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Palmieri V, Perini G, De Spirito M, Papi M. Graphene oxide touches blood: in vivo interactions of bio-coronated 2D materials. NANOSCALE HORIZONS 2019; 4:273-290. [PMID: 32254085 DOI: 10.1039/c8nh00318a] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene oxide is the hot topic in biomedical and pharmaceutical research of the current decade. However, its complex interactions with human blood components complicate the transition from the promising in vitro results to clinical settings. Even though graphene oxide is made with the same atoms as our organs, tissues and cells, its bi-dimensional nature causes unique interactions with blood proteins and biological membranes and can lead to severe effects like thrombogenicity and immune cell activation. In this review, we will describe the journey of graphene oxide after injection into the bloodstream, from the initial interactions with plasma proteins to the formation of the "biomolecular corona", and biodistribution. We will consider the link between the chemical properties of graphene oxide (and its functionalized/reduced derivatives), protein binding and in vivo response. We will also summarize data on biodistribution and toxicity in view of the current knowledge of the influence of the biomolecular corona on these processes. Our aim is to shed light on the unsolved problems regarding the graphene oxide corona to build the groundwork for the future development of drug delivery technology.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Palmieri
- Fondazione Policlinico A. Gemelli IRCSS-Università Cattolica Sacro Cuore, Largo Francesco Vito 1, 00168, Roma, Italy.
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Strojny B, Sawosz E, Grodzik M, Jaworski S, Szczepaniak J, Sosnowska M, Wierzbicki M, Kutwin M, Orlińska S, Chwalibog A. Nanostructures of diamond, graphene oxide and graphite inhibit CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4 enzymes and downregulate their genes in liver cells. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:8561-8575. [PMID: 30587978 PMCID: PMC6300366 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s188997] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/11/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION AND OBJECTIVE Currently, carbon nanostructures are vastly explored materials with potential for future employment in biomedicine. The possibility of employment of diamond nanoparticles (DN), graphene oxide (GO) or graphite nanoparticles (GN) for in vivo applications raises a question of their safety. Even though they do not induce a direct toxic effect, due to their unique properties, they can still interact with molecular pathways. The objective of this study was to assess if DN, GO and GN affect three isoforms of cytochrome P450 (CYP) enzymes, namely, CYP1A2, CYP2D6 and CYP3A4, expressed in the liver. METHODS Dose-dependent effect of the DN, GO and GN nanostructures on the catalytic activity of CYPs was examined using microsome-based model. Cytotoxicity of DN, GO and GN, as well as the influence of the nanostructures on mRNA expression of CYP genes and CYP-associated receptor genes were studied in vitro using HepG2 and HepaRG cell lines. RESULTS All three nanostructures interacted with the CYP enzymes and inhibited their catalytic activity in microsomal-based models. CYP gene expression at the mRNA level was also downregulated in HepG2 and HepaRG cell lines. Among the three nanostructures, GO showed the most significant influence on the enzymes, while DN was the most inert. CONCLUSION Our findings revealed that DN, GO and GN might interfere with xenobiotic and drug metabolism in the liver by interactions with CYP isoenzymes responsible for the process. Such results should be considered if DN, GO and GN are used in medical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strojny
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sawosz
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jaworski
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Jarosław Szczepaniak
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Malwina Sosnowska
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wierzbicki
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kutwin
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sylwia Orlińska
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André Chwalibog
- Department of Veterinary and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Frederiksberg, Denmark,
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Fadeel B, Bussy C, Merino S, Vázquez E, Flahaut E, Mouchet F, Evariste L, Gauthier L, Koivisto AJ, Vogel U, Martín C, Delogu LG, Buerki-Thurnherr T, Wick P, Beloin-Saint-Pierre D, Hischier R, Pelin M, Candotto Carniel F, Tretiach M, Cesca F, Benfenati F, Scaini D, Ballerini L, Kostarelos K, Prato M, Bianco A. Safety Assessment of Graphene-Based Materials: Focus on Human Health and the Environment. ACS NANO 2018; 12:10582-10620. [PMID: 30387986 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.8b04758] [Citation(s) in RCA: 304] [Impact Index Per Article: 50.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/20/2023]
Abstract
