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Shibata N, Kakeshita H, Igarashi K, Takimura Y, Shida Y, Ogasawara W, Koda T, Hasunuma T, Kondo A. Disruption of alpha-tubulin releases carbon catabolite repression and enhances enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei even in the presence of glucose. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2021; 14:39. [PMID: 33557925 PMCID: PMC7869464 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-021-01887-0] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/05/2020] [Accepted: 01/19/2021] [Indexed: 05/05/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma reesei is a filamentous fungus that is important as an industrial producer of cellulases and hemicellulases due to its high secretion of these enzymes and outstanding performance in industrial fermenters. However, the reduction of enzyme production caused by carbon catabolite repression (CCR) has long been a problem. Disruption of a typical transcriptional regulator, Cre1, does not sufficiently suppress this reduction in the presence of glucose. RESULTS We found that deletion of an α-tubulin (tubB) in T. reesei enhanced both the amount and rate of secretory protein production. Also, the tubulin-disrupted (ΔtubB) strain had high enzyme production and the same enzyme profile even if the strain was cultured in a glucose-containing medium. From transcriptome analysis, the ΔtubB strain exhibited upregulation of both cellulase and hemicellulase genes including some that were not originally induced by cellulose. Moreover, cellobiose transporter genes and the other sugar transporter genes were highly upregulated, and simultaneous uptake of glucose and cellobiose was also observed in the ΔtubB strain. These results suggested that the ΔtubB strain was released from CCR. CONCLUSION Trichoderma reesei α-tubulin is involved in the transcription of cellulase and hemicellulase genes, as well as in CCR. This is the first report of overcoming CCR by disrupting α-tubulin gene in T. reesei. The disruption of α-tubulin is a promising approach for creating next-generation enzyme-producing strains of T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nozomu Shibata
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Hiroshi Kakeshita
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Kazuaki Igarashi
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 2606 Akabane, Ichikai, Haga, Tochigi, 321-3497, Japan
| | - Yasushi Takimura
- Biological Science Research, Kao Corporation, 1334 Minato, Wakayama, Wakayama, 640-8580, Japan
| | - Yosuke Shida
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Wataru Ogasawara
- Department of Bioengineering, Nagaoka University of Technology, 1603-1 Kamitomioka, Nagaoka, Niigata, 940-2188, Japan
| | - Tohru Koda
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
| | - Tomohisa Hasunuma
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan.
| | - Akihiko Kondo
- Graduate School of Science, Technology and Innovation, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Engineering Biology Research Center, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, Hyogo, 657-8501, Japan
- Department of Chemical Science and Engineering, Graduate School of Engineering, Kobe University, 1-1 Rokkodai, Nada-ku, Kobe, 657-8501, Japan
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Wang L, Zhang W, Cao Y, Zheng F, Zhao G, Lv X, Meng X, Liu W. Interdependent recruitment of CYC8/TUP1 and the transcriptional activator XYR1 at target promoters is required for induced cellulase gene expression in Trichoderma reesei. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1009351. [PMID: 33606681 PMCID: PMC7894907 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1009351] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/27/2020] [Accepted: 01/12/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulase production in filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei is highly responsive to various environmental cues involving multiple positive and negative regulators. XYR1 (Xylanase regulator 1) has been identified as the key transcriptional activator of cellulase gene expression in T. reesei. However, the precise mechanism by which XYR1 achieves transcriptional activation of cellulase genes is still not fully understood. Here, we identified the TrCYC8/TUP1 complex as a novel coactivator for XYR1 in T. reesei. CYC8/TUP1 is the first identified transcriptional corepressor complex mediating repression of diverse genes in Saccharomyces cerevisiae. Knockdown of Trcyc8 or Trtup1 resulted in markedly impaired cellulase gene expression in T. reesei. We found that TrCYC8/TUP1 was recruited to cellulase gene promoters upon cellulose induction and this recruitment is dependent on XYR1. We further observed that repressed Trtup1 or Trcyc8 expression caused a strong defect in XYR1 occupancy and loss of histone H4 at cellulase gene promoters. The defects in XYR1 binding and transcriptional activation of target genes in Trtup1 or Trcyc8 repressed cells could not be overcome by XYR1 overexpression. Our results reveal a novel coactivator function for TrCYC8/TUP1 at the level of activator binding, and suggest a mechanism in which interdependent recruitment of XYR1 and TrCYC8/TUP1 to cellulase gene promoters represents an important regulatory circuit in ensuring the induced cellulase gene expression. These findings thus contribute to unveiling the intricate regulatory mechanism underlying XYR1-mediated cellulase gene activation and also provide an important clue that will help further improve cellulase production by T. reesei.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lei Wang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yanli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Fanglin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guolei Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xinxing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Microbial Technology Institute, Shandong University, Qingdao, Shandong, People’s Republic of China
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V. D. dos Santos AC, Heydenreich R, Derntl C, Mach-Aigner AR, Mach RL, Ramer G, Lendl B. Nanoscale Infrared Spectroscopy and Chemometrics Enable Detection of Intracellular Protein Distribution. Anal Chem 2020; 92:15719-15725. [PMID: 33259186 PMCID: PMC7745202 DOI: 10.1021/acs.analchem.0c02228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 02/08/2023]
Abstract
Determination of the intracellular location of proteins is one of the fundamental tasks of microbiology. Conventionally, label-based microscopy and super-resolution techniques are employed. In this work, we demonstrate a new technique that can determine intracellular protein distribution at nanometer spatial resolution. This method combines nanoscale spatial resolution chemical imaging using the photothermal-induced resonance (PTIR) technique with multivariate modeling to reveal the intracellular distribution of cell components. Here, we demonstrate its viability by imaging the distribution of major cellulases and xylanases in Trichoderma reesei using the colocation of a fluorescent label (enhanced yellow fluorescence protein, EYFP) with the target enzymes to calibrate the chemometric model. The obtained partial least squares model successfully shows the distribution of these proteins inside the cell and opens the door for further studies on protein secretion mechanisms using PTIR.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Rosa Heydenreich
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Christian Derntl
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Astrid R. Mach-Aigner
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Robert L. Mach
- Institute
of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Georg Ramer
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
| | - Bernhard Lendl
- Institute
