S, Das SK. Potential of breastmilk in stem cell research. Cell Tissue Bank 2019; 20:467-488. [PMID: 31606767 DOI: 10.1007/s10561-019-09791-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2018] [Accepted: 10/01/2019] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Breastmilk is a dynamic, multi-faceted, and complex fluid containing a plethora of biochemical and cellular components that execute developmental effects or differentiation program, providing nourishment and immunity to newborns. Recently, it was reported that breastmilk contains a heterogeneous population of naïve cells, including pluripotent stem cells, multipotent stem cells, immune cells, and non-immune cells. The stem cells derived from breastmilk possess immune privilege and non-tumorigenic properties. Thus, breastmilk may represent an ideal source of stem cells collected by non-perceive procedure than other available sources. Thus, this "maternally originating natural regenerative medicine" may have innumerable applications in clinical biology, cosmetics, and pharmacokinetics. This review describes the efficient integrated cellular system of mammary glands, the impressive stem cell hierarchy of breastmilk, and their possible implications in translational research and therapeutics.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seema Tripathy
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India.
| | - Shikha Singh
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India
| | - Saroj Kumar Das
- Centre for Biotechnology, Siksha 'O' Anusandhan (Deemed to be University), Kalinga Nagar, Ghatikia, Bhubaneswar, 751 003, India
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68
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Jeong J, Kim W, Hens J, Dann P, Schedin P, Friedman PA, Wysolmerski JJ. NHERF1 Is Required for Localization of PMCA2 and Suppression of Early Involution in the Female Lactating Mammary Gland. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1797-1810. [PMID: 31087002 PMCID: PMC6619491 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00230] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/22/2019] [Accepted: 05/07/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Prior studies have demonstrated that the calcium pump, plasma membrane calcium ATPase 2 (PMCA2), mediates calcium transport into milk and prevents mammary epithelial cell death during lactation. PMCA2 also regulates cell proliferation and cell death in breast cancer cells, in part by maintaining the receptor tyrosine kinase ErbB2/HER2 within specialized plasma membrane domains. Furthermore, the regulation of PMCA2 membrane localization and activity in breast cancer cells requires its interaction with the PDZ domain-containing scaffolding molecule sodium-hydrogen exchanger regulatory factor (NHERF) 1. In this study, we asked whether NHERF1 also interacts with PMCA2 in normal mammary epithelial cells during lactation. Our results demonstrate that NHERF1 expression is upregulated during lactation and that it interacts with PMCA2 at the apical membrane of secretory luminal epithelial cells. Similar to PMCA2, NHERF1 expression is rapidly reduced by milk stasis after weaning. Examining lactating NHERF1 knockout (KO) mice showed that NHERF1 contributes to the proper apical location of PMCA2, for proper apical-basal polarity in luminal epithelial cells, and that it participates in the suppression of Stat3 activation and the prevention of premature mammary gland involution. Additionally, we found that PMCA2 also interacts with the closely related scaffolding molecule, NHERF2, at the apical membrane, which likely maintains PMCA2 at the plasma membrane of mammary epithelial cells in lactating NHERF1KO mice. Based on these data, we conclude that, during lactation, NHERF1 is required for the proper expression and apical localization of PMCA2, which, in turn, contributes to preventing the premature activation of Stat3 and the lysosome-mediated cell death pathway that usually occur only early in mammary involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaekwang Jeong
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Wonnam Kim
- Division of Pharmacology, College of Korean Medicine, Semyung University, Jecheon, Republic of Korea
| | - Julie Hens
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pamela Dann
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental, and Cancer Biology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Peter A Friedman
- Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh School of Medicine, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
| | - John J Wysolmerski
- Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Medicine, Yale University School of Medicine, New Haven, Connecticut
- Correspondence: John J. Wysolmerski, MD, Section of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, TAC S123a, Yale University School of Medicine, 333 Cedar Street, FMT 102, Box 208020, New Haven, Connecticut 06520. E-mail:
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69
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Cytotoxic and Antiproliferative Effects of Preussin, a Hydroxypyrrolidine Derivative from the Marine Sponge-Associated Fungus Aspergillus candidus KUFA 0062, in a Panel of Breast Cancer Cell Lines and Using 2D and 3D Cultures. Mar Drugs 2019; 17:md17080448. [PMID: 31366127 PMCID: PMC6722565 DOI: 10.3390/md17080448] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2019] [Revised: 07/26/2019] [Accepted: 07/27/2019] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Preussin, a hydroxyl pyrrolidine derivative isolated from the marine sponge-associated fungus Aspergillus candidus KUFA 0062, displayed anticancer effects in some cancer cell lines, including MCF7. Preussin was investigated for its cytotoxic and antiproliferative effects in breast cancer cell lines (MCF7, SKBR3, and MDA-MB-231), representatives of major breast cancers subtypes, and in a non-tumor cell line (MCF12A). Preussin was first tested in 2D (monolayer), and then in 3D (multicellular aggregates), cultures, using a multi-endpoint approach for cytotoxicity (3-(4,5-dimethylthiazol-2-yl)-2,5-diphenyltetrazolium bromide (MTT), resazurin and lactate dehydrogenase (LDH)) and proliferative (5-bromo-2'-deoxyuridine (BrdU)) assays, as well as the analysis of cell morphology by optical/electron microscopy and immunocytochemistry for caspase-3 and ki67. Preussin affected cell viability and proliferation in 2D and 3D cultures in all cell lines tested. The results in the 3D culture showed the same tendency as in the 2D culture, however, cells in the 3D culture were less responsive. The effects were observed at different concentrations of preussin, depending on the cell line and assay method. Morphological study of preussin-exposed cells revealed cell death, which was confirmed by caspase-3 immunostaining. In view of the data, we recommend a multi-endpoint approach, including histological evaluation, in future assays with the tested 3D models. Our data showed cytotoxic and antiproliferative activities of preussin in breast cancer cell lines in 2D and 3D cultures, warranting further studies for its anticancer potential.