Graphene and its derivatives are heralded as "miracle" materials with manifold applications in different sectors of society from electronics to energy storage to medicine. The increasing exploitation of graphene-based materials (GBMs) necessitates a comprehensive evaluation of the potential impact of these materials on human health and the environment. Here, we discuss synthesis and characterization of GBMs as well as human and environmental hazard assessment of GBMs using in vitro and in vivo model systems with the aim to understand the properties that underlie the biological effects of these materials; not all GBMs are alike, and it is essential that we disentangle the structure-activity relationships for this class of materials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Bengt Fadeel
- Nanosafety & Nanomedicine Laboratory, Institute of Environmental Medicine , Karolinska Institutet , 17777 Stockholm , Sweden
| | - Cyrill Bussy
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Sonia Merino
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology , University of Castilla-La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | - Ester Vázquez
- Faculty of Chemical Science and Technology , University of Castilla-La Mancha , 13071 Ciudad Real , Spain
| | | | | | | | - Laury Gauthier
- CNRS, Université Paul Sabatier , 31062 Toulouse , France
| | - Antti J Koivisto
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Ulla Vogel
- National Research Centre for the Working Environment , 2100 Copenhagen , Denmark
| | - Cristina Martín
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS , Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry , 67000 Strasbourg , France
| | - Lucia G Delogu
- Department of Chemistry and Pharmacy University of Sassari , Sassari 7100 , Italy
- Istituto di Ricerca Pediatrica , Fondazione Città della Speranza , 35129 Padova , Italy
| | - Tina Buerki-Thurnherr
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Peter Wick
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | | | - Roland Hischier
- Swiss Federal Laboratories for Materials Science and Technology (EMPA) , 9014 St. Gallen , Switzerland
| | - Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | | | - Mauro Tretiach
- Department of Life Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
| | - Fabrizia Cesca
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16132 Genova , Italy
| | - Fabio Benfenati
- Center for Synaptic Neuroscience and Technology , Istituto Italiano di Tecnologia , 16132 Genova , Italy
| | - Denis Scaini
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , 34136 Trieste , Italy
| | - Laura Ballerini
- Scuola Internazionale Superiore di Studi Avanzati (SISSA) , 34136 Trieste , Italy
| | - Kostas Kostarelos
- Nanomedicine Laboratory, Faculty of Biology, Medicine & Health , University of Manchester , Manchester M13 9PL , United Kingdom
| | - Maurizio Prato
- Department of Chemical and Pharmaceutical Sciences , University of Trieste , 34127 Trieste , Italy
- Carbon Nanobiotechnology Laboratory , CIC BiomaGUNE , 20009 San Sebastian , Spain
- Basque Foundation for Science, Ikerbasque , 48013 Bilbao , Spain
| | - Alberto Bianco
- University of Strasbourg, CNRS , Immunology, Immunopathology and Therapeutic Chemistry , 67000 Strasbourg , France
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Belime A, Thielens NM, Gravel E, Frachet P, Ancelet S, Tacnet P, Caneiro C, Chuprin J, Gaboriaud C, Schoehn G, Doris E, Ling WL. Recognition protein C1q of innate immunity agglutinates nanodiamonds without activating complement. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 18:292-302. [PMID: 30368000 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.09.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/02/2018] [Revised: 08/31/2018] [Accepted: 09/27/2018] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
Nanodiamonds are promising nanomedicines for diagnostic and therapeutic applications. As nanodiamonds are mainly administered intravenously, it is critical to understand the humoral immune response upon exposure to nanodiamonds. Here, we report the interactions of pristine, oxidized, and PEG-functionalized nanodiamonds with human complement, an important part of our humoral innate immunity. In particular, we report the nanodiamond binding properties of the recognition protein of the classical complement pathway: C1q, which also takes part in many other physiological and pathological processes. Our results show similar trends in the effects of C1q on the three types of nanodiamonds. Complement activation assays using human serum show that the nanodiamonds trigger slight activities via the alternative pathway and no response via the classical pathway. Nevertheless, surface plasmon resonance shows that C1q binds the nanodiamonds and transmission electron microscopy reveals their agglutination. Studies with macrophages further show that C1q attachment affects their phagocytosis and cytokine response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Agathe Belime
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage (SCBM), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Edmond Gravel
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage (SCBM), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | | | - Sarah Ancelet
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Jane Chuprin
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France; Nano/Bio Interface Center, University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | | | - Guy Schoehn
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France
| | - Eric Doris
- Service de Chimie Bioorganique et de Marquage (SCBM), CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Wai Li Ling
- Univ. Grenoble Alpes, CEA, CNRS, IBS, Grenoble, France.