of Chemical Technologies and Analytics, TU Wien, Vienna 1060, Austria
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Sreeja-Raju A, Christopher M, Kooloth-Valappil P, Kuni-Parambil R, Gokhale DV, Sankar M, Abraham A, Pandey A, Sukumaran RK. Penicillium janthinellum NCIM1366 shows improved biomass hydrolysis and a larger number of CAZymes with higher induction levels over Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:196. [PMID: 33292411 PMCID: PMC7706291 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01830-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/05/2020] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 05/09/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Major cost of bioethanol is attributed to enzymes employed in biomass hydrolysis. Biomass hydrolyzing enzymes are predominantly produced from the hyper-cellulolytic mutant filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30. Several decades of research have failed to provide an industrial grade organism other than T. reesei, capable of producing higher titers of an effective synergistic biomass hydrolyzing enzyme cocktail. Penicillium janthinellum NCIM1366 was reported as a cellulase hyper producer and a potential alternative to T. reesei, but a comparison of their hydrolytic performance was seldom attempted. RESULTS Hydrolysis of acid or alkali-pretreated rice straw using cellulase enzyme preparations from P. janthinellum and T. reesei indicated 37 and 43% higher glucose release, respectively, with P. janthinellum enzymes. A comparison of these fungi with respect to their secreted enzymes indicated that the crude enzyme preparation from P. janthinellum showed 28% higher overall cellulase activity. It also had an exceptional tenfold higher beta-glucosidase activity compared to that of T. reesei, leading to a lower cellobiose accumulation and thus alleviating the feedback inhibition. P. janthinellum secreted more number of proteins to the extracellular medium whose total concentration was 1.8-fold higher than T. reesei. Secretome analyses of the two fungi revealed higher number of CAZymes and a higher relative abundance of cellulases upon cellulose induction in the fungus. CONCLUSIONS The results revealed the ability of P. janthinellum for efficient biomass degradation through hyper cellulase production, and it outperformed the established industrial cellulase producer T. reesei in the hydrolysis experiments. A higher level of induction, larger number of secreted CAZymes and a high relative proportion of BGL to cellulases indicate the possible reasons for its performance advantage in biomass hydrolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
- AthiraRaj Sreeja-Raju
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Meera Christopher
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Prajeesh Kooloth-Valappil
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Rajasree Kuni-Parambil
- Department of Microbiology and Cell Biology, Indian Institute of Science, Bangalore, 560012, India
| | | | - Meena Sankar
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India
| | - Amith Abraham
- Department of Chemical Engineering, Hanyang University, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ashok Pandey
- Centre for Innovation and Translational Research, CSIR-Indian Institute of Toxicology Research, Lucknow, India
| | - Rajeev K Sukumaran
- Biofuels and Biorefineries Section, Microbial Processes and Technology Division, CSIR-National Institute for Interdisciplinary Science and Technology, Industrial Estate, Pappanamcode, Thiruvananthapuram, 695019, India.
- Academy of Scientific and Innovative Research (AcSIR), Ghaziabad, 201002, India.
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Zheng F, Yang R, Cao Y, Zhang W, Lv X, Meng X, Zhong Y, Chen G, Zhou Q, Liu W. Engineering Trichoderma reesei for Hyperproduction of Cellulases on Glucose to Efficiently Saccharify Pretreated Corncobs. JOURNAL OF AGRICULTURAL AND FOOD CHEMISTRY 2020; 68:12671-12682. [PMID: 33140639 DOI: 10.1021/acs.jafc.0c04663] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
The filamentous fungus Trichoderma reesei (teleomorph Hypocrea jecorina) is widely used as a cellulase producer in the industry. Herein, we describe the rational engineering of the publicly available T. reesei QM9414 strain to achieve a remarkable high-level production of cellulase on glucose. Overexpression of the key cellulase regulator XYR1 by the copper-repressible promoter Ptcu1 was first implemented to achieve a full cellulase production in the context of catabolite repression (CCR) while eliminating the requirement of inducing sugars for enzyme production. The T. reesei bgl1 gene was further overexpressed to compensate for its low β-glucosidase activity on glucose. This overexpression resulted in a 102% increase in FPase activity compared with the CCR-released RUT-C30 strain cultured on Avicel. Moreover, the saccharification efficiency toward pretreated corncob residues by crude enzymes from the engineered strain on glucose increased by 85% compared with that treated by enzymes from RUT-C30 cultivated on Avicel. The engineered T. reesei strain thus shows great potential as a viable alternative to deliver commercial cellulases after further optimization for efficient saccharification of agricultural waste.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fanglin Zheng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Renfei Yang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yanli Cao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Weixin Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xinxing Lv
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Xiangfeng Meng
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Yaohua Zhong
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Guanjun Chen
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
| | - Qingxin Zhou
- Shandong Academy of Agricultural Sciences/Key Laboratory of Agro-Products Processing Technology of Shandong Province/Key Laboratory of Novel Food Resources Processing, Ministry of Agriculture and Rural Affairs, Institute of Agro-Food Science and Technology, No.202 Gongye North Road, Jinan 250100, P. R. China
- College of Life Science, Shandong Normal University, No.88 Wenhua East Road, Jinan 250014, P. R. China
| | - Weifeng Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Institute of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, No.72 Binhai Road, Qingdao, Shandong 266237, P. R. China
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Bioconversion of Sweet Sorghum Residues by Trichoderma citrinoviride C1 Enzymes Cocktail for Effective Bioethanol Production. Catalysts 2020. [DOI: 10.3390/catal10111292] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Improved cost-effective bioethanol production using inexpensive enzymes preparation was investigated. Three types of waste lignocellulosic materials were converted—for the production of enzyme preparation, a mixture of sugar beet pulp and wheat bran, while the source of sugars in hydrolysates was sweet sorghum biomass. A novel enzyme cocktail of Trichoderma citrinoviride C1 is presented. The one-step ultrafiltration process of crude enzyme extract resulted in a threefold increase of cellulolytic and xylanolytic activities. The effectiveness of enzyme preparation, compared to Cellic® CTec2, was tested in an optimized enzymatic hydrolysis process. Depending on the test conditions, hydrolysates with different glucose concentrations were obtained—from 6.3 g L−1 to 14.6 g L−1 (representing from 90% to 79% of the CTec2 enzyme yield, respectively). Furthermore, ethanol production by Saccharomyces cerevisiae SIHA Active Yeast 6 strain DF 639 in optimal conditions reached about 120 mL kg d.m.−1 (75% compared with the CTec2 process). The achieved yields suggested that the produced enzyme cocktail C1 could be potentially used to reduce the cost of bioethanol production from sweet sorghum biomass.
