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Song Y, Liu X, Yuan J, Sha Z, Jiang W, Liu M, Qian Y, Gao C, Gong Z, Luo H, Zhou X, Huang J, Jiang R, Quan W. Atorvastatin combined with low-dose dexamethasone improves the neuroinflammation and survival in mice with intracerebral hemorrhage. Front Neurosci 2022; 16:967297. [PMID: 36071715 PMCID: PMC9441757 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2022.967297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/12/2022] [Accepted: 07/22/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) is a fatal disease with high mortality and poor prognosis that triggers multiple severe brain injuries associated with an inflammatory cascade response that cannot be treated with any effective medication. Atorvastatin (ATO) suppresses inflammation, alleviates brain trauma, and eliminates subdural hematoma. Dexamethasone (DXM) also has the capacity to inhibit inflammation. Thus, we combined ATO with low-dose DXM to treat ICH mice in vivo to examine whether the combined treatment can inhibit secondary inflammation around the cerebral hemorrhage and decrease overall mortality. Compared to the monotherapy by either ATO or DXM, the combined treatment significantly improves the survivorship of the ICH mice, accelerates their recovery of impaired neurological function, and modulates the circulating cytokines, oxidative products, and apoptosis. Moreover, the benefit of ATO-DXM combination therapy was most pronounced on day 3 after dosing compared to ATO or DXM alone. Thus, early administration of ATO combined with low-dose-DXM promotes better survival of ICH and improves neurological function by reducing neuroinflammation and brain edema in their early phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiming Song
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xuanhui Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Jiangyuan Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhuang Sha
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Weiwei Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Mingqi Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Yu Qian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhitao Gong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Hongliang Luo
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
| | - Xin Zhou
- Department of Cardiology, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- *Correspondence: Jinhao Huang,
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Rongcai Jiang,
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- The State Key Laboratory of Neurotrauma Repair and Regeneration, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, China
- Wei Quan,
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Feng Z, Hua S, Li W, Han J, Li F, Chen H, Zhang Z, Xie Y, Ouyang Q, Zou X, Liu Z, Li C, Huang S, Lai Z, Cai X, Cai Y, Zou Y, Tang Y, Jiang X. Mesenchymal stem cells protect against TBI-induced pyroptosis in vivo and in vitro through TSG-6. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:125. [PMID: 35982465 PMCID: PMC9387023 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00931-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Pyroptosis, especially microglial pyroptosis, may play an important role in central nervous system pathologies, including traumatic brain injury (TBI). Transplantation of mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs), such as human umbilical cord MSCs (hUMSCs), has been a focus of brain injury treatment. Recently, MSCs have been found to play a role in many diseases by regulating the pyroptosis pathway. However, the effect of MSC transplantation on pyroptosis following TBI remains unknown. Tumor necrosis factor α stimulated gene 6/protein (TSG-6), a potent anti-inflammatory factor expressed in many cell types including MSCs, plays an anti-inflammatory role in many diseases; however, the effect of TSG-6 secreted by MSCs on pyroptosis remains unclear. Methods Mice were subjected to controlled cortical impact injury in vivo. To assess the time course of pyroptosis after TBI, brains of TBI mice were collected at different time points. To study the effect of TSG-6 secreted by hUMSCs in regulating pyroptosis, normal hUMSCs, sh-TSG-6 hUMSCs, or different concentrations of rmTSG-6 were injected intracerebroventricularly into mice 4 h after TBI. Neurological deficits, double immunofluorescence staining, presence of inflammatory factors, cell apoptosis, and pyroptosis were assessed. In vitro, we investigated the anti-pyroptosis effects of hUMSCs and TSG-6 in a lipopolysaccharide/ATP-induced BV2 microglial pyroptosis model. Results In TBI mice, the co-localization of Iba-1 (marking microglia/macrophages) with NLRP3/Caspase-1 p20/GSDMD was distinctly observed at 48 h. In vivo, hUMSC transplantation or treatment with rmTSG-6 in TBI mice significantly improved neurological deficits, reduced inflammatory cytokine expression, and inhibited both NLRP3/Caspase-1 p20/GSDMD expression and microglial pyroptosis in the cerebral cortices of TBI mice. However, the therapeutic effect of hUMSCs on TBI mice was reduced by the inhibition of TSG-6 expression in hUMSCs. In vitro, lipopolysaccharide/ATP-induced BV2 microglial pyroptosis was inhibited by co-culture with hUMSCs or with rmTSG-6. However, the inhibitory effect of hUMSCs on BV2 microglial pyroptosis was significantly reduced by TSG-6-shRNA transfection. Conclusion In TBI mice, microglial pyroptosis was observed. Both in vivo and in vitro, hUMSCs inhibited pyroptosis, particularly microglial pyroptosis, by regulating the NLRP3/Caspase-1/GSDMD signaling pathway via TSG-6. Video Abstract
Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12964-022-00931-2.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhiming Feng
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Shiting Hua
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Wangan Li
- Emergency Trauma Center, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Jianbang Han
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Feng Li
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Haijia Chen
- Guangzhou Saliai Stem Cell Science and Technology Co. Ltd, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhongfei Zhang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yu Xie
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Qian Ouyang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xiaoxiong Zou
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zhizheng Liu
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Cong Li
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Sixian Huang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Zelin Lai
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xiaolin Cai
- Emergency Trauma Center, Huizhou First Hospital, Huizhou, China
| | - Yingqian Cai
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yuxi Zou
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Yanping Tang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China
| | - Xiaodan Jiang
- Neurosurgery Center, The National Key Clinical Specialty, The Engineering Technology Research Center of Education Ministry of China On Diagnosis and Treatment of Cerebrovascular Disease, Guangdong Provincial Key Laboratory On Brain Function Repair and Regeneration, The Neurosurgery Institute of Guangdong Province, Guangdong-Hong Kong-Macao Greater Bay Area Center for Brain Science and Brain-Inspired Intelligence, Zhujiang Hospital, Southern Medical University, Guangzhou, 510282, China.
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Zhang A, Liu Y, Xu H, Zhang Z, Wang X, Yuan L, Lenahan C, Zhang C, Jiang J, Fang C, Fang Y, Zhang J, Chen S. CCL17 exerts neuroprotection through activation of CCR4/mTORC2 axis in microglia after subarachnoid haemorrhage in rats. Stroke Vasc Neurol 2022; 8:svn-2022-001659. [PMID: 35882433 PMCID: PMC9985806 DOI: 10.1136/svn-2022-001659] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/21/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/03/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND PURPOSE C-C motif chemokine ligand 17 (CCL17) presents an important role in immune regulation, which is critical in the pathophysiology of brain injury after subarachnoid haemorrhage (SAH). There is rare evidence to illustrate the function of CCL17 towards SAH. In this study, we try to reveal the therapeutic effects of CCL17 and its underlying mechanism in rat SAH model. METHODS SAH rat models were assigned to receive recombinant CCL17 (rCCL17) or phosphate buffer saline (PBS). AZD2098 and JR-AB2-011 were applied to investigate the C-C motif chemokine receptor 4 (CCR4)/mammalian target of rapamycin complex 2 (mTORC2) axis in CCL17-mediated neuroprotection. To elucidate the underlying mechanism, the in vitro kinase assay was performed in primary microglia. Microglial-specific Rictor knockdown was administered via intracerebroventricular injection of adenovirus-associated virus. Brain water content, short-term neurobehavioural evaluation, western blot analysis, quantitative RT-PCR and histological staining were performed. RESULTS The expression of CCL17 was increased and secreted from neurons after oxyhaemoglobin stimulation. Exogenous rCCL17 significantly alleviated neuronal apoptosis, and alleviated short-term neurofunction after SAH in rats. In addition, rCCL17 increased M2-like polarisation of microglia in rats post-SAH and in primary microglia culture. The neuroprotection of rCCL17 was abolished via inhibition of either CCR4 or mTORC2. CONCLUSION CCL17 activated the CCR4/mTORC2 axis in microglia, which can alleviate SAH-induced neurological deficits by promoting M2-like polarisation of microglia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anke Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Yibo Liu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Houshi Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Zeyu Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Xiaoyu Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Ling Yuan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Cameron Lenahan
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Burrell College of Osteopathic Medicine, Las Cruces, New Mexico, USA
| | - Chuan Zhang
- Department of Biology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Junkun Jiang
- Department of Biology, Tongji University, Shanghai, China
| | - Chaoyou Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Shanghai General Hospital, School of Medicine, Shanghai Jiao Tong University, Shanghai, China
| | - Yuanjian Fang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Jianmin Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
| | - Sheng Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Zhejiang University School of Medicine Second Affiliated Hospital, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
- Clinical Research Center for Neurological Diseases of Zhejiang Province, Hangzhou, Zhejiang, China
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Li Q, Ru X, Yang Y, Zhao H, Qu J, Chen W, Pan P, Ruan H, Li C, Chen Y, Feng H. Lipocalin-2-Mediated Insufficient Oligodendrocyte Progenitor Cell Remyelination for White Matter Injury After Subarachnoid Hemorrhage via SCL22A17 Receptor/Early Growth Response Protein 1 Signaling. Neurosci Bull 2022; 38:1457-1475. [PMID: 35817941 DOI: 10.1007/s12264-022-00906-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2022] [Indexed: 10/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Insufficient remyelination due to impaired oligodendrocyte precursor cell (OPC) differentiation and maturation is strongly associated with irreversible white matter injury (WMI) and neurological deficits. We analyzed whole transcriptome expression to elucidate the potential role and underlying mechanism of action of lipocalin-2 (LCN2) in OPC differentiation and WMI and identified the receptor SCL22A17 and downstream transcription factor early growth response protein 1 (EGR1) as the key signals contributing to LCN2-mediated insufficient OPC remyelination. In LCN-knockdown and OPC EGR1 conditional-knockout mice, we discovered enhanced OPC differentiation in developing and injured white matter (WM); consistent with this, the specific inactivation of LCN2/SCl22A17/EGR1 signaling promoted remyelination and neurological recovery in both atypical, acute WMI due to subarachnoid hemorrhage and typical, chronic WMI due to multiple sclerosis. This potentially represents a novel strategy to enhance differentiation and remyelination in patients with white matter injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiang Li
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Xufang Ru
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Yang Yang
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Hengli Zhao
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Jie Qu
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Weixiang Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Pengyu Pan
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Huaizhen Ruan
- Department of Neurobiology, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
| | - Chaojun Li
- Model Animal Research Center, Nanjing University, Nanjing, 210032, China.
| | - Yujie Chen
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China. .,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.
| | - Hua Feng
- Department of Neurosurgery and State Key Laboratory of Trauma, Burn and Combined Injury, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Key Laboratory of Precision Neuromedicine and Neuroregenaration, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China.,Chongqing Clinical Research Center for Neurosurgery, Southwest Hospital, Third Military Medical University (Army Medical University), Chongqing, 400038, China
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Ding W, Cai C, Zhu X, Wang J, Jiang Q. Parthenolide ameliorates neurological deficits and neuroinflammation in mice with traumatic brain injury by suppressing STAT3/NF-κB and inflammasome activation. Int Immunopharmacol 2022; 108:108913. [PMID: 35729839 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2022.108913] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2021] [Revised: 05/15/2022] [Accepted: 05/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/10/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Traumatic brain injury (TBI) triggers a set of complex inflammation that results in secondary injury. Parthenolide (PTN) is a sesquiterpene lactone extracted from the herb Tanacetum parthenium (Feverfew) and has potent anti-inflammatory, anti-apoptosis and anti-oxidative stress effects in the central nervous system (CNS)-related diseases. This study focuses on investigating the potential neuroprotective effect of PTN on TBI and the related mechanism. METHODS Bv2 microglia, primary microglia were stimulated by LPS, and HT22 neuron cells were stimulated by OGD/R, and they were treated with different doses of PTN. The expression profiles of pro-inflammatory cytokines, proteins, oxidative stress mediators, STAT3/NF-κB pathway, inflammasomes were detected. Forty male/female C57BL/6 mice were randomly divided into the sham, PTN, TBI, and TBI + PTN groups (10 mice per group). A mouse TBI model was set up with a controlled cortical impact (CCI) device. The modified nerve severity score (mNSS) was implemented to check short-term neurological impairment in mice, and the mice's memory and learning were assessed by the Morris water maze test. The water content in the mice's brains was measured by the dry-wet method. Hematoxylin-eosin (H&E) staining, Nissl staining and terminal deoxynucleotidyl transferase-mediated dUTP-biotin nick end labeling (TUNEL) assay were applied for neuronal apoptosis. RESULTS PTN dramatically alleviated LPS-induced inflammation in microglia, and OGD-mediated neuronal apoptosis and oxidative stress. In addition, PTN repressed LPS- or OGD-modulated STAT3/NF-κB and NLR family pyrin domain containing 1 (NLRP1), NLRP3, NLR family CARD domain containing 4 (NLRC4) inflammasomes activation. Administering the STAT3 inhibitor Stattic or NF-κB inhibitor Bay 11-7082 attenuated PTN-mediated effects. In vivo, PTN treatment relieved neural function deficits, brain edema and neuron apoptosis and improved the memory and learning function of TBI mice. Additionally, PTN impeded microglial activation and reduced the production of pro-inflammatory cytokines in brain lesions of TBI mice. Furthermore, PTN hindered STAT3/NF-κB and inflammasome activation. CONCLUSION PTN can curb microglial activation and neuron apoptosis by dampening the STAT3/NF-κB pathway, thus exerting neuroprotective effects in TBI mice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wei Ding
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianyou Hospital Affiliated to Wuhan University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430000, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Liyuan Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
| | - Chen Cai
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Xiaomin Zhu
- Department of Neurology, Guangxi University of Chinese Medicine, Nanning 530200 Guangxi, China
| | - Jing Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Agricultural Microbiology, College of Animal Science and Veterinary Medicine, Huazhong Agricultural University, Wuhan 430070, China
| | - Qian Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong, University of Science and Technology, Wuhan 430030, China.
