51
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Zhang Z, Lu M, Qin Y, Gao W, Tao L, Su W, Zhong J. Neoantigen: A New Breakthrough in Tumor Immunotherapy. Front Immunol 2021; 12:672356. [PMID: 33936118 PMCID: PMC8085349 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.672356] [Citation(s) in RCA: 111] [Impact Index Per Article: 37.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/25/2021] [Accepted: 03/30/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy works by stimulating and strengthening the body’s anti-tumor immune response to eliminate cancer cells. Over the past few decades, immunotherapy has shown remarkable efficacy in the treatment of cancer, particularly the success of immune checkpoint blockade targeting CTLA-4, PD-1 and PDL1, which has led to a breakthrough in tumor immunotherapy. Tumor neoantigens, a new approach to tumor immunotherapy, include antigens produced by tumor viruses integrated into the genome and antigens produced by mutant proteins, which are abundantly expressed only in tumor cells and have strong immunogenicity and tumor heterogeneity. A growing number of studies have highlighted the relationship between neoantigens and T cells’ recognition of cancer cells. Vaccines developed against neoantigens are now being used in clinical trials in various solid tumors. In this review, we summarized the latest advances in the classification of immunotherapy and the process of classification, identification and synthesis of tumor-specific neoantigens, as well as their role in current cancer immunotherapy. Finally, the application prospects and existing problems of neoantigens were discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zheying Zhang
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Manman Lu
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Yu Qin
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Wuji Gao
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Li Tao
- Department of Gastroenterology, Cancer Hospital Affiliated to Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Wei Su
- Department of Pathology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
| | - Jiateng Zhong
- Department of Pathology, Xinxiang Medical University, Xinxiang, China
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Lu Z, Zhang Y, Wang Y, Tan GH, Huang FY, Cao R, He N, Zhang L. A biotin-avidin-system-based virus-mimicking nanovaccine for tumor immunotherapy. J Control Release 2021; 332:245-259. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jconrel.2021.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2020] [Revised: 02/19/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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53
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王 婧, 彭 文, 江 美, 邬 麟. [Research Progress of Anti-angiogenic Agents Combined with Immunotherapy
in Patients with Advanced Non-small Cell Lung Cancer]. ZHONGGUO FEI AI ZA ZHI = CHINESE JOURNAL OF LUNG CANCER 2021; 24:196-203. [PMID: 33819970 PMCID: PMC8143969 DOI: 10.3779/j.issn.1009-3419.2021.101.05] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Download PDF] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/25/2020] [Revised: 01/12/2021] [Accepted: 01/21/2021] [Indexed: 12/05/2022]
Abstract
Lung cancer has the highest incidence rate and mortality in China, even in the world, and non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC) accounts for about 85%. The growth and metastasis of tumor depend on the generation of blood vessels, and anti-angiogenic therapy is playing an increasingly important role, however, no significant improvement was observed in the underwent anti-angiogenic agents used for patients alone. In recent years, the application of immune checkpoint inhibitor (ICI) has significantly improved the prognosis of some lung cancer patients, however, the objective response rate of patients receiving ICI alone is low. While anti-angiogenic agents and ICI both regulate the tumor immune microenvironment and have a potential synergistic mechanism, showing a bright prospect in the combined application of anti-tumor therapy. In this review, we focused on the research and application of anti-angiogenic agents in combination with ICI in advanced non-small cell lung cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- 婧怡 王
- />410013 长沙,中南大学湘雅医学院附属肿瘤医院/湖南省肿瘤医院胸部内二科The Second Department of Thoracic Oncology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 410013, China
| | - 文颖 彭
- />410013 长沙,中南大学湘雅医学院附属肿瘤医院/湖南省肿瘤医院胸部内二科The Second Department of Thoracic Oncology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 410013, China
| | - 美林 江
- />410013 长沙,中南大学湘雅医学院附属肿瘤医院/湖南省肿瘤医院胸部内二科The Second Department of Thoracic Oncology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 410013, China
| | - 麟 邬
- />410013 长沙,中南大学湘雅医学院附属肿瘤医院/湖南省肿瘤医院胸部内二科The Second Department of Thoracic Oncology, the Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Xiangya School of Medicine, Central South University/Hunan Cancer Hospital, Changsha 410013, China
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Pancreatic Cancers with High Grade Tumor Budding Exhibit Hallmarks of Diminished Anti-Tumor Immunity. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051090. [PMID: 33806316 PMCID: PMC7961597 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2021] [Revised: 02/26/2021] [Accepted: 02/28/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary Pancreatic cancer, in its most common manifestation pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC), is a uniquely lethal disease with very limited treatment options and few prognostic biomarkers. Tumor budding is a proven independent, adverse prognostic factor in many tumor types including PDAC. Tumor buds can be detected histologically as single cancer cells or clusters of up to four cancer cells at the tumor invasive front. Tumor budding is biologically correlated to the induction of epithelial-mesenchymal transitions (EMT) and disease progression. In this study, we sought to investigate the immunological composition of tumors with high levels of tumor budding. We show that PDAC cases with a high grade of tumor budding display notably diminished anti-tumor immunity. These findings were further validated by gene expression analysis of PDAC cases from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA). Our results provide insight on the immune escape mechanisms of tumor cells undergoing EMT. This offers the potential of designing novel treatments combining immunotherapies with EMT-targeted drugs. Abstract Tumor budding is associated with epithelial-mesenchymal transition and diminished survival in a number of cancer types including pancreatic ductal adenocarcinoma (PDAC). In this study, we dissect the immune landscapes of patients with high grade versus low grade tumor budding to determine the features associated with immune escape and disease progression in pancreatic cancer. We performed immunohistochemistry-based quantification of tumor-infiltrating leukocytes and tumor bud assessment in a cohort of n = 111 PDAC patients in a tissue microarray (TMA) format. Patients were divided based on the ITBCC categories of tumor budding as Low Grade (LG: categories 1 and 2) and High Grade (HG: category 3). Tumor budding numbers and tumor budding grade demonstrated a significant association with diminished overall survival (OS). HG cases exhibit notably reduced densities of stromal (S) and intratumoral (IT) T cells. HG cases also display lower M1 macrophages (S) and increased M2 macrophages (IT). These findings were validated using gene expression data from TCGA. A published tumor budding gene signature demonstrated a significant association with diminished survival in PDAC patients in TCGA. Immune-related gene expression revealed an immunosuppressive TME in PDAC cases with high expression of the budding signature. Our findings highlight a number of immune features that permit an improved understanding of disease progression and EMT in pancreatic cancer.
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Adoptive T Cell Therapy Is Complemented by Oncolytic Virotherapy with Fusogenic VSV-NDV in Combination Treatment of Murine Melanoma. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13051044. [PMID: 33801359 PMCID: PMC7958625 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13051044] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Cancer immunotherapies have made major advancements in recent years and are becoming the prevalent treatment options for numerous tumor entities. However, substantial response rates have only been observed in specific subsets of patients since pre-existing factors determine the susceptibility of a tumor to these therapies. The development of approaches that can actively induce an anti-tumor immune response, such as adoptive cell transfer and oncolytic virotherapy, have shown clinical success in the treatment of leukemia and melanoma, respectively. Based on the immune-stimulatory capacity of oncolytic VSV-NDV virotherapy, we envisioned a combination approach to synergize with adoptive T cell transfer, in order to enhance tumor cell killing. Using the immune-competent B16 melanoma model, we demonstrate that combination treatment has beneficial effects on the suppressive microenvironment through upregulation of MHC-I and maintaining low expression levels of PD-L1 on tumor cells. The approach led to additive cytotoxic effects and improved the recruitment of T cells to virus-infected tumor cells in vitro and in vivo. We observed substantial delays in tumor growth and evidence of abscopal effects, as well as prolongation of overall survival time when administered at clinically relevant dosing conditions. Our results indicate that treatment with oncolytic VSV-NDV, combined with adoptive T cell therapy, induces multi-mechanistic and synergistic tumor responses, which supports the further development of this promising translational approach.
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56
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Cohen R, Rousseau B, Vidal J, Colle R, Diaz LA, André T. Immune Checkpoint Inhibition in Colorectal Cancer: Microsatellite Instability and Beyond. Target Oncol 2021; 15:11-24. [PMID: 31786718 DOI: 10.1007/s11523-019-00690-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 58] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/22/2022]
Abstract
Immune checkpoints inhibitors (ICIs) have been a breakthrough, with unique response and survival patterns compared with chemotherapy for patients with advanced Mismatch Repair-deficient/Microsatellite instable (dMMR/MSI) colorectal cancer, but have shown disappointing results in Mismatch Repair-proficient/Microsatellite stable (pMMR/MSS) colorectal cancer. As up to 50% of patients harboring dMMR/MSI advanced cancers will ultimately progress after PD-1 blockade, biomarkers are needed to predict response/resistance to immunotherapy and to select patients for immunomodulating combination therapies. Patients with pMMR/MSS colorectal cancer present with distinct immune profiles compared to dMMR/MSI tumors, giving evidence of different immune escape mechanisms, which could be overcome through individualized immunotherapeutic strategies. In this review we discuss the latest developments in the field of immunotherapy for dMMR/MSI and pMMR/MSS colorectal cancers, and unresolved questions and considerations concerning the use of ICI therapies in this population. Future immunomodulation strategies based on biomarker selection (tumor mutational burden, Immunoscore®, mutational profile) are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Romain Cohen
- Sorbonne Université, Medical Oncology Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France.