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Bai DP, Lin XY, Huang YF, Zhang XF. Theranostics Aspects of Various Nanoparticles in Veterinary Medicine. Int J Mol Sci 2018; 19:ijms19113299. [PMID: 30352960 PMCID: PMC6274759 DOI: 10.3390/ijms19113299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Revised: 10/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/16/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Nanoscience and nanotechnology shows immense interest in various areas of research and applications, including biotechnology, biomedical sciences, nanomedicine, and veterinary medicine. Studies and application of nanotechnology was explored very extensively in the human medical field and also studies undertaken in rodents extensively, still either studies or applications in veterinary medicine is not up to the level when compared to applications to human beings. The application in veterinary medicine and animal production is still relatively innovative. Recently, in the era of health care technologies, Veterinary Medicine also entered into a new phase and incredible transformations. Nanotechnology has tremendous and potential influence not only the way we live, but also on the way that we practice veterinary medicine and increase the safety of domestic animals, production, and income to the farmers through use of nanomaterials. The current status and advancements of nanotechnology is being used to enhance the animal growth promotion, and production. To achieve these, nanoparticles are used as alternative antimicrobial agents to overcome the usage alarming rate of antibiotics, detection of pathogenic bacteria, and also nanoparticles being used as drug delivery agents as new drug and vaccine candidates with improved characteristics and performance, diagnostic, therapeutic, feed additive, nutrient delivery, biocidal agents, reproductive aids, and finally to increase the quality of food using various kinds of functionalized nanoparticles, such as liposomes, polymeric nanoparticles, dendrimers, micellar nanoparticles, and metal nanoparticles. It seems that nanotechnology is ideal for veterinary applications in terms of cost and the availability of resources. The main focus of this review is describes some of the important current and future principal aspects of involvement of nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine. However, we are not intended to cover the entire scenario of Veterinary Medicine, despite this review is to provide a glimpse at potential important targets of nanotechnology in the field of Veterinary Medicine. Considering the strong potential of the interaction between the nanotechnology and Veterinary Medicine, the aim of this review is to provide a concise description of the advances of nanotechnology in Veterinary Medicine, in terms of their potential application of various kinds of nanoparticles, secondly we discussed role of nanomaterials in animal health and production, and finally we discussed conclusion and future perspectives of nanotechnology in veterinary medicine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ding-Ping Bai
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xin-Yu Lin
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Yi-Fan Huang
- Fujian Key Laboratory of Traditional Chinese Veterinary Medicine and Animal Health, Fujian Agriculture and Forestry University, Fuzhou 350002, China.
| | - Xi-Feng Zhang
- College of Biological and Pharmaceutical Engineering, Wuhan Polytechnic University, Wuhan 430023, China.
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Kan CD, Wang JN, Li WP, Lin SH, Chen WL, Hsu YP, Yeh CS. Clinical ultrasound stimulating angiogenesis following drug-release from polymersomes on the ischemic zone for peripheral arterial occlusive disease. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2018; 14:2205-2213. [DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2018.07.010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2018] [Revised: 07/13/2018] [Accepted: 07/18/2018] [Indexed: 01/19/2023]
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Immunological impact of graphene oxide sheets in the abdominal cavity is governed by surface reactivity. Arch Toxicol 2018; 92:3359-3379. [PMID: 30259072 PMCID: PMC6208965 DOI: 10.1007/s00204-018-2303-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/20/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/12/2022]
Abstract
Graphene oxide (GO) is an oxidised form of graphene that has attracted commercial interest in multiple applications, including inks, printed electronics and spray coatings, which all raise health concerns due to potential creation of inhalable aerosols. Although a number of studies have discussed the toxicity of GO sheets, the in vivo impact of their lateral dimensions is still not clear. Here, we compared the effects of large GO sheets (l-GO, 1–20 µm) with those of small GO sheets (s-GO, < 1 µm) in terms of mesothelial damage and peritoneal inflammation, after intraperitoneal (i.p.) injection in mice. To benchmark the outcomes, long and rigid multi-walled carbon nanotubes (MWCNTs) that were shown to be associated with asbestos-like pathogenicity on the mesothelium were also tested. Our aim was to assess whether lateral dimensions can be a predictor of inflammogenicity for GO sheets in a similar fashion as length is for MWCNTs. While long MWCNTs dispersed in 0.5% BSA induced a granulomatous response on the diaphragmatic mesothelium and immune cell recruitment to the peritoneal cavity, GO sheets dispersed under similar conditions did not cause any response, regardless of their lateral dimensions. We further interrogated whether tuning the surface reactivity of GO by testing different dispersions (5% dextrose instead of 0.5% BSA) may change the biological outcome. Although the change of dispersion did not alter the impact of GO on the mesothelium (i.e. no granuloma), we observed that, when dispersed in protein-free 5% dextrose solution, s-GO elicited a greater recruitment of monocytic cells to the peritoneal cavity than l-GO, or when dispersed in protein-containing solution. Such recruitment coincided with the greater ability of s-GO to interact in vivo with peritoneal macrophages and was associated with a greater surface reactivity in comparison to l-GO. In conclusion, large dimension was not a determining factor of the immunological impact of GO sheets after i.p. administration. For an equal dose, GO sheets with lateral dimensions similar to the length of long MWCNTs were less pathogenic than the MWCNTs. On the other hand, surface reactivity and the ability of some smaller GO sheets to interact more readily with immune cells seem to be key parameters that can be tuned to improve the safety profile of GO. In particular, the choice of dispersion modality, which affected these two parameters, was found to be of crucial importance in the assessment of GO impact in this model. Overall, these findings are essential for a better understanding of the parameters governing GO toxicity and inflammation, and the rational design of safe GO-based formulations for various applications, including biomedicine.