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Wang X, Zhang C, Li Y, Xu T, Xiang J, Bai Y, Zhang Y, Wang Q, Zhang T, Liao L. High-Throughput mRNA Sequencing Reveals Potential Therapeutic Targets of Febuxostat in Secondary Injury After Intracerebral Hemorrhage. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:833805. [PMID: 35814252 PMCID: PMC9260037 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.833805] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2021] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Febuxostat is a urate-lowering medication for the treatment of patients with gout. This study was performed to elucidate the effects and underlying mechanisms of febuxostat on neuronal injury induced by intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH) in mice. The results showed that the administration of febuxostat improved neurological severity scores and blood–brain barrier (BBB) permeability. Moreover, febuxostat attenuated neuronal cell death and cytokine levels compared with the ICH group. Next, we conducted a transcriptome analysis of the neuroprotective effects of febuxostat. The overlapping significant differentially expressed genes (DEGs) were identified. Gene ontology (GO) analysis revealed that the overlapping significant DEGs were most enriched in five items. The intersecting DEGs of the aforementioned five pathways were Wisp1, Wnt7b, Frzb, and Pitx2. In addition, GO terms and Kyoto Encyclopedia of Genes and Genomes (KEGG) pathways revealed that DEGs were mainly involved in the wnt signaling pathway. Furthermore, the expression of Wisp1 and Wnt7b in the perihematomal region at 72 h post-ICH was observed. The results showed that both Wisp1 and Wnt7b were increased in the ICH group and were decreased by the administration of febuxostat. Taken together, the study showed that febuxostat protected against secondary brain injury after ICH and the Wnt7b-Wisp1 pathway was closely related to neuroprotective effects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xueyan Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Chenyu Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yuwen Li
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ting Xu
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- West China School of Pharmacy, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Jin Xiang
- Clinical Trial Center, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Yang Bai
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Qi Wang
- Department of Pharmacy, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
| | - Tiejun Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, West China Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tiejun Zhang, ; Linchuan Liao,
| | - Linchuan Liao
- Department of Forensic Analytical Toxicology, West China School of Basic Medical Sciences & Forensic Medicine, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China
- *Correspondence: Tiejun Zhang, ; Linchuan Liao,
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57
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Mahmoudi A, Heydari S, Markina YV, Barreto GE, Sahebkar A. Role of statins in regulating molecular pathways following traumatic brain injury: A system pharmacology study. Biomed Pharmacother 2022; 153:113304. [PMID: 35724514 DOI: 10.1016/j.biopha.2022.113304] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2022] [Revised: 06/10/2022] [Accepted: 06/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a serious disorder with debilitating physical and psychological complications. Previous studies have indicated that genetic factors have a critical role in modulating the secondary phase of injury in TBI. Statins have interesting pleiotropic properties such as antiapoptotic, antioxidative, and anti-inflammatory effects, which make them a suitable class of drugs for repurposing in TBI. In this study, we aimed to explore how statins modulate proteins and pathways involved in TBI using system pharmacology. We first explored the target associations with statins in two databases to discover critical clustering groups, candidate hub and critical hub genes in the network of TBI, and the possible connections of statins with TBI-related genes. Our results showed 1763 genes associated with TBI. Subsequently, the analysis of centralities in the PPI network displayed 55 candidate hub genes and 15 hub genes. Besides, MCODE analysis based on threshold score:10 determined four modular clusters. Intersection analysis of genes related to TBI and statins demonstrated 204 shared proteins, which suggested that statins influence 31 candidate hub and 9 hub genes. Moreover, statins had the highest interaction with MCODE1. The biological processes of the 31 shared proteins are related to gene expression, inflammation, antioxidant activity, and cell proliferation. Biological enriched pathways showed Programmed Cell Death proteins, AGE-RAGE signaling pathway, C-type lectin receptor signalling pathway, and MAPK signaling pathway as top clusters. In conclusion, statins could target several critical post-TBI genes mainly involved in inflammation and apoptosis, supporting the previous research results as a potential therapeutic agent.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ali Mahmoudi
- Department of Medical Biotechnology and Nanotechnology, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad 9177899191, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Sahar Heydari
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Faculty of Medicine, Sabzevar University of Medical Sciences, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Student Research Committee, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran
| | - Yuliya V Markina
- Laboratory of Cellular and Molecular Pathology of Cardiovascular System, Avtsyn Research Institute of Human Morphology of FSBI "Petrovsky National Research Center of Surgery", 3 Tsyurupy Str., 117418, Moscow, the Russian Federation
| | - George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran; Department of Biotechnology, School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, the Islamic Republic of Iran.
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Shi M, Mi L, Li F, Li Y, Zhou Y, Chen F, Liu L, Chai Y, Yang W, Zhang JN, Chen X. Fluvoxamine confers neuroprotection via inhibiting infiltration of peripheral leukocytes and M1 polarization of microglia/macrophages in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. J Neurotrauma 2022; 39:1240-1261. [PMID: 35502478 DOI: 10.1089/neu.2021.0355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Neuroinflammation is an important mediator of secondary injury pathogenesis which exerts dual beneficial and detrimental effects on pathophysiology of central nervous system (CNS) after traumatic brain injury (TBI). Fluvoxamine as a group of the Serotonin selective reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) has been reported to have the anti-inflammatory properties. However, the mechanisms and therapeutic effects of Fluvoxamine in neuroinflammation after TBI have not be defined. In this study, we showed that Fluvoxamine inhibited peripheral immune cells infiltration and glia activation at 3 days in mice subjected to TBI. Fluvoxamine treatment promoted microglial/macrophages phenotypic transformation from pro-inflammatory M1-phenotype to anti-inflammatory M2-phenotype in vivo and vitro experiments. In addition, Fluvoxamine treatment attenuated neuronal apoptosis, blood-brain barrier disruption, cerebrovascular damage and posttraumatic edema formation, thereby improving neurological function of mice subjected to TBI. These findings support the clinical evaluation of Fluvoxamine as a neuroprotective therapy for TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mingming Shi
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 117865, No. 154, Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, Tianjin, China, 300052;
| | - Liang Mi
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 117865, Neurosurgery, Tianjin, Tianjin, China;
| | - Fanjian Li
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital 154 Anshan Road, 300052, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin, China;
| | - Ying Li
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, 230967, Tianjin, Tianjin, China;
| | | | - Fanglian Chen
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China;
| | | | - Yan Chai
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, 230967, Tianjin, China;
| | - Weidong Yang
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 117865, Neurosurgery, Tianjin, Tianjin, China;
| | - Jian-Ning Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, General Hospital, Tianjin Medical University, Department of Neurosurgery, #154, Anshan Rd., Heping Dist. Tianjin, China P.R., Tianjin, China, 300052;
| | - Xin Chen
- Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 117865, Neurosurgery, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, Tianjin, China, 300052.,Tianjin Neurological Institute, 230967, 154 Anshan Road, Heping District, Tianjin, China, 300052;
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Cai L, Gong Q, Qi L, Xu T, Suo Q, Li X, Wang W, Jing Y, Yang D, Xu Z, Yuan F, Tang Y, Yang G, Ding J, Chen H, Tian H. ACT001 attenuates microglia-mediated neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury via inhibiting AKT/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway. Cell Commun Signal 2022; 20:56. [PMID: 35461293 PMCID: PMC9035258 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-022-00862-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/06/2022] [Accepted: 03/12/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Background
Microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response following traumatic brain injury (TBI) is considered as a vital secondary injury factor, which drives trauma-induced neurodegeneration and is lack of efficient treatment. ACT001, a sesquiterpene lactone derivative, is reportedly involved in alleviation of inflammatory response. However, little is known regarding its function in regulating innate immune response of central nervous system (CNS) after TBI. This study aimed to investigate the role and underlying mechanism of ACT001 in TBI.
Methods
Controlled cortical impact (CCI) models were used to establish model of TBI. Cresyl violet staining, evans blue extravasation, neurobehavioral function assessments, immunofluorescence and transmission electron microscopy were used to evaluate therapeutic effects of ACT001 in vivo. Microglial depletion was induced by administering mice with colony stimulating factor 1 receptor (CSF1R) inhibitor, PLX5622. Cell-cell interaction models were established as co-culture system to simulate TBI conditions in vitro. Cytotoxic effect of ACT001 on cell viability was assessed by cell counting kit-8 and activation of microglia cells were induced by Lipopolysaccharides (LPS). Pro-inflammatory cytokines expression was determined by Real-time PCR and nitric oxide production. Apoptotic cells were detected by TUNEL and flow cytometry assays. Tube formation was performed to evaluate cellular angiogenic ability. ELISA and western blot experiments were used to determine proteins expression. Pull-down assay was used to analyze proteins that bound ACT001.
Results
ACT001 relieved the extent of blood-brain barrier integrity damage and alleviated motor function deficits after TBI via reducing trauma-induced activation of microglia cells. Delayed depletion of microglia with PLX5622 hindered therapeutic effect of ACT001. Furthermore, ACT001 alleviated LPS-induced activation in mouse and rat primary microglia cells. Besides, ACT001 was effective in suppressing LPS-induced pro-inflammatory cytokines production in BV2 cells, resulting in reduction of neuronal apoptosis in HT22 cells and improvement of tube formation in bEnd.3 cells. Mechanism by which ACT001 functioned was related to AKT/NFκB/NLRP3 pathway. ACT001 restrained NFκB nuclear translocation in microglia cells through inhibiting AKT phosphorylation, resulting in decrease of NLRP3 inflammasome activation, and finally down-regulated microglial neuroinflammatory response.
Conclusions
Our study indicated that ACT001 played critical role in microglia-mediated neuroinflammatory response and might be a novel potential chemotherapeutic drug for TBI.
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Abstract
Statins are 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A (HMG-CoA) reductase inhibitors used worldwide to manage dyslipidaemia and thus limit the development of atherosclerotic disease and its complications. These atheroprotective drugs are now known to exert pleiotropic actions outside of their cholesterol-lowering activity, including altering immune cell function. Macrophages are phagocytic leukocytes that play critical functional roles in the pathogenesis of atherosclerosis and are directly targeted by statins. Early studies documented the anti-inflammatory effects of statins on macrophages, but emerging evidence suggests that these drugs can also enhance pro-inflammatory macrophage responses, creating an unresolved paradox. This review comprehensively examines the in vitro, in vivo, and clinical literature to document the statin-induced changes in macrophage polarization and immunomodulatory functions, explore the underlying mechanisms involved, and offer potential explanations for this paradox. A better understanding of the immunomodulatory actions of statins on macrophages should pave the way for the development of novel therapeutic approaches to manage atherosclerosis and other chronic diseases and conditions characterised by unresolved inflammation.
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Wang D, Tian Y, Wei H, Gao C, Fan Y, Yang G, Quan W, Huang J, Yue S, Zhang J, Jiang R. Risk Factor Analysis of the Conservative Treatment in Chronic Subdural Hematomas: A Substudy of the ATOCH Trial. Adv Ther 2022; 39:1630-1641. [PMID: 35133631 DOI: 10.1007/s12325-022-02057-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/03/2022] [Accepted: 01/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION The objective of the study was to analyze the risk factors for worsening of the disease progression in patients with chronic subdural hematomas (CSDH) during wait-and-observation treatment regimen and conservative treatment with atorvastatin. METHODS A total of 196 patients with CSDH were recruited (98 in the atorvastatin group and 98 in the blank placebo group). Receiver operating characteristic (ROC) curve analysis was used to identify the optimal cutoff for the hematoma volume by testing surgical and nonsurgical outcomes. Other measures, including univariate and multivariate analyses, were performed to identify the potential significant factors indicative of the outcome of therapeutic efficacy of conservative treatment through the characteristics of the baseline indicators at enrollment. RESULTS Over a median treatment duration of 2 months, lower total cholesterol, higher hematoma volume, and more midline shift were independent risk factors for worse outcomes of atorvastatin treatment for CSDH, and only a higher hematoma volume was an independent risk factor for spontaneous absorption in the placebo group. ROC analysis of all of the data showed that the optimal threshold of hematoma volume was 68.5 ml (sensitivity 73.5%, specificity 74%) in response to the greatest chance of switching to surgery. CONCLUSIONS Critical independent predictors of atorvastatin monotherapy treatment success included higher total cholesterol, lower hematoma volume, and less midline shift in atorvastatin monotherapy, and higher hematoma volume was the only independent risk factor in close follow-up observation patients without any pharmacotherapy. Initial hematoma volume more than 68.5 ml may help clinicians to determine individual risk assessments and to make optimal treatment decisions. TRIAL REGISTRATION http://www. CLINICALTRIALS gov . Identifier NCT02024373.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Huijie Wei
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yueshan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Guili Yang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, China
| | - Wei Quan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Shuyuan Yue
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China.