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Luo Y, Valkonen M, Jackson RE, Palmer JM, Bhalla A, Nikolaev I, Saloheimo M, Ward M. Modification of transcriptional factor ACE3 enhances protein production in Trichoderma reesei in the absence of cellulase gene inducer. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:137. [PMID: 32782473 PMCID: PMC7412840 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01778-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/18/2020] [Accepted: 07/29/2020] [Indexed: 05/31/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Trichoderma reesei is one of the best-known cellulolytic organisms, producing large quantities of a complete set of extracellular cellulases and hemicellulases for the degradation of lignocellulosic substances. Hence, T. reesei is a biotechnically important host and it is used commercially in enzyme production, of both native and foreign origin. Many strategies for producing enzymes in T. reesei rely on the cbh1 and other cellulase gene promoters for high-level expression and these promoters require induction by sophorose, lactose or other inducers for high productivity during manufacturing. RESULTS We described an approach for producing high levels of secreted proteins by overexpression of a transcription factor ACE3 in T. reesei. We refined the ace3 gene structure and identified specific ACE3 variants that enable production of secreted cellulases and hemicellulases on glucose as a sole carbon source (i.e., in the absence of an inducer). These specific ACE3 variants contain a full-length Zn2Cys6 binuclear cluster domain at the N-terminus and a defined length of truncations at the C-terminus. When expressed at a moderate level in the fungal cells, the ACE3 variants can induce high-level expression of cellulases and hemicellulases on glucose (i.e., in the absence of an inducer), and further improve expression on lactose or glucose/sophorose (i.e., in the presence of an inducer). Finally, we demonstrated that this method is applicable to industrial strains and fermentation conditions, improving protein production both in the absence and in the presence of an inducer. CONCLUSIONS This study demonstrates that overexpression of ACE3 variants enables a high level of protein production in the absence of an inducer, and boosts protein production in the presence of an inducer. It is an efficient approach to increase protein productivity and to reduce manufacturing costs.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yun Luo
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor Research Center, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Mari Valkonen
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Raymond E. Jackson
- DuPont Experimental Station, 200 Powder Mill Road, Wilmington, DE 19803 USA
| | - Jonathan M. Palmer
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor Research Center, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Aditya Bhalla
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor Research Center, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
| | - Igor Nikolaev
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor B.V., Willem Einthovenstraat 4, 2342 BH Oegstgeest, The Netherlands
| | - Markku Saloheimo
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, P.O. Box 1000, FI-02044 VTT Espoo, Finland
| | - Michael Ward
- DuPont Industrial Biosciences, Genencor Research Center, 925 Page Mill Road, Palo Alto, CA 94304 USA
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Machado AS, Valadares F, Silva TF, Milagres AMF, Segato F, Ferraz A. The Secretome of Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor Grown in Microcrystalline Cellulose and Use of the Enzymes for Hydrolysis of Lignocellulosic Materials. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2020; 8:826. [PMID: 32766234 PMCID: PMC7379840 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2020.00826] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/28/2020] [Accepted: 06/29/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The ability of white-rot fungi to degrade polysaccharides in lignified plant cell walls makes them a suitable reservoir for CAZyme prospects. However, to date, CAZymes from these species are barely studied, which limits their use in the set of choices for biomass conversion in modern biorefineries. The current work joined secretome studies of two representative white-rot fungi, Phanerochaete chrysosporium and Trametes versicolor, with expression analysis of cellobiohydrolase (CBH) genes, and use of the secretomes to evaluate enzymatic conversion of simple and complex sugarcane-derived substrates. Avicel was used to induce secretion of high levels of CBHs in the extracellular medium. A total of 56 and 58 proteins were identified in cultures of P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor, respectively, with 78-86% of these proteins corresponding to plant cell wall degrading enzymes (cellulolytic, hemicellulolytic, pectinolytic, esterase, and auxiliary activity). CBHI predominated among the plant cell wall degrading enzymes, corresponding to 47 and 34% of the detected proteins in P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor, respectively, which confirms that Avicel is an efficient CBH inducer in white-rot fungi. The induction by Avicel of genes encoding CBHs (cel) was supported by high expression levels of cel7D and cel7C in P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor, respectively. Both white-rot fungi secretomes enabled hydrolysis experiments at 10 FPU/g substrate, despite the varied proportions of CBHs and other enzymes present in each case. When low recalcitrance sugarcane pith was used as a substrate, P. chrysosporium and T. versicolor secretomes performed similarly to Cellic® CTec2. However, the white-rot fungi secretomes were less efficient than Cellic® CTec2 during hydrolysis of more recalcitrant substrates, such as acid or alkaline sulfite-pretreated sugarcane bagasse, likely because Cellic® CTec2 contains an excess of CBHs compared with the white-rot fungi secretomes. General comparison of the white-rot fungi secretomes highlighted T. versicolor enzymes for providing high glucan conversions, even at lower proportion of CBHs, probably because the other enzymes present in this secretome and CBHs lacking carbohydrate-binding modules compensate for problems associated with unproductive binding to lignin.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | | | | | - André Ferraz