| | - Benoît Rousseau
- Department of Medicine-Solid Tumor Division, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Joana Vidal
- Department of Medicine-Solid Tumor Division, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
- Medical Oncology Department, Hospital del Mar-IMIM, CIBERONC Instituto de Salud Carlos III, Barcelona, Spain
| | - Raphaël Colle
- Sorbonne Université, Medical Oncology Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
| | - Luis A Diaz
- Department of Medicine-Solid Tumor Division, Memorial Sloan Kettering Cancer Center, New York, USA
| | - Thierry André
- Sorbonne Université, Medical Oncology Department, Hôpital Saint-Antoine, AP-HP, 184 Rue du Faubourg Saint-Antoine, 75012, Paris, France
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57
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TIGIT/CD226 Axis Regulates Anti-Tumor Immunity. Pharmaceuticals (Basel) 2021; 14:ph14030200. [PMID: 33670993 PMCID: PMC7997242 DOI: 10.3390/ph14030200] [Citation(s) in RCA: 61] [Impact Index Per Article: 20.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/31/2021] [Revised: 02/23/2021] [Accepted: 02/24/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumors escape immune surveillance by inducing various immunosuppressive pathways, including the activation of inhibitory receptors on tumor-infiltrating T cells. While monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) blocking programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated antigen 4 (CTLA-4) have been approved for multiple cancer indications, only a subset of patients benefit from immune checkpoint blockade therapies, highlighting the need for additional approaches. Therefore, the identification of new target molecules acting in distinct or complementary pathways in monotherapy or combination therapy with PD-1/PD-L1 blockade is gaining immense interest. T cell immunoreceptor with Ig and immunoreceptor tyrosine-based inhibitory motif (ITIM) domains (TIGIT) has received considerable attention in cancer immunotherapy. Recently, anti-TIGIT mAb (tiragolumab) has demonstrated promising clinical efficacy in non-small cell lung cancer treatment when combined with an anti-PD-L1 drug (Tecentriq), leading to phase III trial initiation. TIGIT is expressed mainly on T and natural killer cells; it functions as an inhibitory checkpoint receptor, thereby limiting adaptive and innate immunity. CD226 competes for binding with the same ligands with TIGIT but delivers a positive stimulatory signal to the immune cells. This review discusses the recent discoveries regarding the roles of TIGIT and CD226 in immune cell function and their potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
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58
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Abstract
Antibody-based therapeutics targeting the inhibitory receptors PD-1, PD-L1, or CTLA-4 have shown remarkable clinical progress on several cancers. However, most patients do not benefit from these therapies. Thus, many efforts are being made to identify new immune checkpoint receptor-ligand pathways that are alternative targets for cancer immunotherapies. Nectin and nectin-like molecules are widely expressed on several types of tumor cells and play regulatory roles in T- and NK-cell functions. TIGIT, CD226, CD96 and CD112R on lymphoid cells are a group of immunoglobulin superfamily receptors that interact with Nectin and nectin-like molecules with different affinities. These receptors transmit activating or inhibitory signals upon binding their cognate ligands to the immune cells. The integrated signals formed by their complex interactions contribute to regu-lating immune-cell functions. Several clinical trials are currently evaluating the efficacy of anti-TIGIT and anti-CD112R blockades for treating patients with solid tumors. However, many questions still need to be answered in order to fully understand the dynamics and functions of these receptor networks. This review addresses the rationale behind targeting TIGIT, CD226, CD96, and CD112R to regulate T- and NK-cell functions and discusses their potential application in cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hyung-seung Jin
- Department of Convergence Medicine, Asan Institute for Life Sciences, Asan Medical Center, University of Ulsan College of Medicine, Seoul 05505, Korea
| | - Yoon Park
- Theragnosis Research Center, Biomedical Research Division, Korea Institute of Science and Technology (KIST), Seoul 02456, Korea
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59
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Trinh A, Gil Del Alcazar CR, Shukla SA, Chin K, Chang YH, Thibault G, Eng J, Jovanović B, Aldaz CM, Park SY, Jeong J, Wu C, Gray J, Polyak K. Genomic Alterations during the In Situ to Invasive Ductal Breast Carcinoma Transition Shaped by the Immune System. Mol Cancer Res 2020; 19:623-635. [PMID: 33443130 DOI: 10.1158/1541-7786.mcr-20-0949] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/28/2020] [Revised: 11/19/2020] [Accepted: 12/14/2020] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
The drivers of ductal carcinoma in situ (DCIS) to invasive ductal carcinoma (IDC) transition are poorly understood. Here, we conducted an integrated genomic, transcriptomic, and whole-slide image analysis to evaluate changes in copy-number profiles, mutational profiles, expression, neoantigen load, and topology in 6 cases of matched pure DCIS and recurrent IDC. We demonstrate through combined copy-number and mutational analysis that recurrent IDC can be genetically related to its pure DCIS despite long latency periods and therapeutic interventions. Immune "hot" and "cold" tumors can arise as early as DCIS and are subtype-specific. Topologic analysis showed a similar degree of pan-leukocyte-tumor mixing in both DCIS and IDC but differ when assessing specific immune subpopulations such as CD4 T cells and CD68 macrophages. Tumor-specific copy-number aberrations in MHC-I presentation machinery and losses in 3p, 4q, and 5p are associated with differences in immune signaling in estrogen receptor (ER)-negative IDC. Common oncogenic hotspot mutations in genes including TP53 and PIK3CA are predicted to be neoantigens yet are paradoxically conserved during the DCIS-to-IDC transition, and are associated with differences in immune signaling. We highlight both tumor and immune-specific changes in the transition of pure DCIS to IDC, including genetic changes in tumor cells that may have a role in modulating immune function and assist in immune escape, driving the transition to IDC. IMPLICATIONS: We demonstrate that the in situ to IDC evolutionary bottleneck is shaped by both tumor and immune cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anne Trinh
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Carlos R Gil Del Alcazar
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Sachet A Shukla
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Koei Chin
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Young Hwan Chang
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Guillaume Thibault
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Jennifer Eng
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Bojana Jovanović
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - C Marcelo Aldaz
- Department of Epigenetics and Molecular Carcinogenesis, University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, Texas
| | - So Yeon Park
- Department of Pathology, Seoul National University Bundang Hospital, Seoul National University College of Medicine, Seongnam, Korea
| | - Joon Jeong
- Department of Surgery, Gangnam Severance Hospital, Yonsei University Medical College, Seoul, Korea
| | - Catherine Wu
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Joe Gray
- Department of Biomedical Engineering and OHSU Center for Spatial Systems Biomedicine (OCSSB), Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon.,Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kornelia Polyak
- Department of Medical Oncology, Dana-Farber Cancer Institute, Boston, Massachusetts. .,Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts.,Department of Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, Massachusetts.,Broad Institute of Harvard and MIT, Cambridge, Massachusetts
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60
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Yu S, Xiong G, Zhao S, Tang Y, Tang H, Wang K, Liu H, Lan K, Bi X, Duan S. Nanobodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules for tumor immunotherapy and immunoimaging (Review). Int J Mol Med 2020; 47:444-454. [PMID: 33416134 PMCID: PMC7797440 DOI: 10.3892/ijmm.2020.4817] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
The immune checkpoint blockade is an effective strategy to enhance the anti-tumor T cell effector activity, thus becoming one of the most promising immunotherapeutic strategies in the history of cancer treatment. Several immune checkpoint inhibitor have been approved by the FDA, such as anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD-1, anti-PD-L1 monoclonal antibodies. Most tumor patients benefitted from these antibodies, but some of the patients did not respond to them. To increase the effectiveness of immunotherapy, including immune checkpoint blockade therapies, miniaturization of antibodies has been introduced. A single-domain antibody, also known as nanobody, is an attractive reagent for immunotherapy and immunoimaging thanks to its unique structural characteristic consisting of a variable region of a single heavy chain antibody. This structure confers to the nanobody a light molecular weight, making it smaller than conventional antibodies, although remaining able to bind to a specific antigen. Therefore, this review summarizes the production of nanobodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules and the application of nanobodies targeting immune checkpoint molecules in immunotherapy and immunoimaging.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sheng Yu
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Gui Xiong
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Shimei Zhao
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Yanbo Tang
- Department of Gastroenterology, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545001, P.R. China
| | - Hua Tang
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The Second Clinical Medical College of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545006, P.R. China
| | - Kaili Wang
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Hongjing Liu
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Ke Lan
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
| | - Xiongjie Bi
- Department of Clinical Laboratory, The First Affiliated Hospital of Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545001, P.R. China
| | - Siliang Duan
- Department of Medicine, Guangxi University of Science and Technology, Liuzhou, Guangxi Zhuang Autonomous Region 545005, P.R. China
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61
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Shen H, Liu J, Sun G, Yan L, Li Q, Wang Z, Xie L. The clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of programmed death-ligand 1 in prostate cancer: a meta-analysis of 3133 patients. Aging (Albany NY) 2020; 13:2279-2293. [PMID: 33318295 PMCID: PMC7880326 DOI: 10.18632/aging.202248] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/30/2020] [Accepted: 10/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Background: Programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) is considered an adverse factor predicting poor prognosis in various cancers, but the significance of PD-L1 expression for the prognosis of prostate cancer (PCa) is still unclear. We aimed to investigate the clinicopathological significance and prognostic value of PD-L1 expression in PCa. Methods: Studies were retrieved from PubMed, Web of Science, Cochrane Library and Embase before March 23, 2020. Odds ratios (ORs) and hazard ratios (HRs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were obtained to assess the results. Begg’s test was applied to evaluate publication bias. Results: Fourteen studies involving 3133 cases were analyzed. The pooled data showed that both PD-L1 protein expression and PD-L1 DNA methylation (mPD-L1) were negatively associated with biochemical recurrence-free survival, with HRs of 1.67 (95% CI = 1.38-2.06, p < 0.001) and 2.23 (95% CI = 1.51-3.29, p < 0.001), respectively. In addition, PD-L1 overexpression was significantly related to advanced tumor stage (OR = 1.40, 95% CI= 1.13-1.75, p = 0.003), positive surgical margin (OR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.03-1.78, p = 0.028), higher Gleason score (OR = 1.81, 95% CI = 1.35-2.42, p < 0.001) and androgen receptor positivity (OR = 2.20, 95% CI = 1.61-3.01, p < 0.001), while no significant correlation with age (p = 0.122), preoperative PSA (p = 0.796) or nodal status (p = 0.113) was observed. Conclusions: The study revealed that high expression of PD-L1 was related to unfavorable prognosis and advanced clinicopathological factors in PCa patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haixiang Shen
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Jin Liu
- Department of Surgical Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Guoliang Sun
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, China
| | - Libin Yan
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Qinchen Li
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Zhize Wang
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
| | - Liping Xie
- Department of Urology, First Affiliated Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, China
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62
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Huang J, Agoston AT, Guo P, Moses MA. A Rationally Designed ICAM1 Antibody Drug Conjugate for Pancreatic Cancer. ADVANCED SCIENCE (WEINHEIM, BADEN-WURTTEMBERG, GERMANY) 2020; 7:2002852. [PMID: 33344137 PMCID: PMC7740099 DOI: 10.1002/advs.202002852] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/27/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
Outcomes for pancreatic cancer (PC) patients remain strikingly poor with a 5-year survival of less than 8% due to the lack of effective treatment modalities. Here, a novel precision medicine approach for PC treatment is developed, which is composed of a rationally designed tumor-targeting ICAM1 antibody-drug conjugate (ADC) with optimized chemical linker and cytotoxic payload, complemented with a magnetic resonance imaging (MRI)-based molecular imaging approach to noninvasively evaluate the efficiency of ICAM1 ADC therapy. It is shown that ICAM1 is differentially overexpressed on the surface of human PC cells with restricted expression in normal tissues, enabling ICAM1 antibody to selectively recognize and target PC tumors in vivo. It is further demonstrated that the developed ICAM1 ADC induces potent and durable tumor regression in an orthotopic PC mouse model. To build a precision medicine, an MRI-based molecular imaging approach is developed that noninvasively maps the tumoral ICAM1 expression that can be potentially used to identify ICAM1-overexpressing PC patients. Collectively, this study establishes a strong foundation for the development of a promising ADC to address the critical need in the PC patient care.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Huang
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA02115USA
- Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Agoston T. Agoston
- Department of PathologyBrigham and Women's HospitalHarvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Peng Guo
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA02115USA
- Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
| | - Marsha A. Moses
- Vascular Biology ProgramBoston Children's HospitalBostonMA02115USA
- Department of SurgeryBoston Children's Hospital and Harvard Medical SchoolBostonMA02115USA
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Yu X, Zhu L, Liu J, Xie M, Chen J, Li J. Emerging Role of Immunotherapy for Colorectal Cancer with Liver Metastasis. Onco Targets Ther 2020; 13:11645-11658. [PMID: 33223838 PMCID: PMC7671511 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s271955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2020] [Accepted: 10/29/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
Colorectal cancer (CRC) is the third most common malignant tumor in the world and the second leading cause of cancer-related deaths, with the liver as the most common site of distant metastasis. The prognosis of CRC with liver metastasis is poor, and most patients cannot undergo surgery. In addition, conventional antitumor approaches such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, targeted therapy, and surgery result in unsatisfactory outcomes. In recent years, immunotherapy has shown good prospects in the treatment of assorted tumors by enhancing the host's antitumor immune function, and it may become a new effective treatment for liver metastasis of CRC. However, challenges remain in applying immunotherapy to CRC with liver metastasis. This review examines how the microenvironment and immunosuppressive landscape of the liver favor tumor progression. It also highlights the latest research advances in immunotherapy for colorectal liver metastasis and identifies immunotherapy as a treatment regimen with a promising future in clinical applications.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xianzhe Yu
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Lingling Zhu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiewei Liu
- Lung Cancer Center, West China Hospital of Sichuan University, Chengdu, Sichuan Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Ming Xie
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiang Chen
- Department of General Surgery, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University, Hangzhou, Zhejiang Province, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jianguo Li
- Gastrointestinal Department, The Affiliated Hospital of Zunyi Medical University, Zunyi, Guizhou Province, People’s Republic of China
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Dragomir MP, Moisoiu V, Manaila R, Pardini B, Knutsen E, Anfossi S, Amit M, Calin GA. A Holistic Perspective: Exosomes Shuttle between Nerves and Immune Cells in the Tumor Microenvironment. J Clin Med 2020; 9:jcm9113529. [PMID: 33142779 PMCID: PMC7693842 DOI: 10.3390/jcm9113529] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/12/2020] [Accepted: 10/27/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
One of the limitations of cancer research has been the restricted focus on tumor cells and the omission of other non-malignant cells that are constitutive elements of this systemic disease. Current research is focused on the bidirectional communication between tumor cells and other components of the tumor microenvironment (TME), such as immune and endothelial cells, and nerves. A major success of this bidirectional approach has been the development of immunotherapy. Recently, a more complex landscape involving a multi-lateral communication between the non-malignant components of the TME started to emerge. A prime example is the interplay between immune and endothelial cells, which led to the approval of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor-therapy combined with immune checkpoint inhibitors and classical chemotherapy in non-small cell lung cancer. Hence, a paradigm shift approach is to characterize the crosstalk between different non-malignant components of the TME and understand their role in tumorigenesis. In this perspective, we discuss the interplay between nerves and immune cells within the TME. In particular, we focus on exosomes and microRNAs as a systemic, rapid and dynamic communication channel between tumor cells, nerves and immune cells contributing to cancer progression. Finally, we discuss how combinatorial therapies blocking this tumorigenic cross-talk could lead to improved outcomes for cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mihnea P. Dragomir
- Department of Surgery, Fundeni Clinical Hospital, Carol Davila University of Medicine and Pharmacy, 022328 Bucharest, Romania
- Institute of Pathology, Charité University Hospital, 10117 Berlin, Germany
- Correspondence: (M.P.D.); (G.A.C.)
| | - Vlad Moisoiu
- Faculty of Physics, Babeş-Bolyai University, 400084 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Roxana Manaila
- Clinical Institute of Urology and Renal Transplantation, 400006 Cluj-Napoca, Romania;
| | - Barbara Pardini
- Italian Institute for Genomic Medicine (IIGM), 10060 Candiolo, Italy;
- Candiolo Cancer Institute, FPO-IRCCS, 10060 Candiolo, Italy
| | - Erik Knutsen
- Department of Medical Biology, Faculty of Health Sciences, UiT—The Arctic University of Norway, N-9037 Tromsø, Norway;
| | - Simone Anfossi
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - Moran Amit
- Department of Head and Neck Surgery, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
| | - George A. Calin
- Department of Translational Molecular Pathology, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA;
- The Center for RNA Interference and Non-Coding RNAs, The University of Texas MD Anderson Cancer Center, Houston, TX 77030, USA
- Correspondence: (M.P.D.); (G.A.C.)