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70
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Bosschaart N, Leproux A, Abdalsalam O, Chen WP, McLaren CE, Tromberg BJ, O'Sullivan TD. Diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging for the investigation of human lactation physiology: a case study on mammary involution. JOURNAL OF BIOMEDICAL OPTICS 2019; 24:1-8. [PMID: 31124346 PMCID: PMC6532824 DOI: 10.1117/1.jbo.24.5.056006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2019] [Accepted: 05/03/2019] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Relatively few imaging and sensing technologies are employed to study human lactation physiology. In particular, human mammary development during pregnancy as well as mammary involution after lactation have been poorly described, despite their importance for breast cancer diagnosis and treatment during these phases. Our case study shows the potential of diffuse optical spectroscopic imaging (DOSI) to uniquely study the spatiotemporal changes in mammary tissue composition during the involution of the lactating breast toward its pre-pregnant state. At nine time intervals over a period of eight months after the cessation of breastfeeding, we reconstructed 2-D maps of mammary water content, lipid content, total hemoglobin (THb) concentration, oxygen saturation (StO2), and tissue optical scattering. Mammary lipid content in the nonareolar region showed a significant relative increase of 59%, whereas water content and THb concentration showed a significant relative decrease of 50% and 48%, respectively. Significant changes were also found in StO2 and tissue optical scattering. Our findings are consistent with the gradual replacement of fibroglandular tissue by adipose tissue and vascular regression during mammary involution. Moreover, our data provide unique insight into the dynamics of breast tissue composition and demonstrate the effectiveness of DOSI as a technique to study human lactation physiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nienke Bosschaart
- University of Twente, Technical Medical Center, Biomedical Photonic Imaging Group, Enschede, The Netherlands
| | - Anaïs Leproux
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Ola Abdalsalam
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Electrical Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
| | - Wen-Pin Chen
- University of California Irvine, Chao Family Comprehensive Cancer Center, Orange, California, United States
| | - Christine E. McLaren
- University of California Irvine, Department of Epidemiology, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Bruce J. Tromberg
- University of California Irvine, Beckman Laser Institute and Medical Clinic, Irvine, California, United States
| | - Thomas D. O'Sullivan
- University of Notre Dame, Department of Electrical Engineering, Notre Dame, Indiana, United States
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71
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Wallace TR, Tarullo SE, Crump LS, Lyons TR. Studies of postpartum mammary gland involution reveal novel pro-metastatic mechanisms. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2019; 5. [PMID: 30847405 PMCID: PMC6400586 DOI: 10.20517/2394-4722.2019.01] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Postpartum involution is the process by which the lactating mammary gland returns to the pre-pregnant state after weaning. Expression of tumor-promotional collagen, upregulation of matrix metalloproteinases, infiltration of M2 macrophages, and remodeling of blood and lymphatic vasculature are all characteristics shared by the involuting mammary gland and breast tumor microenvironment. The tumor promotional nature of the involuting mammary gland is perhaps best evidenced by cases of postpartum breast cancer (PPBC), or those cases diagnosed within 10 years of most recent childbirth. Women with PPBC experience more aggressive disease and higher risk of metastasis than nulliparous patients and those diagnosed outside the postpartum window. Semaphorin 7a (SEMA7A), cyclooxygenase-2 (COX-2), and collagen are all expressed in the involuting mammary gland and, together, predict for decreased metastasis free survival in breast cancer. Studies investigating the role of these proteins in involution have been important for understanding their contributions to PPBC. Postpartum involution thus represents a valuable model for the identification of novel molecular drivers of PPBC and classical cancer hallmarks. In this review, we will highlight the similarities between involution and cancer in the mammary gland, and further define the contribution of SEMA7A/COX-2/collagen interplay to postpartum involution and breast tumor progression and metastasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Taylor R Wallace
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Sarah E Tarullo
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Lyndsey S Crump
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
| | - Traci R Lyons
- Department of Medicine, Division of Medical Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,University of Colorado Cancer Center, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA.,University of Colorado Gates Center for Regenerative Medicine, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, USA
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72
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Deng T, Liang A, Liang S, Ma X, Lu X, Duan A, Pang C, Hua G, Liu S, Campanile G, Salzano A, Gasparrini B, Neglia G, Liang X, Yang L. Integrative Analysis of Transcriptome and GWAS Data to Identify the Hub Genes Associated With Milk Yield Trait in Buffalo. Front Genet 2019; 10:36. [PMID: 30804981 PMCID: PMC6371051 DOI: 10.3389/fgene.2019.00036] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2018] [Accepted: 01/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/05/2023] Open
Abstract
The mammary gland is the production organ in mammals that is of great importance for milk production and quality. However, characterization of the buffalo mammary gland transcriptome and identification of the valuable candidate genes that affect milk production is limited. Here, we performed the differential expressed genes (DEGs) analysis of mammary gland tissue on day 7, 50, 140, and 280 after calving and conducted gene-based genome-wide association studies (GWAS) of milk yield in 935 Mediterranean buffaloes. We then employed weighted gene co-expression network analysis (WGCNA) to identify specific modules and hub genes related to milk yield based on gene expression profiles and GWAS data. The results of the DEGs analysis showed that a total of 1,420 DEGs were detected across different lactation points. In the gene-based analysis, 976 genes were found to have genome-wide association (P ≤ 0.05) that could be defined as the nominally significant GWAS geneset (NSGG), 9 of which were suggestively associated with milk yield (P < 10−4). Using the WGCNA analysis, 544 and 225 genes associated with milk yield in the turquoise module were identified from DEGs and NSGG datasets, respectively. Several genes (including BNIPL, TUBA1C, C2CD4B, DCP1B, MAP3K5, PDCD11, SRGAP1, GDPD5, BARX2, SCARA3, CTU2, and RPL27A) were identified and considered as the hub genes because they were involved in multiple pathways related to milk production. Our findings provide an insight into the dynamic characterization of the buffalo mammary gland transcriptome, and these potential candidate genes may be valuable for future functional characterization of the buffalo mammary gland.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingxian Deng
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China.,Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Aixin Liang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shasha Liang
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xiaoya Ma
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Xingrong Lu
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Anqin Duan
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Chunying Pang
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Guohua Hua
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Shenhe Liu
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
| | - Giuseppe Campanile
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Angela Salzano
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Bianca Gasparrini
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Gianluca Neglia
- Department of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Productions, University of Naples Federico II, Naples, Italy
| | - Xianwei Liang
- Guangxi Provincial Key Laboratory of Buffalo Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction Technology, Buffalo Research Institute, Chinese Academy of Agricultural Sciences, Nanning, China
| | - Liguo Yang
- Key Laboratory of Agricultural Animal Genetics, Breeding and Reproduction of Ministry of Education, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan, China
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73
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Ji Z, Chao T, Zhang C, Liu Z, Hou L, Wang J, Wang A, Wang Y, Zhou J, Xuan R, Wang G, Wang J. Transcriptome Analysis of Dairy Goat Mammary Gland Tissues from Different Lactation Stages. DNA Cell Biol 2019; 38:129-143. [DOI: 10.1089/dna.2018.4349] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Zhibin Ji
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Tianle Chao
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Chunlan Zhang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Zhaohua Liu
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Lei Hou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Aili Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Yong Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jie Zhou
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Rong Xuan
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Guizhi Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
| | - Jianmin Wang
- Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Animal Biotechnology and Disease Control and Prevention, Shandong Agricultural University, Taian City, Shandong Province, P.R. China
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74
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Al-Qudsi FM, Al-Hasan MM. In utero exposure to commercial artificial sweeteners affects mice development and mammary gland structure. ENVIRONMENTAL SCIENCE AND POLLUTION RESEARCH INTERNATIONAL 2019; 26:5054-5064. [PMID: 30607847 DOI: 10.1007/s11356-018-3935-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2018] [Accepted: 12/06/2018] [Indexed: 06/09/2023]
Abstract
Commercial artificial sweeteners present in the market are usually made of combination of nutritive and artificial sweeteners such as sorbitol and aspartame. The aim of this research was to study the effect of in utero exposure to commercial artificial sweeteners on the mouse development and on mammary gland in different stages (18-day embryos and 4-week-old mice). Pregnant mice of treated groups were given 50 mg/kg body weight of commercial artificial sweetener. The dose was given on day 1 of pregnancy until 3-week nursing, while the controls were given distilled water. Congenital malformations were seen in treated 18-day fetus and 4-week-old mice, such as a significant decrease in the diameter of the placenta and the weight of the fetuses, while in 4-week-old mice, a significant decrease in the length of the body, limbs, and tail was seen compared to the controls. The result of this study showed that in 18-day fetuses, clusters of mammary gland in the treated mice seemed to be more differentiated than the controls. In 4-week-old mice, the number of mammary gland ducts in the treated group was significantly more than the control group, and the lumen of the ducts in the treated sections seemed to be narrower than the controls, also many regressing terminal end buds (TEBs) were seen in the treated group. A significant increase in the mammary gland area of treated group was seen compared to the controls.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatma M Al-Qudsi
- Biology Department, King abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 42650, Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia.