- Departamento de Biotecnologia, Escola de Engenharia de Lorena, Universidade de São Paulo, Lorena, Brazil
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Kumla J, Suwannarach N, Sujarit K, Penkhrue W, Kakumyan P, Jatuwong K, Vadthanarat S, Lumyong S. Cultivation of Mushrooms and Their Lignocellulolytic Enzyme Production Through the Utilization of Agro-Industrial Waste. Molecules 2020; 25:molecules25122811. [PMID: 32570772 PMCID: PMC7355594 DOI: 10.3390/molecules25122811] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/29/2020] [Revised: 06/13/2020] [Accepted: 06/15/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022] Open
Abstract
A large amount of agro-industrial waste is produced worldwide in various agricultural sectors and by different food industries. The disposal and burning of this waste have created major global environmental problems. Agro-industrial waste mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, all of which are collectively defined as lignocellulosic materials. This waste can serve as a suitable substrate in the solid-state fermentation process involving mushrooms. Mushrooms degrade lignocellulosic substrates through lignocellulosic enzyme production and utilize the degraded products to produce their fruiting bodies. Therefore, mushroom cultivation can be considered a prominent biotechnological process for the reduction and valorization of agro-industrial waste. Such waste is generated as a result of the eco-friendly conversion of low-value by-products into new resources that can be used to produce value-added products. Here, we have produced a brief review of the current findings through an overview of recently published literature. This overview has focused on the use of agro-industrial waste as a growth substrate for mushroom cultivation and lignocellulolytic enzyme production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jaturong Kumla
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Nakarin Suwannarach
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Kanaporn Sujarit
- Division of Biology, Faculty of Science and Technology, Rajamangala University of Technology Thanyaburi, Thanyaburi, Pathumthani 12110, Thailand;
| | - Watsana Penkhrue
- School of Preclinic, Institute of Science, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand;
- Center of Excellence in Microbial Technology for Agricultural Industry, Suranaree University of Technology, Nakhon Ratchasima 30000, Thailand
| | - Pattana Kakumyan
- School of Science, Mae Fah Luang University, Chiang Rai 57100, Thailand;
| | - Kritsana Jatuwong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Santhiti Vadthanarat
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
| | - Saisamorn Lumyong
- Research Center of Microbial Diversity and Sustainable Utilization, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand; (J.K.); (N.S.); (K.J.); (S.V.)
- Department of Biology, Faculty of Science, Chiang Mai University, Chiang Mai 50200, Thailand
- Academy of Science, The Royal Society of Thailand, Bangkok 10300, Thailand
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +668-1881-3658
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Ogunyewo OA, Randhawa A, Joshi M, Jain KK, Wadekar P, Odaneth AA, Lali AM, Yazdani SS. Engineered Penicillium funiculosum produces potent lignocellulolytic enzymes for saccharification of various pretreated biomasses. Process Biochem 2020. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2020.02.029] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/24/2022]
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61
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Dragone G, Kerssemakers AAJ, Driessen JLSP, Yamakawa CK, Brumano LP, Mussatto SI. Innovation and strategic orientations for the development of advanced biorefineries. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 302:122847. [PMID: 32008863 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2020.122847] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2019] [Revised: 01/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/17/2020] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Advanced biorefineries, which aim at valorizing biomass (from agriculture, forestry, aquaculture, among others) into a wide spectrum of products and bioenergy, are seen today as key to implement a sustainable biobased economy. Although different concepts of biorefinery are currently under development, further research and improvement are still required to obtain environmentally friendly and economically feasible commercial scale biorefineries. Valorization of all biomass components and integration of different disciplines are some of the strategies that have been considered to improve the economic and environmental performance. This paper summarizes and discusses the most recent innovations and strategic orientations for the development of advanced biorefineries. Focus is given on the valorization of non-carbohydrate components of biomass (protein, acetic acid and lignin), on-site and tailor-made production of enzymes, big data analytics, and interdisciplinary efforts. The idea is to provide new insights and directions to support the development and large-scale implementation of biorefineries.
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Affiliation(s)
- Giuliano Dragone
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Abraham A J Kerssemakers
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Jasper L S P Driessen
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Celina K Yamakawa
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Larissa P Brumano
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark
| | - Solange I Mussatto
- Novo Nordisk Foundation Center for Biosustainability, Technical University of Denmark, Kemitorvet, Building 220, 2800, Kongens Lyngby, Denmark.