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Yu L, Liu S, Zhou R, Sun H, Su X, Liu Q, Li S, Ying J, Zhao F, Mu D, Qu Y. Atorvastatin inhibits neuronal apoptosis via activating cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in hypoxic-ischemic neonatal rats. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22263. [PMID: 35303316 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202101654rr] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/26/2021] [Revised: 02/19/2022] [Accepted: 03/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Neuronal apoptosis is one of the main pathological processes of hypoxic-ischemic brain damage (HIBD) and is involved in the development of hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) in neonates. Atorvastatin has been found to have neuroprotective effects in some nervous system diseases, but its role in regulating the pathogenesis of neonatal HIBD remains elusive. Thus, this study aimed to explore the effects and related mechanisms of atorvastatin on the regulation of neuronal apoptosis after HIBD in newborn rats. The rat HIBD model and the neuronal oxygen glucose deprivation (OGD) model were established routinely. Atorvastatin, cAMP inhibitor (SQ22536), and BDNF inhibitor (ANA-12) were used to treat HIBD rats and OGD neurons. Cerebral infarction, learning and memory ability, cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF signaling molecules, and apoptosis-related indicators (TUNEL, cleaved caspase-3, and Bax/Bcl2) were then examined. In vivo, atorvastatin reduced cerebral infarction, improved learning and memory ability, decreased the number of TUNEL-positive neurons, inhibited the expression of cleaved caspase-3 and Bax/Bcl2, and activated the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in the cerebral cortex after HIBD. In vitro, atorvastatin also decreased the apoptosis-related indicators and activated the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway in neurons after OGD. Furthermore, inhibition of cAMP or BDNF attenuated the effect of atorvastatin on the reduction of neuronal apoptosis, suggesting that atorvastatin inhibits HIBD-induced neuronal apoptosis and alleviates brain injury in neonatal rats mainly by activating the cAMP/PKA/p-CREB/BDNF pathway. In conclusion, atorvastatin may be developed as a potential drug for the treatment of neonatal HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Luting Yu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shixi Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Ruixi Zhou
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Xiaojuan Su
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Qian Liu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Shiping Li
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Junjie Ying
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Fengyan Zhao
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Dezhi Mu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
| | - Yi Qu
- Department of Paediatrics, West China Second University Hospital, Sichuan University, Chengdu, China.,Key Laboratory of Birth Defects and Related Diseases of Women and Children, Sichuan University, Ministry of Education, Chengdu, China
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Gao C, Nie M, Huang J, Tian Y, Wang D, Zhang J, Jiang R. Pharmacotherapy for mild traumatic brain injury: an overview of the current treatment options. Expert Opin Pharmacother 2022; 23:805-813. [PMID: 35290753 DOI: 10.1080/14656566.2022.2054328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Accounting for 90% of all traumatic brain injuries (TBIs), mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) is currently the most frequently seen type of TBI. Although most patients can recover from mTBI, some may suffer from prolonged symptoms for months to years after injury. Growing evidence indicates that mTBI is associated with neurodegenerative diseases including dementias and Parkinson's disease (PD). Pharmacological interventions are necessary to address the symptoms and avoid the adverse consequences of mTBI. AREAS COVERED To provide an overview of the current treatment options, the authors herein review the potential drugs to reduce the secondary damage and symptom-targeted therapy as well as the ongoing clinical trials about pharmacotherapy for mTBI. EXPERT OPINION There has been no consensus on the pharmacotherapy for mTBI. Several candidates including n-3 PUFAs, melatonin, NAC and statins show potential benefits in lessening the secondary injury and improving neurological deficits in pre-clinic studies, which, however, still need further investigation in clinical trials. The current pharmacotherapy for mTBI is empirical in nature and mainly targets to mitigate the symptoms. Well-designed clinical trials are now warranted to provide high level evidence.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Meng Nie
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Jinhao Huang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Ye Tian
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin 300052, China.,Key Laboratory of Post -Neuroinjury Neuro -repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Tianjin Neurological Institute, Ministry of Education and Tianjin, China
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Posch‐Pertl L, Michelitsch M, Wagner G, Wildner B, Silbernagel G, Pregartner G, Wedrich A. Cholesterol and glaucoma: a systematic review and meta-analysis. Acta Ophthalmol 2022; 100:148-158. [PMID: 33506616 PMCID: PMC9292534 DOI: 10.1111/aos.14769] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/13/2020] [Accepted: 12/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE Intraocular pressure is the main risk factor for glaucoma; however, additional risk factors may also matter. This systematic review and meta-analysis were conducted to summarize the evidence regarding the association of cholesterol parameters (total cholesterol, low-density lipoprotein (LDL) and high-density lipoprotein (HDL) levels) and glaucoma. METHODS Four electronic databases were searched for all publications containing 'glaucoma' and one of various forms of 'cholesterol' or 'lipoprotein'. Two independent reviewers screened abstracts and potentially full texts of identified articles for eligibility. Risk of bias was assessed with the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale. A random-effects meta-analysis was used to investigate the differences in total cholesterol, LDL and HDL levels between patients with and without glaucoma. RESULTS Overall, 29 observational studies were included in the systematic review and 26 reported quantitative information to investigate differences in cholesterol parameters between patients with glaucoma (N = 7196) and patients without glaucoma (N = 350 441). Patients with glaucoma had significantly higher total cholesterol levels than patients without glaucoma (Mean Difference (MD) 7.9 mg/dl, 95% CI 3.3 to 12.5, p = 0.001) and lower mean HDL levels (MD -2.0 mg/dl, 95% CI: -3.1 to -0.9, p = 0.001). Patients with glaucoma had higher mean LDL levels than patients without glaucoma, albeit not statistically significant (MD 6.1 mg/dl, 95% CI: -4.3 to 16.4, p = 0.251). CONCLUSION This systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies found an association of glaucoma and high total cholesterol and low HDL levels, respectively. Although this supports the hypothesis that lipid levels pose an additional risk for glaucoma development, heterogeneity was substantial and causality cannot be presumed from identified observational studies.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | - Gernot Wagner
- Department for Evidence‐based Medicine and Evaluation Danube University Krems Krems Austria
| | | | - Günther Silbernagel
- Division of Angiology Department of Internal Medicine Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
- Division of Cardiology Campus Benjamin Franklin Charité Berlin Berlin Germany
| | - Gudrun Pregartner
- Institute for Medical Informatics, Statistics and Documentation Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
| | - Andreas Wedrich
- Department of Ophthalmology Medical University of Graz Graz Austria
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Sun J, Liu J, Gao C, Zheng J, Zhang J, Ding Y, Gong W, Yang M, Li Z, Wang Y, Yang Y, Gao C. Targeted delivery of PARP inhibitors to neuronal mitochondria via biomimetic engineered nanosystems in a mouse model of traumatic brain injury. Acta Biomater 2022; 140:573-585. [PMID: 34958970 DOI: 10.1016/j.actbio.2021.12.023] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2021] [Revised: 11/23/2021] [Accepted: 12/20/2021] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is known to activate poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP-1), which leads to pronounced negative effects on mitochondrial DNA (mt-DNA) repair and function. Notably, PARP inhibitors are reported to be beneficial in experimental models of TBI. A targeting strategy for the delivery of neuronal mitochondria-specific PARP inhibitors could result in a greater neuroprotective effect and be a safer approach for TBI treatment. In the present study, we developed the PARP inhibitor olaparib (Ola) as a model drug and devised red blood cell (RBC)-coated nanostructured lipid carriers (RBCNLCs) co-modified with C3 and SS31 peptide (C3/SS31-RBCNLCs) for brain neuronal mitochondria-targeting. Our results indicated that biomimetic nanosystems have the physical and chemical properties of the NLCs, as well as the biological properties of RBC. A high concentration of Ola delivered into brain mitochondria by C3/SS31-RBCNLCs-Ola effectively improved mitochondrial function and prevented neuronal cell death caused by excessive activation of injury-induced mitochondrial PARP (mt-PARP) in vitro and in vivo. Taken together, the results of this study support the preclinical feasibility of developing highly effective nano-drugs as part of precision medicine for TBI. STATEMENT OF SIGNIFICANCE: TBI-induced neuronal mitochondria DNA damage activates Poly(ADP-ribose) Polymerase (PARP1) which leads to a pronounced negative effect on mitochondrial DNA repair and mitochondrial function. In recent years, PARP inhibitors showed strong benefits in experimental models of TBI, more importantly PARP inhibitors specially target neuronal mitochondria may play a greater neuroprotective role and may be a safer approach for TBI treatment. Herein, we designed red blood cell (RBC) membrane-coated nanostructure lipid carriers dual-modified with C3 and SS31 (C3/SS31-RBCNLCs) to accomplish these objectives. After encapsulating Olaparib (Ola) as the model PARP inhibitor, the data demonstrated that C3/SS31-RBCNLCs, with brain neuronal mitochondria targeting, can reduce neuronal cell death and improve mitochondrial dysfunction triggered by mitochondrial PARP activation in vitro and in vivo.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiejie Sun
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jingzhou Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Chunhong Gao
- Biomedical Engineering Department, Peking University, Beijing 100191, China
| | - Jinpeng Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Jinbang Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yaning Ding
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Wei Gong
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Meiyan Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Zhiping Li
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China
| | - Yuli Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Yang Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
| | - Chunsheng Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Toxicology and Medical Countermeasures, Beijing Institute of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Beijing 100850, China.
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Cheng T, Li C, Shen L, Wang S, Li X, Fu C, Li T, Liu B, Gu Y, Wang W, Feng B. The Intestinal Effect of Atorvastatin: Akkermansia muciniphila and Barrier Function. Front Microbiol 2022; 12:797062. [PMID: 35185821 PMCID: PMC8847773 DOI: 10.3389/fmicb.2021.797062] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2021] [Accepted: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Studies have shown that the cholesterol-lowering medicine statins alter the gut microbiome, induce chronic metabolic inflammation, and disrupt glycemic homeostasis. In this study, we aimed to investigate whether effects of atorvastatin (Ator) on gut microbiome and metabolic inflammation could be causally correlated. Mice at 8-week age were fed with high-fat diet (HFD) or HFD with Ator (HFD+Ator) for 16 weeks. 16S rRNA sequencing of stool and RNA sequencing of colon tissue were employed to analyze the intestinal alterations that could be induced by Ator. A human colon carcinoma cell line (Caco2) was used for in vitro experiments on barrier function. Compared to HFD, HFD+Ator induced more weight gain, impaired glucose tolerance, and led to gut microbiota dysbiosis, such as suppressing Akkermansia muciniphila in mice. The expressions of tight junction (TJ) proteins were attenuated in the colon, and the serum LPS-binding-protein (LBP) level was elevated in HFD+Ator mice, so as to transcriptionally activate the intestinal nuclear factor-k-gene binding (NF-κB) signaling pathway. Consistently, Ator impaired the barrier function of Caco2, and treatment of supernatant of A. Muciniphila culture could decrease the intestinal permeability and recover the attenuated expression of TJ proteins induced by Ator. In conclusion, long-term use of Ator with HFD may alter gut microbiota, induce intestinal barrier dysfunction, and hence promote chronic inflammation that contributes to disrupted glycemic homeostasis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Cheng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Changkun Li
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Linyan Shen
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Shujie Wang
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Xuelin Li
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Chenyang Fu
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tingting Li
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bei Liu
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Yanyun Gu
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Weiqing Wang
- National Research Centre for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Ruijin Hospital, Shanghai Institute for Endocrine and Metabolic Diseases, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
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Zhang Y, Du M, Wang J, Liu P. Astragaloside IV Relieves Atherosclerosis and Hepatic Steatosis via MAPK/NF-κB Signaling Pathway in LDLR−/− Mice. Front Pharmacol 2022; 13:828161. [PMID: 35264962 PMCID: PMC8899310 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2022.828161] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2021] [Accepted: 01/31/2022] [Indexed: 01/22/2023] Open
Abstract
Astragaloside IV (AS-IV) is the main active compound of Astragalus membranaceus. In this study, we investigated whether AS-IV could attenuate atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis in LDLR−/−mice and its potential mechanisms. After 12 weeks of high fat diet, the LDLR−/−mice were randomly divided into four groups. Then, the mice were administrated with 0.9% saline or AS-IV (10 mg/kg) or atorvastatin (1.3 mg/kg) for 12 weeks. Serum lipid profiles and inflammatory cytokines were detected by ELISA, hepatic TC and TG by colorimetric enzymatic kits, gene expression by RT-qPCR, plaque sizes by H&E staining, Oil Red O, liver pathology by H&E staining, collagen content by Masson, α-SMA, caspase-3 and NF-κB p65 production by immunofluorescence staining. MAPK/NF-κB pathway and inflammation related proteins were detected by Western Blot. The results showed that AS-IV decreased the levels of serum lipids, reduced plaque area and increased plaque stability in HFD-induced LDLR−/− mice. AS-IV also decreased the levels of inflammatory cytokines in the serum, aortas and liver tissue, and NF-κB p65 in aortic roots. The phosphorylation of JNK, ERK1/2, p38 and NF-κB, and inflammatory proteins (iNOS, VCAM-1and IL-6) was inhibited in AS-IV-treated group. In summary, AS-IV inhibited inflammation to attenuate atherosclerosis and hepatic steatosis via MAPK/NF-κB signaling pathway in LDLR−/− mice.
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Immune-responsive gene 1/itaconate activates nuclear factor erythroid 2-related factor 2 in microglia to protect against spinal cord injury in mice. Cell Death Dis 2022; 13:140. [PMID: 35145070 PMCID: PMC8831631 DOI: 10.1038/s41419-022-04592-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/28/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
The pathophysiology of spinal cord injury (SCI) involves primary injury and secondary injury. Secondary injury is a major target for SCI therapy, whereas microglia play an important role in secondary injury. The immunoresponsive gene 1 (Irg-1) has been recorded as one of the most significantly upregulated genes in SCI tissues in gene chip data; however, its role in SCI remains unclear. This study aims to illustrate the role of Irg-1 as well as its regulated metabolite itaconate in SCI. It was demonstrated that the expression of Irg-1 was increased in spinal cord tissues in mice as well as in microglia stimulated by lipopolysaccharides (LPS). It was also shown that overexpression of Irg-1 may suppress LPS-induced inflammation in microglia, while these protective effects were attenuated by Nrf2 silencing. In vivo, overexpression of Irg-1 was shown to suppress neuroinflammation and improve motor function recovery. Furthermore, treatment of microglia with itaconate demonstrated similar inflammation suppressive effects as Irg-1 overexpression in vitro and improved motor function recovery in vivo. In conclusion, the current study shows that Irg-1 and itaconate are involved in the recovery process of SCI, either Irg-1 overexpression or itaconate treatment may provide a promising strategy for the treatment of SCI.
