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Detection of clonotypic DNA in the cerebrospinal fluid as a marker of central nervous system invasion in lymphoma. Blood Adv 2021; 5:5525-5535. [PMID: 34551072 PMCID: PMC8714713 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004512] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
The NGS-MRD assay detected clonotypic DNA in 100% of CSF samples from patients who had lymphoma with parenchymal CNS involvement. Clonotypic DNA in CSF was present in 36% of newly diagnosed aggressive lymphomas and was associated with a 29% risk of CNS recurrence.
The diagnosis of parenchymal central nervous system (CNS) invasion and prediction of risk for future CNS recurrence are major challenges in the management of aggressive lymphomas, and accurate biomarkers are needed to supplement clinical risk predictors. For this purpose, we studied the results of a next-generation sequencing (NGS)–based assay that detects tumor-derived DNA for clonotypic immunoglobulin gene rearrangements in the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) of patients with lymphomas. Used as a diagnostic tool, the NGS-minimal residual disease (NGS-MRD) assay detected clonotypic DNA in 100% of CSF samples from 13 patients with known CNS involvement. They included 7 patients with parenchymal brain disease only, whose CSF tested negative by standard cytology and flow cytometry, and 6 historical DNA aliquots collected from patients at a median of 39 months before accession, which had failed to show clonal rearrangements using standard polymerase chain reaction. For risk prognostication, we prospectively collected CSF from 22 patients with newly diagnosed B-cell lymphomas at high clinical risk of CNS recurrence, of whom 8 (36%) had detectable clonotypic DNA in the CSF. Despite intrathecal prophylaxis, a positive assay of CSF was associated with a 29% cumulative risk of CNS recurrence within 12 months of diagnosis, in contrast with a 0% risk among patients with negative CSF (P = .045). These observations suggest that detection of clonotypic DNA can aid in the diagnosis of suspected parenchymal brain recurrence in aggressive lymphoma. Furthermore, the NGS-MRD assay may enhance clinical risk assessment for CNS recurrence among patients with newly diagnosed lymphomas and help select those who may benefit most from novel approaches to CNS-directed prophylaxis.
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52
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Davids MS, Lampson BL, Tyekucheva S, Wang Z, Lowney JC, Pazienza S, Montegaard J, Patterson V, Weinstock M, Crombie JL, Ng SY, Kim AI, Jacobson CA, LaCasce AS, Armand P, Arnason JE, Fisher DC, Brown JR. Acalabrutinib, venetoclax, and obinutuzumab as frontline treatment for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia: a single-arm, open-label, phase 2 study. Lancet Oncol 2021; 22:1391-1402. [PMID: 34534514 DOI: 10.1016/s1470-2045(21)00455-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 55] [Impact Index Per Article: 18.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2021] [Revised: 07/25/2021] [Accepted: 07/27/2021] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Both continuous therapy with acalabrutinib and fixed-duration therapy with venetoclax-obinutuzumab are effective for previously untreated chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. We hypothesised that frontline time-limited, minimal residual disease (MRD)-guided triplet therapy with acalabrutinib, venetoclax, and obinutuzumab would induce deep (ie, more patients with undetectable MRD) and durable remissions. METHODS In this open-label, single-arm, investigator-sponsored, phase 2 study, patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia or small lymphocytic lymphoma were recruited from two academic hospitals in Boston, MA, USA. Eligible patients were aged 18 years or older, with an Eastern Cooperative Oncology Group performance status of 0-2, and were treatment naive. Patients were treated in 28 day cycles. Acalabrutinib monotherapy was given orally at 100 mg twice daily for cycle 1, then combined for six cycles with intravenous obinutuzumab (100 mg on cycle 2 day 1, 900 mg on day 2, 1000 mg on day 8, and 1000 mg on day 15 and on day 1 of cycles 3-7); and from the beginning of cycle 4, oral venetoclax was dosed daily using an accelerated ramp-up from 20 mg on day 1 to 400 mg by day 22 and continued at this dose thereafter. Patients continued on acalabrutinib 100 mg twice daily and venetoclax 400 mg once daily until day 1 of cycle 16 or day 1 of cycle 25. If the patient had undetectable MRD in the bone marrow they were given the option to discontinue therapy at the start of cycle 16 (if also in complete remission) or at the start of cycle 25 (if at least in partial remission). The primary endpoint was complete remission with undetectable MRD in the bone marrow (defined as <1 chronic