51
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Zhu Y, Sun A, Meng T, Li H. RETRACTED: Protective role of long noncoding RNA CRNDE in myocardial tissues from injury caused by sepsis through the microRNA-29a/SIRT1 axis. Life Sci 2020; 255:117849. [PMID: 32473249 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2020.117849] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/25/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
This article has been retracted: please see Elsevier Policy on Article Withdrawal (https://www.elsevier.com/about/our-business/policies/article-withdrawal). This article has been retracted at the request of Editor-in-Chief and the corresponding author. The corresponding author confessed that the paper was outsourced to a third-party company, who could not guarantee the integrity of the data.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yan Zhu
- Department of ICU, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang 277102, Shandong, PR China
| | - Aichen Sun
- Department of Orthopaedics, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang 277102, Shandong, PR China.
| | - Taocheng Meng
- Department of ICU, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang 277102, Shandong, PR China
| | - Haolan Li
- Department of Infectious Diseases, Zaozhuang Municipal Hospital, Zaozhuang 277102, Shandong, PR China
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52
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Nicaise AM, Willis CM, Crocker SJ, Pluchino S. Stem Cells of the Aging Brain. Front Aging Neurosci 2020; 12:247. [PMID: 32848716 PMCID: PMC7426063 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2020.00247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 39] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
The adult central nervous system (CNS) contains resident stem cells within specific niches that maintain a self-renewal and proliferative capacity to generate new neurons, astrocytes, and oligodendrocytes throughout adulthood. Physiological aging is associated with a progressive loss of function and a decline in the self-renewal and regenerative capacities of CNS stem cells. Also, the biggest risk factor for neurodegenerative diseases is age, and current in vivo and in vitro models of neurodegenerative diseases rarely consider this. Therefore, combining both aging research and appropriate interrogation of animal disease models towards the understanding of the disease and age-related stem cell failure is imperative to the discovery of new therapies. This review article will highlight the main intrinsic and extrinsic regulators of neural stem cell (NSC) aging and discuss how these factors impact normal homeostatic functions within the adult brain. We will consider established in vivo animal and in vitro human disease model systems, and then discuss the current and future trajectories of novel senotherapeutics that target aging NSCs to ameliorate brain disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandra M Nicaise
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Cory M Willis
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
| | - Stephen J Crocker
- Department of Neuroscience, University of Connecticut School of Medicine, Farmington, CT, United States
| | - Stefano Pluchino
- Department of Clinical Neurosciences and NIHR Biomedical Research Centre, University of Cambridge, Cambridge, United Kingdom
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53
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Taran AS, Shuvalova LD, Lagarkova MA, Alieva IB. Huntington's Disease-An Outlook on the Interplay of the HTT Protein, Microtubules and Actin Cytoskeletal Components. Cells 2020; 9:E1514. [PMID: 32580314 PMCID: PMC7348758 DOI: 10.3390/cells9061514] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/03/2020] [Revised: 06/17/2020] [Accepted: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease is a severe and currently incurable neurodegenerative disease. An autosomal dominant mutation in the Huntingtin gene (HTT) causes an increase in the polyglutamine fragment length at the protein N-terminus. The consequence of the mutation is the death of neurons, mostly striatal neurons, leading to the occurrence of a complex of motor, cognitive and emotional-volitional personality sphere disorders in carriers. Despite intensive studies, the functions of both mutant and wild-type huntingtin remain poorly understood. Surprisingly, there is the selective effect of the mutant form of HTT even on nervous tissue, whereas the protein is expressed ubiquitously. Huntingtin plays a role in cell physiology and affects cell transport, endocytosis, protein degradation and other cellular and molecular processes. Our experimental data mining let us conclude that a significant part of the Huntingtin-involved cellular processes is mediated by microtubules and other cytoskeletal cell structures. The review attempts to look at unresolved issues in the study of the huntingtin and its mutant form, including their functions affecting microtubules and other components of the cell cytoskeleton.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleksandra S. Taran
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–73, Leninsky Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.T.); (L.D.S.)
| | - Lilia D. Shuvalova
- Faculty of Bioengineering and Bioinformatics, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–73, Leninsky Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia; (A.S.T.); (L.D.S.)
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria A. Lagarkova
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119435 Moscow, Russia
- Center for Precision Genome Editing and Genetic Technologies for Biomedicine, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119435 Moscow, Russia
| | - Irina B. Alieva
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, 1a Malaya Pirogovskaya St., 119435 Moscow, Russia
- A.N. Belozersky Institute of Physico-Chemical Biology, Lomonosov Moscow State University, 1–40, Leninsky Gory, 119992 Moscow, Russia
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54
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Generation of GABAergic striatal neurons by a novel iPSC differentiation protocol enabling scalability and cryopreservation of progenitor cells. Cytotechnology 2020; 72:649-663. [PMID: 32519278 DOI: 10.1007/s10616-020-00406-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2019] [Accepted: 05/31/2020] [Indexed: 10/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Cell models are promising tools for studying hereditary human neurodegenerative diseases. Neuronal derivatives of pluripotent stem cells provide the opportunity to investigate different stages of the neurodegeneration process. Therefore, easy and large-scale production of relevant cell types is a crucial barrier to overcome. In this work, we present an alternative protocol for iPSC differentiation into GABAergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs). The first stage involved dual-SMAD signalling inhibition through treatment with SB431542 and LDN193189, which results in the generation of neuroectodermal cells. Moreover, we used bFGF as a neuronal survival factor and dorsomorphin to inhibit BMP signalling. The combined treatment of dorsomorphin and SB431542 significantly enhanced neuronal induction, which was confirmed by the increased expression of the telencephalic-specific markers SOX1 and OTX2 as well as the forebrain marker PAX6. The next stage involved the derivation of actively proliferating MSN progenitor cells. An important feature of our protocol at this stage is the ability to perform prolonged cultivation of precursor cells at a high density without losing phenotypic properties. Moreover, the protocol enables multiple expansion steps (> 180 days cultivation) and cryopreservation of MSN progenitors. Therefore, this method allows quick production of a large number of neurons that are relevant for basic research, large-scale drug screening, and toxicological studies.
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55
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Slanzi A, Iannoto G, Rossi B, Zenaro E, Constantin G. In vitro Models of Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:328. [PMID: 32528949 PMCID: PMC7247860 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00328] [Citation(s) in RCA: 135] [Impact Index Per Article: 33.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/11/2020] [Accepted: 04/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases are progressive degenerative conditions characterized by the functional deterioration and ultimate loss of neurons. These incurable and debilitating diseases affect millions of people worldwide, and therefore represent a major global health challenge with severe implications for individuals and society. Recently, several neuroprotective drugs have failed in human clinical trials despite promising pre-clinical data, suggesting that conventional cell cultures and animal models cannot precisely replicate human pathophysiology. To bridge the gap between animal and human studies, three-dimensional cell culture models have been developed from human or animal cells, allowing the effects of new therapies to be predicted more accurately by closely replicating some aspects of the brain environment, mimicking neuronal and glial cell interactions, and incorporating the effects of blood flow. In this review, we discuss the relative merits of different cerebral models, from traditional cell cultures to the latest high-throughput three-dimensional systems. We discuss their advantages and disadvantages as well as their potential to investigate the complex mechanisms of human neurodegenerative diseases. We focus on in vitro models of the most frequent age-related neurodegenerative disorders, such as Parkinson’s disease, Alzheimer’s disease and prion disease, and on multiple sclerosis, a chronic inflammatory neurodegenerative disease affecting young adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anna Slanzi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Giulia Iannoto
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Barbara Rossi
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Elena Zenaro
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy
| | - Gabriela Constantin
- Department of Medicine, University of Verona, Verona, Italy.,Center for Biomedical Computing (CBMC), University of Verona, Verona, Italy
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56
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Lopatkina ME, Lebedev IN. Transcriptome Analysis as a Tool for Investigation of Pathogenesis of Chromosomal Diseases. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s1022795420050099] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
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57
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell (iPSC)-Based Neurodegenerative Disease Models for Phenotype Recapitulation and Drug Screening. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25082000. [PMID: 32344649 PMCID: PMC7221979 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25082000] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/29/2020] [Revised: 04/20/2020] [Accepted: 04/21/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative diseases represent a significant unmet medical need in our aging society. There are no effective treatments for most of these diseases, and we know comparatively little regarding pathogenic mechanisms. Among the challenges faced by those involved in developing therapeutic drugs for neurodegenerative diseases, the syndromes are often complex, and small animal models do not fully recapitulate the unique features of the human nervous system. Human induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) are a novel technology that ideally would permit us to generate neuronal cells from individual patients, thereby eliminating the problem of species-specificity inherent when using animal models. Specific phenotypes of iPSC-derived cells may permit researchers to identify sub-types and to distinguish among unique clusters and groups. Recently, iPSCs were used for drug screening and testing for neurologic disorders including Alzheimer’s disease (AD), amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), spinocerebellar atrophy (SCA), and Zika virus infection. However, there remain many challenges still ahead, including how one might effectively recapitulate sporadic disease phenotypes and the selection of ideal phenotypes and for large-scale drug screening. Fortunately, quite a few novel strategies have been developed that might be combined with an iPSC-based model to solve these challenges, including organoid technology, single-cell RNA sequencing, genome editing, and deep learning artificial intelligence. Here, we will review current applications and potential future directions for iPSC-based neurodegenerative disease models for critical drug screening.