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Quagliariello V, Passariello M, Rea D, Barbieri A, Iovine M, Bonelli A, Caronna A, Botti G, De Lorenzo C, Maurea N. Evidences of CTLA-4 and PD-1 Blocking Agents-Induced Cardiotoxicity in Cellular and Preclinical Models. J Pers Med 2020; 10:jpm10040179. [PMID: 33086484 PMCID: PMC7711520 DOI: 10.3390/jpm10040179] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/09/2020] [Revised: 09/29/2020] [Accepted: 10/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background: Several strategies based on immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have been developed for cancer therapy, opening to advantages in cancer outcomes. However, several ICI-induced side effects have emerged in these patients, especially a rare but clinically significant cardiotoxicity with high rate of mortality. We studied the cytotoxic and pro-inflammatory properties of Ipilimumab and Nivolumab, the underlying pathways and cytokine storm involved. Methods: Co-cultures of human cardiomyocytes and lymphocytes were exposed to Ipilimumab or Nivolumab; cell viability and expression of leukotrienes, NLRP3, MyD88, and p65/NF-kB were performed. C57 mice were treated with Ipilimumab (15 mg/kg); analysis of fractional shortening, ejection fraction, radial and longitudinal strain were made before and after treatments through 2D-echocardiography. Expression of NLRP3, MyD88, p65/NF-kB, and 12 cytokines were analyzed in murine myocardium. Results: Nivolumab and Ipilimumab exert effective anticancer, but also significant cardiotoxic effects in co-cultures of lymphocytes and tumor or cardiac cells. Both ICIs increased NLRP3, MyD88, and p65/NF-kB expression compared to untreated cells, however, the most pro-inflammatory and cardiotoxic effects were seen after exposure to Ipilimumab. Mice treated with Ipilimumab showed a significant decrease in fractional shortening and radial strain with respect to untreated mice, coupled with a significant increase in myocardial expression of NLRP3, MyD88, and several interleukins. Conclusions: Nivolumab and Ipilimumab exert cytotoxic effects mediated by the NLRP3/IL-1β and MyD88 pathways, leading to pro-inflammatory cytokine storm in heart tissue.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vincenzo Quagliariello
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (M.I.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | | | - Domenica Rea
- Animal Facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (D.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Antonio Barbieri
- Animal Facility, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (D.R.); (A.B.)
| | - Martina Iovine
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (M.I.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Annamaria Bonelli
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (M.I.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Antonietta Caronna
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (M.I.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
| | - Gerardo Botti
- Scientific Direction, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy;
| | - Claudia De Lorenzo
- CEINGE—Biotecnologie Avanzate s.c.a.r.l., 80131 Naples, Italy;
- Department of Molecular Medicine and Medical Biotechnology, University of Naples “Federico II”, 80131 Napoli, Italy
- Correspondence: (C.D.L.); (N.M.)
| | - Nicola Maurea
- Division of Cardiology, Istituto Nazionale Tumori-IRCCS-Fondazione G. Pascale, 80131 Napoli, Italy; (V.Q.); (M.I.); (A.B.); (A.C.)
- Correspondence: (C.D.L.); (N.M.)
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Mohamed H, Esposito RA, Kutzler MA, Wigdahl B, Krebs FC, Miller V. Nonthermal plasma as part of a novel strategy for vaccination. PLASMA PROCESSES AND POLYMERS (PRINT) 2020; 17:2000051. [PMID: 32837491 PMCID: PMC7404442 DOI: 10.1002/ppap.202000051] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/09/2020] [Revised: 05/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/28/2020] [Indexed: 05/03/2023]
Abstract
Vaccination has been one of the most effective health intervention mechanisms to reduce morbidity and mortality associated with infectious diseases. Vaccines stimulate the body's protective immune responses through controlled exposure to modified versions of pathogens that establish immunological memory. However, only a few diseases have effective vaccines. The biological effects of nonthermal plasma on cells suggest that plasma could play an important role in improving efficacy of existing vaccines and overcoming some of the limitations and challenges with current vaccination strategies. This review summarizes the opportunities for nonthermal plasma for immunization and therapeutic purposes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hager Mohamed
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Rita A. Esposito
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Michele A. Kutzler
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Brian Wigdahl
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Fred C. Krebs
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
| | - Vandana Miller
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Institute for Molecular Medicine and Infectious DiseaseDrexel University College of MedicinePhiladelphiaPennsylvania
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Zhou B, Wu Q, Wang M, Hoover A, Wang X, Zhou F, Towner RA, Smith N, Saunders D, Song J, Qu J, Chen WR. Immunologically modified MnFe 2O 4 nanoparticles to synergize photothermal therapy and immunotherapy for cancer treatment. CHEMICAL ENGINEERING JOURNAL (LAUSANNE, SWITZERLAND : 1996) 2020; 396:125239. [PMID: 32523422 PMCID: PMC7286552 DOI: 10.1016/j.cej.2020.125239] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/08/2023]
Abstract
Immunotherapy has been a promising candidate for cancer treatment. The combination of photothermal therapy (PTT) and immunotherapy have shown to cause tumor ablation and induce host immune response. However, this strategy is often hampered by a limited immune response and undesirable immunosuppression. In this work, we developed an immunologically modified nanoplatform, using ovalbumin (OVA)-coated PEGylated MnFe2O4 nanoparticles (NPs) loaded with R837 immunoadjuvant (R837-OVA-PEG-MnFe2O4 NPs) to synergize PTT and immunotherapy for the treatment of breast cancer. The designed R837-OVA-PEG-MnFe2O4 NPs are able to elicit significant immune responses in vitro and in vivo. MnFe2O4 NPs also allowed for a reduction of systemic immunosuppression through downregulation of M2-associated cytokines. More importantly, the R837-OVA-PEG-MnFe2O4 NPs under laser irradiation effectively inhibited tumor growth and prevented lung metastases, leading to a prolonged survival time and improved survival rate. In addition, the designed multitasking MnFe2O4 NPs showed as a good contrast agent for magnetic resonance (MR) imaging to detect orthotopic breast tumor in vivo. Our work provides a novel strategy for combined PTT and improved immunotherapy in the treatment of breast and other metastatic cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benqing Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Department of Biomedical Engineering, College of Engineering, Shantou University, Shantou, 515063, P. R. China
| | - Qiang Wu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Meng Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Ashley Hoover
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center of Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, 73034, USA
| | - Xin Wang
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Feifan Zhou
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
| | - Rheal A. Towner
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Nataliya Smith
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Debra Saunders
- Advanced Magnetic Resonance Center, Oklahoma Medical Research Foundation, Oklahoma City, Oklahoma, 73104, USA
| | - Jun Song
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (J. Song), (J. Qu), and (W. Chen)
| | - Junle Qu
- Key Laboratory of Optoelectronic Devices and Systems of Ministry of Education and Guangdong Province, College of Physics and Optoelectronic Engineering, Shenzhen University, Shenzhen, 518060, P. R. China
- Corresponding author. (J. Song), (J. Qu), and (W. Chen)
| | - Wei R. Chen
- Biophotonics Research Laboratory, Center of Interdisciplinary Biomedical Education and Research, College of Mathematics and Science, University of Central Oklahoma, Edmond, Oklahoma, 73034, USA
- Corresponding author. (J. Song), (J. Qu), and (W. Chen)
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Zammarchi F, Havenith K, Bertelli F, Vijayakrishnan B, Chivers S, van Berkel PH. CD25-targeted antibody-drug conjugate depletes regulatory T cells and eliminates established syngeneic tumors via antitumor immunity. J Immunother Cancer 2020; 8:jitc-2020-000860. [PMID: 32912922 PMCID: PMC7482493 DOI: 10.1136/jitc-2020-000860] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/24/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Regulatory T cells (Tregs) contribute to an immunosuppressive tumor microenvironment. They play an important role in the establishment and progression of tumors with high Tregs infiltration and present a major obstacle to tumor eradication by immunotherapies. Numerous strategies have been attempted to deplete or block Tregs, although their success has been limited. Methods A CD25-targeted, pyrrolobenzodiazepine (PBD) dimer-based antibody–drug conjugate (ADC) was investigated for its ability to deplete Tregs and induce antitumor immunity. Antitumor activity of CD25-ADC either alone or in combination with an anti-programmed cell death protein 1 (PD-1) antibody was evaluated in CD25-negative syngeneic models that exhibit tumor infiltration of CD25-expressing Tregs, and its pharmacodynamics and pharmacokinetics were assessed. Results Single low doses of CD25-ADC resulted in potent and durable antitumor activity in established syngeneic solid tumor models and the combination of a suboptimal dose was synergistic with PD-1 blockade. Tumor eradication by the CD25-targeted ADC was CD8+ T cell-dependent and CD25-ADC induced protective immunity. Importantly, while CD25-ADC mediated a significant and sustained intratumoral Tregs depletion, accompanied by a concomitant increase in the number of activated and proliferating tumor-infiltrating CD8+ T effector cells, systemic Tregs depletion was transient, alleviating concerns of potential autoimmune side effects. Conclusions This study shows that a PBD dimer-based, CD25-targeted ADC is able to deplete Tregs and eradicate established tumors via antitumor immunity. This represents a novel approach to efficiently deplete Tregs via a very potent DNA damaging toxin known to induce immunogenic cell death. Moreover, this study provides proof of concept for a completely new application of ADCs as immunotherapeutic agents, as the main mode of action relies on the ADC directly targeting immune cells, rather than tumor cells. These strong preclinical data warrant the clinical evaluation of camidanlumab tesirine (ADCT-301), a PBD-based ADC targeting human CD25, either alone or in combination with checkpoint inhibitors in solid tumors with known Tregs infiltration. A phase I trial (NCT03621982) of camidanlumab tesirine in patients with selected advanced solid tumors is ongoing.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Karin Havenith
- ADC Therapeutics (UK) Limited, QMB Innovation Centre, London, UK
| | | | | | - Simon Chivers
- ADC Therapeutics (UK) Limited, QMB Innovation Centre, London, UK
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Lee J, Jeong MI, Kim HR, Park H, Moon WK, Kim B. Plant Extracts as Possible Agents for Sequela of Cancer Therapies and Cachexia. Antioxidants (Basel) 2020; 9:E836. [PMID: 32906727 PMCID: PMC7555300 DOI: 10.3390/antiox9090836] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2020] [Revised: 09/04/2020] [Accepted: 09/04/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Cancer is a leading cause of the death worldwide. Since the National Cancer Act in 1971, various cancer treatments were developed including chemotherapy, surgery, radiation therapy and so forth. However, sequela of such cancer therapies and cachexia are problem to the patients. The primary mechanism of cancer sequela and cachexia is closely related to reactive oxygen species (ROS) and inflammation. As antioxidant properties of numerous plant extracts have been widely reported, plant-derived drugs may have efficacy on managing the sequela and cachexia. In this study, recent seventy-four studies regarding plant extracts showing ability to manage the sequela and cachexia were reviewed. Some plant-derived antioxidants inhibited cancer proliferation and inflammation after surgery and others prevented chemotherapy-induced normal cell apoptosis. Also, there are plant extracts that suppressed radiation-induced oxidative stress and cell damage by elevation of glutathione (GSH), superoxide dismutase (SOD), catalase (CAT), glutathione peroxidase (GPx) and regulation of B-cell lymphoma 2 (BcL-2) and Bcl-2-associated X protein (Bax). Cachexia was also alleviated by inhibition of tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α), interleukin-1β (IL-1β), interleukin-6 (IL-6) and monocyte chemoattractant protein-1 (MCP-1) by plant extracts. This review focuses on the potential of plant extracts as great therapeutic agents by controlling oxidative stress and inflammation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jinjoo Lee
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Myung In Jeong
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Hyo-Rim Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Hyejin Park
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Won-Kyoung Moon
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
| | - Bonglee Kim
- College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea; (J.L.); (M.I.J.); (H.-R.K.); (H.P.); (W.-K.M.)