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Pelin M, Sosa S, Prato M, Tubaro A. Occupational exposure to graphene based nanomaterials: risk assessment. NANOSCALE 2018; 10:15894-15903. [PMID: 30132494 DOI: 10.1039/c8nr04950e] [Citation(s) in RCA: 63] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/12/2023]
Abstract
Graphene-based materials (GBMs) are a family of novel materials including graphene, few layer graphene (FLG), graphene oxide (GO), reduced graphene oxide (rGO) and graphene nanoplatelets (GNP). Currently, the risk posed by them to human health is associated mainly with the occupational exposure during their industrial and small-scale production or waste discharge. The most significant occupational exposure routes are inhalation, oral, cutaneous and ocular, inhalation being the majorly involved and most studied one. This manuscript presents a critical up-to-date review of the available in vivo toxicity data of the most significant GBMs, after using these exposure routes. The few in vivo inhalation toxicity studies (limited to 5-days of repeated exposure and only one to 5 days per week for 4 weeks) indicate inflammatory/fibrotic effects at the pulmonary level, not always reversible after 14/90 days. More limited in vivo data are available for the oral and ocular exposure routes, whereas the studies on cutaneous toxicity are at the initial stage. A long persistence of GBMs in rodents is recorded, while contradictory genotoxic data are reported. Data gap identification is also provided. Based on the available data, the occupational exposure limit cannot be determined. More experimental toxicity studies according to specific guidelines (tentatively validated for nanomaterials) and more information on the actual occupational exposure level to GBMs are needed. Furthermore, ADME (Absorption, Distribution, Metabolism, Excretion), genotoxicity, developmental and reproductive toxicity data related to the occupational exposure to GBMs have to be implemented. In addition, sub-chronic and/or chronic studies are still needed to completely exclude other toxic effects and/or carcinogenicity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marco Pelin
- Department of Life Sciences, University of Trieste, 34127 Trieste, Italy.
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Amrollahi-Sharifabadi M, Koohi MK, Zayerzadeh E, Hablolvarid MH, Hassan J, Seifalian AM. In vivo toxicological evaluation of graphene oxide nanoplatelets for clinical application. Int J Nanomedicine 2018; 13:4757-4769. [PMID: 30174424 PMCID: PMC6110298 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s168731] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Graphene is considered as a wonder material; it is the strongest material on the planet, super-elastic, and conductive. Its application in biomedicine is huge, with a multibillion-dollar industry, and will revolutionize the diagnostic and treatment of diseases. However, its safety and potential toxicity is the main challenge. Methods This study assessed the potential toxicity of graphene oxide nanoplatelets (GONs) in an in vivo animal model using systemic, hematological, biochemical, and histopathological examinations. Normal saline (control group) or GONs (3–6 layers, lateral dimension=5–10 μm, and thickness=0.8–2 nm) at dose rate of 50, 150, or 500 mg/kg were intraperitoneally injected into adult male Wistar rats (n=5) every 48 hours during 1 week to receive each animal a total of four doses. The animals were allowed 2 weeks to recover after the last dosing. Then, animals were killed and the blood was collected for hematological and biochemical analysis. The organs including the liver, kidney, spleen, lung, intestine, brain, and heart were harvested for histopathological evaluations. Results The results showed GONs prevented body weight gain in animals after 21 days, treated at 500 mg/kg, but not in the animals treated at 150 or 50 mg/kg GONs. The biochemical analysis showed a significant increase in total bilirubin, with a significant decrease in triglycerides and high-density lipoprotein in animals treated at 500 mg/kg. Nonetheless, other hematological and biochemical parameters remained statistically insignificant in all GONs treated animals. The most common histopathological findings in the visceral organs were granulomatous reaction with giant cell formation and accumulation of GONs in capsular regions. Also, small foci of neuronal degeneration and necrosis were the most outstanding findings in the brain, including the cerebellum. Conclusion In conclusion, this study shows that GONs without functionalization are toxic. The future study is a comparison of the functionalized with non-functionalized GONs.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Mohammad Kazem Koohi
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Ehsan Zayerzadeh
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Food Industry and Agriculture, Standard Research Institute, Karaj, Iran
| | - Mohammad Hassan Hablolvarid
- Department of Pathology, Razi Vaccine and Serum Research Institute, Agricultural Research, Education and Extension Organization (AREEO), Karaj, Iran
| | - Jalal Hassan
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran,
| | - Alexander M Seifalian
- NanoRegMed ltd, Nanotechnology and Regenerative Medicine Commercialization Centre, The London Bioscience Innovation Centre, London, UK