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58
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Panova AV, Bogomazova AN, Lagarkova MA, Kiselev SL. Methylation of the Human AR Locus Does Not Correlate with the Presence of Inactivated X Chromosome in Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542002009x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
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59
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Wu YY, Chiu FL, Yeh CS, Kuo HC. Opportunities and challenges for the use of induced pluripotent stem cells in modelling neurodegenerative disease. Open Biol 2020; 9:180177. [PMID: 30958120 PMCID: PMC6367134 DOI: 10.1098/rsob.180177] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Adult-onset neurodegenerative diseases are among the most difficult human health conditions to model for drug development. Most genetic or toxin-induced cell and animal models cannot faithfully recapitulate pathology in disease-relevant cells, making it excessively challenging to explore the potential mechanisms underlying sporadic disease. Patient-derived induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) can be differentiated into disease-relevant neurons, providing an unparalleled platform for in vitro modelling and development of therapeutic strategies. Here, we review recent progress in generating Alzheimer's, Parkinson's and Huntington's disease models from patient-derived iPSCs. We also describe novel discoveries of pathological mechanisms and drug evaluations that have used these patient iPSC-derived neuronal models. Additionally, current human iPSC technology allows researchers to model diseases with 3D brain organoids, which are more representative of tissue architecture than traditional neuronal cultures. We discuss remaining challenges and emerging opportunities for the use of three-dimensional brain organoids in modelling brain development and neurodegeneration.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yi-Ying Wu
- 1 Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Feng-Lan Chiu
- 1 Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Chan-Shien Yeh
- 1 Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Hung-Chih Kuo
- 1 Institute of Cellular and Organismic Biology, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China.,2 Genomics Research Center, Academia Sinica , Taipei 11529 , Taiwan, Republic of China.,3 Graduate Institute of Medical Genomics and Proteomics, College of Medicine, National Taiwan University , Taipei , Taiwan, Republic of China
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60
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Csobonyeiova M, Polak S, Danisovic L. Recent Overview of the Use of iPSCs Huntington's Disease Modeling and Therapy. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21062239. [PMID: 32213859 PMCID: PMC7139425 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21062239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2020] [Revised: 03/18/2020] [Accepted: 03/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited, autosomal dominant, degenerative disease characterized by involuntary movements, cognitive decline, and behavioral impairment ending in death. HD is caused by an expansion in the number of CAG repeats in the huntingtin gene on chromosome 4. To date, no effective therapy for preventing the onset or progression of the disease has been found, and many symptoms do not respond to pharmacologic treatment. However, recent results of pre-clinical trials suggest a beneficial effect of stem-cell-based therapy. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) represent an unlimited cell source and are the most suitable among the various types of autologous stem cells due to their patient specificity and ability to differentiate into a variety of cell types both in vitro and in vivo. Furthermore, the cultivation of iPSC-derived neural cells offers the possibility of studying the etiopathology of neurodegenerative diseases, such as HD. Moreover, differentiated neural cells can organize into three-dimensional (3D) organoids, mimicking the complex architecture of the brain. In this article, we present a comprehensive review of recent HD models, the methods for differentiating HD–iPSCs into the desired neural cell types, and the progress in gene editing techniques leading toward stem-cell-based therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maria Csobonyeiova
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Stefan Polak
- Institute of Histology and Embryology, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia; (M.C.); (S.P.)
| | - Lubos Danisovic
- Institute of Medical Biology, Genetics and Clinical Genetics, Faculty of Medicine, Comenius University, Sasinkova 4, 811 08 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Regenmed Ltd., Medena 29, 811 01 Bratislava, Slovakia
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +421-2-59357215
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61
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Seranova E, Palhegyi AM, Verma S, Dimova S, Lasry R, Naama M, Sun C, Barrett T, Rosenstock TR, Kumar D, Cohen MA, Buganim Y, Sarkar S. Human Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Models of Neurodegenerative Disorders for Studying the Biomedical Implications of Autophagy. J Mol Biol 2020; 432:2754-2798. [PMID: 32044344 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2020.01.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Revised: 01/22/2020] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Autophagy is an intracellular degradation process that is essential for cellular survival, tissue homeostasis, and human health. The housekeeping functions of autophagy in mediating the clearance of aggregation-prone proteins and damaged organelles are vital for post-mitotic neurons. Improper functioning of this process contributes to the pathology of myriad human diseases, including neurodegeneration. Impairment in autophagy has been reported in several neurodegenerative diseases where pharmacological induction of autophagy has therapeutic benefits in cellular and transgenic animal models. However, emerging studies suggest that the efficacy of autophagy inducers, as well as the nature of the autophagy defects, may be context-dependent, and therefore, studies in disease-relevant experimental systems may provide more insights for clinical translation to patients. With the advancements in human stem cell technology, it is now possible to establish disease-affected cellular platforms from patients for investigating disease mechanisms and identifying candidate drugs in the appropriate cell types, such as neurons that are otherwise not accessible. Towards this, patient-derived human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) have demonstrated considerable promise in constituting a platform for effective disease modeling and drug discovery. Multiple studies have utilized hiPSC models of neurodegenerative diseases to study autophagy and evaluate the therapeutic efficacy of autophagy inducers in neuronal cells. This review provides an overview of the regulation of autophagy, generation of hiPSCs via cellular reprogramming, and neuronal differentiation. It outlines the findings in various neurodegenerative disorders where autophagy has been studied using hiPSC models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Elena Seranova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Adina Maria Palhegyi
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Surbhi Verma
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom; Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Simona Dimova
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Rachel Lasry
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Moriyah Naama
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Congxin Sun
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Timothy Barrett
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom
| | - Tatiana Rosado Rosenstock
- Department of Physiological Science, Santa Casa de São Paulo School of Medical Sciences, São Paulo, SP, 01221-020, Brazil
| | - Dhiraj Kumar
- Cellular Immunology Group, International Centre for Genetic Engineering and Biotechnology, Aruna Asaf Ali Marg, New Delhi, 110067, India
| | - Malkiel A Cohen
- Whitehead Institute for Biomedical Research, Cambridge, MA, 02142, USA
| | - Yosef Buganim
- Department of Developmental Biology and Cancer Research, Institute for Medical Research Israel-Canada, The Hebrew University Hadassah Medical School, Jerusalem, 91120, Israel
| | - Sovan Sarkar
- Institute of Cancer and Genomic Sciences, Institute of Biomedical Research, College of Medical and Dental Sciences, University of Birmingham, Edgbaston, Birmingham B15 2TT, United Kingdom.
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62
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Volovikov EA, Davidenko AV, Lagarkova MA. Molecular Mechanisms of Spinocerebellar Ataxia Type 1. RUSS J GENET+ 2020. [DOI: 10.1134/s102279542002012x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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63
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Bogomazova AN, Eremeev AV, Pozmogova GE, Lagarkova MA. The Role of Mutant RNA in the Pathogenesis of Huntington’s Disease and Other Polyglutamine Diseases. Mol Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1134/s0026893319060037] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
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64
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Glaser T, Arnaud Sampaio VF, Lameu C, Ulrich H. Calcium signalling: A common target in neurological disorders and neurogenesis. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2019; 95:25-33. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2018.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2018] [Revised: 12/03/2018] [Accepted: 12/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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65
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Naphade S, Tshilenge KT, Ellerby LM. Modeling Polyglutamine Expansion Diseases with Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells. Neurotherapeutics 2019; 16:979-998. [PMID: 31792895 PMCID: PMC6985408 DOI: 10.1007/s13311-019-00810-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Polyglutamine expansion disorders, which include Huntington's disease, have expanded CAG repeats that result in polyglutamine expansions in affected proteins. How this specific feature leads to distinct neuropathies in 11 different diseases is a fascinating area of investigation. Most proteins affected by polyglutamine expansions are ubiquitously expressed, yet their mechanisms of selective neurotoxicity are unknown. Induced pluripotent stem cells have emerged as a valuable tool to model diseases, understand molecular mechanisms, and generate relevant human neural and glia subtypes, cocultures, and organoids. Ideally, this tool will generate specific neuronal populations that faithfully recapitulate specific polyglutamine expansion disorder phenotypes and mimic the selective vulnerability of a given disease. Here, we review how induced pluripotent technology is used to understand the effects of the disease-causing polyglutamine protein on cell function, identify new therapeutic targets, and determine how polyglutamine expansion affects human neurodevelopment and disease. We will discuss ongoing challenges and limitations in our use of induced pluripotent stem cells to model polyglutamine expansion diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Swati Naphade
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA
| | | | - Lisa M Ellerby
- Buck Institute for Research on Aging, 8001 Redwood Blvd, Novato, CA, 94945, USA.
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66
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Siew JJ, Chen HM, Chen HY, Chen HL, Chen CM, Soong BW, Wu YR, Chang CP, Chan YC, Lin CH, Liu FT, Chern Y. Galectin-3 is required for the microglia-mediated brain inflammation in a model of Huntington's disease. Nat Commun 2019; 10:3473. [PMID: 31375685 PMCID: PMC6677843 DOI: 10.1038/s41467-019-11441-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 141] [Impact Index Per Article: 28.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2018] [Accepted: 07/15/2019] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Huntington’s disease (HD) is a neurodegenerative disorder that manifests with movement dysfunction. The expression of mutant Huntingtin (mHTT) disrupts the functions of brain cells. Galectin-3 (Gal3) is a lectin that has not been extensively explored in brain diseases. Herein, we showed that the plasma Gal3 levels of HD patients and mice correlated with disease severity. Moreover, brain Gal3 levels were higher in patients and mice with HD than those in controls. The up-regulation of Gal3 in HD mice occurred before motor impairment, and its level remained high in microglia throughout disease progression. The cell-autonomous up-regulated Gal3 formed puncta in damaged lysosomes and contributed to inflammation through NFκB- and NLRP3 inflammasome-dependent pathways. Knockdown of Gal3 suppressed inflammation, reduced mHTT aggregation, restored neuronal DARPP32 levels, ameliorated motor dysfunction, and increased survival in HD mice. Thus, suppression of Gal3 ameliorates microglia-mediated pathogenesis, which suggests that Gal3 is a novel druggable target for HD. The authors show that Galectin-3 is up–regulated in brain tissues from patients and a mouse model of Huntington’s disease (HD) and correlates with disease severity. Galectin-3 accumulates at damaged lysosomes in HD microglia, prevents the clearance of damaged lysosomes, and promotes inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Jing Siew
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hui-Mei Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Huan-Yuan Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Hung-Lin Chen
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chiung-Mei Chen
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Bing-Wen Soong
- Department of Neurology, Shuang Ho Hospital, and Taipei Neuroscience Institute, Taipei Medical University, Taipei, 23561, Taiwan.,Department of Neurology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, and Brain Research Center, National Yang-Ming University, Taipei, 11221, Taiwan
| | - Yih-Ru Wu
- Department of Neurology, Chang Gung Memorial Hospital, Linkou Medical Center and College of Medicine, Chang-Gung University, Taoyuan, 33302, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Pang Chang
- Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yi-Chen Chan
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Chun-Hung Lin
- Institute of Biological Chemistry, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Fu-Tong Liu
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan
| | - Yijuang Chern
- Taiwan International Graduate Program in Molecular Medicine, National Yang-Ming University and Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan. .,Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Academia Sinica, Taipei, 11529, Taiwan.