| | - Manar M Al-Hasan
- Biology Department, King abdulaziz University, P.O. Box 42650, Jeddah, 21551, Saudi Arabia
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75
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Ishida K, Saito T, Mitsui T. Involvement of selective epithelial cell death in the formation of feather buds on a bioengineered skin. Dev Growth Differ 2019; 61:141-149. [PMID: 30675906 DOI: 10.1111/dgd.12593] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/25/2017] [Revised: 11/15/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
Selective cell death by apoptosis plays important roles in organogenesis. Apoptotic cells are observed in the developmental and homeostatic processes of several ectodermal organs, such as hairs, feathers, and mammary glands. In chick feather development, apoptotic events have been observed during feather morphogenesis, but have not been investigated during early feather bud formation. Previously, we have reported a method for generating feather buds on a bioengineered skin from dissociated skin epithelial and mesenchymal cells in three-dimensional culture. During the development of the bioengineered skin, epithelial cavity formation by apoptosis was observed in the epithelial tissue. In this study, we examined the selective epithelial cell death during the bioengineered skin development. Histological analyses suggest that the selective epithelial cell death in the bioengineered skin was induced by caspase-3-related apoptosis. The formation of feather buds of the bioengineered skin was disturbed by the treatment with a pan-caspase inhibitor. The pan-caspase inhibitor treatment suppressed the rearrangement of the epithelial layer and the formation of dermal condensation, which are thought to be essential step to form feather buds. The suppression of the formation of feather buds on the pan-caspase inhibitor-treated skin was partially compensated by the addition of a GSK-3β inhibitor, which activates Wnt/β-catenin signaling. These results suggest that the epithelial cell death is involved in the formation of feather buds of the bioengineered skin. These observations also suggest that caspase activities and Wnt/β-catenin signaling may contribute to the formation of epithelial and mesenchymal components in the bioengineered skin.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kentaro Ishida
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan.,Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Tetsuichiro Saito
- Department of Developmental Biology, Graduate School of Medicine, Chiba University, Chiba, Japan
| | - Toshiyuki Mitsui
- Department of Physics and Mathematics, College of Science and Engineering, Aoyama Gakuin University, Kanagawa, Japan
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76
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Jena MK, Jaswal S, Kumar S, Mohanty AK. Molecular mechanism of mammary gland involution: An update. Dev Biol 2019; 445:145-155. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ydbio.2018.11.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2018] [Revised: 10/01/2018] [Accepted: 11/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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77
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Rodilla V, Fre S. Cellular Plasticity of Mammary Epithelial Cells Underlies Heterogeneity of Breast Cancer. Biomedicines 2018; 6:biomedicines6040103. [PMID: 30388868 PMCID: PMC6315661 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines6040103] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/01/2018] [Revised: 10/25/2018] [Accepted: 10/30/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The hierarchical relationships between stem cells, lineage-committed progenitors, and differentiated cells remain unclear in several tissues, due to a high degree of cell plasticity, allowing cells to switch between different cell states. The mouse mammary gland, similarly to other tissues such as the prostate, the sweat gland, and the respiratory tract airways, consists of an epithelium exclusively maintained by unipotent progenitors throughout adulthood. Such unipotent progenitors, however, retain a remarkable cellular plasticity, as they can revert to multipotency during epithelial regeneration as well as upon oncogene activation. Here, we revise the current knowledge on mammary cell hierarchies in light of the most recent lineage tracing studies performed in the mammary gland and highlight how stem cell differentiation or reversion to multipotency are at the base of tumor development and progression. In addition, we will discuss the current knowledge about the interplay between tumor cells of origin and defined genetic mutations, leading to different tumor types, and its implications in choosing specific therapeutic protocols for breast cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Verónica Rodilla
- Preclinical Research Program, Vall d'Hebron Institute of Oncology, 08035 Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Silvia Fre
- Institut Curie, PSL Research University, INSERM U934, CNRS UMR3215, F-75248 Paris CEDEX 05, France.
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78
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Autophagy and unfolded protein response (UPR) regulate mammary gland involution by restraining apoptosis-driven irreversible changes. Cell Death Discov 2018; 4:40. [PMID: 30345078 PMCID: PMC6186758 DOI: 10.1038/s41420-018-0105-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2018] [Revised: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 09/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
The postnatal mammary gland undergoes repeated cycles of proliferation and cell death, most notably when the fully differentiated (lactating) gland dedifferentiates to a prelactation state. Accumulation of milk proteins in the secretory epithelium creates the stress signal that triggers this process (involution). How this stress is perceived, and the cellular processes that are subsequently activated, remain unclear. We now report that Unfolded Protein Response (UPR), autophagy, and apoptosis related genes cluster separately during lactation and involution in the mouse mammary gland. Time-course experiments in rodents show that autophagy and UPR signaling are tightly co-regulated at the transition from reversible to irreversible involution. Inhibition of autophagy by chloroquine or genetic deletion of one ATG7 allele enhanced progression of mammary involution into the irreversible phase, as characterized by an early/precocious induction of apoptosis. These are the first preclinical in vivo data in support of a clinical trial testing an autophagy inhibitor for prevention of intraductal breast malignancy progression to invasive breast cancer. In marked contrast, stimulation of autophagy by low dose tunicamycin treatment reduced apoptosis and extended the reversible phase of involution by sustaining the secretory epithelium. Autophagy stimulators could be used short-term to promote lactation in women experiencing difficulties or irregularities in nursing. Taken together, these data indicate that UPR and autophagy play a key role in regulating the balance between cell survival and apoptosis during normal mammary gland regression.
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79
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Gopalakrishnan K, Teitelbaum SL, Wetmur J, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Panzacchi S, Gnudi F, Belpoggi F, Chen J. Histology and Transcriptome Profiles of the Mammary Gland across Critical Windows of Development in Sprague Dawley Rats. J Mammary Gland Biol Neoplasia 2018; 23:149-163. [PMID: 29956080 PMCID: PMC6103804 DOI: 10.1007/s10911-018-9401-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2018] [Accepted: 06/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast development occurs through well-defined stages representing 'windows of susceptibility' to adverse environmental exposures that potentially modify breast cancer risk. Systematic characterization of morphology and transcriptome during normal breast development lays the foundation of our understanding of cancer etiology. We examined mammary glands in female Sprague Dawley rats across six developmental stages - pre-pubertal, peri-pubertal, pubertal, lactation, adult parous and adult nulliparous. We investigated histology by Hematoxylin and Eosin and Mallory's Trichrome stain, proliferative and apoptotic rate by immunohistochemistry and whole-transcriptome by microarrays. We identified differentially expressed genes between adjacent developmental stages by linear models, underlying pathways by gene ontology analysis and gene networks and hubs active across developmental stages by coexpression network analysis. Mammary gland development was associated with large-scale changes in the transcriptome; particularly from pre-pubertal to peri-pubertal period and the lactation period were characterized by distinct patterns of gene expression with unique biological functions such as immune processes during pre-pubertal development and cholesterol biosynthesis during lactation. These changes were reflective of the shift in mammary gland histology, from a rudimentary organ during early stages to a secretory organ during lactation followed by regression with age. Hub genes within mammary gene networks included metabolic genes such as Pparg during the pre-pubertal stage and tight junction-related genes claudins and occludins in lactating mammary glands. Transcriptome profile paired with histology enhanced our understanding of mammary development, which is fundamental in understanding the etiologic mechanism of breast cancer, especially pertaining to windows of susceptibility to environmental exposures that may alter breast cancer risk.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - James Wetmur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1054, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Federica Gnudi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio, Bologna, Italy
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY, 10029, USA.
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80
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Nerger BA, Nelson CM. 3D culture models for studying branching morphogenesis in the mammary gland and mammalian lung. Biomaterials 2018; 198:135-145. [PMID: 30174198 DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2018.08.043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 08/20/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
The intricate architecture of branched tissues and organs has fascinated scientists and engineers for centuries. Yet-despite their ubiquity-the biophysical and biochemical mechanisms by which tissues and organs undergo branching morphogenesis remain unclear. With the advent of three-dimensional (3D) culture models, an increasingly powerful and diverse set of tools are available for investigating the development and remodeling of branched tissues and organs. In this review, we discuss the application of 3D culture models for studying branching morphogenesis of the mammary gland and the mammalian lung in the context of normal development and disease. While current 3D culture models lack the cellular and molecular complexity observed in vivo, we emphasize how these models can be used to answer targeted questions about branching morphogenesis. We highlight the specific advantages and limitations of using 3D culture models to study the dynamics and mechanisms of branching in the mammary gland and mammalian lung. Finally, we discuss potential directions for future research and propose strategies for engineering the next generation of 3D culture models for studying tissue morphogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bryan A Nerger
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA
| | - Celeste M Nelson
- Department of Chemical & Biological Engineering, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA; Department of Molecular Biology, Princeton University, Princeton, NJ, 08544, USA.