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Luo W, Yang Z, Zhang W, Zhou D, Guo X, Wang S, He F, Wang Y. Quantitative Proteomics Reveals the Dynamic Pathophysiology Across Different Stages in a Rat Model of Severe Traumatic Brain Injury. Front Mol Neurosci 2022; 14:785938. [PMID: 35145378 PMCID: PMC8821658 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2021.785938] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/29/2021] [Accepted: 12/30/2021] [Indexed: 11/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Severe traumatic brain injury (TBI) has become a global health problem and causes a vast worldwide societal burden. However, distinct mechanisms between acute and subacute stages have not been systemically revealed. The present study aimed to identify differentially expressed proteins in severe TBI from the acute to subacute phase. Methods Sixty Sprague Dawley (SD) rats were randomly divided into sham surgery and model groups. The severe TBI models were induced by the controlled cortical impact (CCI) method. We evaluated the neurological deficits through the modified neurological severity score (NSS). Meanwhile, H&E staining and immunofluorescence were performed to assess the injured brain tissues. The protein expressions of the hippocampus on the wounded side of CCI groups and the same side of Sham groups were analyzed by the tandem mass tag-based (TMT) quantitative proteomics on the third and fourteenth days. Then, using the gene ontology (GO), Kyoto encyclopedia of genes and genomes (KEGG), and protein–protein interaction (PPI), the shared and stage-specific differentially expressed proteins (DEPs) were screened, analyzed, and visualized. Eventually, target proteins were further verified by Western blotting (WB). Results In the severe TBI, the neurological deficits always exist from the acute stage to the subacute stage, and brain parenchyma was dramatically impaired in either period. Of the significant DEPs identified, 312 were unique to the acute phase, 76 were specific to the subacute phase, and 63 were shared in both. Of the 375 DEPs between Sham-a and CCI-a, 240 and 135 proteins were up-regulated and down-regulated, respectively. Of 139 DEPs, 84 proteins were upregulated, and 55 were downregulated in the Sham-s and CCI-s. Bioinformatics analysis revealed that the differential pathophysiology across both stages. One of the most critical shared pathways is the complement and coagulation cascades. Notably, three pathways associated with gastric acid secretion, insulin secretion, and thyroid hormone synthesis were only enriched in the acute phase. Amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS) was significantly enriched in the subacute stage. WB experiments confirmed the reliability of the TMT quantitative proteomics results. Conclusion Our findings highlight the same and different pathological processes in the acute and subacute phases of severe TBI at the proteomic level. The results of potential protein biomarkers might facilitate the design of novel strategies to treat TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Weikang Luo
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhaoyu Yang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- The College of Integrated Traditional Chinese and Western Medicine, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Dan Zhou
- Periodical Office, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Xiaohang Guo
- Medical School, Hunan University of Chinese Medicine, Changsha, China
| | - Shunshun Wang
- Postpartum Health Care Department, Hunan Provincial Maternal and Child Health Care Hospital, Changsha, China
| | - Feng He
- Department of General Surgery, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Yang Wang
- Department of Integrated Chinese and Western Medicine, Institute of Integrative Medicine, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Geriatric Disorders, Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
- *Correspondence: Yang Wang,
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Kumagawa T, Moro N, Maeda T, Kobayashi M, Furukawa Y, Shijo K, Yoshino A. Anti-inflammatory effect of P2Y1 receptor blocker MRS2179 in a rat model of traumatic brain injury. Brain Res Bull 2022; 181:46-54. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2022.01.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2021] [Revised: 01/16/2022] [Accepted: 01/19/2022] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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Postolache TT, Medoff DR, Brown CH, Fang LJ, Upadhyaya SK, Lowry CA, Miller M, Kreyenbuhl JA. Lipophilic vs. hydrophilic statins and psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency room visits in US Veterans with schizophrenia and bipolar disorder. Pteridines 2021; 32:48-69. [PMID: 34887622 PMCID: PMC8654264 DOI: 10.1515/pteridines-2020-0028] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Objective – Psychiatric hospitalizations and emergency department (ED) visits are costly, stigmatizing, and often ineffective. Given the immune and kynurenine activation in bipolar disorder (BD) and schizophrenia, as well as the immune-modulatory effects of statins, we aimed to compare the relative risk (RRs) of psychiatric hospitalizations and ED visits between individuals prescribed lipophilic vs. hydrophilic statins vs. no statins. We hypothesized (a) reduced rates of hospitalization and ER utilization with statins versus no statins and (b) differences in outcomes between statins, as lipophilia increases the capability to penetrate the blood–brain barrier with potentially beneficial neuroimmune, antioxidant, neuroprotective, neurotrophic, and endothelial stabilizing effects, and, in contrast, potentially detrimental decreases in brain cholesterol concentrations leading to serotoninergic dysfunction, changes in membrane lipid composition, thus affecting ion channels and receptors. Methods – We used VA service utilization data from October 1, 2010 to September 30, 2015. The RRs for psychiatric hospitalization and ED visits, were estimated using robust Poisson regression analyses. The number of individuals analyzed was 683,129. Results – Individuals with schizophrenia and BD who received prescriptions for either lipophilic or hydrophilic statins had a lower RR of psychiatric hospitalization or ED visits relative to nonstatin controls. Hydrophilic statins were significantly associated with lower RRs of psychiatric hospitalization but not of ED visits, compared to lipophilic statins. Conclusion – The reduction in psychiatric hospitalizations in statin users (vs. nonusers) should be interpreted cautiously, as it carries a high risk of confounding by indication. While the lower RR of psychiatric hospitalizations in hydrophilic statins relative to the lipophilic statins is relatively bias free, the finding bears replication in a specifically designed study. If replicated, important clinical implications for personalizing statin treatment in patients with mental illness, investigating add-on statins for improved therapeutic control, and mechanistic exploration for identifying new treatment targets are natural next steps.
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Affiliation(s)
- Teodor T Postolache
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Denver, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Deborah R Medoff
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatric Services Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Clayton H Brown
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Epidemiology and Public Health, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Li Juan Fang
- Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatric Services Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Sanjaya K Upadhyaya
- Department of Psychiatry, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
| | - Christopher A Lowry
- Rocky Mountain Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America; Military and Veteran Microbiome: Consortium for Research and Education (MVM-CoRE), U.S. Department of Veterans Affairs, Denver, CO 80045, United States of America; Department of Integrative Physiology, Center for Neuroscience, Center for Microbial Exploration, University of Colorado Boulder, Boulder, CO 80309, United States of America; Department of Physical Medicine and Rehabilitation, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO 80045, United States of America
| | - Michael Miller
- Department of Medicine, VAMC Baltimore and University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, Maryland 21201, United States of America
| | - Julie A Kreyenbuhl
- VISN 5 Capitol Health Care Network Mental Illness Research Education and Clinical Center (MIRECC), Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America; Department of Psychiatry, Division of Psychiatric Services Research, University of Maryland School of Medicine, Baltimore, MD 21201, United States of America
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Zhang J. Expert consensus on drug treatment of chronic subdural hematoma. Chin Neurosurg J 2021; 7:47. [PMID: 34809712 PMCID: PMC8607705 DOI: 10.1186/s41016-021-00263-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 09/22/2021] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) is a chronic space-occupying lesion formed by blood accumulation between arachnoid and dura mater, which is usually formed in the third week after traumatic brain injury. Surgical treatment is usually the first choice for patients with CSDH having a significant space-occupying effect. Most of the patients showed good results of surgical treatment, but still some patients had a postoperative recurrence (the recurrence rate was up to 33%). Because CSDH is often seen in the elderly, patients are weak and have many basic diseases. The risk of surgical treatment is high; serious complications and even death (the death rate is up to 32%) can often occur. The overall good prognosis rate of patients aged more than 90 years is 24%. The drug treatment can provide a safe and effective treatment for elderly patients who are weak, intolerable to surgery, or failed in surgery. Low-dose and long-term use of atorvastatin (20mg/d) is suggested for continuous treatment for at least 8 weeks, while low-dose and short-term use of dexamethasone can improve the therapeutic effect of atorvastatin on CSDH. Patients should undergo CT or MRI scanning at least one time within 2 weeks after the start of drug treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Key Laboratory of Post-trauma Neuro-repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Tianjin Key Laboratory of Injuries, Variations and Regeneration of Nervous System, Tianjin, 300052, China. .,Tianjin Neurological Institute, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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Soltani F, Janatmakan F, Jorairahmadi S, Javaherforooshzadeh F, Alizadeh P, Alipour I. Evaluation of the Effect of Atorvastatin Administration on the Outcomes of Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Double-blinded Randomized Clinical Trial. Anesth Pain Med 2021; 11:e117140. [PMID: 34692441 PMCID: PMC8520682 DOI: 10.5812/aapm.117140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/20/2021] [Revised: 08/01/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/22/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is one of the common causes of long-term disabilities and mortality. This study aimed to evaluate the effect of atorvastatin administration on the Glasgow Coma Scale (GCS), Glasgow Outcome Scale (GOS), and Disability Rating Scale (DRS) in patients with TBI. Methods This double-blinded randomized clinical trial included 60 patients with TBI in Golestan Hospital of Ahvaz, Iran. After obtaining an informed consent from all patients, the patients were randomly assigned into two groups. For the intervention group, atorvastatin with a daily dose of 20 mg was used. The control group was administered the same amount of placebo for 10 days. Changes in the level of consciousness were measured using the GCS, and functional recovery rate in patients was measured by GOS and DRS in the third follow-up month. Results According to the obtained results, compared with the control group, the atorvastatin administration significantly increased the level of GCS and DRS within 2 - 3 months post-intervention and improved GOS since the tenth day after the study (P < 0.05). Conclusions The results revealed the positive effect of atorvastatin on the improvement of outcomes measurements such as GCS, DRS, and GOS in patients after moderate and severe TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Farhad Soltani
- Ahvaz Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Farahzad Janatmakan
- Ahvaz Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Sara Jorairahmadi
- Ahvaz Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Fatemeh Javaherforooshzadeh
- Ahvaz Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Ahvaz Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
| | - Pooyan Alizadeh
- Ahvaz Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
| | - Ismail Alipour
- Ahvaz Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran
- Corresponding Author: Ahvaz Anesthesiology and Pain Research Center, Ahvaz Jundishapur University of Medical Sciences, Ahvaz, Iran.
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Xiao H, Liu J, He J, Lan Z, Deng M, Hu Z. 17β-Estradiol Attenuates Intracerebral Hemorrhage-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Injury and Oxidative Stress Through SRC3-Mediated PI3K/Akt Signaling Pathway in a Mouse Model. ASN Neuro 2021; 13:17590914211038443. [PMID: 34491125 PMCID: PMC8580490 DOI: 10.1177/17590914211038443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Estrogen is neuroprotective in brain injury models, and steroid receptor cofactor 3 (SRC3) mediates estrogen signaling. We aimed to investigate whether and how SRC3 is involved in the neuroprotective effects of 17ß-estradiol (E2) in a mouse model of intracerebral hemorrhage (ICH). Ovariectomized female mice were treated with E2 after autologous blood injection-induced ICH. Brain damage was assessed by neurological deficit score, brain water content, and oxidative stress levels. Blood–brain barrier (BBB) integrity was evaluated by Evan's blue extravasation and claudin-5, ZO-1, and occludin levels. SRC3 expression and PI3K/Akt signaling pathway were examined in ICH mice treated with E2. The effect of SRC3 on E2-mediated neuroprotection was determined by examining neurological outcomes in SRC3-deficient mice undergone ICH and E2 treatment. We found that E2 alleviated ICH-induced brain edema and neurological deficits, protected BBB integrity, and suppressed oxidative stress. E2 enhanced SRC3 expression and PI3K-/Akt signaling pathway. SRC3 deficiency abolished the protective effects of E2 on ICH-induced neurological deficits, brain edema, and BBB integrity. Our results suggest that E2 suppresses ICH-induced brain injury and SRC3 plays a critical role in E2-mediated neuroprotection.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Xiao
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jianyang Liu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Jialin He
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Ziwei Lan
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Mingyang Deng
- Department of Hematology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
| | - Zhiping Hu
- Department of Neurology, the Second Xiangya Hospital, Central South University, Changsha, China
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Intramuscular Boosting with hIFN-Alpha 2b Enhances BCGphipps-Induced Protection in a Murine Model of Leprosy. MICROBIOLOGY RESEARCH 2021. [DOI: 10.3390/microbiolres12030051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Host immunity to Mycobacterium leprae encompasses a spectrum of mechanisms that range from cellular immunity-driven protection to damage associated with humoral immunity as in type-2 leprosy reactions. Although type I interferons (IFNs) participate in eliminating intracellular pathogens, their contribution to the production of antibodies and CD3+ FOXP3+ regulatory T cells (Tregs) in BCG vaccine-mediated protection in leprosy is unknown. BCGphipps (BCGph) priming followed by intramuscular hIFN-α 2b boost significantly reduced lesion size and Mycobacterium lepraemurium growth in the skin. T follicular regulatory cells (TFR), a subset of Tregs induced by immunization or infection, reside in the germinal centers (GCs) and modulate antibody production. We found impaired Treg induction and improved GCs in draining lymph nodes of BCGph primed and hIFN-α 2b boosted mice. Moreover, these mice elicited significant amounts of IL-4 and IL-10 in serum. Thus, our results support the adjuvant properties of hIFN-α 2b in the context of BCGph priming to enhance protective immunity against skin leprosy.
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Buchmann Godinho D, da Silva Fiorin F, Schneider Oliveira M, Furian AF, Rechia Fighera M, Freire Royes LF. The immunological influence of physical exercise on TBI-induced pathophysiology: Crosstalk between the spleen, gut, and brain. Neurosci Biobehav Rev 2021; 130:15-30. [PMID: 34400178 DOI: 10.1016/j.neubiorev.2021.08.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2021] [Revised: 08/04/2021] [Accepted: 08/08/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a non-degenerative and non-congenital insult to the brain and is recognized as a global public health problem, with a high incidence of neurological disorders. Despite the causal relationship not being entirely known, it has been suggested that multiorgan inflammatory response involving the autonomic nervous system and the spleen-gut brain axis dysfunction exacerbate the TBI pathogenesis in the brain. Thus, applying new therapeutic tools, such as physical exercise, have been described in the literature to act on the immune modulation induced by brain injuries. However, there are caveats to consider when interpreting the effects of physical exercise on this neurological injury. Given the above, this review will highlight the main findings of the literature involving peripheral immune responses in TBI-induced neurological damage and how changes in the cellular metabolism of the spleen-gut brain axis elicited by different protocols of physical exercise alter the pathophysiology induced by this neurological injury.