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67
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Guryanov I, Naumenko E, Konnova S, Lagarkova M, Kiselev S, Fakhrullin R. Spatial manipulation of magnetically-responsive nanoparticle engineered human neuronal progenitor cells. NANOMEDICINE : NANOTECHNOLOGY, BIOLOGY, AND MEDICINE 2019; 20:102038. [PMID: 31220595 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102038] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/03/2019] [Revised: 04/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/05/2019] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Here we report a detailed investigation of the interaction of neuronal progenitor cells and neurons with polyelectrolyte-stabilized magnetic iron oxide nanoparticles. Human neuronal progenitor and neurons were differentiated in vitro from fibroblast-derived induced pluripotent stem cells. The cytotoxic effects of poly(allylamine hydrochloride) were determined on human skin fibroblasts and neuronal progenitor cells. Immunocytochemical staining of lamins A/C and B in cells treated separately with poly(allylamine hydrochloride) and magnetic nanoparticles allowed to exclude these nuclear components as targets of toxic effects. We demonstrate that magnetic nanoparticles accumulated in cytoplasm and on the surface of neuronal progenitor cells neither interacted with the nuclear envelope nor penetrated into the nuclei of neuronal cells. The possibility of guidance of magnetically functionalized neuronal progenitor cells under magnetic field was demonstrated. Magnetization of progenitor cells using poly(allylaminehydrochloride)-stabilized magnetic nanoparticles allows for successful managing their in vitro localization in a monolayer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ivan Guryanov
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Ekaterina Naumenko
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Svetlana Konnova
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation
| | - Maria Lagarkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation; Scientific-Research Institute of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Sergey Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Rawil Fakhrullin
- Institute of Fundamental Medicine and Biology, Kazan Federal University, Kazan, Republic of Tatarstan, Russian Federation.
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68
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Hafycz JM, Naidoo NN. Sleep, Aging, and Cellular Health: Aged-Related Changes in Sleep and Protein Homeostasis Converge in Neurodegenerative Diseases. Front Aging Neurosci 2019; 11:140. [PMID: 31244649 PMCID: PMC6579877 DOI: 10.3389/fnagi.2019.00140] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/16/2019] [Accepted: 05/23/2019] [Indexed: 01/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases manifest in an overall aged population, the pathology of which is hallmarked by abnormal protein aggregation. It is known that across aging, sleep quality becomes less efficient and protein homeostatic regulatory mechanisms deteriorate. There is a known relationship between extended wakefulness and poorly consolidated sleep and an increase in cellular stress. In an aged population, when sleep is chronically poor, and proteostatic regulatory mechanisms are less efficient, the cell is inundated with misfolded proteins and suffers a collapse in homeostasis. In this review article, we explore the interplay between aging, sleep quality, and proteostasis and how these processes are implicated in the development and progression of neurodegenerative diseases like Alzheimer's disease (AD). We also present data suggesting that reducing cellular stress and improving proteostasis and sleep quality could serve as potential therapeutic solutions for the prevention or delay in the progression of these diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jennifer M Hafycz
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
| | - Nirinjini N Naidoo
- Center for Sleep and Circadian Neurobiology, Perelman School of Medicine, University of Pennsylvania, Pennsylvania, PA, United States
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69
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Yildirimer L, Zhang Q, Kuang S, Cheung CWJ, Chu KA, He Y, Yang M, Zhao X. Engineering three-dimensional microenvironments towards
in vitro
disease models of the central nervous system. Biofabrication 2019; 11:032003. [DOI: 10.1088/1758-5090/ab17aa] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
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70
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Use of human pluripotent stem cell-derived cells for neurodegenerative disease modeling and drug screening platform. Future Med Chem 2019; 11:1305-1322. [DOI: 10.4155/fmc-2018-0520] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Most neurodegenerative diseases are characterized by a complex and mostly still unresolved pathology. This fact, together with the lack of reliable disease models, has precluded the development of effective therapies counteracting the disease progression. The advent of human pluripotent stem cells has revolutionized the field allowing the generation of disease-relevant neural cell types that can be used for disease modeling, drug screening and, possibly, cell transplantation purposes. In this Review, we discuss the applications of human pluripotent stem cells, the development of efficient protocols for the derivation of the different neural cells and their applicability for robust in vitro disease modeling and drug screening platforms for most common neurodegenerative conditions.
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71
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Namestnikova DD, Gubskiy IL, Salikhova DI, Leonov GE, Sukhinich KK, Melnikov PA, Vishnevskiy DA, Cherkashova EA, Gabashvili AN, Bukharova TB, Burunova VV, Fatkhudinov TK, Chekhonin VP, Gubsky LV, Kiselev SL, Goldstein DV, Yarygin KN. Therapeutic efficacy of intra-arterial administration of induced pluripotent stem cells-derived neural progenitor cells in acute experimental ischemic stroke in rats. RUSSIAN JOURNAL OF TRANSPLANTOLOGY AND ARTIFICIAL ORGANS 2019. [DOI: 10.15825/1995-1191-2019-1-153-164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Aim. Neural progenitor cells (NPC) are used for the development of cell therapies of neurological diseases. Their stereotaxic transplantation in the middle cerebral artery occlusion (MCAO) model imitating ischemic stroke results in symptom aleviation. However, exploration of less invasive transplantation options is essential, because stereotaxic transplantation is a complex procedure and can be applied to humans only by vital indications in a specialized neurological ward. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the efficacy of cell therapy of the experimental ischemic stroke by the intra-arterial transplantation of NPC.Materials and methods. NPC for transplantation (IPSC-NPC) were derived by two-stage differentiation of cells of a stable line of human induced pluripotent stem cells. Stroke modeling in rats was carried out by transitory 90 min endovascular MCAO by a silicon-tipped filament. NPC were transplanted 24 hours after MCAO. Repetitive magnetic resonance tomography of experimental animals was made with the Bruker BioSpin ClinScan tomograph with 7 Tl magnetic field induction. Animal survival rate and neurological deficit (using mNSS standard stroke severity scale) were evaluated at the 1st (before IPSC-NPC transplantation), 7th and 14th day after transplantation. Histological studies were carried out following standard protocols.Results. Intra-arterial transplantation of 7 × 105 IPSC-NPC in 1 ml at a constant 100 l/min rate in case of secured blood flow through the internal carotid artery did not cause brain capillary embolism, additional cytotoxic brain tissue edemas or other complications, while inducing increase of animal survival rate and enhanced revert of the neurological deficit. IPSC-NPC accumulation in brain after intra-arterial infusion was demonstrated. Some cells interacted with the capillary endothelium and probably penetrated through the blood-brain barrier.Conclusion. Therapeutic efficacy of the systemic, intra-arterial administration of NPC in ischemic stroke has been experimentally proven. A method of secure intra-arterial infusion of cell material into the internal carotid artery middle in rats has been developed and tested.
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Affiliation(s)
- D. D. Namestnikova
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Federal center of cerebrovascular pathology and stroke, Ministry of Health care of Russian Federation
| | - I. L. Gubskiy
- Federal center of cerebrovascular pathology and stroke, Ministry of Health care of Russian Federation
| | | | | | | | - P. A. Melnikov
- Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology
| | | | - E. A. Cherkashova
- Federal center of cerebrovascular pathology and stroke, Ministry of Health care of Russian Federation
| | - A. N. Gabashvili
- Institute of Biomedical Chemistry; Vavilov Institute of General Genetics
| | | | | | | | - V. P. Chekhonin
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Serbsky Federal Medical Research Centre of Psychiatry and Narcology
| | - L. V. Gubsky
- Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University; Federal center of cerebrovascular pathology and stroke, Ministry of Health care of Russian Federation
| | - S. L. Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics; Research Centre of Medical Genetics
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72
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Cherkashova EA, Burunova VV, Bukharova TB, Namestnikova DD, Gubskii IL, Salikhova DI, Galitsina EV, Leonov GE, Chekhonin VP, Gubskii LV, Kisevev SL, Goldstein DV, Yarygin KN. Comparative Analysis of the Effects of Intravenous Administration of Placental Mesenchymal Stromal Cells and Neural Progenitor Cells Derived from Induced Pluripotent Cells on the Course of Acute Ischemic Stroke in Rats. Bull Exp Biol Med 2019; 166:558-566. [PMID: 30788747 DOI: 10.1007/s10517-019-04392-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
We compared the effects of placental mesenchymal stromal cells and neural progenitor cells derived from induced human pluripotent cells after their intravenous administration to rats in 24 h after transitory occlusion of the middle cerebral artery. The therapeutic effects were evaluated by the dynamics of animal survival, body weight, neurological deficit, and the volume of infarction focus in 7, 14, 30, and 60 days after surgery. Intravenous injection of neural progenitor cells produced a therapeutic effect on the course of experimental ischemic stroke by increasing animal survival in the most acute period and accelerating compensation of neurological deficit and body weight recovery. Neural progenitor cells were more effective than mesenchymal stromal cells from human placenta. The effectiveness of intravenous transplantation of neural progenitor cells in the model of occlusion of the middle cerebral artery is shown by us for the first time, although the therapeutic effect of their direct transplantation into the brain has already been described.