lymphocytic leukaemia cell per 10 000 leucocytes as measured by four-colour flow cytometry), at cycle 16 day 1. Safety and activity endpoints were assessed in all patients who received at least one dose of any study drug. This study is registered with ClinicalTrials.gov, NCT03580928, and is ongoing. FINDINGS Between Aug 2, 2018, and May 23, 2019, 37 patients with chronic lymphocytic leukaemia were enrolled and all received at least one dose of any study drug. The median age of patients was 63 years (IQR 57-70), and ten (27%) were female and 27 (73%) were male. Median follow-up was 27·6 months (IQR 25·1-28·2). At cycle 16 day 1, 14 (38% [95% CI 22-55]) of 37 participants had a complete remission with undetectable MRD in the bone marrow. The most common grade 3 or 4 haematological adverse event was neutropenia (16 [43%] of 37 patients). The most common grade 3-4 non-haematological adverse events were hyperglycaemia (three [8%]) and hypophosphataemia (three [8%]). Serious adverse events occurred in nine (24%) patients; the most common was neutropenia in three (8%) patients. There have been no deaths on study. INTERPRETATION Acalabrutinib, venetoclax, and obinutuzumab is a highly active and well tolerated frontline therapy for chronic lymphocytic leukaemia. Although the primary endpoint of this study was not met, the high proportion of patients who had undetectable MRD in the bone marrow supports further investigation of this regimen, which is being tested against acalabrutinib-venetoclax and chemoimmunotherapy in an ongoing phase 3 study (NCT03836261). FUNDING AstraZeneca and a Dana-Farber Cancer Institute Collaborative Award.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew S Davids
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA.
| | - Benjamin L Lampson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Svitlana Tyekucheva
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Zixu Wang
- Department of Data Sciences, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA; Department of Biostatistics, Harvard T H Chan School of Public Health, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jessica C Lowney
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samantha Pazienza
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Josie Montegaard
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Victoria Patterson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Matthew Weinstock
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer L Crombie
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Samuel Y Ng
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Austin I Kim
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Caron A Jacobson
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Ann S LaCasce
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Philippe Armand
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jon E Arnason
- Department of Medical Oncology, Beth Israel Deaconess Medical Center, Boston, MA, USA
| | - David C Fisher
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jennifer R Brown
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, MA, USA
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53
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Concordance of peripheral blood and bone marrow measurable residual disease in adult acute lymphoblastic leukemia. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3147-3151. [PMID: 34424318 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2021004234] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/10/2021] [Accepted: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Monitoring of measurable residual disease (MRD) is essential to the management of acute lymphoblastic leukemia (ALL) and is typically performed through repeated bone marrow (BM) assessments. Using a next-generation sequencing (NGS) MRD platform, we performed a prospective observational study evaluating the correlation between peripheral blood (PB) and BM MRD in adults with ALL receiving cellular therapies (hematopoietic cell transplantation [HCT] and chimeric antigen receptor T-cell [CAR-T] therapies). Among the study cohort (N = 69 patients; 126 paired PB/BM samples), we found strong correlation between PB and BM MRD (r = 0.87; P < .001), with a sensitivity and specificity of MRD detection in the PB of 87% and 90%, respectively, relative to MRD in the BM. MRD became detectable in the PB in 100% of patients who subsequently relapsed following HCT, with median time from MRD+ to clinical relapse of 90 days, and in 85% of patients who relapsed following CAR T, with median time from MRD+ to clinical relapse of 60 days. In adult patients with ALL undergoing cellular therapies, we demonstrate strong concordance between NGS-based MRD detected in the PB and BM. Monitoring of ALL MRD in the PB appears to be an adequate alternative to frequent invasive BM evaluations in this clinical setting.