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81
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Oudenaarden CRL, van de Ven RAH, Derksen PWB. Re-inforcing the cell death army in the fight against breast cancer. J Cell Sci 2018; 131:131/16/jcs212563. [DOI: 10.1242/jcs.212563] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
ABSTRACT
Metastatic breast cancer is responsible for most breast cancer-related deaths. Disseminated cancer cells have developed an intrinsic ability to resist anchorage-dependent apoptosis (anoikis). Anoikis is caused by the absence of cellular adhesion, a process that underpins lumen formation and maintenance during mammary gland development and homeostasis. In healthy cells, anoikis is mostly governed by B-cell lymphoma-2 (BCL2) protein family members. Metastatic cancer cells, however, have often developed autocrine BCL2-dependent resistance mechanisms to counteract anoikis. In this Review, we discuss how a pro-apoptotic subgroup of the BCL2 protein family, known as the BH3-only proteins, controls apoptosis and anoikis during mammary gland homeostasis and to what extent their inhibition confers tumor suppressive functions in metastatic breast cancer. Specifically, the role of the two pro-apoptotic BH3-only proteins BCL2-modifying factor (BMF) and BCL2-interacting mediator of cell death (BIM) will be discussed here. We assess current developments in treatment that focus on mimicking the function of the BH3-only proteins to induce apoptosis, and consider their applicability to restore normal apoptotic responses in anchorage-independent disseminating tumor cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clara R. L. Oudenaarden
- UMC Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Lund University, Department of Experimental Oncology, Scheelevägen 2, 22363 Lund, Sweden
| | - Robert A. H. van de Ven
- UMC Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Harvard Medical School, Department of Cell Biology, 250 Longwood Avenue, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Patrick W. B. Derksen
- UMC Utrecht, Department of Pathology, Heidelberglaan 100, 3584CX Utrecht, The Netherlands
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82
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Li Y, Xu N, Zhu W, Wang L, Liu B, Zhang J, Xie Z, Liu W. Nanoscale Melittin@Zeolitic Imidazolate Frameworks for Enhanced Anticancer Activity and Mechanism Analysis. ACS APPLIED MATERIALS & INTERFACES 2018; 10:22974-22984. [PMID: 29920061 DOI: 10.1021/acsami.8b06125] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/08/2023]
Abstract
The cytolytic peptide melittin (MLT) is an important candidate of anticancer drug owing to its hemolytic properties. Nevertheless, its clinical applications are severely restricted as a result of its nonspecific toxicities like hemolysis. In this work, we reported MLT-loaded zeolitic imidazolate framework-8 (MLT@ZIF-8) nanoparticles (NPs). The formed MLT@ZIF-8 NPs not only possess excellent stability but also efficiently inhibit the hemolysis bioactivity of MLT. Confocal scanning imaging and cytotoxicity experiments revealed that as-synthesized MLT@ZIF-8 NPs exhibit enhanced cellular uptake and cytotoxicity toward cancer cells compared to MLT. The mechanism is well investigated by a series of transcriptome analysis, which indicates that MLT@ZIF-8 NPs can regulate the expression of 3383 genes, and the PI3K/Akt-regulated p53 pathway is involved in MLT@ZIF-8 NPs induced A549 cells apoptosis. Finally, MLT@ZIF-8 NPs exhibit enhanced antitumor activity than free MLT in vivo, while no obvious systemic toxicity has been found. This work emphasizes the great potential of utilizing MOF as a simple and efficient nanoplatform for deliverying cytolytic peptides in cancer treatment, and also the investigation on the antitumor mechanism could provide theoretical support for clinical usage of MLT.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yawei Li
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Changchun , 130122 , P. R. China
- Jilin Medical University , Jilin , 132013 , P. R. China
| | - Na Xu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Changchun , 130122 , P. R. China
- Jilin Medical University , Jilin , 132013 , P. R. China
| | - Wenhe Zhu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Changchun , 130122 , P. R. China
- Jilin Medical University , Jilin , 132013 , P. R. China
| | - Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 , P. R. China
| | - Bin Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Changchun , 130122 , P. R. China
| | - Jianxu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 , P. R. China
| | - Zhigang Xie
- State Key Laboratory of Polymer Physics and Chemistry , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , 130022 , P. R. China
| | - Wensen Liu
- Key Laboratory of Jilin Province for Zoonosis Prevention and Control , Institute of Military Veterinary Medicine, Academy of Military Medical Sciences , Changchun , 130122 , P. R. China
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83
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Rivera OC, Hennigar SR, Kelleher SL. ZnT2 is critical for lysosome acidification and biogenesis during mammary gland involution. Am J Physiol Regul Integr Comp Physiol 2018; 315:R323-R335. [PMID: 29718697 DOI: 10.1152/ajpregu.00444.2017] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mammary gland involution, a tightly regulated process of tissue remodeling by which a lactating mammary gland reverts to the prepregnant state, is characterized by the most profound example of regulated epithelial cell death in normal tissue. Defects in the execution of involution are associated with lactation failure and breast cancer. Initiation of mammary gland involution requires upregulation of lysosome biogenesis and acidification to activate lysosome-mediated cell death; however, specific mediators of this initial phase of involution are not well described. Zinc transporter 2 [ZnT2 ( SLC30A2)] has been implicated in lysosome biogenesis and lysosome-mediated cell death during involution; however, the direct role of ZnT2 in this process has not been elucidated. Here we showed that ZnT2-null mice had impaired alveolar regression and reduced activation of the involution marker phosphorylated Stat3, indicating insufficient initiation of mammary gland remodeling during involution. Moreover, we found that the loss of ZnT2 inhibited assembly of the proton transporter vacuolar ATPase on lysosomes, thereby decreasing lysosome abundance and size. Studies in cultured mammary epithelial cells revealed that while the involution signal TNFα promoted lysosome biogenesis and acidification, attenuation of ZnT2 impaired the lysosome response to this involution signal, which was not a consequence of cytoplasmic Zn accumulation. Our findings establish ZnT2 as a novel regulator of vacuolar ATPase assembly, driving lysosome biogenesis, acidification, and tissue remodeling during the initiation of mammary gland involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olivia C Rivera
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Stephen R Hennigar
- Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania
| | - Shannon L Kelleher
- Department of Cellular and Molecular Physiology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Surgery, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Pharmacology, Penn State Hershey College of Medicine , Hershey, Pennsylvania.,Department of Nutritional Sciences, Pennsylvania State University , University Park, Pennsylvania
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84
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ElShamy WM. The protective effect of longer duration of breastfeeding against pregnancy-associated triple negative breast cancer. Oncotarget 2018; 7:53941-53950. [PMID: 27248476 PMCID: PMC5288234 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.9690] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2016] [Accepted: 05/23/2016] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Parity associated breast cancer (PABC) often diagnosed within the 2-5 years after a full term pregnancy. PABC is usually present with more advanced, poorly differentiated, high-grade cancers that show shorter time to progression and often of the triple negative breast cancer (TNBC) subtype. Data from around the world show that pregnancy-associated TNBC is independently associated with poor survival, underscoring the impact of the pregnant breast microenvironment on the biology and consequently the prognosis of these tumors. Although it is not yet clear, a link between pregnancy-associated TNBCs and lack or shorter duration of breastfeeding (not pregnancy per se) has been proposed. Here, we present epidemiological and experimental evidence for the protective effect of longer duration of lactation against pregnancy-associated TNBCs, and propose a putative molecular mechanism for this protective effect and its effect in eliminating any potential TNBC precursors from the breast by the end of the natural breast involution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wael M ElShamy
- Cancer Institute, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
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85
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Pavuluri S, Sharp JA, Lefevre C, Nicholas KR. The Effect of Mammary Extracellular Matrix in Controlling Oral and Mammary Cancer Cells. Asian Pac J Cancer Prev 2018; 19:57-63. [PMID: 29373893 PMCID: PMC5844637 DOI: 10.22034/apjcp.2018.19.1.57] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Extracellular matrix (ECM) plays an important role in the normal physiology of tissues and progression to disease. Earlier studies and our external microarray data analysis indicated that mammary matrix from involuting tissue showed upregulation of genes involved in ECM remodeling. The present study examines the fate of mammary and oral cancer cells grown in the ECM from lactating mammary gland. Our findings show that non-tumorigenic cells, MCF10A and DOK cells did not proliferate but the tumorigenic and metastatic cells, SCC25 and MDA-MB-231, underwent apoptosis when grown on mammary ECM isolated from lactating mice. In addition, the cytokinesis marker, CEP55, was repressed in the oral and breast cancer cells. In contrast, these cells proliferated normally on mammary ECM isolated from mice undergoing involution. External microarray data analysis of mammary tissue further revealed over expression (~16 fold) of QSOX1 gene, which promotes cellular quiescence, in lactating mammary gland. A recent study has indicated that QSOX1 overexpression in breast cancer cells led to reduced proliferation and tumorigenic properties. This extracellular protein in mammary ECM may be responsible for reduced cellular proliferation. The present study has shown that ECM from lactating mammary gland can regulate signals to oral and breast cancer cells to halt cell division. This preliminary observation provided insights into the potential role of ECM factors present in lactating mammary gland as therapeutic targets to control cancer cell division. This preliminary study is an attempt to understand not only the requirement of ECM remodeling factors essential for the growth and survival of cancer cells but also the factors present in the lactation matrix that simultaneously halts cell division and selectively inhibits the growth of cancer cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sivapriya Pavuluri