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Affiliation(s)
- E A Cherkashova
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - V V Burunova
- V. N. Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
| | - T B Bukharova
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - D D Namestnikova
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia.
| | - I L Gubskii
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - D I Salikhova
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - E V Galitsina
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - G E Leonov
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - V P Chekhonin
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - L V Gubskii
- N. I. Pirogov Russian National Research Medical University, Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Moscow, Russia
| | - S L Kisevev
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia.,N. I. Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - D V Goldstein
- Research Center for Medical Genetics, Moscow, Russia
| | - K N Yarygin
- V. N. Orekhovich Research Institute of Biomedical Chemistry, Moscow, Russia
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73
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Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is an autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder caused by expanded polyglutamine (polyQ)-encoding repeats in the Huntingtin (HTT) gene. Traditionally, HD cellular models consisted of either patient cells not affected by disease or rodent neurons expressing expanded polyQ repeats in HTT. As these models can be limited in their disease manifestation or proper genetic context, respectively, human HD pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) are currently under investigation as a way to model disease in patient-derived neurons and other neural cell types. This chapter reviews embryonic stem cell (ESC) and induced pluripotent stem cell (iPSC) models of disease, including published differentiation paradigms for neurons and their associated phenotypes, as well as current challenges to the field such as validation of the PSCs and PSC-derived cells. Highlighted are potential future technical advances to HD PSC modeling, including transdifferentiation, complex in vitro multiorgan/system reconstruction, and personalized medicine. Using a human HD patient model of the central nervous system, hopefully one day researchers can tease out the consequences of mutant HTT (mHTT) expression on specific cell types within the brain in order to identify and test novel therapies for disease.
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74
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Ooi J, Langley SR, Xu X, Utami KH, Sim B, Huang Y, Harmston NP, Tay YL, Ziaei A, Zeng R, Low D, Aminkeng F, Sobota RM, Ginhoux F, Petretto E, Pouladi MA. Unbiased Profiling of Isogenic Huntington Disease hPSC-Derived CNS and Peripheral Cells Reveals Strong Cell-Type Specificity of CAG Length Effects. Cell Rep 2019; 26:2494-2508.e7. [DOI: 10.1016/j.celrep.2019.02.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/07/2017] [Revised: 12/17/2018] [Accepted: 02/01/2019] [Indexed: 02/02/2023] Open
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75
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Label-free classification of neurons and glia in neural stem cell cultures using a hyperspectral imaging microscopy combined with machine learning. Sci Rep 2019; 9:633. [PMID: 30679652 PMCID: PMC6345994 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-37241-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2018] [Accepted: 12/04/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Due to a growing demand for a viable label-free observation method in the biomedical field, many techniques, such as quantitative phase imaging and Raman spectroscopy, have been studied, and a complementary approach, hyperspectral imaging, has also been introduced. We developed a high-speed hyperspectral imaging microscopy imaging method with commercially available apparatus, employing a liquid crystal tunable bandpass filter combined with a pixel-wise machine learning classification. Next, we evaluated the feasibility of the application of this method for stem cell research utilizing neural stem cells. Employing this microscopy method, with a 562 × 562 μm2 field of view, 2048 × 2048 pixel resolution images containing 63 wavelength pixel-wise spectra could be obtained in 30 seconds. The neural stem cells were differentiated into neurons and astroglia (glia), and a four-class cell classification evaluation (including neuronal cell body, glial cell body, process and extracellular region) was conducted under co-cultured conditions. As a result, an average of 88% of the objects of interest were correctly classified, with an average precision of 94%, and more than 99% of the extracellular pixels were correctly segregated. These results indicated that the proposed hyperspectral imaging microscopy is feasible as a label-free observation method for stem cell research.
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76
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Farkhondeh A, Li R, Gorshkov K, Chen KG, Might M, Rodems S, Lo DC, Zheng W. Induced pluripotent stem cells for neural drug discovery. Drug Discov Today 2019; 24:992-999. [PMID: 30664937 DOI: 10.1016/j.drudis.2019.01.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/15/2018] [Revised: 12/31/2018] [Accepted: 01/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Neurological diseases such as Alzheimer's disease and Parkinson's disease are growing problems, as average life expectancy is increasing globally. Drug discovery for neurological disease remains a major challenge. Poor understanding of disease pathophysiology and incomplete representation of human disease in animal models hinder therapeutic drug development. Recent advances with induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have enabled modeling of human diseases with patient-derived neural cells. Utilizing iPSC-derived neurons advances compound screening and evaluation of drug efficacy. These cells have the genetic backgrounds of patients that more precisely model disease-specific pathophysiology and phenotypes. Neural cells derived from iPSCs can be produced in a large quantity. Therefore, application of iPSC-derived human neurons is a new direction for neuronal drug discovery.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atena Farkhondeh
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Rong Li
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kirill Gorshkov
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Kevin G Chen
- National Institute of Neurological Disorders and Stroke, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Matthew Might
- University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | | | - Donald C Lo
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA
| | - Wei Zheng
- National Center for Advancing Translational Sciences, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, MD, USA.
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77
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Świtońska K, Szlachcic WJ, Handschuh L, Wojciechowski P, Marczak Ł, Stelmaszczuk M, Figlerowicz M, Figiel M. Identification of Altered Developmental Pathways in Human Juvenile HD iPSC With 71Q and 109Q Using Transcriptome Profiling. Front Cell Neurosci 2019; 12:528. [PMID: 30713489 PMCID: PMC6345698 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00528] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2018] [Accepted: 12/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022] Open
Abstract
In Huntington disease (HD) subtle symptoms in patients may occur years or even decades prior to diagnosis. HD changes at a molecular level may begin as early as in cells that are non-lineage committed such as stem cells or HD patients induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) offering opportunity to enhance the understanding of the HD pathogenesis. In addition, juvenile HD non-linage committed cells were previously not directly investigated in detail by RNA-seq. In the present manuscript, we define the early HD and juvenile HD transcriptional alterations using 6 human HD iPS cell lines from two patients, one with 71 CAGs and one with 109 CAG repeats. We identified 107 (6 HD lines), 198 (3 HD71Q lines) and 217 (3 HD109Q lines) significantly dysregulated mRNAs in each comparison group. The analyses showed that many of dysregulated transcripts in HD109Q iPSC lines are involved in DNA damage response and apoptosis, such as CCND1, CDKN1A, TP53, BAX, TNFRSF10B, TNFRSF10C, TNFRSF10D, DDB2, PLCB1, PRKCQ, HSH2D, ZMAT3, PLK2, and RPS27L. Most of them were identified as downregulated and their proteins are direct interactors with TP53. HTT probably alters the level of several TP53 interactors influencing apoptosis. This may lead to accumulation of an excessive number of progenitor cells and potential disruption of cell differentiation and production of mature neurons. In addition, HTT effects on cell polarization also demonstrated in the analysis may result in a generation of incorrect progenitors. Bioinformatics analysis of transcripts dysregulated in HD71Q iPSC lines showed that several of them act as transcription regulators during the early multicellular stages of development, such as ZFP57, PIWIL2, HIST1H3C, and HIST1H2BB. Significant upregulation of most of these transcripts may lead to a global increase in expression level of genes involved in pathways critical for embryogenesis and early neural development. In addition, MS analysis revealed altered levels of TP53 and ZFP30 proteins reflecting the functional significance of dysregulated mRNA levels of these proteins which were associated with apoptosis and DNA binding. Our finding very well corresponds to the fact that mutation in the HTT gene may cause precocious neurogenesis and identifies pathways likely disrupted during development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Świtońska
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | | | - Luiza Handschuh
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Paweł Wojciechowski
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland.,Institute of Computing Science, Poznan University of Technology, Poznań, Poland
| | - Łukasz Marczak
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Michał Stelmaszczuk
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Marek Figlerowicz
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
| | - Maciej Figiel
- Institute of Bioorganic Chemistry, Polish Academy of Sciences, Poznań, Poland
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78
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Nekrasov ED, Kiselev SL. Mitochondrial distribution violation and nuclear indentations in neurons differentiated from iPSCs of Huntington's disease patients. J Stem Cells Regen Med 2018. [PMID: 30679892 PMCID: PMC6339978 DOI: 10.46582/jsrm.1402012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
AIM: Huntington’s disease (HD) is an inherited disease caused by an expansion of cytosine-adenine-guanine (CAG) repeats in the huntingtin gene (HTT) that ultimately leads to neurodegeneration. To study the molecular basis of this disease, induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) generated from patients’ fibroblasts were used to investigate axonal mitochondrial trafficking and the nature of nuclear indentations. METHODS: Pathological and control iPSCs generated from patients with a low number of repeats were differentiated in striatal neurons of the brain. Mitochondrial density was measured along the axon using tubulin beta 3 co-staining in pathological and control neurons. To investigate the connection of nuclear roundness with calcium dysregulation, several calcium inhibitors were used. Proteasome system inhibition was applied to mimic premature neuronal ageing. RESULTS: We found that the mitochondrial density was approximately 7.6 ± 0.2 in neurites in control neurons but was only 5.3 ± 0.2 in mutant neurons with 40-44 CAG repeats (p-value <0.005). Neuronal ageing induced by proteasome inhibitor MG132 significantly decreased the mitochondrial density by 15% and 25% in control and mutant neurons to 6.5 ± 0.1 (p-value < 0.005) and 4.0 ± 0.3 (p-value < 0.005), respectively. Thus, for the first time, an impairment of mitochondrial trafficking in pathological neurons with endogenous mutant huntingtin was demonstrated. We found that inhibiting the sarco/endoplasmic reticulum Ca2+-ATPase (SERCA), the ryanodine-receptor (RyR) or the inositol 1,4,5-trisphosphate receptor (IP3R) by specific inhibitors did not specifically affect the nuclear roundness or survival of pathological neurons differentiated from patient iPSCs. Therefore, nuclear calcium homeostasis is not directly associated with HD pathology. CONCLUSION: Identifying HD iPSCs and differentiating from them neurons provide a unique system for modelling the disease in vitro. Impairments of mitochondrial trafficking and nuclear roundness manifest long before the disease onset, while premature neuronal ageing enhances differences in mitochondrial distribution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Evgeny D Nekrasov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 119991, Russia
| | - Sergey L Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics Russian Academy of Science, Moscow, 119991, Russia
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79
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Illarioshkin SN, Klyushnikov SA, Vigont VA, Seliverstov YA, Kaznacheyeva EV. Molecular Pathogenesis in Huntington's Disease. BIOCHEMISTRY (MOSCOW) 2018; 83:1030-1039. [PMID: 30472941 DOI: 10.1134/s0006297918090043] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a severe autosomal dominant neurodegenerative disorder characterized by a combination of motor, cognitive, and psychiatric symptoms, atrophy of the basal ganglia and the cerebral cortex, and inevitably progressive course resulting in death 5-20 years after manifestation of its symptoms. HD is caused by expansion of CAG repeats in the HTT gene, which leads to pathological elongation of the polyglutamine tract within the respective protein - huntingtin. In this review, we present a modern view on molecular biology of HD as a representative of the group of polyglutamine diseases, with an emphasis on conformational changes of mutant huntingtin, disturbances in its cellular processing, and proteolytic stress in degenerating neurons. Main pathogenetic mechanisms of neurodegeneration in HD are discussed in detail, such as systemic failure of transcription, mitochondrial dysfunction and suppression of energy metabolism, abnormalities of cytoskeleton and axonal transport, microglial inflammation, decrease in synthesis of brain-derived neurotrophic factor, etc.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - S A Klyushnikov
- Research Center of Neurology, Moscow, 125367, Russia.,Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia
| | - V A Vigont
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
| | | | - E V Kaznacheyeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, St. Petersburg, 194064, Russia.