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54
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Validation of the EuroClonality-NGS DNA capture panel as an integrated genomic tool for lymphoproliferative disorders. Blood Adv 2021; 5:3188-3198. [PMID: 34424321 DOI: 10.1182/bloodadvances.2020004056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2021] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Current diagnostic standards for lymphoproliferative disorders include multiple tests for detection of clonal immunoglobulin (IG) and/or T-cell receptor (TCR) rearrangements, translocations, copy-number alterations (CNAs), and somatic mutations. The EuroClonality-NGS DNA Capture (EuroClonality-NDC) assay was designed as an integrated tool to characterize these alterations by capturing IGH switch regions along with variable, diversity, and joining genes of all IG and TCR loci in addition to clinically relevant genes for CNA and mutation analysis. Diagnostic performance against standard-of-care clinical testing was assessed in a cohort of 280 B- and T-cell malignancies from 10 European laboratories, including 88 formalin-fixed paraffin-embedded samples and 21 reactive lesions. DNA samples were subjected to the EuroClonality-NDC protocol in 7 EuroClonality-NGS laboratories and analyzed using a bespoke bioinformatic pipeline. The EuroClonality-NDC assay detected B-cell clonality in 191 (97%) of 197 B-cell malignancies and T-cell clonality in 71 (97%) of 73 T-cell malignancies. Limit of detection (LOD) for IG/TCR rearrangements was established at 5% using cell line blends. Chromosomal translocations were detected in 145 (95%) of 152 cases known to be positive. CNAs were validated for immunogenetic and oncogenetic regions, highlighting their novel role in confirming clonality in somatically hypermutated cases. Single-nucleotide variant LOD was determined as 4% allele frequency, and an orthogonal validation using 32 samples resulted in 98% concordance. The EuroClonality-NDC assay is a robust tool providing a single end-to-end workflow for simultaneous detection of B- and T-cell clonality, translocations, CNAs, and sequence variants.
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55
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Hussaini MO, Srivastava J, Lee LW, Nishihori T, Shah BD, Alsina M, Pinilla-Ibarz J, Shain KH. Assessment of Clonotypic Rearrangements and Minimal Residual Disease in Lymphoid Malignancies: A Large Cancer Center Experience Using clonoSEQ. Arch Pathol Lab Med 2021; 146:485-493. [PMID: 34343238 DOI: 10.5858/arpa.2020-0457-oa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 04/09/2021] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT.— Measurable (minimal) residual disease (MRD) is an independent prognostic factor for survival outcomes in patients with lymphoid and plasma cell malignancies and has been incorporated into consensus criteria regarding treatment response, strategy, and clinical trial endpoints. clonoSEQ (a next-generation sequencing [NGS]-MRD assay) uses multiplex polymerase chain reaction and NGS to identify clonotypic rearrangements at the immunoglobulin (Ig) H, IgK, IgL, T-cell receptor (TCR)-β, and TCR-γ loci, and translocated B-cell lymphoma 1/IgH and 2/IgH sequences for MRD assessment. Additionally, it can be used to confirm diagnoses of cutaneous T-cell lymphoma (CTCL). OBJECTIVE.— To review the technical aspects of our experience using the clonoSEQ Assay in routine clinical practice. DESIGN.— In this single-center experience, 390 patients with lymphoid and plasma cell malignancies were assessed with the NGS-MRD Assay at a central laboratory. RESULTS.— Median time from arrival of the shipment to initiation of the assay (defined as captured in Adaptive's secure tracking system) was 2.1 hours. Overall, 317 patients had 1 or more samples submitted for sequence identification. Of these, 290 (91.5%) had trackable sequences identified. The median calibration rate of samples by malignancy (where n ≥ 10 samples, excluding CTCL samples) was 88.1%, across a variety of fresh and archived sample sources (177 of 201 samples). TCR-β and/or TCR-γ clonotypes were identified in 40 of 95 samples (42.1%) from 66 patients with suspected CTCL. CONCLUSIONS.— This NGS-MRD Assay is a valuable and sensitive tool for monitoring MRD in patients with plasma cell and lymphoid malignancies and assisting in the diagnosis of CTCL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammad O Hussaini
- From Hematopathology and Laboratory Medicine (Hussaini), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Jaya Srivastava
- Medical Affairs, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington (Srivastava, Lee)
| | - Lik Wee Lee
- Medical Affairs, Adaptive Biotechnologies, Seattle, Washington (Srivastava, Lee)
| | - Taiga Nishihori
- Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (Nishihori, Alsina), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Bijal D Shah
- Malignant Hematology (Shah, Pinilla-Ibarz, Shain), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Melissa Alsina
- Blood and Bone Marrow Transplantation (Nishihori, Alsina), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Javier Pinilla-Ibarz
- Malignant Hematology (Shah, Pinilla-Ibarz, Shain), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
| | - Kenneth H Shain
- Malignant Hematology (Shah, Pinilla-Ibarz, Shain), Moffitt Cancer Center, Tampa, Florida
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56