- Department of Pathology, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea
- Korean Medicine-Based Drug Repositioning Cancer Research Center, College of Korean Medicine, Kyung Hee University, Hoegi-dong Dongdaemun-gu, Seoul 05253, Korea
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Wang Y, Xiang Y, Xin VW, Wang XW, Peng XC, Liu XQ, Wang D, Li N, Cheng JT, Lyv YN, Cui SZ, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Xin HW. Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020. [PMID: 32746880 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00939-6.pmid:32746880;pmcid:pmc7397618] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/09/2023] Open
Abstract
As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss how DCs (1) recognize pathogenic antigens with pattern recognition receptors through specific phagocytosis and through non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) process antigens into small peptides with proper sizes and sequences, and (3) present MHC-peptides to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate immune responses against invading microbes and aberrant host cells. During anti-tumor immune responses, DC-derived exosomes were discovered to participate in antigen presentation. T cell microvillar dynamics and TCR conformational changes were demonstrated upon DC antigen presentation. Caspase-11-driven hyperactive DCs were recently reported to convert effectors into memory T cells. DCs were also reported to crosstalk with NK cells. Additionally, DCs are the most important sentinel cells for immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment. Alongside DC biology, we review the latest developments for DC-based tumor immunotherapy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Personalized DC vaccine-induced T cell immunity, which targets tumor-specific antigens, has been demonstrated to be a promising form of tumor immunotherapy in patients with melanoma. Importantly, allogeneic-IgG-loaded and HLA-restricted neoantigen DC vaccines were discovered to have robust anti-tumor effects in mice. Our comprehensive review of DC biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy aids in the understanding of DCs as the mentors of T cells and as novel tumor immunotherapy cells with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | | | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Medical Imaging, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Ning Lyv
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China.
- Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
- Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
- People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Lianjiang, 524400, Guangdong, China.
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Wang Y, Xiang Y, Xin VW, Wang XW, Peng XC, Liu XQ, Wang D, Li N, Cheng JT, Lyv YN, Cui SZ, Ma Z, Zhang Q, Xin HW. Dendritic cell biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:107. [PMID: 32746880 PMCID: PMC7397618 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00939-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 211] [Impact Index Per Article: 52.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
As crucial antigen presenting cells, dendritic cells (DCs) play a vital role in tumor immunotherapy. Taking into account the many recent advances in DC biology, we discuss how DCs (1) recognize pathogenic antigens with pattern recognition receptors through specific phagocytosis and through non-specific micropinocytosis, (2) process antigens into small peptides with proper sizes and sequences, and (3) present MHC-peptides to CD4+ and CD8+ T cells to initiate immune responses against invading microbes and aberrant host cells. During anti-tumor immune responses, DC-derived exosomes were discovered to participate in antigen presentation. T cell microvillar dynamics and TCR conformational changes were demonstrated upon DC antigen presentation. Caspase-11-driven hyperactive DCs were recently reported to convert effectors into memory T cells. DCs were also reported to crosstalk with NK cells. Additionally, DCs are the most important sentinel cells for immune surveillance in the tumor microenvironment. Alongside DC biology, we review the latest developments for DC-based tumor immunotherapy in preclinical studies and clinical trials. Personalized DC vaccine-induced T cell immunity, which targets tumor-specific antigens, has been demonstrated to be a promising form of tumor immunotherapy in patients with melanoma. Importantly, allogeneic-IgG-loaded and HLA-restricted neoantigen DC vaccines were discovered to have robust anti-tumor effects in mice. Our comprehensive review of DC biology and its role in tumor immunotherapy aids in the understanding of DCs as the mentors of T cells and as novel tumor immunotherapy cells with immense potential.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yingying Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China.,Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Gynaecology, Comprehensive Cancer Center, Hannover Medical School, 30625, Hannover, Germany
| | - Ying Xiang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | | | - Xian-Wang Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Chun Peng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Pathophysiology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Xiao-Qin Liu
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Medical Imaging, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Dong Wang
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Na Li
- Department of Oncology, First Affiliated Hospital of Yangtze University, Jingzhou, Hubei, China
| | - Jun-Ting Cheng
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China
| | - Yan-Ning Lyv
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Endemic Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing Center for Diseases Prevention and Control, Beijing, 100013, China
| | - Shu-Zhong Cui
- State Key Laboratory of Respiratory Disease, Affiliated Cancer Hospital & Institute of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, 510095, China
| | - Zhaowu Ma
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China.
| | - Qing Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Biocontrol, School of Life Sciences, Sun Yat-sen University, Guangzhou, 510275, China. .,Institute of Sun Yat-sen University in Shenzhen, Shenzhen, China.
| | - Hong-Wu Xin
- Laboratory of Oncology, Center for Molecular Medicine, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, 1 Nanhuan Road, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,Department of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology, School of Basic Medicine, Faculty of Medicine, Yangtze University, Jingzhou, 434023, Hubei, China. .,People's Hospital of Lianjiang, Lianjiang, 524400, Guangdong, China.
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72
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Novel Immunotherapeutic Approach in Gastric Cancer. ACTA MEDICA BULGARICA 2020. [DOI: 10.2478/amb-2020-0024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Abstract
Gastric cancer (GC) is suitable for immunotherapy because 80% of it display microsatellite and chromosomal instability, some mutations and DNA hypermethylation. Therefore, GC is more immunogenic. The immunotherapy with monoclonal antibodies, adoptive cell therapy and checkpoint inhibition are discussed. The commonly used monoclonal antibodies are Trastuzumab targeting HER2 and Bevacizumab suppressing VEGF and tumor angiogenesis. Treatment with tumor-specific T cells is called adoptive cell therapy. There is experience with the application of tumor infiltrating lymphocytes (TILs), cytotoxic T lymphocytes (CTLs) and cytokine-induced killer cells (CIK). This review discusses the therapy with innate immune cells with anti-tumor activity such as dendritic cells and NK cells. The checkpoint inhibition was also reviewed. In conclusion, it could be stated that the immunotherapy of GC has the potential to provide a more favorable outcome to patients with GC, but it also have some limitations which need to be considered.
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73
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Pol JG, Caudana P, Paillet J, Piaggio E, Kroemer G. Effects of interleukin-2 in immunostimulation and immunosuppression. J Exp Med 2020; 217:jem.20191247. [PMID: 31611250 PMCID: PMC7037245 DOI: 10.1084/jem.20191247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 97] [Impact Index Per Article: 24.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/08/2019] [Revised: 08/29/2019] [Accepted: 09/23/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Distinctions in the nature and spatiotemporal expression of IL-2R subunits on conventional versus regulatory T cells are exploited to manipulate IL-2 immunomodulatory effects. Particularly, low-dose IL-2 and some recombinant derivatives are being evaluated to enhance/inhibit immune responses for therapeutic purposes. Historically, interleukin-2 (IL-2) was first described as an immunostimulatory factor that supports the expansion of activated effector T cells. A layer of sophistication arose when regulatory CD4+ T lymphocytes (Tregs) were shown to require IL-2 for their development, homeostasis, and immunosuppressive functions. Fundamental distinctions in the nature and spatiotemporal expression patterns of IL-2 receptor subunits on naive/memory/effector T cells versus Tregs are now being exploited to manipulate the immunomodulatory effects of IL-2 for therapeutic purposes. Although high-dose IL-2 administration has yielded discrete clinical responses, low-dose IL-2 as well as innovative strategies based on IL-2 derivatives, including “muteins,” immunocomplexes, and immunocytokines, are being explored to therapeutically enhance or inhibit the immune response.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan G Pol
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France
| | - Pamela Caudana
- Institut Curie, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U932, Paris, France
| | - Juliette Paillet
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Université Paris-Sud/Paris XI, Faculté de Médecine, Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Eliane Piaggio
- Institut Curie, Université de Recherche Paris Sciences & Lettres (PSL), Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U932, Paris, France.,Centre d'Investigation Clinique Biothérapie CICBT 1428, Institut Curie, Paris, France
| | - Guido Kroemer
- Université de Paris, Paris, France.,Equipe 11 labellisée Ligue Nationale contre le Cancer, Centre de Recherche des Cordeliers, Paris, France.,Institut National de la Santé et de la Recherche Médicale (INSERM), U1138, Paris, France.,Sorbonne Université, Paris, France.,Metabolomics and Cell Biology Platforms, Gustave Roussy Cancer Campus, Villejuif, France.,Pôle de Biologie, Hôpital Européen Georges Pompidou, Assistance publique - Hôpitaux de Paris (AP-HP), Paris, France.,Suzhou Institute for Systems Medicine, Chinese Academy of Sciences, Suzhou, China.,Department of Women's and Children's Health, Karolinska University Hospital, Stockholm, Sweden
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74
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Cytokines that target immune killer cells against tumors. Cell Mol Immunol 2020; 17:722-727. [PMID: 32523115 DOI: 10.1038/s41423-020-0481-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/17/2020] [Accepted: 05/20/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
T-cell-stimulating cytokines have shown promise as monotherapies or in combination with other therapeutic modalities for immunotherapy of cancer. However, their efficacy is limited due to their short half-life, pleiotropic roles, and induction of severe toxicity even at therapeutic doses. To overcome these major therapeutic barriers, cytokine-based products are being further developed to improve their therapeutic index. These approaches include manipulating their activity to preferentially bind to effector immune cells rather than immune-suppressive cells, prolonging their half-life in vivo and modifying them to target tumors. This review focuses on IL-2, IL-15, and IL-10, which have potent effects on immune cells that mediate effective antitumor responses. We will summarize the recent progress of these cytokines in both preclinical studies and selective clinical applications and will discuss our perspectives on the development of new strategies to potentiate cytokine-based immunotherapy.