- Centre for Cellular and Molecular Biology, Habsiguda, Uppal Road, Hyderabad, India
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86
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Abstract
Adipose tissue depots can exist in close association with other organs, where they assume diverse, often non-traditional functions. In stem cell-rich skin, bone marrow, and mammary glands, adipocytes signal to and modulate organ regeneration and remodeling. Skin adipocytes and their progenitors signal to hair follicles, promoting epithelial stem cell quiescence and activation, respectively. Hair follicles signal back to adipocyte progenitors, inducing their expansion and regeneration, as in skin scars. In mammary glands and heart, adipocytes supply lipids to neighboring cells for nutritional and metabolic functions, respectively. Adipose depots adjacent to skeletal structures function to absorb mechanical shock. Adipose tissue near the surface of skin and intestine senses and responds to bacterial invasion, contributing to the body's innate immune barrier. As the recognition of diverse adipose depot functions increases, novel therapeutic approaches centered on tissue-specific adipocytes are likely to emerge for a range of cancers and regenerative, infectious, and autoimmune disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rachel K Zwick
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA
| | - Christian F Guerrero-Juarez
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 845 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA
| | - Valerie Horsley
- Department of Molecular, Cellular, and Developmental Biology, Yale University, 266 Whitney Avenue, New Haven, CT 06520, USA; Department of Dermatology, Yale School of Medicine, Yale University, New Haven, CT 06520, USA.
| | - Maksim V Plikus
- Department of Developmental and Cell Biology, University of California, Irvine, 845 Health Sciences Road, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Sue and Bill Gross Stem Cell Research Center, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA; Center for Complex Biological Systems, University of California, Irvine, Irvine, CA 92697, USA.
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87
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Goddio MV, Gattelli A, Tocci JM, Cuervo LP, Stedile M, Stumpo DJ, Hynes NE, Blackshear PJ, Meiss RP, Kordon EC. Expression of the mRNA stability regulator Tristetraprolin is required for lactation maintenance in the mouse mammary gland. Oncotarget 2018; 9:8278-8289. [PMID: 29492194 PMCID: PMC5823555 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23904] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2017] [Accepted: 11/14/2017] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Tristetraprolin (TTP), an mRNA-binding protein that negatively controls levels of inflammatory factors, is highly expressed in the lactating mouse mammary gland. To determine the biological relevance of this expression profile, we developed bi-transgenic mice in which this protein is specifically down-regulated in the secretory mammary epithelium in the secretory mammary epithelium during lactation. Our data show that TTP conditional KO mice produced underweight litters, possibly due to massive mammary cell death induced during lactation without the requirement of additional stimuli. This effect was linked to overexpression of inflammatory cytokines, activation of STAT3 and down-regulation of AKT phosphorylation. Importantly, blocking TNFα activity in the lactating conditional TTP KO mice inhibited cell death and similar effects were observed when this treatment was applied to wild-type animals during 48 h after weaning. Therefore, our results demonstrate that during lactation TTP wards off early involution by preventing the increase of local inflammatory factors. In addition, our data reveal the relevance of locally secreted TNFα for triggering programmed cell death after weaning.
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Affiliation(s)
- María Victoria Goddio
- IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Albana Gattelli
- IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Johanna M Tocci
- IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Lourdes Pérez Cuervo
- IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Micaela Stedile
- IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Deborah J Stumpo
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | - Nancy E Hynes
- Friedrich Miescher Institute for Biomedical Research, Basel, Switzerland
| | - Perry J Blackshear
- Signal Transduction Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, Durham, North Carolina, USA
| | | | - Edith C Kordon
- IFIBYNE-UBA-CONICET, Departamento de Química Biológica, FCEN-UBA, Buenos Aires, Argentina
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88
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Li Y, Pang Z, Dong X, Liao X, Deng H, Liao C, Liao Y, Chen G, Huang L. MUC1 induces M2 type macrophage influx during postpartum mammary gland involution and triggers breast cancer. Oncotarget 2017; 9:3446-3458. [PMID: 29423058 PMCID: PMC5790475 DOI: 10.18632/oncotarget.23316] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2017] [Accepted: 11/19/2017] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
The microenvironment of postpartum mammary gland involution (PMI) has been linked to the increased risk of breast cancer and poor outcome of patients. Nevertheless the mechanism underlying regulates the microenvironment remains largely unknown. MUC1, which is abnormally overexpressed in most breast cancer, is physiologically expressed in PMI. Using MUC1 cytoplasm domain (MUC1-CD) transgenic mice, we reveal that the overexpression of MUC1-CD in mammary epithelial cells increases M2 type macrophage infiltration in PMI. By sustain activating p50, MUC1 upregulates M2 macrophage chemo-attractants and the anti-apoptotic protein Bcl-xL. Because of the tumor promotional microenvironments and reduced apoptosis, MUC1-CD delays PMI process and results in atypical phenotype in multiparous mice mammary. This finding is further supported by the positive association between the expression of MUC1 and p50 in Luminal A and Luminal B subtypes through analyzing breast cancer databases. Taken together, our study demonstrates that MUC1-CD plays an important role in regulating microenvironment of PMI and promoting postpartum mammary tumorigenicity, providing novel prevention and treatment strategies against postpartum breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yuan Li
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Endocrinology, Huadong Hospital Affiliated to Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Zhi Pang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xinran Dong
- Key Laboratory of Birth Defects, Children's Hospital of Fudan University, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Xiaodong Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Huayun Deng
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Chunhua Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Yahui Liao
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Guoqiang Chen
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
| | - Lei Huang
- Department of Pathophysiology, Key Laboratory of Cell Differentiation and Apoptosis of Chinese Ministry of Education, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China.,Department of Histoembryology, Genetics and Developmental Biology, Key Laboratory of Reproductive Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, P.R. China
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89
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Breyne K, Honaker RW, Hobbs Z, Richter M, Żaczek M, Spangler T, Steenbrugge J, Lu R, Kinkhabwala A, Marchon B, Meyer E, Mokres L. Efficacy and Safety of a Bovine-Associated Staphylococcus aureus Phage Cocktail in a Murine Model of Mastitis. Front Microbiol 2017; 8:2348. [PMID: 29234314 PMCID: PMC5712351 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2017.02348] [Citation(s) in RCA: 46] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2017] [Accepted: 11/15/2017] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Overuse of antibiotics is a major problem in the treatment of bovine mastitis, and antibiotic treatment is frequently non-curative, thus alternative treatments are necessary. The primary aim of this study was to evaluate the efficacy of a purified phage cocktail for treatment of bovine Staphylococcus aureus mastitis in a well-defined mouse model. Candidate phages were selected based on their in vitro performance and subsequently processed into an optimally composed phage cocktail. The highest scoring phages were further tested for efficacy and resistance suppression in broth and raw milk, with and without supplemental IgG. As these in vitro results displayed significant decreases in CFU, the cocktail was purified for testing in vivo. Lactating mice were intramammarily inoculated with S. aureus N305 (ATCC 29740), a clinical bovine mastitis isolate commonly used for experimental infection of dairy cows. The phage cocktail was applied via the same route 4 h post-inoculation. Treated mammary glands were graded for gross pathological appearance and excised for bacterial and phage load quantification as well as histopathology. Observation of gross macroscopic and histopathological changes and CFU quantification demonstrated that the phage cocktail treatment significantly improved mastitis pathology and decreased bacterial counts. Phage PFU quantification indicated that the tested phage cocktail treatment was able to maintain high intramammary phage titers without spreading systemically. The in vivo results complement the in vitro data and support our concept of phage therapy as an innovative alternative or supplementation therapy to antibiotics for the treatment of bovine mastitis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Koen Breyne
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | | | | | | | | | - Taylor Spangler
- VDx Veterinary Diagnostics and Preclinical Research Services, Davis, CA, United States
| | - Jonas Steenbrugge
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Rebecca Lu
- EpiBiome, Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States
| | | | | | - Evelyne Meyer
- Department of Pharmacology, Toxicology and Biochemistry, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Ghent, Belgium
| | - Lucia Mokres
- EpiBiome, Inc., San Francisco, CA, United States
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90
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Abstract
Milk is a unique and complete nutritive source for the mammal neonate, also providing immune protection and developmental signals. Lactation is a complex process, proper to the mother and child dyad, and including numerous variables ranging from psychological aspects to the secretory functioning of the mammary epithelial cells, all contributing to a successful breastfeeding. This review gives an integrated overview of the physiology of lactation with a particular focus on cellular and molecular mechanisms involved in milk product secretion and their regulations.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sandrine Truchet
- VIM, UR 892 INRA, Université Paris-Saclay, Jouy-en-Josas, France.