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Affiliation(s)
- Douglas Buchmann Godinho
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Programa de Pós-Graduação em Bioquímica Toxicológica, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fernando da Silva Fiorin
- Programa de Pós-Graduação em Neuroengenharia, Instituto Internacional de Neurociências Edmond e Lily Safra, Instituto Santos Dumont, Macaíba, RN, Brazil
| | - Mauro Schneider Oliveira
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Ana Flavia Furian
- Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Programa de Pós-Graduação em Farmacologia, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Michele Rechia Fighera
- Laboratório de Bioquímica do Exercício, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Centro de Ciências da Saúde, Departamento de Clínica Médica e Pediatria, Universidade Federal de Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
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Sultan W, Sapkota A, Khurshid H, Qureshi IA, Jahan N, Went TR, Dominic JL, Win M, Kannan A, Tara A, Ruo SW, Alfonso M. Statins' Effect on Cognitive Outcome After Traumatic Brain Injury: A Systematic Review. Cureus 2021; 13:e16953. [PMID: 34405076 PMCID: PMC8352842 DOI: 10.7759/cureus.16953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/06/2021] [Accepted: 08/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/05/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI), also known as the "Silent Epidemic," is a growing devastating global health problem estimated to affect millions of individuals yearly worldwide with little public recognition, leading to many individuals living with a TBI-related disability. TBI has been associated with up to five times increase in the risk of dementia among multiple neurologic complications compared with the general population. Several therapies, including statins, have been tried and showed promising benefits for TBI patients. In this systematic review, we evaluated the recent literature that tested the role of statins on neurological and cognitive outcomes such as Alzheimer's Disease and non-Alzheimer's dementia in survivors of TBI with various severities. We conducted a systematic search on PubMed, PubMed Central, MEDLINE, and Google Scholar. MeSH terms and keywords were used to search for full-text randomized clinical trials (RCTs), cross-sectional, case-control, cohort studies, systematic reviews, and animal studies published in English. Inclusion and exclusion criteria were applied, and the articles were subjected to quality appraisal by two reviewers. Our data search retrieved 4948 nonduplicate records. A total of 18 studies were included - nine human studies, and nine animal laboratory trials - after meeting inclusion, eligibility, and quality assessment criteria. Simvastatin was the most tested statin, and the oral route of administration was the most used. Eight human studies showed a significant neuroprotective effect and improvement in the cognitive outcomes, including dementia. Four randomized clinical trials with 296 patients showed that statins play a neuroprotective role and improve cognitive outcomes through different mechanisms, especially their anti-inflammatory effect; they were shown to lower tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α and C-reactive protein (CRP) levels. Also, they decreased axonal injury and cortical thickness changes. In addition, four cohort studies compared a total of 867.953 patients. One study showed a decrease in mortality in statin-treated patients (p=0.05). Another study showed a reduction in the incidence of Alzheimer's disease and related dementias (RR, 0.77; 95% CI, 0.73-0.81), while one study showed a decreased risk of dementia after concussions by 6.13% (p=0.001). On the other hand, one cohort study showed no significant difference with the use of statins. In eight animal trials, statins showed a significant neuroprotective effect, improved cognitive outcomes, and neurological functions. Different molecular and cellular mechanisms were suggested, including anti-inflammatory effects, promoting angiogenesis, neurogenesis, increasing cerebral blood flow, neurite outgrowth, promoting the proliferation and differentiation of neural stem cells, and reducing axonal injury. On the contrary, one study showed no benefit and actual adverse effect on the cognitive outcome. Most of the studies showed promising neuroprotective effects of statins in TBI patients. Cognitive outcomes, especially dementia, were improved. However, the optimal therapeutic protocol is still unknown. Thus, statins are candidates for more advanced studies to test their efficacy in preventing cognitive decline in patients with TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Waleed Sultan
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Alisha Sapkota
- Psychiatry, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Hajra Khurshid
- Psychiatry, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Israa A Qureshi
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Nasrin Jahan
- Psychiatry, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Terry R Went
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Jerry Lorren Dominic
- General Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Myat Win
- General Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Amudhan Kannan
- General Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Anjli Tara
- General Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Sheila W Ruo
- General Surgery, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
| | - Michael Alfonso
- Medicine, California Institute of Behavioral Neurosciences & Psychology (CIBNP), Fairfield, USA
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Zhang R, Wang J, Huang L, Wang TJ, Huang Y, Li Z, He J, Sun C, Wang J, Chen X, Wang J. The pros and cons of motor, memory, and emotion-related behavioral tests in the mouse traumatic brain injury model. Neurol Res 2021; 44:65-89. [PMID: 34308784 DOI: 10.1080/01616412.2021.1956290] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is a medical emergency with high morbidity and mortality. Motor, memory, and emotion-related deficits are common symptoms following TBI, yet treatment is very limited. To develop new drugs and find new therapeutic avenues, a wide variety of TBI models have been established to mimic the heterogeneity of TBI. In this regard, along with histologic measures, behavioral functional outcomes provide valuable insight into the underlying neuropathology and guide neurorehabilitation efforts for neuropsychiatric impairment after TBI. Development, characterization, and application of behavioral tests that can assess functional neurologic deficits are essential to the development of translational therapies. This comprehensive review aims to summarize 19 common behavioral tests from three aspects (motor, memory, and emotion-related) that are associated with TBI pathology. Discussion covers the apparatus, the test steps, the evaluation indexes, data collection and analysis, animal performance and applications, advantages and disadvantages as well as precautions to eliminate bias wherever possible. We discussed recent studies on TBI-related preconditioning, biomarkers, and optimized behavioral protocols. The neuropsychologic tests employed in clinics were correlated with those used in mouse TBI models. In summary, this review provides a comprehensive, up-to-date reference for TBI researchers to choose the right neurobehavioral protocol according to the research objectives of their translational investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ruoyu Zhang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Junming Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Leo Huang
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto, Toronto, Canada
| | - Tom J Wang
- Winston Churchill High School, Potomac, Maryland, USA
| | - Yinrou Huang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Zefu Li
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinxin He
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chen Sun
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xuemei Chen
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jian Wang
- Department of Human Anatomy, College of Basic Medical Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
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Fujimoto T, Morofuji Y, Kovac A, Erickson MA, Deli MA, Niwa M, Banks WA. Pitavastatin Ameliorates Lipopolysaccharide-Induced Blood-Brain Barrier Dysfunction. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9070837. [PMID: 34356901 PMCID: PMC8301395 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9070837] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/06/2021] [Revised: 07/07/2021] [Accepted: 07/16/2021] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins have neuroprotective effects on neurological diseases, including a pleiotropic effect possibly related to blood–brain barrier (BBB) function. In this study, we investigated the effects of pitavastatin (PTV) on lipopolysaccharide (LPS)-induced BBB dysfunction in an in vitro BBB model comprising cocultured primary mouse brain endothelial cells, pericytes, and astrocytes. LPS (1 ng/mL, 24 h) increased the permeability and lowered the transendothelial electrical resistance of the BBB, and the co-administration of PTV prevented these effects. LPS increased the release of interleukin-6, granulocyte colony-stimulating factor, keratinocyte-derived chemokine, monocyte chemotactic protein-1, and regulated on activation, normal T-cell expressed and secreted from the BBB model. PTV inhibited the LPS-induced release of these cytokines. These results suggest that PTV can ameliorate LPS-induced BBB dysfunction, and these effects might be mediated through the inhibition of LPS-induced cytokine production. Clinically, therapeutic approaches using statins combined with novel strategies need to be designed. Our present finding sheds light on the pharmacological significance of statins in the treatment of central nervous system diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takashi Fujimoto
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (M.A.E.); (W.A.B.)
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Yoichi Morofuji
- Department of Neurosurgery, Nagasaki University Graduate School of Biomedical Sciences, 1-7-1 Sakamoto, Nagasaki 852-8501, Japan;
- National Nagasaki Medical Center, Department of Neurosurgery, 2-1001-1 Kubara, Omura, Nagasaki 856-8562, Japan
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +81-95-819-7375
| | - Andrej Kovac
- Institute of Neuroimmunology, Slovak Academy of Sciences, Dubravska cesta 9, 84510 Bratislava, Slovakia;
| | - Michelle A. Erickson
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (M.A.E.); (W.A.B.)
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
| | - Mária A. Deli
- Biological Research Centre, Institute of Biophysics, 6726 Szeged, Hungary;
| | - Masami Niwa
- BBB Laboratory, PharmaCo-Cell Company, Ltd., Dai-ichi-senshu Bldg. 2nd Floor, 6-19 Chitose-machi, Nagasaki 850-8135, Japan;
| | - William A. Banks
- Division of Gerontology and Geriatric Medicine, Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98108, USA; (M.A.E.); (W.A.B.)
- Veterans Affairs Puget Sound Health Care System, Geriatric Research Education and Clinical Center, 1660 S. Columbian Way, Seattle, WA 98108, USA
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Davis AG, Donovan J, Bremer M, Van Toorn R, Schoeman J, Dadabhoy A, Lai RP, Cresswell FV, Boulware DR, Wilkinson RJ, Thuong NTT, Thwaites GE, Bahr NC. Host Directed Therapies for Tuberculous Meningitis. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:292. [PMID: 35118196 PMCID: PMC8792876 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16474.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 12/08/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated host immune response significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Effective host directed therapies (HDTs) are critical to improve survival and clinical outcomes. Currently only one HDT, dexamethasone, is proven to improve mortality. However, there is no evidence dexamethasone reduces morbidity, how it reduces mortality is uncertain, and it has no proven benefit in HIV co-infected individuals. Further research on these aspects of its use, as well as alternative HDTs such as aspirin, thalidomide and other immunomodulatory drugs is needed. Based on new knowledge from pathogenesis studies, repurposed therapeutics which act upon small molecule drug targets may also have a role in TBM. Here we review existing literature investigating HDTs in TBM, and propose new rationale for the use of novel and repurposed drugs. We also discuss host variable responses and evidence to support a personalised approach to HDTs in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angharad G. Davis
- University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK,The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa,
| | - Joseph Donovan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marise Bremer
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Ronald Van Toorn
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Johan Schoeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Ariba Dadabhoy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Rachel P.J. Lai
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fiona V Cresswell
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK,Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David R Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK,The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nguyen Thuy Thuong Thuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathan C Bahr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
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81
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Davis AG, Donovan J, Bremer M, Van Toorn R, Schoeman J, Dadabhoy A, Lai RP, Cresswell FV, Boulware DR, Wilkinson RJ, Thuong NTT, Thwaites GE, Bahr NC. Host Directed Therapies for Tuberculous Meningitis. Wellcome Open Res 2021; 5:292. [PMID: 35118196 PMCID: PMC8792876 DOI: 10.12688/wellcomeopenres.16474.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
A dysregulated host immune response significantly contributes to morbidity and mortality in tuberculous meningitis (TBM). Effective host directed therapies (HDTs) are critical to improve survival and clinical outcomes. Currently only one HDT, dexamethasone, is proven to improve mortality. However, there is no evidence dexamethasone reduces morbidity, how it reduces mortality is uncertain, and it has no proven benefit in HIV co-infected individuals. Further research on these aspects of its use, as well as alternative HDTs such as aspirin, thalidomide and other immunomodulatory drugs is needed. Based on new knowledge from pathogenesis studies, repurposed therapeutics which act upon small molecule drug targets may also have a role in TBM. Here we review existing literature investigating HDTs in TBM, and propose new rationale for the use of novel and repurposed drugs. We also discuss host variable responses and evidence to support a personalised approach to HDTs in TBM.
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Affiliation(s)
- Angharad G. Davis
- University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK,The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa,
| | - Joseph Donovan
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Marise Bremer
- Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa
| | - Ronald Van Toorn
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Johan Schoeman
- Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Stellenbosch University, Cape Town, 7505, South Africa
| | - Ariba Dadabhoy
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
| | - Rachel P.J. Lai
- The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Fiona V Cresswell
- Department of Clinical Research, London School of Hygiene and Tropical Medicine, London, WC1E 7HT, UK,Infectious Diseases Institute, Makerere University, Kampala, Uganda
| | - David R Boulware
- Division of Infectious Diseases and International Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, MN, USA
| | - Robert J Wilkinson
- University College London, Gower Street, London, WC1E 6BT, UK,The Francis Crick Institute, Midland Road, London, NW1 1AT, UK,Wellcome Centre for Infectious Diseases Research in Africa, Institute of Infectious Disease and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Observatory, 7925, South Africa,Department of Infectious Diseases, Imperial College London, London, W12 0NN, UK
| | - Nguyen Thuy Thuong Thuong
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Guy E Thwaites
- Oxford University Clinical Research Unit, Centre for Tropical Medicine, Ho Chi Minh City, Vietnam,Centre for Tropical Medicine and Global Health, Nuffield Department of Medicine, University of Oxford, Oxford, UK
| | - Nathan C Bahr
- Division of Infectious Diseases, Department of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, KS, USA
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82
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Wei P, Wang K, Luo C, Huang Y, Misilimu D, Wen H, Jin P, Li C, Gong Y, Gao Y. Cordycepin confers long-term neuroprotection via inhibiting neutrophil infiltration and neuroinflammation after traumatic brain injury. J Neuroinflammation 2021; 18:137. [PMID: 34130727 PMCID: PMC8207641 DOI: 10.1186/s12974-021-02188-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2021] [Accepted: 05/30/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Background The secondary injury caused by traumatic brain injury (TBI), especially white matter injury (WMI), is highly sensitive to neuroinflammation, which further leads to unfavored long-term outcomes. Although the cross-talk between the three active events, immune cell infiltration, BBB breakdown, and proinflammatory microglial/macrophage polarization, plays a role in the vicious cycle, its mechanisms are not fully understood. It has been reported that cordycepin, an extract from Cordyceps militaris, can inhibit TBI-induced neuroinflammation although the long-term effects of cordycepin remain unknown. Here, we report our investigation of cordycepin’s long-term neuroprotective function and its underlying immunological mechanism. Methods TBI mice model was established with a controlled cortical impact (CCI) method. Cordycepin was intraperitoneally administered twice daily for a week. Neurological outcomes were assessed by behavioral tests, including grid walking test, cylinder test, wire hang test, and rotarod test. Immunofluorescence staining, transmission electron microscopy, and electrophysiology recording were employed to assess histological and functional lesions. Quantitative-PCR and flow cytometry were used to detect neuroinflammation. The tracers of Sulfo-NHS-biotin and Evans blue were assessed for the blood-brain barrier (BBB) leakage. Western blot and gelatin zymography were used to analyze protein activity or expression. Neutrophil depletion in vivo was performed via using Ly6G antibody intraperitoneal injection. Results Cordycepin administration ameliorated long-term neurological deficits and reduced neuronal tissue loss in TBI mice. Meanwhile, the long-term integrity of white matter was also preserved, which was revealed in multiple dimensions, such as morphology, histology, ultrastructure, and electrical conductivity. Cordycepin administration inhibited microglia/macrophage pro-inflammatory polarization and promoted anti-inflammatory polarization after TBI. BBB breach was attenuated by cordycepin administration at 3 days after TBI. Cordycepin suppressed the activities of MMP-2 and MMP-9 and the neutrophil infiltration at 3 days after TBI. Moreover, neutrophil depletion provided a cordycepin-like effect, and cordycepin administration united with neutrophil depletion did not show a benefit of superposition. Conclusions The long-term neuroprotective function of cordycepin via suppressing neutrophil infiltration after TBI, thereby preserving BBB integrity and changing microglia/macrophage polarization. These findings provide significant clinical potentials to improve the quality of life for TBI patients. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s12974-021-02188-x.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengju Wei
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Ke Wang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chen Luo
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Yichen Huang
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Dilidaer Misilimu
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Huimei Wen
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Peng Jin
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China
| | - Chuhua Li
- School of Life Science, South China Normal University, Guangzhou, 510631, China
| | - Ye Gong
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
| | - Yanqin Gao
- Department of Critical Care Medicine and Neurosurgery of Huashan Hospital, State Key Laboratory of Medical Neurobiology, MOE Frontiers Center for Brain Science, and Institutes of Brain Science, Fudan University, Shanghai, 200032, China.