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Spiegel JY, Patel S, Muffly L, Hossain NM, Oak J, Baird JH, Frank MJ, Shiraz P, Sahaf B, Craig J, Iglesias M, Younes S, Natkunam Y, Ozawa MG, Yang E, Tamaresis J, Chinnasamy H, Ehlinger Z, Reynolds W, Lynn R, Rotiroti MC, Gkitsas N, Arai S, Johnston L, Lowsky R, Majzner RG, Meyer E, Negrin RS, Rezvani AR, Sidana S, Shizuru J, Weng WK, Mullins C, Jacob A, Kirsch I, Bazzano M, Zhou J, Mackay S, Bornheimer SJ, Schultz L, Ramakrishna S, Davis KL, Kong KA, Shah NN, Qin H, Fry T, Feldman S, Mackall CL, Miklos DB. CAR T cells with dual targeting of CD19 and CD22 in adult patients with recurrent or refractory B cell malignancies: a phase 1 trial. Nat Med 2021; 27:1419-1431. [PMID: 34312556 PMCID: PMC8363505 DOI: 10.1038/s41591-021-01436-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 278] [Impact Index Per Article: 92.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 06/09/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Despite impressive progress, more than 50% of patients treated with CD19-targeting chimeric antigen receptor T cells (CAR19) experience progressive disease. Ten of 16 patients with large B cell lymphoma (LBCL) with progressive disease after CAR19 treatment had absent or low CD19. Lower surface CD19 density pretreatment was associated with progressive disease. To prevent relapse with CD19- or CD19lo disease, we tested a bispecific CAR targeting CD19 and/or CD22 (CD19-22.BB.z-CAR) in a phase I clinical trial ( NCT03233854 ) of adults with relapsed/refractory B cell acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) and LBCL. The primary end points were manufacturing feasibility and safety with a secondary efficacy end point. Primary end points were met; 97% of products met protocol-specified dose and no dose-limiting toxicities occurred during dose escalation. In B-ALL (n = 17), 100% of patients responded with 88% minimal residual disease-negative complete remission (CR); in LBCL (n = 21), 62% of patients responded with 29% CR. Relapses were CD19-/lo in 50% (5 out of 10) of patients with B-ALL and 29% (4 out of 14) of patients with LBCL but were not associated with CD22-/lo disease. CD19/22-CAR products demonstrated reduced cytokine production when stimulated with CD22 versus CD19. Our results further implicate antigen loss as a major cause of CAR T cell resistance, highlight the challenge of engineering multi-specific CAR T cells with equivalent potency across targets and identify cytokine production as an important quality indicator for CAR T cell potency.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jay Y Spiegel
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Shabnum Patel
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Lori Muffly
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nasheed M Hossain
- Division of Hematology/Oncology, Loyola University Medical Center, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Jean Oak
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John H Baird
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Matthew J Frank
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Parveen Shiraz
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Bita Sahaf
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Juliana Craig
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Maria Iglesias
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sheren Younes
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Yasodha Natkunam
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Michael G Ozawa
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Eric Yang
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - John Tamaresis
- Department of Biomedical Data Science, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Harshini Chinnasamy
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Zach Ehlinger
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Warren Reynolds
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Rachel Lynn
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Lyell Immunopharma, San Francisco, CA, USA
| | - Maria Caterina Rotiroti
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nikolaos Gkitsas
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Sally Arai
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Laura Johnston
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert Lowsky
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robbie G Majzner
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Everett Meyer
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Robert S Negrin
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Andrew R Rezvani
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Surbhi Sidana
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Judith Shizuru
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Wen-Kai Weng
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | | | | | | | | | | | | | | | - Liora Schultz
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Pediatric Oncology Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Sneha Ramakrishna
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Kara L Davis
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Katherine A Kong
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Nirali N Shah
- Pediatric Oncology Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Haiying Qin
- Pediatric Oncology Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Terry Fry
- Pediatric Oncology Branch Center for Cancer Research, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, University of Colorado Anschutz and Children's Hospital Colorado, Denver, CO, USA
| | - Steven Feldman
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Department of Pediatrics-Hematology/Oncology, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
| | - David B Miklos
- Division of Blood and Marrow Transplantation and Cellular Therapy, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
- Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford University School of Medicine, Stanford, CA, USA.