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75
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Zhang Z, Liu J, Zhang C, Li F, Li L, Wang D, Chand D, Guan F, Zang X, Zhang Y. Over-Expression and Prognostic Significance of HHLA2, a New Immune Checkpoint Molecule, in Human Clear Cell Renal Cell Carcinoma. Front Cell Dev Biol 2020; 8:280. [PMID: 32509772 PMCID: PMC7248229 DOI: 10.3389/fcell.2020.00280] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 03/31/2020] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
HHLA2, a newly identified B7 family member, regulates T cell functions. However, the expression and prognostic value of HHLA2 in solid tumors is ill defined. This study aimed to reveal the expression landscape of HHLA2 in various solid tumors, and to evaluate its prognostic value in kidney clear cell carcinoma (KIRC). Using The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) database, we investigated the expression pattern of HHLA2 across 22 types of cancer. HHLA2 and CD8 protein expression was determined via immunohistochemistry (IHC). KIRC-specific findings were further analyzed with R software and the prognostic value was validated on tissue microarrays. HHLA2 was widely expressed in cancers at both the mRNA and protein levels. Among all tested tumors, KIRC showed the highest transcript level of HHLA2, and HHLA2 levels were significantly higher in tumor tissues than in matched normal samples, as evidenced by both TCGA and IHC data. HHLA2 was also positively correlated with survival rates in KIRC based on TCGA and clinical data. Receiver operating characteristic curves data showed the prognostic value of HHLA2 for patients with KIRC in TCGA. Moreover, HHLA2 was positively correlated with immune-related genes, while HHLA2 and CD8 expression exhibited a consistent trend in KIRC tumor samples. In conclusion, HHLA2 is highly expressed in KIRC and predicts a favorable survival outcome, highlighting that it may work as a potential target for KIRC therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhen Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Jinyan Liu
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Chaoqi Zhang
- Department of Thoracic Surgery, National Cancer Center/Cancer Hospital, Chinese Academy of Medical Sciences and Peking Union Medical College, Beijing, China
| | - Feng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Lifeng Li
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Dan Wang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Damini Chand
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Fangxia Guan
- School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China
| | - Xingxing Zang
- Department of Microbiology and Immunology, Albert Einstein College of Medicine, Bronx, NY, United States
| | - Yi Zhang
- Biotherapy Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,School of Life Sciences, Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Cancer Center, The First Affiliated Hospital of Zhengzhou University, Zhengzhou, China.,Key Laboratory for Tumor Immunology and Biotherapy of Henan Province, Zhengzhou, China
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76
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Galli F, Aguilera JV, Palermo B, Markovic SN, Nisticò P, Signore A. Relevance of immune cell and tumor microenvironment imaging in the new era of immunotherapy. J Exp Clin Cancer Res 2020; 39:89. [PMID: 32423420 PMCID: PMC7236372 DOI: 10.1186/s13046-020-01586-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 144] [Impact Index Per Article: 36.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Accepted: 04/28/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
Tumor-infiltrating immune cells play a key role against cancer. However, malignant cells are able to evade the immune response and establish a very complex balance in which different immune subtypes may drive tumor progression, metastatization and resistance to therapy. New immunotherapeutic approaches aim at restoring the natural balance and increase immune response against cancer by different mechanisms. The complexity of these interactions and the heterogeneity of immune cell subpopulations are a real challenge when trying to develop new immunotherapeutics and evaluate or predict their efficacy in vivo. To this purpose, molecular imaging can offer non-invasive diagnostic tools like radiopharmaceuticals, contrast agents or fluorescent dyes. These agents can be useful for preclinical and clinical purposes and can overcome [18F]FDG limitations in discriminating between true-progression and pseudo-progression. This review provides a comprehensive overview of immune cells involved in microenvironment, available immunotherapies and imaging agents to highlight the importance of new therapeutic biomarkers and their in vivo evaluation to improve the management of cancer patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Filippo Galli
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, Roma, Italy.
| | - Jesus Vera Aguilera
- Department of oncology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, (MN), Rochester, USA
| | - Belinda Palermo
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Svetomir N Markovic
- Department of oncology and Department of Immunology, Mayo Clinic, (MN), Rochester, USA
| | - Paola Nisticò
- Tumor Immunology and Immunotherapy Unit, Department of Research, Advanced Diagnostics and Technological Innovation, IRCCS Regina Elena National Cancer Institute, Rome, Italy
| | - Alberto Signore
- Nuclear Medicine Unit, Department of Medical-Surgical Sciences and of Translational Medicine, "Sapienza" University of Rome, S. Andrea University Hospital, Roma, Italy
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77
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Abstract
Checkpoint inhibitors have become an efficient way to treat cancers. Indeed, anti-CTLA-4, anti-PD1, and anti-PDL-1 antibodies are now used as therapies for cancers. However, while these therapies are very efficient in certain tumors, they remain poorly efficient in others. This might be explained by the immune infiltrate, the expression of target molecules, and the influence of the tumor microenvironment. It is therefore critical to identify checkpoint antigens that represent alternative targets for immunotherapies. PVR-like molecules play regulatory roles in immune cell functions. These proteins are expressed by different cell types and have been shown to be upregulated in various malignancies. PVR and Nectin-2 are expressed by tumor cells as well as myeloid cells, while TIGIT, CD96, and DNAM-1 are expressed on effector lymphoid cells. PVR is able to bind DNAM-1, CD96, and TIGIT, which results in two distinct profiles of effector cell activation. Indeed, while binding to DNAM-1 induces the release of cytokines and cytotoxicity of cytotoxic effector cells, binding TIGIT induces an immunosuppressive and non-cytotoxic profile. PVR is also able to bind CD96, which induces an immunosuppressive response in murine models. Unfortunately, in humans, results remain contradictory, and this interaction might induce the activation or the suppression of the immune response. Similarly, Nectin-2 was shown to bind TIGIT and to induce regulatory profiles in effectors cells such as NK and T cells. Therefore, these data highlight the potential of each of the molecules of the “PVR–TIGIT axis” as a potential target for immune checkpoint therapy. However, many questions remain to be answered to fully understand the mechanisms of this synapse, in particular for human CD96 and Nectin-2, which are still understudied. Here, we review the recent advances in “PVR–TIGIT axis” research and discuss the potential of targeting this axis by checkpoint immunotherapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laurent Gorvel
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
| | - Daniel Olive
- Cancer Research Center of Marseille, INSERM U1068, CNRS U7258, Aix Marseille Université, Institut Paoli - Calmettes, Marseille, France
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78
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Kozminsky M, Sohn LL. The promise of single-cell mechanophenotyping for clinical applications. BIOMICROFLUIDICS 2020; 14:031301. [PMID: 32566069 PMCID: PMC7286698 DOI: 10.1063/5.0010800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2020] [Accepted: 05/11/2020] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Cancer is the second leading cause of death worldwide. Despite the immense research focused in this area, one is still not able to predict disease trajectory. To overcome shortcomings in cancer disease study and monitoring, we describe an exciting research direction: cellular mechanophenotyping. Cancer cells must overcome many challenges involving external forces from neighboring cells, the extracellular matrix, and the vasculature to survive and thrive. Identifying and understanding their mechanical behavior in response to these forces would advance our understanding of cancer. Moreover, used alongside traditional methods of immunostaining and genetic analysis, mechanophenotyping could provide a comprehensive view of a heterogeneous tumor. In this perspective, we focus on new technologies that enable single-cell mechanophenotyping. Single-cell analysis is vitally important, as mechanical stimuli from the environment may obscure the inherent mechanical properties of a cell that can change over time. Moreover, bulk studies mask the heterogeneity in mechanical properties of single cells, especially those rare subpopulations that aggressively lead to cancer progression or therapeutic resistance. The technologies on which we focus include atomic force microscopy, suspended microchannel resonators, hydrodynamic and optical stretching, and mechano-node pore sensing. These technologies are poised to contribute to our understanding of disease progression as well as present clinical opportunities.
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Affiliation(s)
- Molly Kozminsky
- California Institute for Quantitative Biosciences, University of California, 174 Stanley Hall, Berkeley, California 94720, USA
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79
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Charles J, Chaperot L, Hannani D, Bruder Costa J, Templier I, Trabelsi S, Gil H, Moisan A, Persoons V, Hegelhofer H, Schir E, Quesada JL, Mendoza C, Aspord C, Manches O, Coulie PG, Khammari A, Dreno B, Leccia MT, Plumas J. An innovative plasmacytoid dendritic cell line-based cancer vaccine primes and expands antitumor T-cells in melanoma patients in a first-in-human trial. Oncoimmunology 2020; 9:1738812. [PMID: 32313721 PMCID: PMC7153838 DOI: 10.1080/2162402x.2020.1738812] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/22/2019] [Revised: 01/28/2020] [Accepted: 01/28/2020] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The efficacy of immune checkpoint inhibitors has been shown to depend on preexisting antitumor immunity; thus, their combination with cancer vaccines is an attractive therapeutic approach. Plasmacytoid dendritic cells (PDC) are strong inducers of antitumor responses and represent promising vaccine candidates. We developed a cancer vaccine approach based on an allogeneic PDC line that functioned as a very potent antigen-presenting cell in pre-clinical studies. In this phase Ib clinical trial, nine patients with metastatic stage IV melanoma received up to 60 million irradiated PDC line cells loaded with 4 melanoma antigens, injected subcutaneously at weekly intervals. The primary endpoints were safety and tolerability. The vaccine was well tolerated and no serious vaccine-induced side effects were recorded. Strikingly, there was no allogeneic response toward the vaccine, but a significant increase in the frequency of circulating anti-tumor specific T lymphocytes was observed in two patients, accompanied by a switch from a naïve to memory phenotype, thus demonstrating priming of antigen-specific T-cells. Signs of clinical activity were observed, including four stable diseases according to IrRC and vitiligoïd lesions. Four patients were still alive at week 48. We also demonstrate the in vitro enhancement of specific T cell expansion induced by the synergistic combination of peptide-loaded PDC line with anti-PD-1, as compared to peptide-loaded PDC line alone. Taken together, these clinical observations demonstrate the ability of the PDC line based-vaccine to prime and expand antitumor CD8+ responses in cancer patients. Further trials should test the combination of this vaccine with immune checkpoint inhibitors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Julie Charles
- Immunobiology and Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Dermatology Department, Pôle Pluridisciplinaire de Médecine, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Laurence Chaperot
- Immunobiology and Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,R&D Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Dalil Hannani
- Immune checkpoint inhibitors, PDCline Pharma, Grenoble
| | - Juliana Bruder Costa
- Immunobiology and Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Dermatology Department, Pôle Pluridisciplinaire de Médecine, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,R&D Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Isabelle Templier
- Dermatology Department, Pôle Pluridisciplinaire de Médecine, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Sabiha Trabelsi
- Dermatology Department, Pôle Pluridisciplinaire de Médecine, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Hugo Gil
- Pathology Department, Institut de Biologie et Pathologie, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Anaick Moisan
- Immunobiology and Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Cell Therapy and Engineering Unit, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint Ismier, France
| | - Virginie Persoons
- Cell Therapy and Engineering Unit, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint Ismier, France
| | - Harald Hegelhofer
- Cell Therapy and Engineering Unit, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Saint Ismier, France
| | - Edith Schir
- Délégation à la Recherche Clinique et à l'Innovation, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | | | | | - Caroline Aspord
- Immunobiology and Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,R&D Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Olivier Manches
- Immunobiology and Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,R&D Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Pierre G Coulie
- de Duve Institute, Université Catholique de Louvain, Brussels, Belgium
| | - Amir Khammari
- Onco-dermatology Department, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Brigitte Dreno
- Onco-dermatology Department, CHU Nantes, CIC 1413, CRCINA, Nantes University, Nantes, France
| | - Marie-Thérèse Leccia
- Immunobiology and Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Dermatology Department, Pôle Pluridisciplinaire de Médecine, CHU Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France
| | - Joel Plumas
- Immunobiology and Immunotherapy of Chronic Diseases, Institute for Advanced Biosciences, Inserm U 1209, CNRS UMR 5309, Université Grenoble Alpes, Grenoble, France.,R&D Laboratory, Etablissement Français du Sang Auvergne-Rhône-Alpes, Grenoble, France.,Immune checkpoint inhibitors, PDCline Pharma, Grenoble
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80
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Yi M, Xu L, Jiao Y, Luo S, Li A, Wu K. The role of cancer-derived microRNAs in cancer immune escape. J Hematol Oncol 2020; 13:25. [PMID: 32222150 PMCID: PMC7103070 DOI: 10.1186/s13045-020-00848-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 137] [Impact Index Per Article: 34.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2019] [Accepted: 02/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
During malignant transformation, accumulated somatic mutations endow cancer cells with increased invasiveness and immunogenicity. Under selective pressure, these highly immunogenic cancer cells develop multiple strategies to evade immune attack. It has been well established that cancer cells could downregulate the expression of major histocompatibility complex, acquire alterations in interferon pathway, and upregulate the activities of immune checkpoint pathways. Besides, cancer cells secret numerous cytokines, exosomes, and microvesicles to regulate the functions and abundances of components in the tumor microenvironment including immune effector cells and professional antigen presentation cells. As the vital determinant of post-transcriptional regulation, microRNAs (miRNAs) not only participate in cancer initiation and progression but also regulate anti-cancer immune response. For instance, some miRNAs affect cancer immune surveillance and immune escape by interfering the expression of immune attack-associated molecules. A growing body of evidence indicated that cancer-derived immune modulatory miRNAs might be promising targets to counteract cancer immune escape. In this review, we summarized the role of some miRNAs in cancer immune escape and discussed their potential clinical application as treatment targets.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Linping Xu
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Ying Jiao
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Suxia Luo
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Anping Li
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Kongming Wu
- Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
- Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital of Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
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81
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Tronik-Le Roux D, Sautreuil M, Bentriou M, Vérine J, Palma MB, Daouya M, Bouhidel F, Lemler S, LeMaoult J, Desgrandchamps F, Cournède PH, Carosella ED. Comprehensive landscape of immune-checkpoints uncovered in clear cell renal cell carcinoma reveals new and emerging therapeutic targets. Cancer Immunol Immunother 2020; 69:1237-1252. [PMID: 32166404 DOI: 10.1007/s00262-020-02530-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/26/2019] [Accepted: 02/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Clear cell renal cell carcinoma (ccRCC) constitutes the most common renal cell carcinoma subtype and has long been recognized as an immunogenic cancer. As such, significant attention has been directed toward optimizing immune-checkpoints (IC)-based therapies. Despite proven benefits, a substantial number of patients remain unresponsive to treatment, suggesting that yet unreported, immunosuppressive mechanisms coexist within tumors and their microenvironment. Here, we comprehensively analyzed and ranked forty-four immune-checkpoints expressed in ccRCC on the basis of in-depth analysis of RNAseq data collected from the TCGA database and advanced statistical methods designed to obtain the group of checkpoints that best discriminates tumor from healthy tissues. Immunohistochemistry and flow cytometry confirmed and enlarged the bioinformatics results. In particular, by using the recursive feature elimination method, we show that HLA-G, B7H3, PDL-1 and ILT2 are the most relevant genes that characterize ccRCC. Notably, ILT2 expression was detected for the first time on tumor cells. The levels of other ligand-receptor pairs such as CD70:CD27; 4-1BB:4-1BBL; CD40:CD40L; CD86:CTLA4; MHC-II:Lag3; CD200:CD200R; CD244:CD48 were also found highly expressed in tumors compared to adjacent non-tumor tissues. Collectively, our approach provides a comprehensible classification of forty-four IC expressed in ccRCC, some of which were never reported before to be co-expressed in ccRCC. In addition, the algorithms used allowed identifying the most relevant group that best discriminates tumor from healthy tissues. The data can potentially assist on the choice of valuable immune-therapy targets which hold potential for the development of more effective anti-tumor treatments.