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Lynch CE, Eisenbaum M, Algamal M, Balbi M, Ferguson S, Mouzon B, Saltiel N, Ojo J, Diaz-Arrastia R, Mullan M, Crawford F, Bachmeier C. Impairment of cerebrovascular reactivity in response to hypercapnic challenge in a mouse model of repetitive mild traumatic brain injury. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab 2021; 41:1362-1378. [PMID: 33050825 PMCID: PMC8142124 DOI: 10.1177/0271678x20954015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Incidences of repetitive mild TBI (r-mTBI), like those sustained by contact sports athletes and military personnel, are thought to be a risk factor for development of neurodegenerative disorders. Those suffering from chronic TBI-related illness demonstrate deficits in cerebrovascular reactivity (CVR), the ability of the cerebral vasculature to respond to a vasoactive stimulus. CVR is thus an important measure of traumatic cerebral vascular injury (TCVI), and a possible in vivo endophenotype of TBI-related neuropathogenesis. We combined laser speckle imaging of CVR in response to hypercapnic challenge with neurobehavioral assessment of learning and memory, to investigate if decreased cerebrovascular responsiveness underlies impaired cognitive function in our mouse model of chronic r-mTBI. We demonstrate a profile of blunted hypercapnia-evoked CVR in the cortices of r-mTBI mice like that of human TBI, alongside sustained memory and learning impairment, without biochemical or immunohistopathological signs of cerebral vessel laminar or endothelium constituent loss. Transient decreased expression of alpha smooth muscle actin and platelet-derived growth factor receptor β, indicative of TCVI, is obvious only at the time of the most pronounced CVR deficit. These findings implicate CVR as a valid preclinical measure of TCVI, perhaps useful for developing therapies targeting TCVI after recurrent mild head trauma.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cillian E Lynch
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veteran's Administration, Tampa, FL, USA.,Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Maxwell Eisenbaum
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Moustafa Algamal
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Matilde Balbi
- Department of Psychiatry, University of British Columbia, Vancouver, British Columbia, Canada
| | - Scott Ferguson
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Benoit Mouzon
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veteran's Administration, Tampa, FL, USA
| | | | - Joseph Ojo
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veteran's Administration, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Ramon Diaz-Arrastia
- Department of Neurology, University of Pennsylvania Perelman School of Medicine, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Mike Mullan
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK
| | - Fiona Crawford
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,James A. Haley Veteran's Administration, Tampa, FL, USA
| | - Corbin Bachmeier
- The Roskamp Institute, Sarasota, FL, USA.,Department of Life Sciences, The Open University, Milton Keynes, UK.,Bay Pines VA Healthcare System, Bay Pines, FL, USA
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84
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Barreto GE, Gonzalez J, Reiner Ž, Jamialahmadi T, Echeverria V, Ashraf GM, Sahebkar A. In silico interactions of statins with cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector A (CIDEA). Chem Biol Interact 2021; 345:109528. [PMID: 34022192 DOI: 10.1016/j.cbi.2021.109528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 05/07/2021] [Accepted: 05/16/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Statins are the low-density lipoproteins (LDL)-cholesterol-lowering drugs of first choice and are used to prevent the increased risk of cardiovascular and cerebrovascular diseases. Although some of their effects are well known, little is known about their ability to regulate other lipid-related proteins which control apoptotic mechanisms. The aim of this study was to explore whether statins can bind to cell death-inducing DNA fragmentation factor-like effector A (CIDEA), which might be a possible pleiotropic mechanism of action of these drugs on the modulation of apoptosis and lipid metabolism. The structures of statins were subjected to molecular docking and dynamics with the human CIDEA protein to investigate the interaction pattern and identify which residues are important. The docking results indicated that atorvastatin and rosuvastatin showed the best interaction energy (-8.51 and -8.04 kcal/mol, respectively) followed by fluvastatin (-7.39), pitavastatin (-6.5), lovastatin (-6.23), pravastatin (-6.04) and simvastatin (-5.29). Atorvastatin and rosuvastatin were further subjected to molecular dynamics at 50 ns with CIDEA and the results suggested that rosuvastatin-CIDEA complex had lower root-mean square deviation and root-mean square fluctuation when compared with atorvastatin-CIDEA. Since two arginine residues -ARG19 and ARG22-were identified to be common for the interaction with CIDEA, a single-point mutation was induced in these residues to determine whether they are important for binding interaction. Mutation of these two residues seemed to affect mostly the interaction of atorvastatin with CIDEA, suggesting that they are important for the binding and therefore indicate another possible metabolic mechanism of the pleiotropic effects of this statin.
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Affiliation(s)
- George E Barreto
- Department of Biological Sciences, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland; Health Research Institute, University of Limerick, Limerick, Ireland.
| | - Janneth Gonzalez
- Departamento de Nutrición y Bioquímica, Pontificia Universidad Javeriana, Bogotá D.C., Colombia
| | - Željko Reiner
- Department of Internal Medicine, University Hospital Centre Zagreb, Zagreb, Croatia
| | - Tannaz Jamialahmadi
- Department of Food Science and Technology, Quchan Branch, Islamic Azad University, Quchan, Iran; Department of Nutrition, Faculty of Medicine, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
| | - Valentina Echeverria
- Laboratorio de Neurobiología, Facultad de Ciencias de la Salud, Universidad San Sebastián, Concepción, Chile
| | - Ghulam Md Ashraf
- King Fahd Medical Research Center, King Abdulaziz University, Jeddah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Amirhossein Sahebkar
- Biotechnology Research Center, Pharmaceutical Technology Institute, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; Applied Biomedical Research Center, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran; School of Pharmacy, Mashhad University of Medical Sciences, Mashhad, Iran
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85
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Microglia: A Potential Drug Target for Traumatic Axonal Injury. Neural Plast 2021; 2021:5554824. [PMID: 34093701 PMCID: PMC8163545 DOI: 10.1155/2021/5554824] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2021] [Revised: 04/06/2021] [Accepted: 04/26/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic axonal injury (TAI) is a major cause of death and disability among patients with severe traumatic brain injury (TBI); however, no effective therapies have been developed to treat this disorder. Neuroinflammation accompanying microglial activation after TBI is likely to be an important factor in TAI. In this review, we summarize the current research in this field, and recent studies suggest that microglial activation plays an important role in TAI development. We discuss several drugs and therapies that may aid TAI recovery by modulating the microglial phenotype following TBI. Based on the findings of recent studies, we conclude that the promotion of active microglia to the M2 phenotype is a potential drug target for the treatment of TAI.
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86
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Xu X, Wang D, Han Z, Wang B, Gao W, Fan Y, Li F, Zhou Z, Gao C, Xiong J, Zhou S, Zhang S, Yang G, Jiang R, Zhang J. A novel rat model of chronic subdural hematoma: Induction of inflammation and angiogenesis in the subdural space mimicking human-like features of progressively expanding hematoma. Brain Res Bull 2021; 172:108-119. [PMID: 33932488 DOI: 10.1016/j.brainresbull.2021.04.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/08/2020] [Revised: 04/23/2021] [Accepted: 04/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Pathophysiological mechanisms of chronic subdural hematoma (CSDH) involve localized inflammation, angiogenesis, and dysregulated coagulation and fibrinolysis. The scarcity of reproducible and clinically relevant animal models of CSDH hinders further understanding the underlying pathophysiology and improving new treatment strategies. Here, we developed a novel rat model of CSDH using extracellular matrices (Matrigel) and brain microvascular endothelial cell line (bEnd.3 cells). One hundred-microliter of Matrigel-bEnd.3 cell (106 cells per milliliter) mixtures were injected into the virtual subdural space of elderly male Sprague-Dawley rats. This approach for the first time led to a spontaneous and expanding subdural hematoma, encapsulated by internal and external neomembranes, formed as early as 3 d, reached its peak at 7 d, and lasted for more than 14 d, mimicking the progressive hemorrhage observed in patients with CSDH. The external neomembrane and hematoma fluid involved numerous inflammatory cells, fibroblasts, and highly fragile neovessels. Furthermore, a localized pathophysiological process was validated as evidenced by the increased expressions of inflammatory and angiogenic mediators in external neomembrane and hematoma fluid rather than in peripheral blood. Notably, the specific expression profiles of these mediators were closely associated with the dynamic changes in hematoma volume and neurological outcome. In summary, the CSDH model described here replicated the characteristics of human CSDH, and might serve as an ideal translational platform for preclinical studies. Meanwhile, the crucial roles of angiogenesis and inflammation in CSDH formation were reaffirmed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin Xu
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Department of Neurosurgery, Xuanwu Hospital, Capital Medical University, 45 Changchun Street, Beijing, 100053, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Zhenying Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Bo Wang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Weiwei Gao
- Department of Neurology, Tianjin Huanhu Hospital, 6 Jizhao Road, Tianjin, 300350, China
| | - Yueshan Fan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Fanjian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Ziwei Zhou
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Chuang Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shuai Zhou
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Shu Zhang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Guili Yang
- Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China
| | - Rongcai Jiang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China.
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China; Tianjin Neurological Institute, Key Laboratory of Post-Neuroinjury Neuro-Repair and Regeneration in Central Nervous System, Ministry of Education and Tianjin City, 154 Anshan Road, Tianjin, 300052, China.
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87
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Corne R, Besson V, Ait Si Slimane S, Coutan M, Palhas MLC, Shen FX, Marchand-Leroux C, Ogier M, Mongeau R. Insulin-like Growth Factors may be Markers of both Traumatic Brain Injury and Fear-Related Stress. Neuroscience 2021; 466:205-221. [PMID: 33895341 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuroscience.2021.04.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2020] [Revised: 04/08/2021] [Accepted: 04/15/2021] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
Abstract
Insulin-like growth factors (IGF) are potent neurotrophic and neurorepair factors that were recently proposed as biomarkers of traumatic brain injury (TBI) and associated psychiatric comorbidities, in particular post-traumatic stress disorder (PSTD). We tested the hypothesis that the IGF system is differentially deregulated in the acute and early chronic stages of TBI, and under acute stress. Plasma and brain IGF1 and IGF2 levels were evaluated in mice 3 weeks and 3 days after a controlled cortical impact (CCI)-induced mild-to-moderate TBI. The effects of conditioned fear on IGF levels and its interaction with TBI (TBI followed, 3 weeks later, by fear-inducing procedures) were also evaluated. In the plasma, IGF1 decreased 3 weeks post-TBI only (-9%), whereas IGF2 remained unaffected. In the brain, IGF1 increased only in the cortex and hippocampus at 3 weeks post-TBI (up to +650%). At 3 days, surpringly, this increase was more diffuse and more important in sham (craniotomized) animals. Additionally, IGF2 immunostaining in brain ventricles was reorganized in TBI animals at both post-TBI stages. Conditioned fear exposure did not influence the effects of early chronic TBI on plasma IGF1 levels, but reduced plasma IGF2 (-6%) levels. It also dampened the effects of TBI on brain IGF systems, but brain IGF1 level and IGF2 tissue distribution remained statistically different from controls under these conditions. In co-exposed animals, DNA methylation increased at the hippocampal Igf1 gene promoter. These results show that blood IGF1 and IGF2 are most reduced in the early chronic phase of TBI and after exposure to a stressful event, and that the brain IGF system is up-regulated after TBI, and more so in the acute phase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rémi Corne
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Valérie Besson
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; UMR_S1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Sofiane Ait Si Slimane
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Mathieu Coutan
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale de Armées, 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge Cedex, France
| | - Marta L C Palhas
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Fang Xue Shen
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Catherine Marchand-Leroux
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; UMR_S1144 Optimisation Thérapeutique en Neuropsychopharmacologie, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France
| | - Michaël Ogier
- Institut de Recherche Biomédicale de Armées, 1 place du Général Valérie André, 91223 Brétigny sur Orge Cedex, France
| | - Raymond Mongeau
- EA4475 Pharmacologie de la Circulation Cérébrale, Université Paris Descartes, 4 avenue de l'Observatoire, 75006 Paris, France; CNRS ERL 3649 T3S-1124 - UMR-S 1124 - Addictions, Pharmacology and Therapy, Université Paris Descartes, 45, rue des Saint-Pères, 75006 Paris, France.