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Ega SL, Drendel G, Petrovski S, Egidi E, Franks AE, Muddada S. Comparative Analysis of Structural Variations Due to Genome Shuffling of Bacillus Subtilis VS15 for Improved Cellulase Production. Int J Mol Sci 2020; 21:ijms21041299. [PMID: 32075107 PMCID: PMC7072954 DOI: 10.3390/ijms21041299] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/23/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/29/2019] [Indexed: 12/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Cellulose is one of the most abundant and renewable biomass products used for the production of bioethanol. Cellulose can be efficiently hydrolyzed by Bacillus subtilis VS15, a strain isolate obtained from decomposing logs. A genome shuffling approach was implemented to improve the cellulase activity of Bacillus subtilis VS15. Mutant strains were created using ethyl methyl sulfonate (EMS), N-Methyl-N′ nitro-N-nitrosoguanidine (NTG), and ultraviolet light (UV) followed by recursive protoplast fusion. After two rounds of shuffling, the mutants Gb2, Gc8, and Gd7 were produced that had an increase in cellulase activity of 128%, 148%, and 167%, respectively, in comparison to the wild type VS15. The genetic diversity of the shuffled strain Gd7 and wild type VS15 was compared at whole genome level. Genomic-level comparisons identified a set of eight genes, consisting of cellulase and regulatory genes, of interest for further analyses. Various genes were identified with insertions and deletions that may be involved in improved celluase production in Gd7. Strain Gd7 maintained the capability of hydrolyzing wheatbran to glucose and converting glucose to ethanol by fermentation with Saccharomyces cerevisiae of the wild type VS17. This ability was further confirmed by the acidified potassium dichromate (K2Cr2O7) method.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Gene Drendel
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; (G.D.); (S.P.); (E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Steve Petrovski
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; (G.D.); (S.P.); (E.E.); (A.E.F.)
| | - Eleonora Egidi
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; (G.D.); (S.P.); (E.E.); (A.E.F.)
- Hawkesbury Institute for the Environment, Western Sydney University, Sydney, NSW 2750, Australia
| | - Ashley E. Franks
- Department of Physiology, Anatomy and Microbiology, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, Victoria 3086, Australia; (G.D.); (S.P.); (E.E.); (A.E.F.)
- Centre for Future Landscapes, College of Science, Health and Engineering, La Trobe University, Melbourne, VI 3086, Australia
| | - Sudhamani Muddada
- Department of Biotechnology, K L E F University, Guntur 522 502, India;
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +91-970-3470-598
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Villena GK, Kitazono AA, Hernández-Macedo M L. Bioengineering Fungi and Yeast for the Production of Enzymes, Metabolites, and Value-Added Compounds. Fungal Biol 2020. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-41870-0_9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Fonseca LM, Parreiras LS, Murakami MT. Rational engineering of the Trichoderma reesei RUT-C30 strain into an industrially relevant platform for cellulase production. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2020; 13:93. [PMID: 32461765 PMCID: PMC7243233 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-020-01732-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 49] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/20/2020] [Accepted: 05/14/2020] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The path for the development of hypersecreting strains of Trichoderma reesei capable of producing industrially relevant enzyme titers remains elusive despite over 70 years of research and industrial utilization. Herein, we describe the rational engineering of the publicly available T. reesei RUT-C30 strain and a customized process for cellulase production based on agroindustrial by-products. RESULTS A CRISPR/Cas9 system was used to introduce six genetic modifications in RUT-C30. Implemented changes included the constitutive expression of a mutated allele of the cellulase master regulator XYR1, the expression of two heterologous enzymes, the β-glucosidase CEL3A from Talaromyces emersonii and the invertase SUC1 from Aspergillus niger, and the deletion of genes encoding the cellulase repressor ACE1 and the extracellular proteases SLP1 and PEP1. These alterations resulted in a remarkable increase of protein secretion rates by RUT-C30 and amended its well described β-glucosidase deficiency while enabling the utilization of sucrose and eliminating the requirement of inducing sugars for enzyme production. With a developed sugarcane molasses-based bioprocess, the engineered strain reached an extracellular protein titer of 80.6 g L-1 (0.24 g L-1 h-1), which is the highest experimentally supported titer so far reported for T. reesei. The produced enzyme cocktail displayed increased levels of cellulase and hemicellulase activities, with particularly large increments being observed for the specific activities of β-glucosidase (72-fold) and xylanase (42-fold). Notably, it also exhibited a saccharification efficiency similar to that of a commercially available cellulase preparation in the deconstruction of industrially pretreated sugarcane straw. CONCLUSION This work demonstrates the rational steps for the development of a cellulase hyperproducing strain from a well-characterized genetic background available in the public domain, the RUT-C30, associated with an industrially relevant bioprocess, paving new perspectives for Trichoderma research on cellulase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lucas Miranda Fonseca
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100 Brazil
| | - Lucas Salera Parreiras
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100 Brazil
| | - Mario Tyago Murakami
- Brazilian Biorenewables National Laboratory, Brazilian Center for Research in Energy and Materials, Campinas, São Paulo 13083-100 Brazil
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Xue Y, Han J, Li Y, Liu J, Gan L, Long M. Promoting cellulase and hemicellulase production from Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22 by overexpression of transcription factors Xyr1 and Ace3. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2020; 296:122355. [PMID: 31711906 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122355] [Citation(s) in RCA: 23] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/24/2019] [Revised: 10/29/2019] [Accepted: 10/30/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
The construction of hyper-production strains of cellulase is the prerequisite for the production of biofuels or biochemicals. Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22 with complete cellulase system shows the potential for cellulase production in industrial scale. To improve the cellulase production, two crucial transcription activators Xyr1 and Ace3 were constitutively overexpressed in EU7-22 strain. Cellulase, xylanase and protein secretion were significantly improved in the recombinant strain dxyA-8 under inducing culture, which were 2.34, 0.68 and 1.06 folds higher than those of EU7-22, respectively. Moreover, the FPase and CMCase activities were up to 2.55 IU/mL and 90.38 IU/mL with glucose as carbon source, which were 2.12 and 1.95 folds higher than those of EU7-22 under inducing condition, respectively. Reducing sugar released from pretreated spartina that hydrolyzed by crude enzyme from dxyA-8 had achieved 24% improvement. Therefore, overexpression of these transcription factors effectively promotes the production of cellulase and hemicellulase of Trichoderma orientalis EU7-22.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong Xue
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jiang Han
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Yuyu Li
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China
| | - Jian Liu
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of High-valued Conversion Technology of Agricultural Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
| | - Lihui Gan
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Xiamen Key Laboratory of High-valued Conversion Technology of Agricultural Biomass, Xiamen University, Xiamen, PR China.