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57
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Dunphy K, O’Mahoney K, Dowling P, O’Gorman P, Bazou D. Clinical Proteomics of Biofluids in Haematological Malignancies. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22158021. [PMID: 34360786 PMCID: PMC8348619 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22158021] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2021] [Revised: 07/23/2021] [Accepted: 07/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Since the emergence of high-throughput proteomic techniques and advances in clinical technologies, there has been a steady rise in the number of cancer-associated diagnostic, prognostic, and predictive biomarkers being identified and translated into clinical use. The characterisation of biofluids has become a core objective for many proteomic researchers in order to detect disease-associated protein biomarkers in a minimally invasive manner. The proteomes of biofluids, including serum, saliva, cerebrospinal fluid, and urine, are highly dynamic with protein abundance fluctuating depending on the physiological and/or pathophysiological context. Improvements in mass-spectrometric technologies have facilitated the in-depth characterisation of biofluid proteomes which are now considered hosts of a wide array of clinically relevant biomarkers. Promising efforts are being made in the field of biomarker diagnostics for haematologic malignancies. Several serum and urine-based biomarkers such as free light chains, β-microglobulin, and lactate dehydrogenase are quantified as part of the clinical assessment of haematological malignancies. However, novel, minimally invasive proteomic markers are required to aid diagnosis and prognosis and to monitor therapeutic response and minimal residual disease. This review focuses on biofluids as a promising source of proteomic biomarkers in haematologic malignancies and a key component of future diagnostic, prognostic, and disease-monitoring applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katie Dunphy
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Kelly O’Mahoney
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.O.); (P.O.)
| | - Paul Dowling
- Department of Biology, National University of Ireland, W23 F2K8 Maynooth, Ireland; (K.D.); (P.D.)
| | - Peter O’Gorman
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.O.); (P.O.)
| | - Despina Bazou
- Department of Haematology, Mater Misericordiae University Hospital, D07 WKW8 Dublin, Ireland; (K.O.); (P.O.)
- Correspondence:
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58
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Ho C, Rothberg PG. Next-Generation Sequencing-Based Antigen-Receptor Gene Clonality Assays: Will They Become the Clinical Standard? J Mol Diagn 2021; 23:1043-1046. [PMID: 34293488 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmoldx.2021.07.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 07/14/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Affiliation(s)
- Caleb Ho
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, New York.
| | - Paul G Rothberg
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Rochester Medical Center, Rochester, New York.