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88
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Kho AR, Hong DK, Kang BS, Park WJ, Choi KC, Park KH, Suh SW. The Effects of Atorvastatin on Global Cerebral Ischemia-Induced Neuronal Death. Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:ijms22094385. [PMID: 33922266 PMCID: PMC8122811 DOI: 10.3390/ijms22094385] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2021] [Revised: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
(1) Background and Purpose: Global cerebral ischemia-induced severe hypoxic brain damage is one of the main causes of mortality and long-term neurologic disability even after receiving early blood reperfusion. This study aimed to test the hypothesis that atorvastatin potentially has neuroprotective effects in global cerebral ischemia (GCI). (2) Methods: We performed two sets of experiments, analyzing acute (1-week) and chronic (4-week) treatments. For the vehicle (Veh) and statin treatments, 1 mL of 0.9% saline and 5 mg/kg of atorvastatin (ATOR) were administered orally. For histological analysis, we used the following staining protocols: Fluoro-Jade B and NeuN, 4-hydroxynonenal, CD11b and GFAP, IgG, SMI71, and vWF. Finally, we evaluated the cognitive function with a battery of behavioral tests. (3) Results: The GCI-ATOR group showed significantly reduced neuronal death, oxidative stress, inflammation, and BBB disruption compared with the GCI-Veh group. Moreover, the GCI-ATOR group showed decreased endothelial damage and VV proliferation and had significantly improved cognitive function compared with the GCI-Veh group in both models. (4) Conclusions: ATOR has neuroprotective effects and helps recover the cognitive function after GCI in rats. Therefore, administration of atorvastatin may be a therapeutic option in managing GCI after CA.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Ra Kho
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Dae Ki Hong
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Beom Seok Kang
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
| | - Woo-Jung Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Korea;
| | - Kyung Chan Choi
- Department of Pathology, Chuncheon Sacred Heart Hospital, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea;
| | - Kyoung-Ha Park
- Division of Cardiovascular Disease, Hallym University Medical Center, Anyang 14068, Korea;
- Correspondence: (K.-H.P.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-31-380-1725 (K.-H.P.); +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.); Fax: +82-31-386-2269 (K.-H.P.); +82-33-248-2580 (S.W.S.)
| | - Sang Won Suh
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, Hallym University, Chuncheon 24252, Korea; (A.R.K.); (D.K.H.); (B.S.K.)
- Correspondence: (K.-H.P.); (S.W.S.); Tel.: +82-31-380-1725 (K.-H.P.); +82-10-8573-6364 (S.W.S.); Fax: +82-31-386-2269 (K.-H.P.); +82-33-248-2580 (S.W.S.)
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89
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Kauerova S, Bartuskova H, Muffova B, Janousek L, Fronek J, Petras M, Poledne R, Kralova Lesna I. Statins Directly Influence the Polarization of Adipose Tissue Macrophages: A Role in Chronic Inflammation. Biomedicines 2021; 9:biomedicines9020211. [PMID: 33669779 PMCID: PMC7923086 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines9020211] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/29/2020] [Revised: 02/07/2021] [Accepted: 02/17/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Statins represent one of the most widely used classes of drugs in current medicine. In addition to a substantial decrease in atherogenic low density lipoprotein (LDL) particle concentrations, several large trials have documented their potent anti-inflammatory activity. Based on our preliminary data, we showed that statins are able to decrease the proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages (CD14+16+CD36high) in visceral adipose tissue in humans. In the present study including 118 healthy individuals (living kidney donors), a very close relationship between the pro-inflammatory macrophage proportion and LDL cholesterol levels was found. This was confirmed after adjustment for the most important risk factors. The effect of statins on the proportion of pro-inflammatory macrophages was also confirmed in an experimental model of the Prague hereditary hypercholesterolemia rat. A direct anti-inflammatory effect of fluvastatin on human macrophage polarization in vitro was documented. Based on modifying the LDL cholesterol concentrations, statins are suggested to decrease the cholesterol inflow through the lipid raft of macrophages in adipose tissue and hypercholesterolemia to enhance the pro-inflammatory macrophage phenotype polarization. On the contrary, due to their opposite effect, statins respond with anti-inflammatory activity, affecting the whole organism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sona Kauerova
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.B.); (R.P.); (I.K.L.)
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +420-236-05-5446
| | - Hana Bartuskova
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.B.); (R.P.); (I.K.L.)
- Department of Physiology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic
| | - Barbora Muffova
- Department of Immunology, Faculty of Science, Charles University, 128 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Libor Janousek
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.J.); (J.F.)
| | - Jiri Fronek
- Department of Transplantation Surgery, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (L.J.); (J.F.)
| | - Marek Petras
- Department of Epidemiology and Biostatistics, Third Faculty of Medicine, Charles University, 100 00 Prague, Czech Republic;
| | - Rudolf Poledne
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.B.); (R.P.); (I.K.L.)
| | - Ivana Kralova Lesna
- Laboratory for Atherosclerosis Research, Centre for Experimental Medicine, Institute for Clinical and Experimental Medicine, 140 21 Prague, Czech Republic; (H.B.); (R.P.); (I.K.L.)
- Department of Anesthesia and Intensive Medicine, First Faculty of Medicine, Charles University and University Military Hospital, 169 02 Prague, Czech Republic
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90
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Maupu C, Enderlin J, Igert A, Oger M, Auvin S, Hassan-Abdi R, Soussi-Yanicostas N, Brazzolotto X, Nachon F, Dal Bo G, Dupuis N. Diisopropylfluorophosphate-induced status epilepticus drives complex glial cell phenotypes in adult male mice. Neurobiol Dis 2021; 152:105276. [PMID: 33529768 DOI: 10.1016/j.nbd.2021.105276] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Organophosphate pesticides and nerve agents (OPs), are characterized by cholinesterase inhibition. In addition to severe peripheral symptoms, high doses of OPs can lead to seizures and status epilepticus (SE). Long lasting seizure activity and subsequent neurodegeneration promote neuroinflammation leading to profound pathological alterations of the brain. The aim of this study was to characterize neuroinflammatory responses at key time points after SE induced by the OP, diisopropylfluorophosphate (DFP). Immunohistochemistry (IHC) analysis and RT-qPCR on cerebral tissue are often insufficient to identity and quantify precise neuroinflammatory alterations. To address these needs, we performed RT-qPCR quantification after whole brain magnetic-activated cell-sorting (MACS) of CD11B (microglia/infiltrated macrophages) and GLAST (astrocytes)-positive cells at 1, 4, 24 h and 3 days post-SE. In order to compare these results to those obtained by IHC, we performed, classical Iba1 (microglia/infiltrated macrophages) and GFAP (astrocytes) IHC analysis in parallel, focusing on the hippocampus, a brain region affected by seizure activity and neurodegeneration. Shortly after SE (1-4 h), an increase in pro-inflammatory (M1-like) markers and A2-specific markers, proposed as neurotrophic, were observed in CD11B and GLAST-positive isolated cells, respectively. Microglial cells successively expressed immuno-regulatory (M2b-like) and anti-inflammatory (M2a-like) at 4 h and 24 h post-SE induction. At 24 h and 3 days, A1-specific markers, proposed as neurotoxic, were increased in isolated astrocytes. Although IHC analysis presented no modification in terms of percentage of marked area and cell number at 1 and 4 h after SE, at 24 h and 3 days after SE, microglial and astrocytic activation was visible by IHC as an increase in Iba1 and GFAP-positive area and Iba1-positive cells in DFP animals when compared to the control. Our work identified sequential microglial and astrocytic phenotype activation. Although the role of each phenotype in SE cerebral outcomes requires further study, targeting specific markers at specific time point could be a beneficial strategy for DFP-induced SE treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Clémence Maupu
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Julie Enderlin
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France; Service de neurologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France
| | - Alexandre Igert
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Myriam Oger
- Unité Imagerie, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Stéphane Auvin
- Université de Paris, NeuroDiderot, Inserm, F-75019 Paris, France; Service de neurologie pédiatrique, AP-HP, Hôpital Robert Debré, F-75019 Paris, France
| | | | | | - Xavier Brazzolotto
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Florian Nachon
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Grégory Dal Bo
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France
| | - Nina Dupuis
- Département de Toxicologie et risques chimiques, Institut de recherche biomédicale des armées, BP73, F-91223 Brétigny sur Orge cedex, France.
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91
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Zhou Y, Fan R, Botchway BOA, Zhang Y, Liu X. Infliximab Can Improve Traumatic Brain Injury by Suppressing the Tumor Necrosis Factor Alpha Pathway. Mol Neurobiol 2021; 58:2803-2811. [PMID: 33501626 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-021-02293-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/30/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury (TBI) has both high morbidity and mortality rates and can negatively influence physical and mental health, while also causing extreme burden to both individual and society. Hitherto, there is no effective treatment for TBI because of the complexity of the brain anatomy and physiology. Currently, management strategies mainly focus on controlling inflammation after TBI. Tumor necrotizing factor alpha (TNF-α) plays a crucial role in neuroinflammation post-TBI. TNF-α acts as the initiator of downstream inflammatory signaling pathways, and its activation can trigger a series of inflammatory reactions. Infliximab is a monoclonal anti-TNF-α antibody that reduces inflammation. Herein, we review the latest findings pertaining to the role of TNF-α and infliximab in TBI. We seek to present a comprehensive clinical application prospect of infliximab in TBI and, thus, discuss potential strategies of infliximab in treating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yiru Zhou
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing City, China
| | - Ruihua Fan
- School of Life Science, Shaoxing University, Shaoxing City, China
| | - Benson O A Botchway
- Institute of Neuroscience, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Yong Zhang
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing City, China
| | - Xuehong Liu
- Department of Histology and Embryology, Medical College, Shaoxing City, China.
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Liu P, Gao Q, Guan L, Sheng W, Hu Y, Gao T, Jiang J, Xu Y, Qiao H, Xue X, Liu S, Li T. Atorvastatin Attenuates Isoflurane-Induced Activation of ROS-p38MAPK/ATF2 Pathway, Neuronal Degeneration, and Cognitive Impairment of the Aged Mice. Front Aging Neurosci 2021; 12:620946. [PMID: 33519423 PMCID: PMC7840608 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.620946] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2020] [Accepted: 12/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Isoflurane, a widely used volatile anesthetic, induces neuronal apoptosis and memory impairments in various animal models. However, the potential mechanisms and effective pharmacologic agents are still not fully understood. The p38MAPK/ATF-2 pathway has been proved to regulate neuronal cell survival and inflammation. Besides, atorvastatin, a 3-hydroxy-3-methylglutaryl coenzyme A reductase inhibitor, exerts neuroprotective effects. Thus, this study aimed to explore the influence of atorvastatin on isoflurane-induced neurodegeneration and underlying mechanisms. Aged C57BL/6 mice (20 months old) were exposed to isoflurane (1.5%) anesthesia for 6 h. Atorvastatin (5, 10, or 20 mg/kg body weight) was administered to the mice for 7 days. Atorvastatin attenuated the isoflurane-induced generation of ROS and apoptosis. Western blotting revealed a decrease in cleaved caspase-9 and caspase-3 expression in line with ROS levels. Furthermore, atorvastatin ameliorated the isoflurane-induced activation of p38MAPK/ATF-2 signaling. In a cellular study, we proved that isoflurane could induce oxidative stress and inflammation by activating the p38MAPK/ATF-2 pathway in BV-2 microglia cells. In addition, SB203580, a selected p38MAPK inhibitor, inhibited the isoflurane-induced inflammation, oxidative stress, and apoptosis. The results implied that p38MAPK/ATF-2 was a potential target for the treatment of postoperative cognitive dysfunction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pengfei Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Quansheng Gao
- Department of Operational Medicine, Tianjin Institute of Environmental and Operational Medicine, Tianjin, China
| | - Lei Guan
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Weixuan Sheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yanting Hu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Teng Gao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Jingwen Jiang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Yongxing Xu
- Department of Nephrology, Chinese PLA Strategic Support Force Characteristic Medical Center, Beijing, China
| | - Hui Qiao
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Xinying Xue
- Department of Respiratory and Critical Care, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
| | - Sanhong Liu
- Institute of Interdisciplinary Integrative Medicine Research, Shanghai University of Traditional Chinese Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Tianzuo Li
- Department of Anesthesiology, Beijing Shijitan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, China
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93
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Ma C, Zhang M, Liu L, Zhang P, Liu D, Zheng X, Zhong X, Wang G. Low-dose cannabinoid receptor 2 agonist induces microglial activation in a cancer pain-morphine tolerance rat model. Life Sci 2021; 264:118635. [PMID: 33131746 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.118635] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/04/2020] [Revised: 10/11/2020] [Accepted: 10/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
AIMS Cancer pain seriously affects the life quality of patients. Morphine is commonly used for cancer pain, but tolerance development limits its clinical administration. Central immune signaling is important in the development of cancer pain and morphine tolerance. Cannabinoid receptor 2 (CB2) inhibits cancer pain and morphine tolerance by regulating central immune signaling. In the present study, we investigated the mechanisms of central immune signaling involved in morphine tolerance inhibition by the CB2 agonist AM1241 in cancer pain treatment. MAIN METHODS Rats were implanted with tumor cells and divided into 4 groups: Vehicle (PBS), 0.07 μg AM1241, 0.03 μg AM1241, and AM630 (10 μg) + AM1241 (0.07 μg). All groups received morphine (20 μg/day, i.t.) for 8 days. AM630 (CB2 antagonist) was intrathecally injected 30 min before AM1241, and AM1241 was intrathecally injected 30 min before morphine. The spinal cord (SC) and dorsal root ganglion (DRG) were collected to determine the expression of Toll-like receptor 4 (TLR4), the p38 mitogen-activated protein kinase (MAPK), microglial markers, interleukin (IL)-1β, and tumor necrosis factor (TNF)-α. KEY FINDINGS The expression of TLR4, p38 MAPK, microglial markers, IL-1β, and TNF-α was significantly higher in AM1241-pretreated groups than in the vehicle group (P < 0.05). No difference in microglial markers, IL-1β, and TNF-α expression was detected in the AM630 + AM1241 group compared with the vehicle group. SIGNIFICANCE Our results suggest that in a cancer pain-morphine tolerance model, an i.t. non-analgesic dose of AM1241 induces microglial activation and IL-1β TNF-α upregulation in SC and DRG via the CB2 receptor pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chao Ma
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Mingyue Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Li Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Pinyi Zhang
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Dandan Liu
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Xiaoyu Zheng
- Department of Anesthesiology, Harbin Medical University Cancer Hospital, Harbin, China
| | - Xuelai Zhong
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China
| | - Guonian Wang
- Department of Anesthesiology, The Fourth Hospital of Harbin Medical University, Harbin, China; Pain Research Institute of Heilongjiang Academy of Medical Sciences, Harbin, China.