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Affiliation(s)
- Diana Tronik-Le Roux
- Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de La Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Service de Recherche en Hémato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France. .,Université de paris, U976 HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France. .,CEA, Direction de La Recherche Fondamentale, Service de Recherche en Hémato-Immunologie, Hôpital Saint-Louis, IUH, 1, avenue Claude Vellefaux, 75010, Paris, France.
| | - Mathilde Sautreuil
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Informatics (MICS), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Mahmoud Bentriou
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Informatics (MICS), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Jérôme Vérine
- Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de La Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Service de Recherche en Hémato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Service D'Anatomo-Pathologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Maria Belén Palma
- Cátedra de Citología, Histología Y Embriología A, Facultad de Ciencias Médicas, UNLP, Buenos Aires, Argentina
| | - Marina Daouya
- Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de La Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Service de Recherche en Hémato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université de paris, U976 HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - Fatiha Bouhidel
- Service D'Anatomo-Pathologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Sarah Lemler
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Informatics (MICS), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Joel LeMaoult
- Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de La Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Service de Recherche en Hémato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université de paris, U976 HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
| | - François Desgrandchamps
- Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de La Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Service de Recherche en Hémato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Service D'Urologie, AP-HP, Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France
| | - Paul-Henry Cournède
- Laboratory of Mathematics and Informatics (MICS), CentraleSupélec, Université Paris-Saclay, 91190, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Edgardo D Carosella
- Commissariat à L'Energie Atomique Et Aux Energies Alternatives (CEA), Direction de La Recherche Fondamentale (DRF), Service de Recherche en Hémato-Immunologie (SRHI), Hôpital Saint-Louis, Paris, France.,Université de paris, U976 HIPI Unit, Institut de Recherche Saint-Louis, 75010, Paris, France
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82
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Jeong S, Park SH. Co-Stimulatory Receptors in Cancers and Their Implications for Cancer Immunotherapy. Immune Netw 2020; 20:e3. [PMID: 32158591 PMCID: PMC7049585 DOI: 10.4110/in.2020.20.e3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 37] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/05/2020] [Revised: 01/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2020] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs), including anti-PD-1 and anti-CTLA-4 therapeutic agents, are now approved by the Food and Drug Administration for treatment of various types of cancer. However, the therapeutic efficacy of ICIs varies among patients and cancer types. Moreover, most patients do not develop durable antitumor responses after ICI therapy due to an ephemeral reversal of T-cell dysfunction. As co-stimulatory receptors play key roles in regulating the effector functions of T cells, activating co-stimulatory pathways may improve checkpoint inhibition efficacy, and lead to durable antitumor responses. Here, we review recent advances in our understating of co-stimulatory receptors in cancers, providing the necessary groundwork for the rational design of cancer immunotherapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seongju Jeong
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
| | - Su-Hyung Park
- Biomedical Science and Engineering Interdisciplinary Program, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea.,Laboratory of Translational Immunology and Vaccinology, Graduate School of Medical Science and Engineering, KAIST, Daejeon 34141, Korea
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83
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Integrative network modeling reveals mechanisms underlying T cell exhaustion. Sci Rep 2020; 10:1915. [PMID: 32024856 PMCID: PMC7002445 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-020-58600-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/30/2019] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
Failure to clear antigens causes CD8+ T cells to become increasingly hypo-functional, a state known as exhaustion. We combined manually extracted information from published literature with gene expression data from diverse model systems to infer a set of molecular regulatory interactions that underpin exhaustion. Topological analysis and simulation modeling of the network suggests CD8+ T cells undergo 2 major transitions in state following stimulation. The time cells spend in the earlier pro-memory/proliferative (PP) state is a fixed and inherent property of the network structure. Transition to the second state is necessary for exhaustion. Combining insights from network topology analysis and simulation modeling, we predict the extent to which each node in our network drives cells towards an exhausted state. We demonstrate the utility of our approach by experimentally testing the prediction that drug-induced interference with EZH2 function increases the proportion of pro-memory/proliferative cells in the early days post-activation.
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84
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Chen Y, Favata M, Pusey M, Li J, Lo Y, Ye M, Wynn R, Wang X, Yao W, Chen Y. Identification of pAKT as a pharmacodynamic marker for MER kinase in human melanoma G361 cells. Biomark Res 2020; 8:4. [PMID: 32042425 PMCID: PMC7001211 DOI: 10.1186/s40364-020-0184-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/04/2019] [Accepted: 01/23/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The MER signaling pathway represents an attractive therapeutic target for human cancers. Growth arrest–specific protein 6 (GAS6)–induced MER phosphorylation is often unstable and difficult to detect without pervanadate pretreatment in human cancer cells, posing a challenge for the development of selective MER kinase inhibitors. Here, we identified phosphorylated AKT (pAKT) as a specific pharmacodynamic marker for MER kinase inhibitors in human melanoma G361 cells. Methods The expression of MER, TYRO3, and AXL were profiled among multiple human cancer cells. To determine whether they play a role in the activation of pAKT, MER and TYRO3 were selectively depleted by small, interfering RNA knockdown. In addition, using AKT phosphorylation as a readout, a high-throughput cell-based assay was established in G361 cells for evaluation of the potency of potential inhibitors of MER pathway activation. Results We demonstrated that high levels of MER and TYRO3, but not AXL, were expressed in G361 cells. In these cells, pAKT was induced by GAS6 treatment, which could be reversed by AXL/MER inhibitors. We showed that GAS6-induced pAKT is only dependent on MER kinase, but not TYRO3, in G361 cells. Furthermore, we observed a correlation in potency between inhibition of pAKT in G361 cells and pMER in MER-overexpressing Ba/F3 cells by these inhibitors. Conclusions In summary, we have demonstrated that GAS6-induced pAKT is a possible pharmacodynamic marker for the inhibition of MER kinase, and we have successfully developed a cell-based functional assay for screening small-molecule inhibitors of MER kinase for potential therapeutic utility in treating GAS6/MER-deregulated human cancers.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yaoyu Chen
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Margaret Favata
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Michelle Pusey
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Jun Li
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Yvonne Lo
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Min Ye
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Richard Wynn
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Xiaozhao Wang
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Wenqing Yao
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Yingnan Chen
- Incyte Research Institute, 1801 Augustine Cut-off, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
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85
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Amani N, Dorkoosh FA, Mobedi H. ADCs, as Novel Revolutionary Weapons for Providing a Step Forward in Targeted Therapy of Malignancies. Curr Drug Deliv 2020; 17:23-51. [DOI: 10.2174/1567201816666191121145109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/28/2019] [Revised: 08/01/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
:Antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), as potent pharmaceutical trojan horses for cancer treatment, provide superior efficacy and specific targeting along with low risk of adverse reactions compared to traditional chemotherapeutics. In fact, the development of these agents combines the selective targeting capability of monoclonal antibody (mAb) with high cytotoxicity of chemotherapeutics for controlling the neoplastic mass growth. Different ADCs (more than 60 ADCs) in preclinical and clinical trials were introduced in this novel pharmaceutical field. Various design-based factors must be taken into account for improving the functionality of ADC technology, including selection of appropriate target antigen and high binding affinity of fragment (miniaturized ADCs) or full mAbs (preferentially use of humanized or fully human antibodies compared to murine and chimeric ones), use of bispecific antibodies for dual targeting effect, linker engineering and conjugation method efficacy to obtain more controlled drug to antibody ratio (DAR). Challenging issues affecting therapeutic efficacy and safety of ADCs, including bystander effect, on- and off-target toxicities, multi drug resistance (MDR) are also addressed. 4 FDA-approved ADCs in the market, including ADCETRIS ®, MYLOTARG®, BESPONSA ®, KADCYLA®. The goal of the current review is to evaluate the key parameters affecting ADCs development.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nooshafarin Amani
- Department of Pharmaceutics, Faculty of Pharmacy, Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Farid Abedin Dorkoosh
- Medical Biomaterial Research Center (MBRC), Tehran University of Medical Sciences, Tehran, Iran
| | - Hamid Mobedi
- Novel Drug Delivery Systems (NDDS) Department, Iran Polymer and Petrochemical Institute, Tehran, Iran
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86
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The renal adverse effects of cancer immunotherapy. J Nephrol 2020; 33:467-481. [PMID: 31912436 DOI: 10.1007/s40620-019-00691-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 12/21/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Over the past decade, the development and clinical use of immunotherapy agents has increased exponentially. As clinical experience builds with these agents so too does our understanding of the associated adverse effects. In particular, the effects of immunotherapy on the kidneys, individual nephrons, and kidney function remain less well described than the adverse effects on barrier organ systems such as the gastrointestinal tract and skin. However, phase IV post-marketing surveillance and clinical case studies together with basic research has begun to reveal mechanisms by which immunotherapy mediates renal adverse effects. This work may lead to improvements in treatment guidelines and therapy. These advances are particularly important as post-cancer survival increases leaving patients to cope with the consequences of not only the cancer, but the short- and long-term adverse effects of treatment. Here we discuss the major renal adverse effects encountered with individual immunotherapeutic agents, putative mechanisms, their current management, and how cancer survivorship programs can help patients who have been treated with immunotherapy.
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87
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Ligeiro D, Rao M, Maia A, Castillo M, Beltran A, Maeurer M. B Cells in the Gastrointestinal Tumor Microenvironment with a Focus on Pancreatic Cancer: Opportunities for Precision Medicine? ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2020; 1273:175-195. [PMID: 33119882 DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-49270-0_10] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
We review state-of-the-art in translational and clinical studies focusing on the tumor microenvironment (TME) with a focus on tumor-infiltrating B cells (TIBs). The TME is a dynamic matrix of mutations, immune-regulatory networks, and distinct cell-to-cell interactions which collectively impact on disease progress. We discuss relevant findings concerning B cells in pancreatic cancer, the concepts of "bystander" B cells, the role of antigen-specific B cells contributing to augmenting anticancer-directed immune responses, the role of B cells as prognostic markers for response to checkpoint inhibitors (ICBs), and the potential use in adoptive cell tumor-infiltrating lymphocyte (TIL) products.
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Affiliation(s)
- Dário Ligeiro
- Immunogenetics Unit, Lisbon Centre for Blood and Transplantation (Instituto Português do Sangue e Transplantação, IPST), Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Martin Rao
- Immunosurgery Unit, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Andreia Maia
- Department of Pathology, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Mireia Castillo
- Department of Pathology, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Antonio Beltran
- Department of Pathology, Champalimaud Centre for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal
| | - Markus Maeurer
- Immunosurgery Unit, Champalimaud Center for the Unknown, Lisbon, Portugal.