| | - Minnan Long
- College of Energy, Xiamen University, Xiamen 361005, PR China; Fujian Vocational College of Bioengineering, Fuzhou, PR China.
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Liu T, Yang L, Liu B, Tan L. Hydroxycinnamic acids release during bioconversion of corn stover and their effects on lignocellulolytic enzymes. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2019; 294:122116. [PMID: 31520858 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2019.122116] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/15/2019] [Revised: 08/31/2019] [Accepted: 09/03/2019] [Indexed: 06/10/2023]
Abstract
Hydroxycinnamic acids released during alkaline pretreatment of lignocellulose, especially p-coumaric acid (p-CA) and ferulic acid (FA), negatively affect the enzymatic hydrolysis and fermentation. However, the mechanism of this effect is not well understood. In this study, we investigated the releasing behavior and negative effect and examined the underlying mechanisms. The results demonstrated that the hydrogen peroxide concentration and biomass loading affected the release of p-CA and FA significantly during alkaline hydrogen peroxide (AHP) pretreatment of corn stover. p-CA and FA mainly inhibited the activity of endoglucanase, xylanase, and filter paper activity (FPA), while the amount of lignocellulolytic enzyme protein was not affected. Thus, they acted as inhibitors of enzyme activities. Molecular docking study indicated that p-CA and FA inhibited the lignocellulolytic enzyme activity and enzymatic hydrolysis efficiency mainly by forming non-covalent bonds to specific amino acids in the active sites of the lignocellulolytic enzymes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tongjun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Li Yang
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Bin Liu
- Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Liping Tan
- State Key Laboratory of Biobased Materials and Green Papermaking, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China; Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Shandong Academy of Sciences, Jinan 250353, China.
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Ballmann P, Lightfoot J, Müller M, Dröge S, Prade R. Redesigning the Aspergillus nidulans xylanase regulatory pathway to enhance cellulase production with xylose as the carbon and inducer source. Microb Cell Fact 2019; 18:193. [PMID: 31699093 PMCID: PMC6839167 DOI: 10.1186/s12934-019-1243-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 10/24/2019] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Biomass contains cellulose (C6-sugars), hemicellulose (C5-sugars) and lignin. Biomass ranks amongst the most abundant hydrocarbon resources on earth. However, biomass is recalcitrant to enzymatic digestion by cellulases. Physicochemical pretreatment methods make cellulose accessible but partially destroy hemicellulose, producing a C5-sugar-rich liquor. Typically, digestion of pretreated LCB is performed with commercial cellulase preparations, but C5-sugars could in principle be used for “on site” production of cellulases by genetically engineered microorganism, thereby reducing costs. Results Here we report a succession of genetic interventions in Aspergillus nidulans that redesign the natural regulatory circuitry of cellulase genes in such a way that recombinant strains use C5-sugar liquors (xylose) to grow a vegetative tissue and simultaneously accumulate large amounts of cellulases. Overexpression of XlnR showed that under xylose-induction conditions only xylanase C was produced. XlnR overexpression strains were constructed that use the xynCp promoter to drive the production of cellobiohydrolases, endoglucanases and β-glucosidase. All five cellulases accumulated at high levels when grown on xylose. Production of cellulases in the presence of pretreated-biomass C5-sugar liquors was investigated, and cellulases accumulated to much higher enzyme titers than those obtained for traditional fungal cell factories with cellulase-inducing substrates. Conclusions By replacing expensive substrates with a cheap by-product carbon source, the use of C5-sugar liquors directly derived from LCB pretreatment processes not only reduces enzyme production costs, but also lowers operational costs by eliminating the need for off-site enzyme production, purification, concentration, transport and dilution.
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Affiliation(s)
- Patrick Ballmann
- Prüf- und Forschungsinstitut Pirmasens e.V., Marie-Curie-Strasse 19, 66953, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Jorge Lightfoot
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA
| | - Michael Müller
- Prüf- und Forschungsinstitut Pirmasens e.V., Marie-Curie-Strasse 19, 66953, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Stephan Dröge
- Prüf- und Forschungsinstitut Pirmasens e.V., Marie-Curie-Strasse 19, 66953, Pirmasens, Germany
| | - Rolf Prade
- Department of Microbiology & Molecular Genetics, Oklahoma State University, Stillwater, OK, 74078, USA.