| | - Edith Honvo-Houéto
- GABI, INRA/AgroParisTech/Université Paris-Saclay, Domaine de Vilvert, 78352 Jouy-en-Josas, France.
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91
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Stallings-Mann ML, Heinzen EP, Vierkant RA, Winham SJ, Hoskin TL, Denison LA, Nassar A, Hartmann LC, Visscher DW, Frost MH, Sherman ME, Degnim AC, Radisky DC. Postlactational involution biomarkers plasminogen and phospho-STAT3 are linked with active age-related lobular involution. Breast Cancer Res Treat 2017; 166:133-143. [PMID: 28752190 PMCID: PMC5645446 DOI: 10.1007/s10549-017-4413-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 07/22/2017] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
Purpose Breast terminal duct lobular units undergo two distinctive physiological processes of involution: age-related lobular involution (LI), which is gradual and associated with decreased breast cancer risk, and postlactational involution, which is relatively precipitous, occurs with weaning, and has been associated with potentiation of tumor aggressiveness in animal models. Here we assessed whether markers of postlactational involution are associated with ongoing LI in a retrospective tissue cohort. Methods We selected 57 women from the Mayo Clinic Benign Breast Disease Cohort who underwent multiple biopsies and who were average age 48 at initial biopsy. Women were classified as having progressive or non-progressive LI between initial and subsequent biopsy. Serial tissue sections were immunostained for plasminogen, matrix metalloproteinase 9 (MMP-9), phospho-STAT3 (pSTAT3), tenascin C, Ki67, CD44, cytokeratin 14 (CK14), cytokeratin 19 (CK19), and c-myc. All but Ki67 were digitally quantified. Associations between maximal marker expression per sample and progressive versus non-progressive LI were assessed using logistic regression and adjusted for potential confounders. Results While no biomarker showed statistically significant association with LI progression when evaluated individually, lower expression of pSTAT3 (OR 0.35, 95% CI 0.13–0.82, p = 0.01) and higher expression of plasminogen (OR 2.89, 95% CI 1.14–8.81, p = 0.02) were associated with progressive LI in models simultaneously adjusted for all biomarkers. Sensitivity analyses indicated that the strengthening in association for pSTAT3 and plasminogen with progressive LI was due to collinearity between these two markers. Conclusions This is the first study to identify biomarkers of active LI. Our findings that plasminogen and pSTAT3 are significantly associated with LI suggest that they may represent signaling nodes or biomarkers of pathways common to the processes of postlactational involution and LI. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1007/s10549-017-4413-3) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Ethan P Heinzen
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Robert A Vierkant
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Stacey J Winham
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Tanya L Hoskin
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Lori A Denison
- Department of Information Technology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Aziza Nassar
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Lynn C Hartmann
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Daniel W Visscher
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Marlene H Frost
- Department of Medical Oncology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Mark E Sherman
- Department of Health Sciences Research, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA
| | - Amy C Degnim
- Department of Surgery, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, 55905, USA
| | - Derek C Radisky
- Department of Cancer Biology, Mayo Clinic, Jacksonville, FL, 32224, USA.
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92
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Akhtar N, Li W, Mironov A, Streuli CH. Rac1 Controls Both the Secretory Function of the Mammary Gland and Its Remodeling for Successive Gestations. Dev Cell 2017; 38:522-35. [PMID: 27623383 PMCID: PMC5022528 DOI: 10.1016/j.devcel.2016.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2015] [Revised: 06/30/2016] [Accepted: 08/12/2016] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
An important feature of the mammary gland is its ability to undergo repeated morphological changes during each reproductive cycle with profound tissue expansion in pregnancy and regression in involution. However, the mechanisms that determine the tissue's cyclic regenerative capacity remain elusive. We have now discovered that Cre-Lox ablation of Rac1 in mammary epithelia causes gross enlargement of the epithelial tree and defective alveolar regeneration in a second pregnancy. Architectural defects arise because loss of Rac1 disrupts clearance in involution following the first lactation. We show that Rac1 is crucial for mammary alveolar epithelia to switch from secretion to a phagocytic mode and rapidly remove dying neighbors. Moreover, Rac1 restricts the extrusion of dying cells into the lumen, thus promoting their eradication by live phagocytic neighbors while within the epithelium. Without Rac1, residual milk and cell corpses flood the ductal network, causing gross dilation, chronic inflammation, and defective future regeneration. Rac1 is required for full secretory differentiation of the mammary gland Rac1 restricts apoptotic cell shedding into the lumen to limit inflammation Rac1 contributes to post-lactational tissue remodeling during involution Defective clearance of milk and dead cells in Rac1-null glands causes ductal bloating
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Affiliation(s)
- Nasreen Akhtar
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, and Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK; Department of Oncology and Metabolism, The Bateson Centre, University of Sheffield, Beech Hill Road, Sheffield S10 2RX, UK.
| | - Weiping Li
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, and Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Aleksander Mironov
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, and Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
| | - Charles H Streuli
- Wellcome Trust Centre for Cell-Matrix Research, Faculty of Life Sciences, and Manchester Breast Centre, University of Manchester, Oxford Road, Manchester M13 9PT, UK
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93
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Abstract
The PMCA is an ATP-driven Ca2+ pump critical for the maintenance of low cytosolic calcium. The PMCA has an important but paradoxical role in cell death and survival. The PMCA can be differentially regulated by caspase/calpain cleavage. Glycolytic ATP supply may be sufficient to fuel the PMCA during metabolic stress. The ATP sensitivity of the PMCA can be regulated by acidic phospholipids.