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80
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Liu M, Landuyt B, Klaassen H, Geldhof P, Luyten W. Screening of a drug repurposing library with a nematode motility assay identifies promising anthelmintic hits against Cooperia oncophora and other ruminant parasites. Vet Parasitol 2018; 265:15-18. [PMID: 30638515 DOI: 10.1016/j.vetpar.2018.11.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/29/2018] [Revised: 11/27/2018] [Accepted: 11/28/2018] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
Parasitic nematodes continue to cause significant economic losses in livestock globally. Given the limited number of anthelmintic drugs on the market and the currently increasing drug resistance, there is an urgent need for novel anthelmintics. Most motility assays of anthelmintic activity for parasitic nematodes are laborious and low throughput, and therefore not suitable for screening large compound libraries. Cooperia oncophora accounts for a large proportion of reports on the drug-resistance development of parasites globally. Therefore, using a WMicroTracker instrument, we established a practical, automated and low-cost whole-organism motility assay against exsheathed L3 stages (xL3s) of the ruminant parasite Cooperia oncophora, and screened a repurposing library comprising 2745 molecules. Fourteen known anthelmintics contained in this library were picked up in this blind screen, as well as four novel hits: thonzonium bromide, NH125, physostigmine sulfate, and EVP4593. The four hits were also active against xL3s of Ostertagia ostertagi, Haemonchus contortus and Teladorsagia circumcincta using the same assay. Cytotoxicity testing showed that thonzonium bromide and NH125 (1-Benzyl-3-cetyl-2-methylimidazolium iodide) have significant cytotoxicity. EVP4593 (N(4)-(2-(4-phenoxyphenyl)ethyl)-4,6-quinazolinediamine) demonstrated a potent and broad anthelmintic activity, and a high selectivity index. Moreover, given its novel and unexplored chemical scaffold for anthelmintic activity, EVP4593 is an interesting anthelmintic hit for further optimization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maoxuan Liu
- Center of antibody drug, Institute of biomedicine and biotechnology, Shenzhen institutes of advanced technology, Chinese Academy of Science, Shenzhen, 518055, China; Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium; Department of Pharmaceutical and Pharmacological Sciences, KU Leuven, Herestraat 49, box 921, 3000 Leuven, Belgium.
| | - Bart Landuyt
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Hugo Klaassen
- Cistim Leuven vzw, Bioincubator 2, Gaston Geenslaan 2, 3001 Leuven, Belgium
| | - Peter Geldhof
- Laboratory of Parasitology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, Ghent University, Salisburylaan 133, Merelbeke B-9820, Belgium
| | - Walter Luyten
- Department of Biology, Animal Physiology and Neurobiology Section, KU Leuven, Naamsestraat 59, box 2465, 3000 Leuven, Belgium
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81
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Chang CY, Ting HC, Liu CA, Su HL, Chiou TW, Harn HJ, Lin SZ. Induced Pluripotent Stem Cells: A Powerful Neurodegenerative Disease Modeling Tool for Mechanism Study and Drug Discovery. Cell Transplant 2018; 27:1588-1602. [PMID: 29890847 PMCID: PMC6299199 DOI: 10.1177/0963689718775406] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2018] [Revised: 03/30/2018] [Accepted: 04/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Many neurodegenerative diseases are progressive, complex diseases without clear mechanisms or effective treatments. To study the mechanisms underlying these diseases and to develop treatment strategies, a reliable in vitro modeling system is critical. Induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs) have the ability to self-renew and possess the differentiation potential to become any kind of adult cell; thus, they may serve as a powerful material for disease modeling. Indeed, patient cell-derived iPSCs can differentiate into specific cell lineages that display the appropriate disease phenotypes and vulnerabilities. In this review, we highlight neuronal differentiation methods and the current development of iPSC-based neurodegenerative disease modeling tools for mechanism study and drug screening, with a discussion of the challenges and future inspiration for application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chia-Yu Chang
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hsiao-Chien Ting
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Ching-Ann Liu
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Medical Research, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Hong-Lin Su
- Department of Life Sciences, National Chung Hsing University, Taichung, Taiwan
| | - Tzyy-Wen Chiou
- Department of Life Science, National Dong Hwa University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Horng-Jyh Harn
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Pathology, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital and Tzu Chi University, Hualien, Taiwan
| | - Shinn-Zong Lin
- Bio-innovation Center, Buddhist Tzu Chi Medical Foundation, Hualien, Taiwan
- Department of Neurosurgery, Buddhist Tzu Chi General Hospital, Hualien, Taiwan
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82
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Czeredys M, Vigont VA, Boeva VA, Mikoshiba K, Kaznacheyeva EV, Kuznicki J. Huntingtin-Associated Protein 1A Regulates Store-Operated Calcium Entry in Medium Spiny Neurons From Transgenic YAC128 Mice, a Model of Huntington's Disease. Front Cell Neurosci 2018; 12:381. [PMID: 30455632 PMCID: PMC6231533 DOI: 10.3389/fncel.2018.00381] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 10/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a hereditary neurodegenerative disease that is caused by polyglutamine expansion within the huntingtin (HTT) gene. One of the cellular activities that is dysregulated in HD is store-operated calcium entry (SOCE), a process by which Ca2+ release from the endoplasmic reticulum (ER) induces Ca2+ influx from the extracellular space. HTT-associated protein-1 (HAP1) is a binding partner of HTT. The aim of the present study was to examine the role of HAP1A protein in regulating SOCE in YAC128 mice, a transgenic model of HD. After Ca2+ depletion from the ER by the activation of inositol-(1,4,5)triphosphate receptor type 1 (IP3R1), we detected an increase in the activity of SOC channels when HAP1 protein isoform HAP1A was overexpressed in medium spiny neurons (MSNs) from YAC128 mice. A decrease in the activity of SOC channels in YAC128 MSNs was observed when HAP1 protein was silenced. In YAC128 MSNs that overexpressed HAP1A, an increase in activity of IP3R1 was detected while the ionomycin-sensitive ER Ca2+ pool decreased. 6-Bromo-N-(2-phenylethyl)-2,3,4,9-tetrahydro-1H-carbazol-1-amine hydrochloride (C20H22BrClN2), identified in our previous studies as a SOCE inhibitor, restored the elevation of SOCE in YAC128 MSN cultures that overexpressed HAP1A. The IP3 sponge also restored the elevation of SOCE and increased the release of Ca2+ from the ER in YAC128 MSN cultures that overexpressed HAP1A. The overexpression of HAP1A in the human neuroblastoma cell line SK-N-SH (i.e., a cellular model of HD (SK-N-SH HTT138Q)) led to the appearance of a pool of constitutively active SOC channels and an increase in the expression of STIM2 protein. Our results showed that HAP1A causes the activation of SOC channels in HD models by affecting IP3R1 activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Magdalena Czeredys
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw (IIMCB), Warsaw, Poland
| | - Vladimir A Vigont
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Vasilisa A Boeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Katsuhiko Mikoshiba
- Laboratory for Developmental Neurobiology, RIKEN Brain Science Institute (BSI), Saitama, Japan
| | - Elena V Kaznacheyeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences (RAS), St. Petersburg, Russia
| | - Jacek Kuznicki
- Laboratory of Neurodegeneration, International Institute of Molecular and Cell Biology in Warsaw (IIMCB), Warsaw, Poland
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83
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Morozova KN, Suldina LA, Malankhanova TB, Grigor’eva EV, Zakian SM, Kiseleva E, Malakhova AA. Introducing an expanded CAG tract into the huntingtin gene causes a wide spectrum of ultrastructural defects in cultured human cells. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0204735. [PMID: 30332437 PMCID: PMC6192588 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0204735] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2018] [Accepted: 09/13/2018] [Indexed: 11/18/2022] Open
Abstract