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Ferreira da Silva I, Rodrigues da Luz JM, Oliveira SF, Humberto de Queiroz J, Megumi Kasuya MC. High-yield cellulase and LiP production after SSF of agricultural wastes by Pleurotus ostreatus using different surfactants. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2019.101428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/25/2022]
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Gao L, Xu Y, Song X, Li S, Xia C, Xu J, Qin Y, Liu G, Qu Y. Deletion of the middle region of the transcription factor ClrB in Penicillium oxalicum enables cellulase production in the presence of glucose. J Biol Chem 2019; 294:18685-18697. [PMID: 31659120 DOI: 10.1074/jbc.ra119.010863] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2019] [Revised: 10/21/2019] [Indexed: 11/06/2022] Open
Abstract
Enzymes that degrade lignocellulose to simple sugars are of great interest in research and for biotechnology because of their role in converting plant biomass to fuels and chemicals. The synthesis of cellulolytic enzymes in filamentous fungi is tightly regulated at the transcriptional level, with the transcriptional activator ClrB/CLR-2 playing a critical role in many species. In Penicillium oxalicum, clrB overexpression could not relieve the dependence of cellulase expression on cellulose as an inducer, suggesting that clrB is controlled post-transcriptionally. In this study, using a reporter gene system in yeast, we identified the C-terminal region of ClrB/CLR-2 as a transcriptional activation domain. Expression of clrBID , encoding a ClrB derivative in which the DNA-binding and transcriptional activation domains are fused together to remove the middle region, led to cellulase production in the absence of cellulose in P. oxalicum Strikingly, the clrBID -expressing strain produced cellulase on carbon sources that normally repress cellulase expression, including glucose and glycerol. Results from deletion of the carbon catabolite repressor gene creA in the clrBID -expressing strain suggested that the effect of clrBID is independent of CreA's repressive function. A similar modification of clrB in Aspergillus niger resulted in the production of a mannanase in glucose medium. Taken together, these results indicate that ClrB suppression under noninducing conditions involves its middle region, suggesting a potential strategy to engineer fungal strains for improved cellulase production on commonly used carbon sources.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yanning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Shiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Chengqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Jiadi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
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Novy V, Nielsen F, Seiboth B, Nidetzky B. The influence of feedstock characteristics on enzyme production in Trichoderma reesei: a review on productivity, gene regulation and secretion profiles. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:238. [PMID: 31624500 PMCID: PMC6781402 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1571-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/17/2019] [Accepted: 09/20/2019] [Indexed: 05/21/2023]
Abstract
Biorefineries, designed for the production of lignocellulose-based chemicals and fuels, are receiving increasing attention from the public, governments, and industries. A major obstacle for biorefineries to advance to commercial scale is the high cost of the enzymes required to derive the fermentable sugars from the feedstock used. As summarized in this review, techno-economic studies suggest co-localization and integration of enzyme manufacturing with the cellulosic biorefinery as the most promising alternative to alleviate this problem. Thus, cultivation of Trichoderma reesei, the principal producer of lignocellulolytic enzymes, on the lignocellulosic biomass processed on-site can reduce the cost of enzyme manufacturing. Further, due to a complex gene regulation machinery, the fungus can adjust the gene expression of the lignocellulolytic enzymes towards the characteristics of the feedstock, increasing the hydrolytic efficiency of the produced enzyme cocktail. Despite extensive research over decades, the underlying regulatory mechanisms are not fully elucidated. One aspect that has received relatively little attention in literature is the influence the characteristics of a lignocellulosic substrate, i.e., its chemical and physical composition, has on the produced enzyme mixture. Considering that the fungus is dependent on efficient enzymatic degradation of the lignocellulose for continuous supply of carbon and energy, a relationship between feedstock characteristics and secretome composition can be expected. The aim of this review was to systematically collect, appraise, and aggregate data and integrate results from studies analyzing enzyme production by T. reesei on insoluble cellulosic model substrates and lignocellulosic biomass. The results show that there is a direct effect of the substrate's complexity (rated by structure, composition of the lignin-carbohydrate complex, and recalcitrance in enzymatic saccharification) on enzyme titers and the composition of specific activities in the secretome. It further shows that process-related factors, such as substrate loading and cultivation set-up, are direct targets for increasing enzyme yields. The literature on transcriptome and secretome composition further supports the proposed influence of substrate-related factors on the expression of lignocellulolytic enzymes. This review provides insights into the interrelation between the characteristics of the substrate and the enzyme production by T. reesei, which may help to advance integrated enzyme manufacturing of substrate-specific enzymes cocktails at scale.