The plasma membrane Ca2+-ATPase (PMCA) is a ubiquitously expressed, ATP-driven Ca2+ pump that is critical for maintaining low resting cytosolic Ca2+ ([Ca2+]i) in all eukaryotic cells. Since cytotoxic Ca2+ overload has such a central role in cell death, the PMCA represents an essential “linchpin” for the delicate balance between cell survival and cell death. In general, impaired PMCA activity and reduced PMCA expression leads to cytotoxic Ca2+ overload and Ca2+ dependent cell death, both apoptosis and necrosis, whereas maintenance of PMCA activity or PMCA overexpression is generally accepted as being cytoprotective. However, the PMCA has a paradoxical role in cell death depending on the cell type and cellular context. The PMCA can be differentially regulated by Ca2+-dependent proteolysis, can be maintained by a localised glycolytic ATP supply, even in the face of global ATP depletion, and can be profoundly affected by the specific phospholipid environment that it sits within the membrane. The major focus of this review is to highlight some of the controversies surrounding the paradoxical role of the PMCA in cell death and survival, challenging the conventional view of ATP-dependent regulation of the PMCA and how this might influence cell fate.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jason I E Bruce
- Division of Molecular & Clinical Cancer Sciences, School of Medical Sciences, Faculty of Biology, Medicine and Health, University of Manchester, United Kingdom.
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94
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Leonel EC, Falleiros LR, Campos SG, Taboga SR. Histological and immunohistochemical characterization of the Mongolian gerbil's mammary gland during gestation, lactation and involution. Acta Histochem 2017; 119:273-283. [PMID: 28238410 DOI: 10.1016/j.acthis.2017.02.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2016] [Revised: 02/10/2017] [Accepted: 02/10/2017] [Indexed: 01/22/2023]
Abstract
The morphological description of normal tissues is fundamental for making comparisons and in order to identify injuries and lesions. The aim of this work was to describe the morphological characteristics of the female Mongolian gerbil's (Meriones unguiculatus) normal mammary gland, the average expression of hormone receptors, and the average proliferation rates in the epithelial cells during the periods of lactation, pregnancy and involution. Dams were euthanized on the 14th and 21st gestational days, 7 and 14days after parturition, and 3 and 5days after weaning. The dams' mammary tissues were processed and were submitted to haematoxylin and eosin staining, Periodic Acid Schiff (PAS) staining, and Gomori's Reticulin staining. Additionally, immunohistochemistry was performed for the characterization of myoepithelial cells with α-actin, the proliferation rates with proliferating cell nuclear antigen (PCNA), the estrogen hormonal receptors (ESR1 and ESR2), and progesterone receptor (PR) quantifications. It was observed that the abundant adipose tissues were replaced by glandular epithelia and there was an increase in the epithelial cell's height (from 5.97 to 32.4μm in 14th and 21st gestational days and from 20.64 to 25.4μm in 7th and 14th lactational days, respectively) and the acini diameters (from 24.88 to 69.92μm in 14th and 21st gestational days and from 139.69 to 118.59μm in 7th and 14th lactational days, respectively) with the progression of gestation and lactation. The PAS staining intensity varied throughout the glands and between the stages that were evaluated. The extracellular matrix showed different phenotypes too, with more of a presence of the Type I collagen during the early gestation and involution and with more reticular fibers (Type III collagen) during the late gestation period and lactation. The myoepithelial layers showed alterations in their distribution with thick patterns as verified by the α-actin labeling. The PCNA showed higher rates of the marked cells in 14th and 21st gestational days (40.25 and 60.28%) and in 7th and 14th lactational days (64.08 and 65.08%). The hormone receptor quantifications showed a high variation in the rates: the average PR staining decreased from 14th to 21st gestational days (from 42.3 to 8.54%), from 7th to 14th lactational days (from 59.83 to 23.18%) and from 3rd to 5th days after weaning (from 39.98 to 12.72). There were higher averages of ESR1 staining in gestational days 14 and 21(from 58.06 to 30.02%). ESR2 staining decreased during gestation (25.7 and 12.94% in 14th and 21st gestational days)and involution (from 50.97 to 30.18% in 3rd and 5th days after weaning). The Mongolian gerbils showed similar morphological characteristics when they were compared to mice and rats. However, the higher proliferation rates with a smaller involution period compared to other murine characterized this species as being adequate for mammary pathologies studies.
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95
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Singh-Mallah G, McMahon CD, Guan J, Singh K. Cyclic-glycine-proline accelerates mammary involution by promoting apoptosis and inhibiting IGF-1 function. J Cell Physiol 2017; 232:3369-3383. [PMID: 28063218 DOI: 10.1002/jcp.25782] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/31/2016] [Revised: 01/04/2017] [Accepted: 01/05/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In rodents, post-lactational involution of mammary glands is characterized by the loss of mammary epithelial cells via apoptosis, which is associated with a decline in the expression of insulin-like growth factor-1 (IGF-1). Overexpression of IGF-1 delays involution by inhibiting apoptosis of epithelial cells and preserving the remaining secretory alveoli. Cyclic-glycine-proline (cGP), a metabolite of IGF-1, normalizes IGF-1 function under pathological conditions by regulating the bioavailability of IGF-1. The present study investigated the effect of cGP on the physiological decline in IGF-1 function during post-lactational mammary involution. Rat dams were gavaged with either cGP (3 mg/kg) or saline once per day from post-natal d8-22. Before collecting tissue on post-natal d23, a pair of mammary glands were sealed on d20 (72 hr-engorgement, thus representative of late-involution) and d22 (24 hr-engorgement, thus representative of mid-involution), while the remaining glands were allowed to involute naturally (early-involution). During early-involution, cGP accelerated the loss of mammary cells through apoptosis, resulting in an earlier clearance of intact secretory alveoli compared with the control group. This coincided with an earlier up-regulation of the cell survival factors, Bcl-xl and IGF-1R, in the early-involution cGP glands compared with the control glands. During late-involution, cGP reduced the bioactivity of IGF-1, which was evident through decreased phosphorylation of IGF-1R in the regressed alveoli. Maternal administration of cGP did not alter milk production and composition during early-, peak-, or late-stage of lactation. These data show that cGP accelerates post-lactational involution by promoting apoptosis and the physiological decline in IGF-1 function.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gagandeep Singh-Mallah
- Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Christopher D McMahon
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Jian Guan
- Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Centre for Brain Research, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Brain Research New Zealand, Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand.,Faculty of Medical and Health Sciences, Department of Pharmacology and Clinical Pharmacology, School of Medical Sciences, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
| | - Kuljeet Singh
- AgResearch Ltd., Ruakura Research Centre, Hamilton, New Zealand.,Gravida, National Centre for Growth and Development, Liggins Institute, University of Auckland, Auckland, New Zealand
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96
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Guo Q, Minnier J, Burchard J, Chiotti K, Spellman P, Schedin P. Physiologically activated mammary fibroblasts promote postpartum mammary cancer. JCI Insight 2017; 2:e89206. [PMID: 28352652 DOI: 10.1172/jci.insight.89206] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/18/2023] Open
Abstract
Women diagnosed with breast cancer within 5 years of childbirth have poorer prognosis than nulliparous or pregnant women. Weaning-induced breast involution is implicated, as the collagen-rich, immunosuppressive microenvironment of the involuting mammary gland is tumor promotional in mice. To investigate the role of mammary fibroblasts, isolated mammary PDGFRα+ cells from nulliparous and postweaning mice were assessed for activation phenotype and protumorigenic function. Fibroblast activation during involution was evident by increased expression of fibrillar collagens, lysyl oxidase, Tgfb1, and Cxcl12 genes. The ability of mammary tumors to grow in an isogenic, orthotopic transplant model was increased when tumor cells were coinjected with involution-derived compared with nulliparous-derived mammary fibroblasts. Mammary tumors in the involution-fibroblast group had increased Ly6C+ monocytes at the tumor border, and decreased CD8+ T cell infiltration and tumor cell death. Ibuprofen treatment suppressed involution-fibroblast activation and tumor promotional capacity, concurrent with decreases in tumor Ly6C+ monocytes, and increases in intratumoral CD8+ T cell infiltration, granzyme levels, and tumor cell death. In total, our data identify a COX/prostaglandin E2 (PGE2)-dependent activated mammary fibroblast within the involuting mammary gland that displays protumorigenic, immunosuppressive activity, identifying fibroblasts as potential targets for the prevention and treatment of postpartum breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiuchen Guo
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology
| | | | | | - Kami Chiotti
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Paul Spellman
- Department of Molecular and Medical Genetics, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
| | - Pepper Schedin
- Department of Cell, Developmental and Cancer Biology.,Young Women's Breast Cancer Translational Program, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, Colorado, USA.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, Oregon, USA
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97