Modeling of neurodegenerative diseases in vitro holds great promise for biomedical research. Human cell lines harboring a mutations in disease-causing genes are thought to recapitulate early stages of the development an inherited disease. Modern genome-editing tools allow researchers to create isogenic cell clones with an identical genetic background providing an adequate "healthy" control for biomedical and pharmacological experiments. Here, we generated isogenic mutant cell clones with 150 CAG repeats in the first exon of the huntingtin (HTT) gene using the CRISPR/Cas9 system and performed ultrastructural and morphometric analyses of the internal organization of the mutant cells. Electron microscopy showed that deletion of three CAG triplets or an HTT gene knockout had no significant influence on the cell structure. The insertion of 150 CAG repeats led to substantial changes in quantitative and morphological parameters of mitochondria and increased the association of mitochondria with the smooth and rough endoplasmic reticulum while causing accumulation of small autolysosomes in the cytoplasm. Our data indicate for the first time that expansion of the CAG repeat tract in HTT introduced via the CRISPR/Cas9 technology into a human cell line initiates numerous ultrastructural defects that are typical for Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ksenia N. Morozova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Lyubov A. Suldina
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Tuyana B. Malankhanova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- E.Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena V. Grigor’eva
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- E.Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Suren M. Zakian
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- E.Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Elena Kiseleva
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
| | - Anastasia A. Malakhova
- Federal Research Center Institute of Cytology and Genetics, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Department of Natural Sciences, Novosibirsk State University, Novosibirsk, Russia
- E.Meshalkin National Medical Research Center of the Ministry of Health of the Russian Federation, Novosibirsk, Russia
- Institute of Chemical Biology and Fundamental Medicine, Siberian Branch of Russian Academy of Sciences, Novosibirsk, Russia
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84
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Mertens J, Reid D, Lau S, Kim Y, Gage FH. Aging in a Dish: iPSC-Derived and Directly Induced Neurons for Studying Brain Aging and Age-Related Neurodegenerative Diseases. Annu Rev Genet 2018; 52:271-293. [PMID: 30208291 DOI: 10.1146/annurev-genet-120417-031534] [Citation(s) in RCA: 184] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Age-associated neurological diseases represent a profound challenge in biomedical research as we are still struggling to understand the interface between the aging process and the manifestation of disease. Various pathologies in the elderly do not directly result from genetic mutations, toxins, or infectious agents but are primarily driven by the many manifestations of biological aging. Therefore, the generation of appropriate model systems to study human aging in the nervous system demands new concepts that lie beyond transgenic and drug-induced models. Although access to viable human brain specimens is limited and induced pluripotent stem cell models face limitations due to reprogramming-associated cellular rejuvenation, the direct conversion of somatic cells into induced neurons allows for the generation of human neurons that capture many aspects of aging. Here, we review advances in exploring age-associated neurodegenerative diseases using human cell reprogramming models, and we discuss general concepts, promises, and limitations of the field.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jerome Mertens
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA; .,Department of Genomics, Stem Cell Biology and Regenerative Medicine, Institute of Molecular Biology, and Center for Molecular Biosciences Innsbruck, University of Innsbruck, A-6020 Innsbruck, Austria
| | - Dylan Reid
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Shong Lau
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Yongsung Kim
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
| | - Fred H Gage
- Laboratory of Genetics, The Salk Institute for Biological Studies, La Jolla, California 92037, USA;
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85
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Wegierski T, Kuznicki J. Neuronal calcium signaling via store-operated channels in health and disease. Cell Calcium 2018; 74:102-111. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ceca.2018.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 44] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/29/2018] [Revised: 06/20/2018] [Accepted: 07/06/2018] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
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86
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Wu M, Zhang D, Bi C, Mi T, Zhu W, Xia L, Teng Z, Hu B, Wu Y. A Chemical Recipe for Generation of Clinical-Grade Striatal Neurons from hESCs. Stem Cell Reports 2018; 11:635-650. [PMID: 30174316 PMCID: PMC6135866 DOI: 10.1016/j.stemcr.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/06/2018] [Revised: 08/03/2018] [Accepted: 08/03/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Differentiation of human pluripotent stem cells (hPSCs) into striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs) promises a cell-based therapy for Huntington's disease. However, clinical-grade MSNs remain unavailable. Here, we developed a chemical recipe named XLSBA to generate clinical-grade MSNs from embryonic stem cells (ESCs). We introduced the γ-secretase inhibitor DAPT into the recipe to accelerate neural differentiation, and replaced protein components with small molecules. Using this optimized protocol we could efficiently direct regular human ESCs (hESCs) as well as clinical-grade hESCs to lateral ganglionic eminence (LGE)-like progenitors and striatal MSNs within less than half of the time than previous protocols (within 14 days and 21 days, respectively). These striatal cells expressed appropriate MSN markers and electrophysiologically acted like authentic MSNs. Upon transplantation into brains of neonatal mice or mouse model of Huntington's disease, they exhibited sufficient safety and reasonable efficacy. Therefore, this quick and highly efficient derivation of MSNs offers unprecedented access to clinical application.
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Affiliation(s)
- Menghua Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Da Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Chunying Bi
- College of Life Science, QUFU Normal University, Qufu, Shandong 273165, China
| | - Tingwei Mi
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Wenliang Zhu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Longkuo Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China
| | - Zhaoqian Teng
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China
| | - Baoyang Hu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
| | - Yihui Wu
- State Key Laboratory of Stem Cell and Reproductive Biology, Institute of Zoology, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China; University of Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100049, China; Institute of Stem Cell and Regeneration, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Beijing 100101, China.
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87
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Golas MM. Human cellular models of medium spiny neuron development and Huntington disease. Life Sci 2018; 209:179-196. [PMID: 30031060 DOI: 10.1016/j.lfs.2018.07.030] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/01/2018] [Revised: 06/22/2018] [Accepted: 07/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Abstract
The loss of gamma-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic medium spiny neurons (MSNs) in the striatum is the hallmark of Huntington disease (HD), an incurable neurodegenerative disorder characterized by progressive motor, psychiatric, and cognitive symptoms. Transplantation of MSNs or their precursors represents a promising treatment strategy for HD. In initial clinical trials in which HD patients received fetal neurografts directly into the striatum without a pretransplant cell-differentiation step, some patients exhibited temporary benefits. Meanwhile, major challenges related to graft overgrowth, insufficient survival of grafted cells, and limited availability of donated fetal tissue remain. Thus, the development of approaches that allow modeling of MSN differentiation and HD development in cell culture platforms may improve our understanding of HD and translate, ultimately, into HD treatment options. Here, recent advances in the in vitro differentiation of MSNs derived from fetal neural stem cells/progenitor cells (NSCs/NPCs), embryonic stem cells (ESCs), induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), and induced NSCs (iNSCs) as well as advances in direct transdifferentiation are reviewed. Progress in non-allele specific and allele specific gene editing of HTT is presented as well. Cell characterization approaches involving phenotyping as well as in vitro and in vivo functional assays are also discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monika M Golas
- Department of Biomedicine, Aarhus University, Wilhelm Meyers Alle 3, Building 1233, DK-8000 Aarhus C, Denmark; Department of Human Genetics, Hannover Medical School, Carl-Neuberg-Str. 1, 30625 Hannover, Germany.