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59
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Du J, Chisholm KM, Tsuchiya K, Leger K, Lee BM, Rutledge JC, Paschal CR, Summers C, Xu M. Lineage Switch in an Infant B-Lymphoblastic Leukemia With t(1;11)(p32;q23); KMT2A/EPS15, Following Blinatumomab Therapy. Pediatr Dev Pathol 2021; 24:378-382. [PMID: 33749383 DOI: 10.1177/10935266211001308] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
We report a 6 month-old infant girl with t(1;11)(p32;q23), KMT2A/EPS15-rearranged B-acute lymphoblastic leukemia (B-ALL) that was refractory to traditional ALL-directed chemotherapy. Following administration of blinatumomab, she experienced lineage switch from B-ALL to acute myeloid leukemia (AML). Myeloid-directed chemotherapy resulted in clearance of AML by flow cytometry, though a residual CD19+ B-ALL population persisted (0.14%). Following bridging blinatumomab, the patient achieved B-ALL and AML remission, as measured by flow cytometry. The patient subsequently underwent allogeneic hematopoietic stem cell transplant. Unfortunately, she relapsed with CD19+ B-ALL one-month post-transplantation. Next generation sequencing study of IGH/IGL using ClonoSEQ® analysis detected 3 dominant sequences all present in her original B-ALL, lineage switched AML, and post-transplant relapsed B-ALL, though the latter showed an additional 4 sequences, three of which were present at low abundance in the original diagnostic sample. The presence of the same clones throughout her disease course suggests cellular reprogramming and differentiation following chemotherapy and immunotherapy. This is the first reported case of lineage switch of B-ALL with t(1;11) and also the first report of a lineage switch case that used ClonoSEQ® to define the clonality of the original B-ALL, lineage switched AML, and relapsed B-ALL.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Du
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen M Chisholm
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Karen Tsuchiya
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Kasey Leger
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Brittany M Lee
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington
| | - Joe C Rutledge
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Cate R Paschal
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
| | - Corinne Summers
- Department of Pediatrics, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Pediatrics, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Clinical Research Division, Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington
| | - Min Xu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine and Pathology, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington.,Department of Laboratories, Seattle Children's Hospital, Seattle, Washington
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60
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Detection of minimal residual disease by next generation sequencing in AL amyloidosis. Blood Cancer J 2021; 11:117. [PMID: 34155198 PMCID: PMC8217177 DOI: 10.1038/s41408-021-00511-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 06/04/2021] [Accepted: 06/08/2021] [Indexed: 11/15/2022] Open
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61
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Frank MJ, Hossain NM, Bukhari A, Dean E, Spiegel JY, Claire GK, Kirsch I, Jacob AP, Mullins CD, Lee LW, Kong KA, Craig J, Mackall CL, Rapoport AP, Jain MD, Dahiya S, Locke FL, Miklos DB. Monitoring of Circulating Tumor DNA Improves Early Relapse Detection After Axicabtagene Ciloleucel Infusion in Large B-Cell Lymphoma: Results of a Prospective Multi-Institutional Trial. J Clin Oncol 2021; 39:3034-3043. [PMID: 34133196 PMCID: PMC10166351 DOI: 10.1200/jco.21.00377] [Citation(s) in RCA: 82] [Impact Index Per Article: 27.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
PURPOSE Although the majority of patients with relapsed or refractory large B-cell lymphoma respond to axicabtagene ciloleucel (axi-cel), only a minority of patients have durable remissions. This prospective multicenter study explored the prognostic value of circulating tumor DNA (ctDNA) before and after standard-of-care axi-cel for predicting patient outcomes. METHODS Lymphoma-specific variable, diversity, and joining gene segments (VDJ) clonotype ctDNA sequences were frequently monitored via next-generation sequencing from the time of starting lymphodepleting chemotherapy until progression or 1 year after axi-cel infusion. We assessed the prognostic value of ctDNA to predict outcomes and axi-cel-related toxicity. RESULTS A tumor clonotype was successfully detected in 69 of 72 (96%) enrolled patients. Higher pretreatment ctDNA concentrations were associated with progression after axi-cel infusion and developing cytokine release syndrome and/or immune effector cell-associated neurotoxicity syndrome. Twenty-three of 33 (70%) durably responding patients versus 4 of 31 (13%) progressing patients demonstrated nondetectable ctDNA 1 week after axi-cel infusion (P < .0001). At day 28, patients with detectable ctDNA compared with those with undetectable ctDNA had a median progression-free survival and OS of 3 months versus not reached (P < .0001) and 19 months versus not reached (P = .0080), respectively. In patients with a radiographic partial response or stable disease on day 28, 1 of 10 patients with concurrently undetectable ctDNA relapsed; by contrast, 15 of 17 patients with concurrently detectable ctDNA relapsed (P = .0001). ctDNA was detected at or before radiographic relapse in 29 of 30 (94%) patients. All durably responding patients had undetectable ctDNA at or before 3 months after axi-cel infusion. CONCLUSION Noninvasive ctDNA assessments can risk stratify and predict outcomes of patients undergoing axi-cel for the treatment of large B-cell lymphoma. These results provide a rationale for designing ctDNA-based risk-adaptive chimeric antigen receptor T-cell clinical trials.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew J Frank