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Nanographene oxide-methylene blue as phototherapies platform for breast tumor ablation and metastasis prevention in a syngeneic orthotopic murine model. J Nanobiotechnology 2018; 16:9. [PMID: 29382332 PMCID: PMC5789561 DOI: 10.1186/s12951-018-0333-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2017] [Accepted: 01/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND In the photodynamic therapy (PDT), the photosensitizer absorbs light and transfers the energy of the excited state to the oxygen in the cell environment producing reactive oxygen species (ROS), that in its turn, may cause cell damage. In the photothermal therapy (PTT), light also is responsible for activating the photothermal agent, which converts the absorbed energy in heat. Graphene oxide is a carbon-based material that presents photothermal activity. Its physical properties allow the association with the photosensitizer methylene blue and consequently the production of ROS when submitted to light irradiation. Therefore, the association between nanographene oxide and methylene blue could represent a strategy to enhance therapeutic actions. In this work, we report the nanographene oxide-methylene blue platform (NanoGO-MB) used to promote tumor ablation in combination with photodynamic and photothermal therapies against a syngeneic orthotopic murine breast cancer model. RESULTS In vitro, NanoGO-MB presented 50% of the reactive oxygen species production compared to the free MB after LED light irradiation, and a temperature increase of ~ 40 °C followed by laser irradiation. On cells, the ROS production by the nanoplatform displayed higher values in tumor than normal cells. In vivo assays demonstrated a synergistic effect obtained by the combined PDT/PTT therapies using NanoGO-MB, which promoted complete tumor ablation in 5/5 animals. Up to 30 days after the last treatment, there was no tumor regrowth compared with only PDT or PTT groups, which displayed tumoral bioluminescence 63-fold higher than the combined treatment group. Histological studies confirmed that the combined therapies were able to prevent tumor regrowth and liver, lung and spleen metastasis. In addition, low systemic toxicity was observed in pathologic examinations of liver, spleen, lungs, and kidneys. CONCLUSIONS The treatment with combined PDT/PTT therapies using NanoGO-MB induced more toxicity on breast carcinoma cells than on normal cells. In vivo, the combined therapies promoted complete tumor ablation and metastasis prevention while only PDT or PTT were unable to stop tumor development. The results show the potential of NanoGO-MB in combination with the phototherapies in the treatment of the breast cancer and metastasis prevention.
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Kurantowicz N, Sawosz E, Halik G, Strojny B, Hotowy A, Grodzik M, Piast R, Pasanphan W, Chwalibog A. Toxicity studies of six types of carbon nanoparticles in a chicken-embryo model. Int J Nanomedicine 2017; 12:2887-2898. [PMID: 28435265 PMCID: PMC5391155 DOI: 10.2147/ijn.s131960] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/07/2023] Open
Abstract
In the present study, the toxicity of six different types of carbon nanoparticles (CNPs) was investigated using a chicken-embryo model. Fertilized chicken eggs were divided into the following treatment groups: placebo, diamond NPs, graphite NPs, pristine graphene, small graphene oxide, large graphene oxide, and reduced graphene oxide. Experimental solutions at a concentration of 500 μg/mL were administrated into the egg albumin. Gross pathology and the rate of survival were examined after 5, 10, 15, and 20 days of incubation. After 20 days of incubation, blood samples were collected and the weight of the body and organs measured. The relative ratio of embryo survival decreased after treatment all treatments except diamond NPs. There was no correlation between the rate of survival and the ζ-potential or the surface charge of the CNPs in solution. Body and organ weight, red blood-cell morphology, blood serum biochemical parameters, and oxidative damage in the liver did not differ among the groups. These results indicate that CNPs can remain in blood circulation without any major side effects, suggesting their potential applicability as vehicles for drug delivery or active compounds per se. However, there is a need for further investigation of their properties, which vary depending on production methods and surface functionalization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Natalia Kurantowicz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences
| | - Ewa Sawosz
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences
| | - Gabriela Halik
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences
| | - Barbara Strojny
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences
| | - Anna Hotowy
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Department of Animal Nutrition and Biotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences
| | | | - Wanvimol Pasanphan
- Department of Materials Science, Faculty of Science, Kasetsart University, Bangkok, Thailand
| | - André Chwalibog
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
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Ema M, Gamo M, Honda K. A review of toxicity studies on graphene-based nanomaterials in laboratory animals. Regul Toxicol Pharmacol 2017; 85:7-24. [PMID: 28161457 DOI: 10.1016/j.yrtph.2017.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2016] [Revised: 11/10/2016] [Accepted: 01/27/2017] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
We summarized the findings of toxicity studies on graphene-based nanomaterials (GNMs) in laboratory mammals. The inhalation of graphene (GP) and graphene oxide (GO) induced only minimal pulmonary toxicity. Bolus airway exposure to GP and GO caused acute and subacute pulmonary inflammation. Large-sized GO (L-GO) was more toxic than small-sized GO (S-GO). Intratracheally administered GP passed through the air-blood barrier into the blood and intravenous GO distributed mainly in the lungs, liver, and spleen. S-GO and L-GO mainly accumulated in the liver and lungs, respectively. Limited information showed the potential behavioral, reproductive, and developmental toxicity and genotoxicity of GNMs. There are indications that oxidative stress and inflammation may be involved in the toxicity of GNMs. The surface reactivity, size, and dispersion status of GNMs play an important role in the induction of toxicity and biodistribution of GNMs. Although this review paper provides initial information on the potential toxicity of GNMs, data are still very limited, especially when taking into account the many different types of GNMs and their potential modifications. To fill the data gap, further studies should be performed using laboratory mammals exposed using the route and dose anticipated for human exposure scenarios.