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88
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Vigont V, Nekrasov E, Shalygin A, Gusev K, Klushnikov S, Illarioshkin S, Lagarkova M, Kiselev SL, Kaznacheyeva E. Patient-Specific iPSC-Based Models of Huntington's Disease as a Tool to Study Store-Operated Calcium Entry Drug Targeting. Front Pharmacol 2018; 9:696. [PMID: 30008670 PMCID: PMC6033963 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2018.00696] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/09/2018] [Accepted: 06/08/2018] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Neurodegenerative pathologies are among the most serious and socially significant problems of modern medicine, along with cardiovascular and oncological diseases. Several attempts have been made to prevent neuronal death using novel drugs targeted to the cell calcium signaling machinery, but the lack of adequate models for screening markedly impairs the development of relevant drugs. A potential breakthrough in this field is offered by the models of hereditary neurodegenerative pathologies based on endogenous expression of mutant proteins in neurons differentiated from patient-specific induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs). Here, we study specific features of store-operated calcium entry (SOCE) using an iPSCs-based model of Huntington's disease (HD) and analyze the pharmacological effects of a specific drug targeted to the calcium channels. We show that SOCE in gamma aminobutyric acid-ergic striatal medium spiny neurons (GABA MSNs) was mediated by currents through at least two different channel groups, ICRAC and ISOC. Both of these groups were upregulated in HD neurons compared with the wild-type neurons. Thapsigargin-induced intracellular calcium store depletion in GABA MSNs resulted in predominant activation of either ICRAC or ISOC. The potential anti-HD drug EVP4593, which was previously shown to have neuroprotective activity in different HD models, affected both ICRAC and ISOC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vladimir Vigont
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Evgeny Nekrasov
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Alexey Shalygin
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Konstantin Gusev
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
| | - Sergey Klushnikov
- Scientific Center of Neurology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey Illarioshkin
- Scientific Center of Neurology, Russian Academy of Medical Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Maria Lagarkova
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
- Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine, Moscow, Russia
| | - Sergey L. Kiselev
- Vavilov Institute of General Genetics, Russian Academy of Sciences, Moscow, Russia
| | - Elena Kaznacheyeva
- Institute of Cytology, Russian Academy of Sciences, Saint Petersburg, Russia
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89
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Gopurappilly R, Deb BK, Chakraborty P, Hasan G. Stable STIM1 Knockdown in Self-Renewing Human Neural Precursors Promotes Premature Neural Differentiation. Front Mol Neurosci 2018; 11:178. [PMID: 29942250 PMCID: PMC6004407 DOI: 10.3389/fnmol.2018.00178] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2018] [Accepted: 05/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Ca2+ signaling plays a significant role in the development of the vertebrate nervous system where it regulates neurite growth as well as synapse and neurotransmitter specification. Elucidating the role of Ca2+ signaling in mammalian neuronal development has been largely restricted to either small animal models or primary cultures. Here we derived human neural precursor cells (NPCs) from human embryonic stem cells to understand the functional significance of a less understood arm of calcium signaling, Store-operated Ca2+ entry or SOCE, in neuronal development. Human NPCs exhibited robust SOCE, which was significantly attenuated by expression of a stable shRNA-miR targeted toward the SOCE molecule, STIM1. Along with the plasma membrane channel Orai, STIM is an essential component of SOCE in many cell types, where it regulates gene expression. Therefore, we measured global gene expression in human NPCs with and without STIM1 knockdown. Interestingly, pathways down-regulated through STIM1 knockdown were related to cell proliferation and DNA replication processes, whereas post-synaptic signaling was identified as an up-regulated process. To understand the functional significance of these gene expression changes we measured the self-renewal capacity of NPCs with STIM1 knockdown. The STIM1 knockdown NPCs demonstrated significantly reduced neurosphere size and number as well as precocious spontaneous differentiation toward the neuronal lineage, as compared to control cells. These findings demonstrate that STIM1 mediated SOCE in human NPCs regulates gene expression changes, that in vivo are likely to physiologically modulate the self-renewal and differentiation of NPCs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Renjitha Gopurappilly
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Bipan Kumar Deb
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Pragnya Chakraborty
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
| | - Gaiti Hasan
- National Centre for Biological Sciences, Tata Institute of Fundamental Research, Bengaluru, India
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90
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Victor MB, Richner M, Olsen HE, Lee SW, Monteys AM, Ma C, Huh CJ, Zhang B, Davidson BL, Yang XW, Yoo AS. Striatal neurons directly converted from Huntington's disease patient fibroblasts recapitulate age-associated disease phenotypes. Nat Neurosci 2018; 21:341-352. [PMID: 29403030 PMCID: PMC5857213 DOI: 10.1038/s41593-018-0075-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 159] [Impact Index Per Article: 26.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/28/2017] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Abstract
In Huntington's disease (HD), expansion of CAG codons in the huntingtin gene (HTT) leads to the aberrant formation of protein aggregates and the differential degeneration of striatal medium spiny neurons (MSNs). Modeling HD using patient-specific MSNs has been challenging, as neurons differentiated from induced pluripotent stem cells are free of aggregates and lack an overt cell death phenotype. Here we generated MSNs from HD patient fibroblasts through microRNA-based direct neuronal conversion, bypassing the induction of pluripotency and retaining age signatures of the original fibroblasts. We found that patient MSNs consistently exhibited mutant HTT (mHTT) aggregates, mHTT-dependent DNA damage, mitochondrial dysfunction and spontaneous degeneration in culture over time. We further provide evidence that erasure of age stored in starting fibroblasts or neuronal conversion of presymptomatic HD patient fibroblasts results in differential manifestation of cellular phenotypes associated with HD, highlighting the importance of age in modeling late-onset neurological disorders.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matheus B Victor
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Division of Biology and Biomedical Sciences, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Michelle Richner
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Hannah E Olsen
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Seong Won Lee
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Alejandro M Monteys
- The Raymond G Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - Chunyu Ma
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Christine J Huh
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Bo Zhang
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA
| | - Beverly L Davidson
- The Raymond G Perelman Center for Cellular and Molecular Therapeutics, The Children's Hospital of Philadelphia, Philadelphia, PA, USA
- Department of Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, The University of Pennsylvania, Philadelphia, PA, USA
| | - X William Yang
- Center for Neurobehavioral Genetics, Semel Institute for Neuroscience & Human Behavior, University of California, Los Angeles (UCLA), Los Angeles, CA, USA
| | - Andrew S Yoo
- Department of Developmental Biology, Center for Regenerative Medicine, Washington University School of Medicine, St. Louis, MO, USA.
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91
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Zink A, Priller J, Prigione A. Pluripotent Stem Cells for Uncovering the Role of Mitochondria in Human Brain Function and Dysfunction. J Mol Biol 2018; 430:891-903. [PMID: 29458125 DOI: 10.1016/j.jmb.2018.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2017] [Revised: 02/09/2018] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Mitochondrial dysfunctions are a known pathogenetic mechanism of a number of neurological and psychiatric disorders. At the same time, mutations in genes encoding for components of the mitochondrial respiratory chain cause mitochondrial diseases, which commonly exhibit neurological symptoms. Mitochondria are therefore critical for the functionality of the human nervous system. The importance of mitochondria stems from their key roles in cellular metabolism, calcium handling, redox and protein homeostasis, and overall cellular homeostasis through their dynamic network. Here, we describe how the use of pluripotent stem cells (PSCs) may help in addressing the physiological and pathological relevance of mitochondria for the human nervous system. PSCs allow the generation of patient-derived neurons and glia and the identification of gene-specific and mutation-specific cellular phenotypes via genome engineering approaches. We discuss the recent advances in PSC-based modeling of brain diseases and the current challenges of the field. We anticipate that the careful use of PSCs will improve our understanding of the impact of mitochondria in neurological and psychiatric disorders and the search for effective therapeutic avenues.
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Affiliation(s)
- Annika Zink
- Max Delbrueck Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC), 13125 Berlin, Germany; Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | - Josef Priller
- Department of Neuropsychiatry, Charité-Universitätsmedizin, 10117 Berlin, Germany; Berlin Institute of Health (BIH), 10178 Berlin, Germany; Cluster of Excellence NeuroCure and German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), 10117 Berlin, Germany; UK Dementia Research Institute and University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4SB, UK
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92
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Ghaffari LT, Starr A, Nelson AT, Sattler R. Representing Diversity in the Dish: Using Patient-Derived in Vitro Models to Recreate the Heterogeneity of Neurological Disease. Front Neurosci 2018; 12:56. [PMID: 29479303 PMCID: PMC5812426 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2018.00056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/13/2017] [Accepted: 01/23/2018] [Indexed: 12/14/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurological diseases, including dementias such as Alzheimer's disease (AD) and fronto-temporal dementia (FTD) and degenerative motor neuron diseases such as amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), are responsible for an increasing fraction of worldwide fatalities. Researching these heterogeneous diseases requires models that endogenously express the full array of genetic and epigenetic factors which may influence disease development in both familial and sporadic patients. Here, we discuss the two primary methods of developing patient-derived neurons and glia to model neurodegenerative disease: reprogramming somatic cells into induced pluripotent stem cells (iPSCs), which are differentiated into neurons or glial cells, or directly converting (DC) somatic cells into neurons (iNeurons) or glial cells. Distinct differentiation techniques for both models result in a variety of neuronal and glial cell types, which have been successful in displaying unique hallmarks of a variety of neurological diseases. Yield, length of differentiation, ease of genetic manipulation, expression of cell-specific markers, and recapitulation of disease pathogenesis are presented as determining factors in how these methods may be used separately or together to ascertain mechanisms of disease and identify therapeutics for distinct patient populations or for specific individuals in personalized medicine projects.
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Affiliation(s)
- Layla T Ghaffari
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health-St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Alexander Starr
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health-St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Andrew T Nelson
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health-St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
| | - Rita Sattler
- Department of Neurobiology, Barrow Neurological Institute, Dignity Health-St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, Phoenix, AZ, United States
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93
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Miniarikova J, Evers MM, Konstantinova P. Translation of MicroRNA-Based Huntingtin-Lowering Therapies from Preclinical Studies to the Clinic. Mol Ther 2018; 26:947-962. [PMID: 29503201 DOI: 10.1016/j.ymthe.2018.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/18/2017] [Revised: 01/30/2018] [Accepted: 02/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The single mutation underlying the fatal neuropathology of Huntington's disease (HD) is a CAG triplet expansion in exon 1 of the huntingtin (HTT) gene, which gives rise to a toxic mutant HTT protein. There have been a number of not yet successful therapeutic advances in the treatment of HD. The current excitement in the HD field is due to the recent development of therapies targeting the culprit of HD either at the DNA or RNA level to reduce the overall mutant HTT protein. In this review, we briefly describe short-term and long-term HTT-lowering strategies targeting HTT transcripts. One of the most advanced HTT-lowering strategies is a microRNA (miRNA)-based gene therapy delivered by a single administration of an adeno-associated viral (AAV) vector to the HD patient. We outline the outcome measures for the miRNA-based HTT-lowering therapy in the context of preclinical evaluation in HD animal and cell models. We highlight the strengths and ongoing queries of the HTT-lowering gene therapy as an HD intervention with a potential disease-modifying effect. This review provides a perspective on the fast-developing HTT-lowering therapies for HD and their translation to the clinic based on existing knowledge in preclinical models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jana Miniarikova
- Department of Research and Development, uniQure, Amsterdam, the Netherlands; Department of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Leiden University Medical Center, Leiden, the Netherlands
| | - Melvin M Evers
- Department of Research and Development, uniQure, Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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94
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Ruzo A, Croft GF, Metzger JJ, Galgoczi S, Gerber LJ, Pellegrini C, Wang H, Fenner M, Tse S, Marks A, Nchako C, Brivanlou AH. Chromosomal instability during neurogenesis in Huntington's disease. Development 2018; 145:145/2/dev156844. [PMID: 29378824 DOI: 10.1242/dev.156844] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2017] [Accepted: 12/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Huntington's disease (HD) is a fatal neurodegenerative disease caused by expansion of CAG repeats in the Huntingtin gene (HTT). Neither its pathogenic mechanisms nor the normal functions of HTT are well understood. To model HD in humans, we engineered a genetic allelic series of isogenic human embryonic stem cell (hESC) lines with graded increases in CAG repeat length. Neural differentiation of these lines unveiled a novel developmental HD phenotype: the appearance of giant multinucleated telencephalic neurons at an abundance directly proportional to CAG repeat length, generated by a chromosomal instability and failed cytokinesis over multiple rounds of DNA replication. We conclude that disrupted neurogenesis during development is an important, unrecognized aspect of HD pathogenesis. To address the function of normal HTT protein we generated HTT+/- and HTT-/- lines. Surprisingly, the same phenotype emerged in HTT-/- but not HTT+/- lines. We conclude that HD is a developmental disorder characterized by chromosomal instability that impairs neurogenesis, and that HD represents a genetic dominant-negative loss of function, contrary to the prevalent gain-of-toxic-function hypothesis. The consequences of developmental alterations should be considered as a new target for HD therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Albert Ruzo
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Gist F Croft
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Jakob J Metzger
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA.,Center for Studies in Physics and Biology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Szilvia Galgoczi
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Lauren J Gerber
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Cecilia Pellegrini
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Hanbin Wang
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Maria Fenner
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Stephanie Tse
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Adam Marks
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Corbyn Nchako
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
| | - Ali H Brivanlou
- Laboratory of Stem Cell Biology and Molecular Embryology, The Rockefeller University, New York, NY 10065, USA
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95
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Gurwitz D. Human iPSC-derived neurons and lymphoblastoid cells for personalized medicine research in neuropsychiatric disorders. DIALOGUES IN CLINICAL NEUROSCIENCE 2017. [PMID: 27757061 PMCID: PMC5067144 DOI: 10.31887/dcns.2016.18.3/dgurwitz] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/28/2022]
Abstract
The development and clinical implementation of personalized medicine crucially depends on the availability of high-quality human biosamples; animal models, although capable of modeling complex human diseases, cannot reflect the large variation in the human genome, epigenome, transcriptome, proteome, and metabolome. Although the biosamples available from public biobanks that store human tissues and cells may represent the large human diversity for most diseases, these samples are not always sufficient for developing biomarkers for patient-tailored therapies for neuropsychiatric disorders. Postmortem human tissues are available from many biobanks; nevertheless, collections of neuronal human cells from large patient cohorts representing the human diversity remain scarce. Two tools are gaining popularity for personalized medicine research on neuropsychiatric disorders: human induced pluripotent stem cell-derived neurons and human lymphoblastoid cell lines. This review examines and contrasts the advantages and limitations of each tool for personalized medicine research.