- Division of Blood and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
| | | | - Ali Bukhari
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Jay Y Spiegel
- Division of Blood and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Gursharan K Claire
- Division of Blood and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
| | | | | | | | | | - Katherine A Kong
- Division of Blood and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Juliana Craig
- Division of Blood and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
| | - Crystal L Mackall
- Division of Blood and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA.,Division of Pediatric Hematology/Oncology/Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Pediatrics, Stanford University, Stanford, CA
| | - Aaron P Rapoport
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - Saurabh Dahiya
- University of Maryland School of Medicine, Greenebaum Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baltimore, MD
| | | | - David B Miklos
- Division of Blood and Stem Cell Transplantation, Department of Medicine, Stanford University, Stanford, CA.,Center for Cancer Cell Therapy, Stanford Cancer Institute, Stanford, CA
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62
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Shanmuganathan N, Branford S. Multiplex technologies for the assessment of minimal residual disease and low-level mutation detection in leukaemia: mass spectrometry versus next-generation sequencing. Br J Haematol 2021; 196:19-30. [PMID: 34124782 DOI: 10.1111/bjh.17623] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/18/2021] [Revised: 05/10/2021] [Accepted: 05/17/2021] [Indexed: 01/07/2023]
Abstract
With the focus of leukaemia management shifting to the implications of low-level disease burden, increasing attention is being paid on the development of highly sensitive methodologies required for detection. There are various techniques capable of identification of measurable residual disease (MRD) either evidencing as relevant mutation detection [e.g. nucleophosmin 1 (NPM1) mutation] or trace levels of leukaemic clonal populations. The vast majority of these methods only permit detection of a single clone or mutation. However, mass spectrometry and next-generation sequencing enable the interrogation of multiple genes simultaneously, facilitating a more complete genomic profile. In the present review, we explore the methodologies of both techniques in conjunction with the important advantages and limitations associated with each assay. We also highlight the evidence and the various instances where either technique has been used and propose future strategies for MRD detection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Naranie Shanmuganathan
- Department of Haematology, Royal Adelaide Hospital and SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology and Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
| | - Susan Branford
- Department of Genetics and Molecular Pathology and Centre for Cancer Biology, SA Pathology, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,Precision Medicine Theme, South Australian Health and Medical Research Institute (SAHMRI), Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Pharmacy and Medical Science, University of South Australia, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia.,School of Medicine, University of Adelaide, Adelaide, South Australia, Australia
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63
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Al-Sawaf O, Seymour JF, Kater AP, Fischer K. Should Undetectable Minimal Residual Disease Be the Goal of Chronic Lymphocytic Leukemia Therapy? Hematol Oncol Clin North Am 2021; 35:775-791. [PMID: 34102145 DOI: 10.1016/j.hoc.2021.03.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
With the advent of highly effective novel therapies for chronic lymphocytic leukemia, conventional response assessment is not able to sensitively capture depth of response. To achieve a more precise assessment of response, minimal residual disease has been introduced to more accurately classify and quantify treatment outcomes. It is now considered a strong predictor of outcome in chronic lymphocytic leukemia, although its interpretation depends on the therapeutic context. This review discusses available methods of minimal residual disease measurement. It summarizes minimal residual disease data from pivotal clinical trials and discusses potential implications for future studies and minimal residual disease-based clinical strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Othman Al-Sawaf
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne Bonn, University Hospital, German CLL Study Group, Gleueler Strasse 176, 50935 Cologne, Germany
| | - John F Seymour
- Department of Hematology, Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Royal Melbourne Hospital, University of Melbourne, 305 Grattan Street, Melbourne, Victoria 3000, Australia
| | - Arnon P Kater
- Department of Hematology, Cancer Center Amsterdam, Lymphoma and Myeloma Research Center Amsterdam (LYMMCARE), Amsterdam University Medical Centers, University of Amsterdam, Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Kirsten Fischer
- Department of Internal Medicine, Center of Integrated Oncology Cologne Bonn, University Hospital, German CLL Study Group, Gleueler Strasse 176, 50935 Cologne, Germany
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