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Affiliation(s)
- Makoto Ema
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan.
| | - Masashi Gamo
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
| | - Kazumasa Honda
- Research Institute of Science for Safety and Sustainability, National Institute of Advanced Industrial Science and Technology (AIST) and Technology Research Association for Single Wall Carbon Nanotubes (TASC), 16-1 Onogawa, Tsukuba, Ibaraki 305-8569, Japan
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63
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Su LX, Lou Q, Jiao Z, Shan CX. Plant Cell Imaging Based on Nanodiamonds with Excitation-Dependent Fluorescence. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:425. [PMID: 27664016 PMCID: PMC5035291 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1641-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2016] [Accepted: 09/19/2016] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite extensive work on fluorescence behavior stemming from color centers of diamond, reports on the excitation-dependent fluorescence of nanodiamonds (NDs) with a large-scale redshift from 400 to 620 nm under different excitation wavelengths are so far much fewer, especially in biological applications. The fluorescence can be attributed to the combined effects of the fraction of sp(2)-hybridized carbon atoms among the surface of the fine diamond nanoparticles and the defect energy trapping states on the surface of the diamond. The excitation-dependent fluorescent NDs have been applied in plant cell imaging for the first time. The results reported in this paper may provide a promising route to multiple-color bioimaging using NDs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Xia Su
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Qing Lou
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Zhen Jiao
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
| | - Chong-Xin Shan
- School of Physics and Engineering, Zhengzhou University, No.75 Daxue Road, Zhengzhou, 450052 China
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64
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Perepelytsina OM, Yakymchuk OM, Sydorenko MV, Bakalinska ON, Bloisi F, Vicari LRM. Functionalization of Carbon Nanomaterial Surface by Doxorubicin and Antibodies to Tumor Markers. NANOSCALE RESEARCH LETTERS 2016; 11:314. [PMID: 27356561 PMCID: PMC4927544 DOI: 10.1186/s11671-016-1537-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/20/2015] [Accepted: 06/24/2016] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
The actual task of oncology is effective treatment of cancer while causing a minimum harm to the patient. The appearance of polymer nanomaterials and technologies launched new applications and approaches of delivery and release of anticancer drugs. The goal of work was to test ultra dispersed diamonds (UDDs) and onion-like carbon (OLCs) as new vehicles for delivery of antitumor drug (doxorubicin (DOX)) and specific antibodies to tumor receptors. Stable compounds of UDDs and OLCs with DOX were obtained. As results of work, an effectiveness of functionalization was 2.94 % w/w for OLC-DOX and 2.98 % w/w for UDD-DOX. Also, there was demonstrated that UDD-DOX and OLC-DOX constructs had dose-dependent cytotoxic effect on tumor cells in the presence of trypsin. The survival of adenocarcinoma cells reduced from 52 to 28 % in case of incubation with the UDD-DOX in concentrations from 8.4-2.5 to 670-20 μg/ml and from 72 to 30 % after incubation with OLC-DOX. Simultaneously, antibodies to epidermal growth factor maintained 75 % of the functional activity and specificity after matrix-assisted pulsed laser evaporation deposition. Thus, the conclusion has been made about the prospects of selected new methods and approaches for creating an antitumor agent with capabilities targeted delivery of drugs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Olena M Perepelytsina
- Department of biotechnical problems of diagnostic IPCC, Nauky str.,42/1, Kiev, 03028, Ukraine
| | - Olena M Yakymchuk
- Department of biotechnical problems of diagnostic IPCC, Nauky str.,42/1, Kiev, 03028, Ukraine.