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Pham K, Dong J, Jiang X, Qu Y, Yu H, Yang Y, Olea W, Marini JC, Chan L, Wang J, Wehrens XHT, Cui X, Li Y, Hadsell DL, Cheng N. Loss of glutaredoxin 3 impedes mammary lobuloalveolar development during pregnancy and lactation. Am J Physiol Endocrinol Metab 2017; 312:E136-E149. [PMID: 27894063 PMCID: PMC5374299 DOI: 10.1152/ajpendo.00150.2016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/15/2016] [Revised: 10/26/2016] [Accepted: 11/14/2016] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Mammalian glutaredoxin 3 (Grx3) has been shown to be important for regulating cellular redox homeostasis in the cell. Our previous studies indicate that Grx3 is significantly overexpressed in various human cancers including breast cancer and demonstrate that Grx3 controls cancer cell growth and invasion by regulating reactive oxygen species (ROS) and NF-κB signaling pathways. However, it remains to be determined whether Grx3 is required for normal mammary gland development and how it contributes to epithelial cell proliferation and differentiation in vivo. In the present study, we examined Grx3 expression in different cell types within the developing mouse mammary gland (MG) and found enhanced expression of Grx3 at pregnancy and lactation stages. To assess the physiological role of Grx3 in MG, we generated the mutant mice in which Grx3 was deleted specifically in mammary epithelial cells (MECs). Although the reduction of Grx3 expression had only minimal effects on mammary ductal development in virgin mice, it did reduce alveolar density during pregnancy and lactation. The impairment of lobuloalveolar development was associated with high levels of ROS accumulation and reduced expression of milk protein genes. In addition, proliferative gene expression was significantly suppressed with proliferation defects occurring in knockout MECs during alveolar development compared with wild-type controls. Therefore, our findings suggest that Grx3 is a key regulator of ROS in vivo and is involved in pregnancy-dependent mammary gland development and secretory activation through modulating cellular ROS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Khanh Pham
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jie Dong
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiqian Jiang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ying Qu
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Han Yu
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Yisheng Yang
- Department of Medicine, MetroHealth Medical Center, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Walter Olea
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Juan C Marini
- Section of Critical Care Medicine, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Lawrence Chan
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Jin Wang
- Department of Pharmacology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Center for Drug Discovery, Dan L. Duncan Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
| | - Xander H T Wehrens
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Medicine, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
- Department of Molecular Physiology & Biophysics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Xiaojiang Cui
- Department of Surgery, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Cedars Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Yi Li
- Lester and Sue Smith Breast Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Darryl L Hadsell
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas
| | - Ninghui Cheng
- USDA/ARS Children Nutrition Research Center, Department of Pediatrics, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas;
- Cardiovascular Research Institute, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas; and
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98
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Kagan VE, Bayır H, Tyurina YY, Bolevich SB, Maguire JJ, Fadeel B, Balasubramanian K. Elimination of the unnecessary: Intra- and extracellular signaling by anionic phospholipids. Biochem Biophys Res Commun 2017; 482:482-490. [PMID: 28212735 PMCID: PMC5319735 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrc.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2016] [Accepted: 11/01/2016] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
High fidelity of biological systems is frequently achieved by duplication of the essential intracellular machineries or, removal of the entire cell, which becomes unnecessary or even harmful in altered physiological environments. Carefully controlled removal of these cells, without damaging normal cells, requires precise signaling, and is critical to maintaining homeostasis. This review describes how two anionic phospholipids - phosphatidylserine (PS) and cardiolipin (CL) - residing in distinct compartments of the cell, signal removal of "the unnecessary" using several uniform principles. One of these principles is realized by collapse of inherent transmembrane asymmetry and the externalization of the signal on the outer membrane surface - mitochondria for CL and the plasma membrane for PS - to trigger mitophagy and phagocytosis, respectively. Release from damaged cells of intracellular structures with externalized CL or externalized PS triggers their elimination by phagocytosis. Another of these principles is realized by oxidation of polyunsaturated species of CL and PS. Highly specific oxidation of CL by cytochrome c serves as a signal for mitochondria-dependent apoptosis, while oxidation of externalized PS improves its effectiveness to trigger phagocytosis of effete cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Valerian E Kagan
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Pharmacology and Chemical Biology, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Chemistry, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia.
| | - Hülya Bayır
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Critical Care Medicine, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Yulia Y Tyurina
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Sergey B Bolevich
- Department of Human Pathology, I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University, Moscow, Russia
| | - John J Maguire
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
| | - Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Division of Molecular Toxicology, Institute of Environmental Medicine, Karolinska Institute, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Krishnakumar Balasubramanian
- Center for Free Radical and Antioxidant Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA; Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, PA, USA
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99
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Gopalakrishnan K, Teitelbaum SL, Lambertini L, Wetmur J, Manservisi F, Falcioni L, Panzacchi S, Belpoggi F, Chen J. Changes in mammary histology and transcriptome profiles by low-dose exposure to environmental phenols at critical windows of development. ENVIRONMENTAL RESEARCH 2017; 152:233-243. [PMID: 27810681 PMCID: PMC5135583 DOI: 10.1016/j.envres.2016.10.021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2016] [Revised: 10/19/2016] [Accepted: 10/20/2016] [Indexed: 05/25/2023]
Abstract
Exposure to environmental chemicals has been linked to altered mammary development and cancer risk at high doses using animal models. Effects at low doses comparable to human exposure remain poorly understood, especially during critical developmental windows. We investigated the effects of two environmental phenols commonly used in personal care products - methyl paraben (MPB) and triclosan (TCS) - on the histology and transcriptome of normal mammary glands at low doses mimicking human exposure during critical windows of development. Sprague-Dawley rats were exposed during perinatal, prepubertal and pubertal windows, as well as from birth to lactation. Low-dose exposure to MPB and TCS induced measurable changes in both mammary histology (by Masson's Trichrome Stain) and transcriptome (by microarrays) in a window-specific fashion. Puberty represented a window of heightened sensitivity to MPB, with increased glandular tissue and changes of expression in 295 genes with significant enrichment in functions such as DNA replication and cell cycle regulation. Long-term exposure to TCS from birth to lactation was associated with increased adipose and reduced glandular and secretory tissue, with expression alterations in 993 genes enriched in pathways such as cholesterol synthesis and adipogenesis. Finally, enrichment analyses revealed that genes modified by MPB and TCS were over-represented in human breast cancer gene signatures, suggesting possible links with breast carcinogenesis. These findings highlight the issues of critical windows of susceptibility that may confer heightened sensitivity to environmental insults and implicate the potential health effects of these ubiquitous environmental chemicals in breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kalpana Gopalakrishnan
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Susan L Teitelbaum
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Luca Lambertini
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - James Wetmur
- Department of Microbiology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1054, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA
| | - Fabiana Manservisi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Laura Falcioni
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Simona Panzacchi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Fiorella Belpoggi
- Cesare Maltoni Cancer Research Centre, Ramazzini Institute, Bentivoglio (Bologna), Italy
| | - Jia Chen
- Department of Environmental Medicine and Public Health, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Oncological Sciences, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Medicine, Hematology and Medical Oncology, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA; Department of Pediatrics, Icahn School of Medicine at Mount Sinai, Box 1057, 1 Gustave Levy Place, New York, NY 10029, USA.
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100
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Lee S, Kelleher SL. Molecular regulation of lactation: The complex and requisite roles for zinc. Arch Biochem Biophys 2016; 611:86-92. [DOI: 10.1016/j.abb.2016.04.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Revised: 03/10/2016] [Accepted: 04/04/2016] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
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