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94
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Dave AM, Peeples ES. Cholesterol metabolism and brain injury in neonatal encephalopathy. Pediatr Res 2021; 90:37-44. [PMID: 33106607 PMCID: PMC8511855 DOI: 10.1038/s41390-020-01218-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/07/2020] [Revised: 10/05/2020] [Accepted: 10/06/2020] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Neonatal encephalopathy (NE) results from impaired cerebral blood flow and oxygen delivery to the brain. The pathophysiology of NE is complex and our understanding of its underlying pathways continues to evolve. There is considerable evidence that cholesterol dysregulation is involved in several adult diseases, including traumatic brain injury, stroke, Huntington's disease, and Parkinson's disease. Although the research is less robust in pediatrics, there is emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may also be involved in the pathophysiology of neonatal NE. This narrative review provides an overview of cholesterol metabolism in the brain along with several examples from the adult literature where pathologic alterations in cholesterol metabolism have been associated with inflammatory and ischemic brain injury. Using those data as a background, the review then discusses the current preclinical data supporting the involvement of cholesterol in the pathogenesis of NE as well as how brain-specific cholesterol metabolites may serve as serum biomarkers for brain injury. Lastly, we review the potential for using the cholesterol metabolic pathways as therapeutic targets. Further investigation of the shifts in cholesterol synthesis and metabolism after hypoxia-ischemia may prove vital in understanding NE pathophysiology as well as providing opportunities for rapid diagnosis and therapeutic interventions. IMPACT: This review summarizes emerging evidence that aberrations in cholesterol metabolism may be involved in the pathophysiology of NE. Using data from NE as well as analogous adult disease states, this article reviews the potential for using cholesterol pathways as targets for developing novel therapeutic interventions and using cholesterol metabolites as biomarkers for injury. When possible, gaps in the current literature were identified to aid in the development of future studies to further investigate the interactions between cholesterol pathways and NE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amanda M Dave
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA
| | - Eric S Peeples
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Nebraska Medical Center, Omaha, NE, USA.
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95
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Fu M, Tao J, Wang D, Zhang Z, Wang X, Ji Y, Li Z. Downregulation of MicroRNA-34c-5p facilitated neuroinflammation in drug-resistant epilepsy. Brain Res 2020; 1749:147130. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2020.147130] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2020] [Revised: 08/20/2020] [Accepted: 09/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
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96
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Al Mamun A, Monalisa I, Tul Kubra K, Akter A, Akter J, Sarker T, Munir F, Wu Y, Jia C, Afrin Taniya M, Xiao J. Advances in immunotherapy for the treatment of spinal cord injury. Immunobiology 2020; 226:152033. [PMID: 33321368 DOI: 10.1016/j.imbio.2020.152033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2020] [Revised: 10/19/2020] [Accepted: 11/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
Spinal cord injury (SCI) is a leading cause of morbidity and disability in the world. Over the past few decades, the exact molecular mechanisms describing secondary, persistent injuries, as well as primary and transient injuries, have attracted massive attention to the clinicians and researchers. Recent investigations have distinctly shown the critical roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in regulating sterile neuroinflammation and functional outcomes after SCI. In past years, some promising advances in immunotherapeutic options have efficaciously been identified for the treatment of SCI. In our narrative review, we have mainly focused on the new therapeutic strategies such as the maturation and apoptosis of immune cells by several agents, mesenchymal stem cells (MSCs) as well as multi-factor combination therapy, which have recently provided novel ideas and prospects for the future treatment of SCI. This article also illustrates the latest progress in clarifying the potential roles of innate and adaptive immune responses in SCI, the progression and specification of prospective immunotherapy and outstanding issues in the area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Abdullah Al Mamun
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Ilma Monalisa
- Department of Pharmacy, Southeast University, Banani, Dhaka 1213, Bangladesh
| | - Khadija Tul Kubra
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Development Alternative, Dhaka 1209, Bangladesh
| | - Afroza Akter
- Department of Microbiology, Noakhali Science and Technology University, Noakhali 3814, Bangladesh
| | - Jaheda Akter
- Department of Pharmacy, International Islamic University Chittagong, Kumira, Chattogram-4318, Chittagong, Bangladesh
| | - Tamanna Sarker
- Department of Pharmacy, University of Asia Pacific, Dhaka 1205, Bangladesh
| | - Fahad Munir
- Department of Hepatobiliary Surgery, The First Affiliated Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325000 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Yanqing Wu
- Institute of Life Sciences, Wenzhou University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Chang Jia
- Pediatric Research Institute, The Second Affiliated Hospital and Yuying Children's Hospital of Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325027 Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Masuma Afrin Taniya
- Department of Life Sciences, School of Environment and Life Sciences, Independent University, Bangladesh, Dhaka 1229, Bangladesh
| | - Jian Xiao
- Molecular Pharmacology Research Center, School of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Wenzhou Medical University, Wenzhou, 325035 Zhejiang Province, China.
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97
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Li Z, Yang P, Feng B. Effect of atorvastatin on AGEs-induced injury of cerebral cortex via inhibiting NADPH oxidase -NF-κB pathway in ApoE -/- mice. Mol Biol Rep 2020; 47:9479-9488. [PMID: 33210255 DOI: 10.1007/s11033-020-05998-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 11/11/2020] [Indexed: 01/11/2023]
Abstract
Advanced glycation end products (AGEs) are a group of modified proteins and/or lipids with damaging potential. AGEs-RAGE pathway plays a critical role to induce neurodegenerative encephalopathy. Statins can reduce the expression of AGEs-induced AGEs receptor (RAGE) in the aorta. It is not clear whether statins have potential benefits on AGEs-induced cognitive impairment. In this study, the effects of atorvastatin (ATV) on inflammation and oxidation stress in the cerebral cortex were investigated, and the underlying mechanisms were explored. Apolipoprotein E (ApoE)-/- male mice were divided into four groups: control, AGEs, AGEs + ALT711 (Alagebrium chloride) and AGEs + ATV. β-amyloid (Aβ) formation in the cerebral cortex was assessed through Congo red staining and the functional state of neurons was evaluated by Nissl's staining. Immunostaining was performed to assess the accumulation of AGEs in the cerebral cortex. The expressions of mRNA and protein of RAGE, Nuclear factor kappa B (NF-κB) p65 and Nicotinamide adenine dinucleotide phosphate-oxidase (NADPH oxidase) p47phox were detected by real-time polymerase chain reaction (PCR) and western blot. There were significant increases in AGEs deposit, Aβ formation, and the expressions of RAGE, NF-κB p65, and NADPH oxidase p47phox, and a decrease Nissl body in AGEs group compared with control group. ALT711 group recovered above change compared with AGEs group. Atorvastatin reduced Aβ formation and suppressed AGEs-induced expressions of NF-κB p65 and NADPH oxidase p47phox. Atorvastatin has little effects on AGEs deposit and RAGE expressions. Atorvastatin alleviates AGEs-induced neuronal impairment by alleviating inflammation and oxidative stress via inhibiting NADPH oxidase-NF-κB pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhenhan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China
| | - Peiye Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.,Department of Pediatric Endocrinology, The Affiliated Wuxi Childern's Hospital of Nanjing Medical University, Wuxi, China
| | - Bo Feng
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai East Hospital, Tongji University School of Medicine, Shanghai, China.
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98
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Ciechanowska A, Popiolek-Barczyk K, Ciapała K, Pawlik K, Oggioni M, Mercurio D, de Simoni MG, Mika J. Traumatic brain injury in mice induces changes in the expression of the XCL1/XCR1 and XCL1/ITGA9 axes. Pharmacol Rep 2020; 72:1579-1592. [PMID: 33185818 PMCID: PMC7704520 DOI: 10.1007/s43440-020-00187-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/29/2020] [Revised: 10/23/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Background Every year, millions of people suffer from various forms of traumatic brain injury (TBI), and new approaches with therapeutic potential are required. Although chemokines are known to be involved in brain injury, the importance of X-C motif chemokine ligand 1 (XCL1) and its receptors, X-C motif chemokine receptor 1 (XCR1) and alpha-9 integrin (ITGA9), in the progression of TBI remain unknown. Methods Using RT-qPCR/Western blot/ELISA techniques, changes in the mRNA/protein levels of XCL1 and its two receptors, in brain areas at different time points were measured in a mouse model of TBI. Moreover, their cellular origin and possible changes in expression were evaluated in primary glial cell cultures. Results Studies revealed the spatiotemporal upregulation of the mRNA expression of XCL1, XCR1 and ITGA9 in all the examined brain areas (cortex, thalamus, and hippocampus) and at most of the evaluated stages after brain injury (24 h; 4, 7 days; 2, 5 weeks), except for ITGA9 in the thalamus. Moreover, changes in XCL1 protein levels occurred in all the studied brain structures; the strongest upregulation was observed 24 h after trauma. Our in vitro experiments proved that primary murine microglial and astroglial cells expressed XCR1 and ITGA9, however they seemed not to be a main source of XCL1. Conclusions These findings indicate that the XCL1/XCR1 and XCL1/ITGA9 axes may participate in the development of TBI. The XCL1 can be considered as one of the triggers of secondary injury, therefore XCR1 and ITGA9 may be important targets for pharmacological intervention after traumatic brain injury. Graphic abstract ![]()
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Affiliation(s)
- Agata Ciechanowska
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Popiolek-Barczyk
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Ciapała
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Katarzyna Pawlik
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland
| | - Marco Oggioni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Domenico Mercurio
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Maria-Grazia de Simoni
- Department of Neuroscience, Istituto di Ricerche Farmacologiche Mario Negri IRCCS, via Mario Negri, 2, 20156, Milan, Italy
| | - Joanna Mika
- Department of Pain Pharmacology, Maj Institute of Pharmacology, Polish Academy of Sciences, 12 Smetna Str., 31-343, Kraków, Poland.
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Xiong J, Gao Y, Li X, Li K, Li Q, Shen J, Han Z, Zhang J. Losartan Treatment Could Improve the Outcome of TBI Mice. Front Neurol 2020; 11:992. [PMID: 33178092 PMCID: PMC7593661 DOI: 10.3389/fneur.2020.00992] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/25/2022] Open
Abstract
Traumatic brain injury frequently leads to serious mortality and physical disability, yet effective treatments remains insufficient. TBI always leads to a series of secondary brain injuries including neuronal apoptosis, continuous inflammation, endoplasmic reticulum stress, and disruption of the blood-brain barrier. Sartans that block angiotensin II type 1 receptors are strongly neuroprotective, neurorestorative and anti-inflammatory. However, whether losartan, a FDA-approved and widely used drug for regulating blood pressure, is beneficial for improving the prognosis of TBI need more evidence. Through a controlled cortical impact injury mice model, we confirmed that losartan treatment could ameliorate CCI-induced secondary brain injury. We found that losartan treatment decreased brain lesion volume, neuronal apoptosis and ER stress protein ATF4 and eIF2α. Moreover, our results showed that losartan also improved neurological and motor function. It is worth pointing out that losartan increased the expression of tight junction proteins ZO-1 and alleviated brain edema and blood brain barrier leakage. Additionally, losartan inhibited pro-inflammatory factor TNF-α and improve anti-inflammatory factor IL-10. Taken together, our data demonstrated that losartan could improve the prognosis of TBI and may be a promising therapeutic method for mitigating TBI.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jianhua Xiong
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Yalong Gao
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Xiaotian Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Kai Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Qifeng Li
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jun Shen
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Zhenying Han
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
| | - Jianning Zhang
- Department of Neurosurgery, Tianjin Medical University General Hospital, Tianjin, China
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100
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The Effect of Low-Dose Atorvastatin on Inflammatory Factors in Patients with Traumatic Brain Injury: A Randomized Clinical Trial. ARCHIVES OF NEUROSCIENCE 2020. [DOI: 10.5812/ans.106867] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Traumatic brain injury (TBI) is the leading cause of morbidity and mortality. Each year near 1.5 million Americans experience a TBI. Of which about 235,000 are hospitalized. Also, TBI claims 50 000 American lives each year. TBI causes mechanical damage to the blood-brain barrier and white blood cells (WBCs) entry to the brain. Objectives: The current study aimed to evaluate the efficacy of low-dose Atorvastatin on inflammatory factors in patients with traumatic brain injury (TBI). Methods: This double-blind, randomized clinical trial study was conducted in the ICU ward of Golestan Hospital in the city of Ahvaz (Iran) from April 2019-May 2020. Sixty patients with moderate to severe TBI were studied. Patients were randomly assigned into two groups of Atorvastatin and control. The main outcomes included the amount of CRP and ESR as well as white blood cells in the first 14 days of hospitalization. Glasgow Coma Score, the length of ICU stay, and the duration of mechanical ventilation were secondary outcomes. Results: The amount of CRP in the Atorvastatin group on the 14th day of hospitalization was significantly lower than those in the control group (31.99 ± 8.38 vs 59.65 ± 10.43) (P < 0.0001). On the same day, the Atorvastatin group had lower levels of ESR than the control group (14.28 ± 4.18 vs 25.57 ± 5.18) (P < 0.0001). The Atorvastatin group had significantly lower levels of white blood cells than the control group (5247.53 ± 751.93 vs 7143.94 ± 907.64, P < 0.0001). Glasgow Coma Score at the time of discharge from the ICU in the Atorvastatin group was more than control (14.06 ± 1.45 and 11.85 ± 0.75, respectively) (P < 0.05). A significant difference was found concerning the ICU stay between the two groups (P = 0.03). Conclusions: This study demonstrated that Atorvastatin could reduce the rate of inflammatory factors in TBI patients. The inflammatory condition of TBI patients heavily determines their prognosis. Inflammation leads to several reactions as well as interactions between different cells and chemical mediators. The Atorvastatin could reduce the rate of inflammatory factors and improved GCS in TBI patients.
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