| | - Mychailo V Sydorenko
- Department of biotechnical problems of diagnostic IPCC, Nauky str.,42/1, Kiev, 03028, Ukraine
| | - Olga N Bakalinska
- Chuiko Institute of Surface Chemistry NAS of Ukraine, 17 General Naumov str., Kiev, 03164, Ukraine
| | - Francesco Bloisi
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Teccnio, Naples, 80-80125, Italy
- SPIN-CNR, Via Cintia 1, Naples, 80124, Italy
| | - Luciano Rosario Maria Vicari
- Dipartimento di Fisica, Università degli studi di Napoli Federico II, Piazzale Teccnio, Naples, 80-80125, Italy
- SPIN-CNR, Via Cintia 1, Naples, 80124, Italy
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65
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Combinatorial nanodiamond in pharmaceutical and biomedical applications. Int J Pharm 2016; 514:41-51. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ijpharm.2016.06.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 54] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/08/2016] [Revised: 06/02/2016] [Accepted: 06/03/2016] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
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66
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Ou L, Song B, Liang H, Liu J, Feng X, Deng B, Sun T, Shao L. Toxicity of graphene-family nanoparticles: a general review of the origins and mechanisms. Part Fibre Toxicol 2016; 13:57. [PMID: 27799056 PMCID: PMC5088662 DOI: 10.1186/s12989-016-0168-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 396] [Impact Index Per Article: 49.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/13/2016] [Accepted: 10/13/2016] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to their unique physicochemical properties, graphene-family nanomaterials (GFNs) are widely used in many fields, especially in biomedical applications. Currently, many studies have investigated the biocompatibility and toxicity of GFNs in vivo and in intro. Generally, GFNs may exert different degrees of toxicity in animals or cell models by following with different administration routes and penetrating through physiological barriers, subsequently being distributed in tissues or located in cells, eventually being excreted out of the bodies. This review collects studies on the toxic effects of GFNs in several organs and cell models. We also point out that various factors determine the toxicity of GFNs including the lateral size, surface structure, functionalization, charge, impurities, aggregations, and corona effect ect. In addition, several typical mechanisms underlying GFN toxicity have been revealed, for instance, physical destruction, oxidative stress, DNA damage, inflammatory response, apoptosis, autophagy, and necrosis. In these mechanisms, (toll-like receptors-) TLR-, transforming growth factor β- (TGF-β-) and tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-α) dependent-pathways are involved in the signalling pathway network, and oxidative stress plays a crucial role in these pathways. In this review, we summarize the available information on regulating factors and the mechanisms of GFNs toxicity, and propose some challenges and suggestions for further investigations of GFNs, with the aim of completing the toxicology mechanisms, and providing suggestions to improve the biological safety of GFNs and facilitate their wide application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lingling Ou
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Bin Song
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Huimin Liang
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Jia Liu
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Xiaoli Feng
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
| | - Bin Deng
- The General Hospital of People’s Liberation Army, Beijing, China
| | - Ting Sun
- The First Affiliated Hospital of Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Longquan Shao
- Nanfang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510515 China
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Strojny B, Grodzik M, Sawosz E, Winnicka A, Kurantowicz N, Jaworski S, Kutwin M, Urbańska K, Hotowy A, Wierzbicki M, Chwalibog A. Diamond Nanoparticles Modify Curcumin Activity: In Vitro Studies on Cancer and Normal Cells and In Ovo Studies on Chicken Embryo Model. PLoS One 2016; 11:e0164637. [PMID: 27736939 PMCID: PMC5063465 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0164637] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/28/2016] [Accepted: 09/28/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Curcumin has been studied broadly for its wide range of biological activities, including anticancer properties. The major problem with curcumin is its poor bioavailability, which can be improved by the addition of carriers, such as diamond nanoparticles (DN). They are carbon allotropes, and are therefore biocompatible and easily taken up by cells. DN are non-toxic and have antiangiogenic properties with potential applications in cancer therapy. Their large surface makes them promising compounds in a drug delivery system for bioactive agents, as DN create bio-complexes in a fast and simple process of self-organisation. We investigated the cytotoxicity of such bio-complexes against liver cancer cells and normal fibroblasts, revealing that conjugation of curcumin with DN significantly improves its activity. The experiment performed in a chicken embryo model demonstrated that neither curcumin nor DN nor bio-complexes affect embryo development, even though DN can form deposits in tissues. Preliminary results confirmed the applicability of DN as an efficient carrier of curcumin, which improves its performance against cancer cells in vitro, yet is not toxic to an organism, which makes the bio-complex a promising anticancer agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strojny
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sawosz
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Winnicka
- Division of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Kurantowicz