- I Med Clinical University of Mainz, Mainz, Germany.
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88
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Emerging hyperthermia applications for pediatric oncology. Adv Drug Deliv Rev 2020; 163-164:157-167. [PMID: 33203538 DOI: 10.1016/j.addr.2020.10.016] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Revised: 10/18/2020] [Accepted: 10/22/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Local application of hyperthermia has a myriad of effects on the tumor microenvironment as well as the host's immune system. Ablative hyperthermia (typically > 55 °C) has been used both as monotherapy and adjuvant therapy, while mild hyperthermia treatment (39-45 °C) demonstrated efficacy as an adjuvant therapy through enhancement of both chemotherapy and radiation therapy. Clinical integration of hyperthermia has especially great potential in pediatric oncology, where current chemotherapy regimens have reached maximum tolerability and the young age of patients implies significant risks of late effects related to therapy. Furthermore, activation of both local and systemic immune response by hyperthermia suggests that hyperthermia treatments could be used to enhance the anticancer effects of immunotherapy. This review summarizes the state of current applications of hyperthermia in pediatric oncology and discusses the use of hyperthermia in the context of other available treatments and promising pre-clinical research.
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89
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Fischer C, Munks MW, Hill AB, Kroczek RA, Bissinger S, Brand V, Schmittnaegel M, Imhof-Jung S, Hoffmann E, Herting F, Klein C, Knoetgen H. Vaccine-induced CD8 T cells are redirected with peptide-MHC class I-IgG antibody fusion proteins to eliminate tumor cells in vivo. MAbs 2020; 12:1834818. [PMID: 33151105 PMCID: PMC7668529 DOI: 10.1080/19420862.2020.1834818] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/11/2020] [Revised: 09/27/2020] [Accepted: 09/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/15/2022] Open
Abstract
Simulating a viral infection in tumor cells is an attractive concept to eliminate tumor cells. We previously reported the molecular design and the in vitro potency of recombinant monoclonal antibodies fused to a virus-derived peptide MHC class I complex that bypass the peptide processing and MHC loading pathway and directly displays a viral peptide in an MHC class I complex on the tumor cell surface. Here, we show that a vaccination-induced single peptide-specific CD8 T cell response was sufficient to eliminate B16 melanoma tumor cells in vivo in a fully immunocompetent, syngeneic mouse tumor model when mice were treated with mouse pMHCI-IgGs fusion proteins targeting the mouse fibroblast activation protein. Tumor growth of small, established B16 lung metastases could be controlled. The pMHCI-IgG had similar potency as an analogous pan-CD3 T-cell bispecific antibody. In contrast to growth control of small tumors, none of the compounds controlled larger solid tumors of MC38 cancer cells, despite penetration of pMHCI-IgGs into the tumor tissue and clear attraction and activation of antigen-specific CD8 T cells inside the tumor. pMHCI-IgG can have a similar potency as classical pan-T-cell recruiting molecules. The results also highlight the need to better understand immune suppression in advanced solid tumors.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cornelia Fischer
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Michael W. Munks
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | - Ann B. Hill
- Department of Molecular Microbiology and Immunology, Oregon Health & Science University, Portland, OR, USA
| | | | - Stefan Bissinger
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Verena Brand
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | | | - Sabine Imhof-Jung
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Eike Hoffmann
- Large Molecule Research, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Frank Herting
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Munich, Penzberg, Germany
| | - Christian Klein
- Discovery Oncology, Roche Innovation Center Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Hendrik Knoetgen
- Therapeutic Modalities, Roche Innovation Center Basel, Basel, Switzerland
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90
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Abstract
Environmental stressors exert a profound effect on humans. Many environmental stressors have in common the ability to induce reactive oxygen species. The goal of this chapter is to present evidence that the potent lipid mediator platelet-activating factor (PAF) is involved in the effects of many stressors ranging from cigarette smoke to ultraviolet B radiation. These environmental stressors can generate PAF enzymatically as well as PAF-like lipids produced by free radical-mediated attack of glycerophosphocholines. Inasmuch as PAF exerts both acute inflammation and delayed immunosuppressive effects, involvement of the PAF system can provide an explanation for many consequences of environmental stressor exposures.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jeffrey B Travers
- Department of Pharmacology and Toxicology, Wright State University, Dayton, OH, USA.
- Dayton Veterans Administration Medical Center, Dayton, OH, USA.
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91
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Antibody-drug conjugates for lung cancer in the era of personalized oncology. Semin Cancer Biol 2019; 69:268-278. [PMID: 31899248 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2019.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/09/2019] [Revised: 12/26/2019] [Accepted: 12/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/11/2022]
Abstract
With 9.6 million deaths in 2018, cancer represents one of the most common causes of death, both in men and women. Despite recent advances in the understanding of molecular mechanisms involved in cancer development and progression, treatment options are still limited. Limitations of traditional chemotherapy include the lack of selectivity and the unfavorable safety profile. The efficacy of targeted therapies (e.g., tyrosine kinase inhibitors) is also limited by their cytostatic action, which inhibits tumor cell proliferation without inducing tumor cell death, and by the risk of acquired resistance. Antibody-drug conjugates (ADCs), a newly developed class of engineered anticancer drugs, consist of recombinant monoclonal antibodies against tumor-specific antigens that are covalently bound to cytotoxic agents. They have been designed to overcome the limitations of traditional chemotherapy and targeted therapies by combining the target selectivity of monoclonal antibodies with the high potency of cytotoxic drugs. Currently, ADCs that have received regulatory approval include brentuximab vedotin for CD30-positive Hodgkin lymphoma and trastuzumab emtansine for human epidermal growth factor receptor 2-positive breast cancer. However, over 80 novel ADCs are actively being investigated in preclinical studies and early-phase clinical trials. In this review, we will provide a comprehensive overview of the biological rational, efficacy and safety of ADCs as therapeutic agents against non-small cell lung cancer and small cell lung cancer.
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92
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Lei C, Peng X, Gong X, Fan Y, Wu S, Liu N, Li L, Huang J, Zheng G, Long Z. Prognostic role of programmed death-ligand 1 expression in patients with biliary tract cancer: a meta-analysis. Aging (Albany NY) 2019; 11:12568-12580. [PMID: 31881008 PMCID: PMC6949100 DOI: 10.18632/aging.102588] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/11/2019] [Accepted: 11/26/2019] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
Previous studies investigated the prognostic role of programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1) expression in patients with biliary tract cancer (BTC); however, the results remained controversial. Therefore, we conducted the current meta-analysis with the aim of clarifying the association between PD-L1 expression and prognosis as well as with several important clinicopathological features of BTC. We searched PubMed, Embase, and Web of Science for relevant studies. Studies that detected PD-L1 expression in tumor cells by using immunohistochemistry (IHC) were selected. Pooled hazard ratios (HRs) and pooled odds ratios (ORs) with 95% confidence intervals (CIs) were calculated to estimate the correlations. In total, 15 independent studies with 1,776 patients were included in this meta-analysis. The pooled data demonstrated that high PD-L1 expression was associated with poor overall survival (n=15, HR=1.79, 95% CI=1.55-2.07, p<0.001). The correlation between PD-L1 expression and disease-free survival was not significant (n=6, HR=1.38, 95% CI=1.00-1.91, p=0.051). In addition, no significant correlation was observed between PD-L1 expression and clinical features in patients with BTC. Our study results showed that PD-L1 expression could play a pivotal role as an effective factor of poor prognosis in patients with BTC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Changjiang Lei
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Xiulan Peng
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Xiaojun Gong
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Ying Fan
- Department of Cardiology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Shenglin Wu
- Department of Pharmacology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
| | - Ning Liu
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Lei Li
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Jianbin Huang
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Gang Zheng
- Department of General Surgery, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, China
| | - Zhixiong Long
- Department of Oncology, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Jianghan University, Wuhan, Hubei 430000, China
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93
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Zhang J, Shen L, Li X, Song W, Liu Y, Huang L. Nanoformulated Codelivery of Quercetin and Alantolactone Promotes an Antitumor Response through Synergistic Immunogenic Cell Death for Microsatellite-Stable Colorectal Cancer. ACS NANO 2019; 13:12511-12524. [PMID: 31664821 DOI: 10.1021/acsnano.9b02875] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Microsatellite-stable colorectal cancer (CRC) is known to be resistant to immunotherapy. The combination of quercetin (Q) and alantolactone (A) was found to induce synergistic immunogenic cell death (ICD) at a molar ratio of 1:4 (Q:A). To achieve ratiometric loading and delivery, the micellar delivery of Q and A (QA-M) was developed with high entrapment efficiency and drug loading at an optimal ratio. QA-M achieved prolonged blood circulation and increased tumor accumulation for both drugs. More importantly, QA-M retained the desired drug ratio (molar ratio of Q to A = 1:4) in tumors at 2 and 4 h after intravenous injection for synergistic immunotherapy. Tumor growth was significantly inhibited in murine orthotopic CRC by the treatment of QA-M compared to PBS and the combination of free drugs (p < 0.005). The combination of nanotherapy stimulated the host immune response to induce long-term tumor destruction and induced memory tumor surveillance with a 1.3-fold increase in survival median time compared to PBS (p < 0.0001) and a combination of free drugs (p < 0.0005). The synergistic therapeutic effect induced by codelivery of Q and A is capable of reactivating antitumor immunity by inducing ICD, causing cell toxicity and modulating the immune-suppressive tumor microenvironment. Such a combination of Q and A with synergistic effects entrapped in a simple and safe nanodelivery system may provide the potential for scale-up manufacturing and clinical applications as immunotherapeutic agents for CRC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , Jiangxi Province 330004 , China
| | - Limei Shen
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Xiang Li
- Key Laboratory of Modern Preparation of TCM, Ministry of Education , Jiangxi University of Traditional Chinese Medicine , Nanchang , Jiangxi Province 330004 , China
| | - Wantong Song
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
- Key Laboratory of Polymer Ecomaterials , Changchun Institute of Applied Chemistry, Chinese Academy of Sciences , Changchun , Jilin Province 130022 , China
| | - Yun Liu
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
| | - Leaf Huang
- Division of Pharmacoengineering and Molecular Pharmaceutics, Eshelman School of Pharmacy , University of North Carolina at Chapel Hill , Chapel Hill , North Carolina 27599 , United States
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94
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Yang J, Yan J, Shao J, Xu Q, Meng F, Chen F, Ding N, Du S, Zhou S, Cai J, Wang Q, Liu B. Immune-Mediated Antitumor Effect By VEGFR2 Selective Inhibitor For Gastric Cancer. Onco Targets Ther 2019; 12:9757-9765. [PMID: 31814734 PMCID: PMC6863181 DOI: 10.2147/ott.s233496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2019] [Accepted: 10/31/2019] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Background It was previously reported that targeting vascular epithelial growth factor (VEGF)/VEGFR could modulate the antitumor immunity. VEGFR2 inhibitor YN968D1 is a highly selective VEGFR2 inhibitor and was approved for the treatment of late-stage gastric cancer in 2014, but its role in antitumor immunity remains unknown. Materials and methods In this study, we investigated the effects of YN968D1 on the function of T cells in vitro by testing the cytotoxicity and cytokine production. Next, we constructed peritoneal dissemination and subcutaneous gastric cancer mouse model to assess the cytotoxicity of YN968D1-treated T cells in vivo, respectively. Results We found that the use of YN968D1 in CD8+ T cells could reduce the expression levels of inhibitory checkpoints, such as Lag-3, PD-1, and Tim3, escalate the production of IFN-γ and IL-2 and promote the cytotoxicity of T cells dramatically in vitro. The transfer of YN968D1-treated T cells achieved better tumor control compared to DMSO-treated T cells or control in both peritoneal dissemination and subcutaneous gastric cancer mouse models. Conclusion Our results indicate that YN968D1 can enhance the T cell-mediated antitumor immunity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ju Yang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jing Yan
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Jie Shao
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qiuping Xu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Fanyan Meng
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Fangjun Chen
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Naiqing Ding
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shiyao Du
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Shujuan Zhou
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Juan Cai
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Qin Wang
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
| | - Baorui Liu
- The Comprehensive Cancer Centre of Drum Tower Hospital, Medical School of Nanjing University, Clinical Cancer Institute of Nanjing University, Nanjing 210008, People's Republic of China
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95
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Yi M, Dong B, Qin S, Chu Q, Wu K, Luo S. Advances and perspectives of PARP inhibitors. Exp Hematol Oncol 2019; 8:29. [PMID: 31737426 PMCID: PMC6849303 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-019-0154-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 70] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 11/04/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
DNA damage repair deficiency leads to the increased risk of genome instability and oncogenic transformation. In the meanwhile, this deficiency could be exploited for cancer treatment by inducing excessive genome instability and catastrophic DNA damage. Continuous DNA replication in cancer cells leads to higher demand of DNA repair components. Due to the oncogenic loss of some DNA repair effectors (e.g. BRCA) and incomplete DNA repair repertoire, some cancer cells are addicted to certain DNA repair pathways such as Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase (PARP)-related single-strand break repair pathway. The interaction between BRCA and PARP is a form of synthetic lethal effect which means the simultaneously functional loss of two genes lead to cell death, while defect in any single gene has a slight effect on cell viability. Based on synthetic lethal theory, Poly (ADP-ribose) polymerase inhibitor (PARPi) was developed aiming to selectively target cancer cells harboring BRCA1/2 mutations. Recently, a growing body of evidence indicated that a broader population of patients could benefit from PARPi therapy far beyond those with germline BRCA1/2 mutated tumors. Numerous biomarkers including homologous recombination deficiency and high level of replication pressure also herald high sensitivity to PARPi treatment. Besides, a series of studies indicated that PARPi-involved combination therapy such as PARPi with additional chemotherapy therapy, immune checkpoint inhibitor, as well as targeted agent had a great advantage in overcoming PARPi resistance and enhancing PARPi efficacy. In this review, we summarized the advances of PARPi in clinical application. Besides, we highlighted multiple promising PARPi-based combination strategies in preclinical and clinical studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ming Yi
- 1Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Bing Dong
- 2Department of Molecular Pathology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Shuang Qin
- 1Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qian Chu
- 1Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Kongming Wu
- 1Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China.,3Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
| | - Suxia Luo
- 3Department of Medical Oncology, The Affiliated Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou University & Henan Cancer Hospital, Zhengzhou, 450008 China
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96
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Abstract
Cancer immunotherapy is based on checkpoint inhibitors (CPIs) that significantly improve the clinical outcome of several malignant diseases. These inhibitors are monoclonal antibodies (mAbs) directed at cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (CTLA-4), programmed cell death 1 (PD-1), or programmed death-ligand 1 (PD-L1), sharing most of the clinical pharmacokinetic characteristics of mAb targeted therapies, all of which differ from those of cytotoxics and small molecules. Establishing the labeled dose of mAbs, and particularly of the CPIs, represents a true challenge. This review therefore examines the main criteria used for dose selection, along with their limits. The relationships between CPI pharmacokinetic parameters and treatment outcome (efficacy and/or toxicity) differ somewhat among the various drugs, but general features can be identified. Nevertheless, the interpretation of these relationships remains quite controversial. A first interpretation asserts that inter-individual pharmacokinetic variability in clearance has an impact on outcome and should be taken into consideration for dosing individualization. The second considers that higher clearance values observed in some patients result from characteristics associated with poor predictive factors of efficacy. Finally, the schedule, and particularly its frequency of administration, merits rethinking.