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Affiliation(s)
- David Gurwitz
- Department of Human Molecular Genetics and Biochemistry, Sackler Faculty of Medicine, Tel Aviv University, Tel Aviv, Israel
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96
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Induced Pluripotent Stem Cell Neuronal Models for the Study of Autophagy Pathways in Human Neurodegenerative Disease. Cells 2017; 6:cells6030024. [PMID: 28800101 PMCID: PMC5617970 DOI: 10.3390/cells6030024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/11/2017] [Revised: 08/08/2017] [Accepted: 08/09/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Human induced pluripotent stem cells (hiPSCs) are invaluable tools for research into the causes of diverse human diseases, and have enormous potential in the emerging field of regenerative medicine. Our ability to reprogramme patient cells to become hiPSCs, and to subsequently direct their differentiation towards those classes of neurons that are vulnerable to stress, is revealing how genetic mutations cause changes at the molecular level that drive the complex pathogeneses of human neurodegenerative diseases. Autophagy dysregulation is considered to be a major contributor in neural decline during the onset and progression of many human neurodegenerative diseases, meaning that a better understanding of the control of non-selective and selective autophagy pathways (including mitophagy) in disease-affected classes of neurons is needed. To achieve this, it is essential that the methodologies commonly used to study autophagy regulation under basal and stressed conditions in standard cell-line models are accurately applied when using hiPSC-derived neuronal cultures. Here, we discuss the roles and control of autophagy in human stem cells, and how autophagy contributes to neural differentiation in vitro. We also describe how autophagy-monitoring tools can be applied to hiPSC-derived neurons for the study of human neurodegenerative disease in vitro.
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97
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Gasset-Rosa F, Chillon-Marinas C, Goginashvili A, Atwal RS, Artates JW, Tabet R, Wheeler VC, Bang AG, Cleveland DW, Lagier-Tourenne C. Polyglutamine-Expanded Huntingtin Exacerbates Age-Related Disruption of Nuclear Integrity and Nucleocytoplasmic Transport. Neuron 2017; 94:48-57.e4. [PMID: 28384474 DOI: 10.1016/j.neuron.2017.03.027] [Citation(s) in RCA: 160] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2016] [Revised: 02/11/2017] [Accepted: 03/20/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Onset of neurodegenerative disorders, including Huntington's disease, is strongly influenced by aging. Hallmarks of aged cells include compromised nuclear envelope integrity, impaired nucleocytoplasmic transport, and accumulation of DNA double-strand breaks. We show that mutant huntingtin markedly accelerates all of these cellular phenotypes in a dose- and age-dependent manner in cortex and striatum of mice. Huntingtin-linked polyglutamine initially accumulates in nuclei, leading to disruption of nuclear envelope architecture, partial sequestration of factors essential for nucleocytoplasmic transport (Gle1 and RanGAP1), and intranuclear accumulation of mRNA. In aged mice, accumulation of RanGAP1 together with polyglutamine is shifted to perinuclear and cytoplasmic areas. Consistent with findings in mice, marked alterations in nuclear envelope morphology, abnormal localization of RanGAP1, and nuclear accumulation of mRNA were found in cortex of Huntington's disease patients. Overall, our findings identify polyglutamine-dependent inhibition of nucleocytoplasmic transport and alteration of nuclear integrity as a central component of Huntington's disease.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fatima Gasset-Rosa
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Carlos Chillon-Marinas
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Alexander Goginashvili
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ranjit Singh Atwal
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Jonathan W Artates
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA
| | - Ricardos Tabet
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA
| | - Vanessa C Wheeler
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Center for Genomic Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA
| | - Anne G Bang
- Conrad Prebys Center for Chemical Genomics, Sanford Burnham Prebys Medical Discovery Institute, La Jolla, CA 92037, USA
| | - Don W Cleveland
- Ludwig Institute for Cancer Research, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA; Department of Cellular and Molecular Medicine, University of California at San Diego, La Jolla, CA 92093, USA.
| | - Clotilde Lagier-Tourenne
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02114, USA; Broad Institute of Harvard University and MIT, Cambridge, MA 02142, USA.
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98
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Abstract
The clinical manifestation of neurodegenerative diseases is initiated by the selective alteration in the functionality of distinct neuronal populations. The pathology of many neurodegenerative diseases includes accumulation of misfolded proteins in the brain. In physiological conditions, the proteostasis network maintains normal protein folding, trafficking and degradation; alterations in this network - particularly disturbances to the function of endoplasmic reticulum (ER) - are thought to contribute to abnormal protein aggregation. ER stress triggers a signalling reaction known as the unfolded protein response (UPR), which induces adaptive programmes that improve protein folding and promote quality control mechanisms and degradative pathways or can activate apoptosis when damage is irreversible. In this Review, we discuss the latest advances in defining the functional contribution of ER stress to brain diseases, including novel evidence that relates the UPR to synaptic function, which has implications for cognition and memory. A complex concept is emerging wherein the consequences of ER stress can differ drastically depending on the disease context and the UPR signalling pathway that is altered. Strategies to target specific components of the UPR using small molecules and gene therapy are in development, and promise interesting avenues for future interventions to delay or stop neurodegeneration.
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99
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Ditsworth D, Maldonado M, McAlonis-Downes M, Sun S, Seelman A, Drenner K, Arnold E, Ling SC, Pizzo D, Ravits J, Cleveland DW, Da Cruz S. Mutant TDP-43 within motor neurons drives disease onset but not progression in amyotrophic lateral sclerosis. Acta Neuropathol 2017; 133:907-922. [PMID: 28357566 PMCID: PMC5427168 DOI: 10.1007/s00401-017-1698-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 52] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2016] [Revised: 03/09/2017] [Accepted: 03/09/2017] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Mutations in TDP-43 cause amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), a fatal paralytic disease characterized by degeneration and premature death of motor neurons. The contribution of mutant TDP-43-mediated damage within motor neurons was evaluated using mice expressing a conditional allele of an ALS-causing TDP-43 mutant (Q331K) whose broad expression throughout the central nervous system mimics endogenous TDP-43. TDP-43Q331K mice develop age- and mutant-dependent motor deficits from degeneration and death of motor neurons. Cre-recombinase-mediated excision of the TDP-43Q331K gene from motor neurons is shown to delay onset of motor symptoms and appearance of TDP-43-mediated aberrant nuclear morphology, and abrogate subsequent death of motor neurons. However, reduction of mutant TDP-43 selectively in motor neurons did not prevent age-dependent degeneration of axons and neuromuscular junction loss, nor did it attenuate astrogliosis or microgliosis. Thus, disease mechanism is non-cell autonomous with mutant TDP-43 expressed in motor neurons determining disease onset but progression defined by mutant acting within other cell types.
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100
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Huntington Disease as a Neurodevelopmental Disorder and Early Signs of the Disease in Stem Cells. Mol Neurobiol 2017; 55:3351-3371. [PMID: 28497201 PMCID: PMC5842500 DOI: 10.1007/s12035-017-0477-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2017] [Accepted: 03/01/2017] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Huntington disease (HD) is a dominantly inherited disorder caused by a CAG expansion mutation in the huntingtin (HTT) gene, which results in the HTT protein that contains an expanded polyglutamine tract. The adult form of HD exhibits a late onset of the fully symptomatic phase. However, there is also a long presymptomatic phase, which has been increasingly investigated and recognized as important for the disease development. Moreover, the juvenile form of HD, evoked by a higher number of CAG repeats, resembles a neurodevelopmental disorder and has recently been the focus of additional interest. Multiple lines of data, such as the developmental necessity of HTT, its role in the cell cycle and neurogenesis, and findings from pluripotent stem cells, suggest the existence of a neurodevelopmental component in HD pathogenesis. Therefore, we discuss the early molecular pathogenesis of HD in pluripotent and neural stem cells, with respect to the neurodevelopmental aspects of HD.
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