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jaworski
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kutwin
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Kaja Urbańska
- Department of Pathology and Veterinary Diagnostics, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 159 Nowoursynowska Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Hotowy
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wierzbicki
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Faculty of Animal Sciences, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, 8 Ciszewskiego Str., 02–786, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André Chwalibog
- Division of Nano-nutrition, Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Groennegaardsvej 3, 1870, Frederiksberg, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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68
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Silveira CP, Apolinário LM, Fávaro WJ, Paula AJ, Durán N. Doxorubicin-Functionalized Silica Nanoparticles Incorporated into a Thermoreversible Hydrogel and Intraperitoneally Administered Result in High Prostate Antitumor Activity and Reduced Cardiotoxicity of Doxorubicin. ACS Biomater Sci Eng 2016; 2:1190-1199. [PMID: 33465877 DOI: 10.1021/acsbiomaterials.6b00241] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
Described here is an anticancer material based on colloidal mesoporous silica nanoparticles (MSNs) functionalized with doxorubicin (DOX), and incorporated into Pluronic F127 hydrogels for prolonged release, with a potential therapeutic application for prostate cancer treatment. The MSNs have spherical morphology, size of about 60 nm, surface area of 970 cm2 g-1 and average pore width of 2.0 nm. A high colloidal stability for the MSNs in the physiological medium used for in vivo administration (NaCl 0.9% w/v) could be attained in the presence of PF127 (from 5 to 18 wt %), where depletion repulsion forces prevent MSN agglomeration. By conjugating DOX, MSN and PF127 (18 wt %) in NaCl 0.9%, the hybrid system has a gelation temperature of 21 °C, which allowed its in vivo administration in the liquid form and further in situ gelation, generating a drug depot system inside the animals after peritoneal injection. The systems were tested in rats with chemically induced prostate cancer and, after this treatment, histopathological analyses confirmed (i) a reduction in the frequency of aggressive tumors; (ii) that the antitumor effect was dependent on MSN concentration; and most importantly (iii) the reduction of DOX intrinsic cardiotoxicity, indicating that the MSNs play a cardioprotective effect.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Amauri J Paula
- Solid-Biological Interface Group (SolBIN), Department of Physics, Universidade Federal do Ceará (UFC), Campus do Pici, 60440-900 Fortaleza, Ceara, Brazil
| | - Nelson Durán
- Farmabrasilis R&D Division, Campinas São Paulo, Brazil
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Terms of endearment: Bacteria meet graphene nanosurfaces. Biomaterials 2016; 89:38-55. [DOI: 10.1016/j.biomaterials.2016.02.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/26/2015] [Revised: 02/11/2016] [Accepted: 02/19/2016] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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Strojny B, Kurantowicz N, Sawosz E, Grodzik M, Jaworski S, Kutwin M, Wierzbicki M, Hotowy A, Lipińska L, Chwalibog A. Long Term Influence of Carbon Nanoparticles on Health and Liver Status in Rats. PLoS One 2015; 10:e0144821. [PMID: 26657282 PMCID: PMC4681315 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0144821] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/10/2015] [Accepted: 11/24/2015] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Due to their excellent biocompatibility, carbon nanoparticles have been widely investigated for prospective biomedical applications. However, their impact on an organism with prolonged exposure is still not well understood. Here, we performed an experiment investigating diamond, graphene oxide and graphite nanoparticles, which were repeatedly administrated intraperitoneally into Wistar rats for four weeks. Some of the animals was sacrificed after the last injection, whereas the rest were sacrificed twelve weeks after the last exposure. We evaluated blood morphology and biochemistry, as well as the redox and inflammatory state of the liver. The results show the retention of nanoparticles within the peritoneal cavity in the form of prominent aggregates in proximity to the injection site, as well as the presence of some nanoparticles in the mesentery. Small aggregates were also visible in the liver serosa, suggesting possible transportation to the liver. However, none of the tested nanoparticles affected the health of animals. This lack of toxic effect may suggest the potential applicability of nanoparticles as drug carriers for local therapies, ensuring accumulation and slow release of drugs into a targeted tissue without harmful systemic side effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Barbara Strojny
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Natalia Kurantowicz
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ewa Sawosz
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Grodzik
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Sławomir Jaworski
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Marta Kutwin
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Mateusz Wierzbicki
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Anna Hotowy
- Division of Nanobiotechnology, Warsaw University of Life Sciences, Warsaw, Poland
| | - Ludwika Lipińska
- Department of Chemical Technologies, Institute of Electronic Materials Technology, Warsaw, Poland
| | - André Chwalibog
- Department of Veterinary Clinical and Animal Sciences, University of Copenhagen, Copenhagen, Denmark
- * E-mail:
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