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97
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Approaches to treat immune hot, altered and cold tumours with combination immunotherapies. Nat Rev Drug Discov 2019; 18:197-218. [PMID: 30610226 DOI: 10.1038/s41573-018-0007-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1896] [Impact Index Per Article: 379.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Immunotherapies are the most rapidly growing drug class and have a major impact in oncology and on human health. It is increasingly clear that the effectiveness of immunomodulatory strategies depends on the presence of a baseline immune response and on unleashing of pre-existing immunity. Therefore, a general consensus emerged on the central part played by effector T cells in the antitumour responses. Recent technological, analytical and mechanistic advances in immunology have enabled the identification of patients who are more likely to respond to immunotherapy. In this Review, we focus on defining hot, altered and cold tumours, the complexity of the tumour microenvironment, the Immunoscore and immune contexture of tumours, and we describe approaches to treat such tumours with combination immunotherapies, including checkpoint inhibitors. In the upcoming era of combination immunotherapy, it is becoming critical to understand the mechanisms responsible for hot, altered or cold immune tumours in order to boost a weak antitumour immunity. The impact of combination therapy on the immune response to convert an immune cold into a hot tumour will be discussed.
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98
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Wu K, Yi M, Qin S, Chu Q, Zheng X, Wu K. The efficacy and safety of combination of PD-1 and CTLA-4 inhibitors: a meta-analysis. Exp Hematol Oncol 2019; 8:26. [PMID: 31673481 PMCID: PMC6815037 DOI: 10.1186/s40164-019-0150-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 11.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/23/2019] [Accepted: 10/15/2019] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recently, a series of clinical trials showed that combination of anti-programmed cell death-1 (α-PD-1) and anti-cytotoxic T-lymphocyte-associated protein 4 (α-CTLA-4) could effectively eliminate tumor. However, in comparison with widely adopted mono-immune checkpoint inhibitors, chemotherapy, and targeted therapy, the advantage of combination therapy of α-PD-1 and α-CTLA-4 in response rate and prognosis is controversial especially considering probably increased treatment related adverse event. Thus, we conducted this meta-analysis to explore the efficacy and safety of combination treatment of α-PD-1 and α-CTLA-4. Methods This meta-analysis involved 8 clinical trials. In most trials, the primary endpoint was objective response rate (ORR). Thus we calculated risk ratio (RR) and 95% confidence interval (CI) to compare ORR of patients undergoing different treatment strategies. Moreover, the co-primary endpoints in few trials included progression-free survival and overall survival. Hazard ratio (HR) with 95% CI were employed to weigh the influence of different treatments on prognosis of patients. Subgroup analysis was conducted in patients with high and low expression of PD-L1. Lastly, the safety of combination therapy was evaluated by comparing treatment related adverse events among various treatment groups. Results Our results showed that ORR was significantly higher in patients receiving α-PD-1 plus α-CTLA-4 compared with α-PD-1 (RR 1.31, 95% CI 1.16–1.48) or α-CTLA-4 monotherapy (RR 2.11, 95% CI 1.84–2.43), chemotherapy and targeted therapy (RR 1.41, 95% CI 1.26–1.58). α-PD-1 plus α-CTLA-4 treated patients had a great advantage on monotherapy, chemotherapy and targeted therapy treated patients in PFS. Notably, no significant alteration in total adverse event rate was observed in α-PD-1 plus α-CTLA-4 treated patients. Results of subgroup analysis showed that combination therapy could enhance anti-tumor response in comparison with other treatments, especially for low PD-L1 expression patients undergoing nivolumab treatment (ORR: RR 1.35, 95% CI 1.11–1.65). Conclusion Combination treatment of α-PD-1 and α-CTLA-4 is a feasible strategy with enhanced efficacy and acceptable adverse event. Moreover, for some low PD-L1 expression patients, α-CTLA-4 might decrease the risk of resistance to α-PD-1 and demonstrate the synergistic anti-tumor effect.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kongju Wu
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Ming Yi
- 2Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Shuang Qin
- 2Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Qian Chu
- 2Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
| | - Xinhua Zheng
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000 People's Republic of China
| | - Kongming Wu
- 1Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical School of Pingdingshan University, Pingdingshan, Henan 467000 People's Republic of China.,2Department of Oncology, Tongji Hospital of Tongji Medical College, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, 430030 China
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99
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Chen Y, Tan J, Huang S, Huang X, Huang J, Chen J, Yu Z, Lu Y, Weng J, Du X, Li Y, Zha X, Chen S. Higher frequency of the CTLA-4 + LAG-3 + T-cell subset in patients with newly diagnosed acute myeloid leukemia. Asia Pac J Clin Oncol 2019; 16:e12-e18. [PMID: 31612643 DOI: 10.1111/ajco.13236] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/05/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/19/2022]
Abstract
AIM Immune suppression based on alternative regulation of immune checkpoint proteins, for example, programmed cell death receptor-1 (PD-1) and cytotoxic T lymphocyte-associated molecule-4 (CTLA-4), which results in T-cell exhaustion, contributes to cancer development and progression. In this study, we sought to characterize the distribution of CTLA-4 and T-cell lymphocyte activation gene-3 (LAG-3) expression on exhausted T cells in different T-cell subsets from patients with acute myeloid leukemia (AML). METHODS The coexpression of CTLA-4 and LAG-3 on exhausted CD244+ and CD57+ T cells from the CD3+ , CD4+ , and CD8+ T-cell subsets in peripheral blood from 12 patients with newly diagnosed AML was analyzed by multicolor flow cytometry assay. RESULTS A significantly higher percentage of CTLA-4+ CD3+ , CD4+ and CD8+ T cells was found in patients with AML. In addition, higher numbers of both CTLA-4+ CD244+ and CTLA-4+ CD57+ CD3+ T cells were detected. Interestingly, the increased CTLA-4+ CD244+ T cells were predominantly CD4+ T cells. In contrast, the increased CTLA-4+ CD57+ T cells primarily consisted of the CD8+ T-cell subset. A high proportion of LAG-3+ T cells was found in only a few cases with AML; however, a significantly higher proportion of coexpression of CTLA-4 and LAG-3 in the CD3+ and CD8+ T-cell subsets was detected. CONCLUSION We for the first time observed higher CTLA-4+ CD244+ CD4+ , CTLA-4+ CD57+ CD8+ , CTLA-4+ LAG-3+ CD3+ and CTLA-4+ LAG-3+ CD8+ T cells in patients with AML, whereas the upregulated expression of LAG-3 on T cells was only found in a subset of the cases. These data may provide further information by complementing the heterogeneity of immune checkpoints expression in AML.
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Affiliation(s)
- Youchun Chen
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jiaxiong Tan
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China.,Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shuxin Huang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Huang
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jingying Huang
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jie Chen
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Zhi Yu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yuhong Lu
- Department of Hematology, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Jianyu Weng
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xin Du
- Department of Hematology, Guangdong Provincial People's Hospital/Guangdong Academy of Medical Sciences, Guangzhou, China
| | - Yangqiu Li
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Xianfeng Zha
- Department of clinical laboratory, First Affiliated Hospital, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Shaohua Chen
- Institute of Hematology, School of Medicine, Key Laboratory for Regenerative Medicine of Ministry of Education, Jinan University, Guangzhou, China
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100
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Zou C, Jiang G, Gao X, Zhang W, Deng H, Zhang C, Ding J, Wei R, Wang X, Xi L, Tan S. Targeted co-delivery of Trp-2 polypeptide and monophosphoryl lipid A by pH-sensitive poly (β-amino ester) nano-vaccines for melanoma. NANOMEDICINE-NANOTECHNOLOGY BIOLOGY AND MEDICINE 2019; 22:102092. [PMID: 31593795 DOI: 10.1016/j.nano.2019.102092] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2019] [Revised: 08/07/2019] [Accepted: 09/01/2019] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Dendritic cell (DC)-targeted vaccines based on nanotechnology are a promising strategy to efficiently induce potent immune responses. We synthesized and manufactured a mannose-modified poly (β-amino ester) (PBAE) nano-vaccines with easily tuneable and pH-sensitive characteristics to co-deliver the tumor-associated antigen polypeptide Trp-2 and the TLR4 agonist monophosphoryl lipid A (MPLA). To reduce immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment, an immune checkpoint inhibitor, PD-L1 antagonist, was administrated along with PBAE nano-vaccines to delay melanoma development. We found that mannosylated Trp-2 and MPLA-loaded PBAE nano-vaccines can target and mature DCs, consequently boosting antigen-specific cytotoxic T lymphocyte activity against melanoma. The prophylactic study indicates that combination therapy with PD-L1 antagonist further enhanced anti-tumor efficacy by 3.7-fold and prolonged median survival time by 1.6-fold more than free Trp-2/MPLA inoculation. DC-targeting PBAE polymers have a great potential as a nanotechnology platform to design vaccines and achieve synergistic anti-tumor effects with immune checkpoint therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chenming Zou
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Guiying Jiang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueqin Gao
- Department of Pharmacy, Union Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Huan Deng
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Chong Zhang
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Jiahui Ding
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Rui Wei
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Xueqian Wang
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China
| | - Ling Xi
- Department of Gynecologic Oncology, Tongji Hospital, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
| | - Songwei Tan
- Tongji School of Pharmacy, Huazhong University of Science and Technology, Wuhan, Hubei, China.
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