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Affiliation(s)
- Vera Novy
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Present Address: Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Fredrik Nielsen
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Present Address: Department of Wood Science, Faculty of Forestry, The University of British Columbia, Vancouver, Canada
| | - Bernhard Seiboth
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Vienna University of Technology, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib) GmbH, Graz, Austria
| | - Bernd Nidetzky
- Institute of Biotechnology and Biochemical Engineering, NAWI Graz, Graz University of Technology, Graz, Austria
- Austrian Centre of Industrial Biotechnology (acib) GmbH, Graz, Austria
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Derntl C, Mach RL, Mach-Aigner AR. Fusion transcription factors for strong, constitutive expression of cellulases and xylanases in Trichoderma reesei. BIOTECHNOLOGY FOR BIOFUELS 2019; 12:231. [PMID: 31583017 PMCID: PMC6767844 DOI: 10.1186/s13068-019-1575-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 28] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/28/2019] [Accepted: 09/22/2019] [Indexed: 05/07/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The filamentous ascomycete T. reesei is industrially used to produce cellulases and xylanases. Cost-effective production of cellulases is a bottleneck for biofuel production. Previously, different strain and process optimizations were deployed to enhance enzyme production rates. One approach is the overexpression of the main activator Xyr1 and a second is the construction of synthetic transcription factors. Notably, these genetic manipulations were introduced into strains bearing the wild-type xyr1 gene and locus. RESULTS Here, we constructed a Xyr1-deficient strain expressing a non-functional truncated version of Xyr1. This strain was successfully used as platform strain for overexpression of Xyr1, which enhanced the cellulase and xylanase production rates under inducing conditions, with the exception of lactose-there the cellulase production was severely reduced. Further, we introduced fusion transcription factors consisting of the DNA-binding domain of Xyr1 and the transactivation domain of either Ypr1 or Ypr2 (regulators of the sorbicillinoid biosynthesis gene cluster). The fusion of Xyr1 and Ypr2 yielded a moderately transactivating transcription factor, whereas the fusion of Xyr1 and Ypr1 yielded a highly transactivating transcription factor that induced xylanases and cellulases nearly carbon source independently. Especially, high production levels of xylanases were achieved on glycerol. CONCLUSION During this study, we constructed a Xyr1-deficient strain that can be fully reconstituted, which makes it an ideal platform strain for Xyr1-related studies. The mere overexpression of Xyr1 turned out not to be a successful strategy for overall enhancement of the enzyme production rates. We gained new insights into the regulatory properties of transcription factors by constructing respective fusion proteins. The Xyr1-Ypr1-fusion transcription factor could induce xylanase production rates on glycerol to outstanding extents, and hence could be deployed in the future to utilize crude glycerol, the main co-product of the biodiesel production process.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christian Derntl
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Robert L. Mach
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
| | - Astrid R. Mach-Aigner
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, TU Wien, Gumpendorfer Strasse 1a, 1060 Vienna, Austria
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Moringa straw as cellulase production inducer and cellulolytic fungi source. Rev Argent Microbiol 2019; 52:4-12. [PMID: 31204058 DOI: 10.1016/j.ram.2019.02.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/05/2018] [Revised: 12/24/2018] [Accepted: 02/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Currently, the valorization of agroindustrial waste is of great interest. Moringa oleifera is a multipurpose tree whose softwood residues could be used as raw material for low-cost cellulase production. The aim of this study was to isolate, identify, and characterize microorganisms with cellulolytic activity in different carbon sources. We isolated and purified 42 microorganisms from M. oleifera biomass. Fungi presenting the largest hydrolytic halos in carboxymethylcellulose as a substrate were molecularly identified as Penicillium funiculosum (FG1), Fusarium verticillioides (FG3) and Cladosporium cladosporioides (FC2). The ability of these fungal strains to break down cellulose was assessed in a submerged fermentation using either amorphous CMC or crystalline form (Avicel). P. funiculosum and C. cladosporioides displayed similar endoglucanase (606U/l) and exoglucanase (205U/l) activities in the Avicel-containing medium, whereas F. verticillioides showed the highest level of β-glucosidase activity (664U/l) in the carboxymethylcellulose medium. In addition, the effect of three culture media (A, B, and C) on cellulase production was evaluated in P. funiculosum using moringa straw as a carbon source. The results showed a volumetric productivity improvement of cellulases that was 2.77-, 8.26-, and 2.30-fold higher for endoglucanase, exoglucanase and β-glucosidase, respectively when medium C containing moringa straw was used as a carbon source. The enzymatic extracts produced by these fungi have biotechnological potential especially for second-generation bioethanol production (2G) from moringa straw. This is the first report on the use of M. oleifera biomass to induce the production of various cellulases in P. funiculosum.
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73
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Gao L, Li S, Xu Y, Xia C, Xu J, Liu J, Qin Y, Song X, Liu G, Qu Y. Mutation of a Conserved Alanine Residue in Transcription Factor AraR Leads to Hyperproduction of α‐l‐Arabinofuranosidases inPenicillium oxalicum. Biotechnol J 2019; 14:e1800643. [DOI: 10.1002/biot.201800643] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/18/2018] [Revised: 12/20/2018] [Accepted: 01/02/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai China
| | - Shiying Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
| | - Yanning Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
| | - Chengqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
| | - Jiadi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
- National Glycoengineering Research CenterShandong UniversityQingdao China
| | - Jun Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
| | - Yuqi Qin
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
- National Glycoengineering Research CenterShandong UniversityQingdao China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
- State Key Laboratory of Bioreactor EngineeringEast China University of Science and TechnologyShanghai China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial TechnologyShandong University27 Binhai Road 266237 Qingdao China
- National Glycoengineering Research CenterShandong UniversityQingdao China
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74
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Xia C, Li Z, Xu Y, Yang P, Gao L, Yan Q, Li S, Wang Y, Qu Y, Song X. Introduction of heterologous transcription factors and their target genes into Penicillium oxalicum leads to increased lignocellulolytic enzyme production. Appl Microbiol Biotechnol 2019; 103:2675-2687. [DOI: 10.1007/s00253-018-09612-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/13/2018] [Revised: 12/18/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
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75
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Piribauer B, Bartl A. Textile recycling processes, state of the art and current developments: A mini review. WASTE MANAGEMENT & RESEARCH : THE JOURNAL OF THE INTERNATIONAL SOLID WASTES AND PUBLIC CLEANSING ASSOCIATION, ISWA 2019; 37:112-119. [PMID: 30632932 DOI: 10.1177/0734242x18819277] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/15/2023]
Abstract
World fibre production has been rising continuously over last decades and a tremendous increase is expected in the near future. The major portion of fibres goes to the textile industry whose main output streams are apparel and home textiles. With the transformation of these textile products from a basic human need to fashion items, their lifetime before disposal is steadily declining, while at the same time the complexity of their material composition is increasing. As a matter of fact, the amount of disposed items is increasing distinctively and the issue of a proper handling of end-of-life textiles is becoming more important. The objective of this mini review is, first to give a brief overview of the already available textile recycling methods, and subsequently it will discuss innovative developments of new recycling processes in the textile recycling sector. A special focus of this review lies on the emerging field of biochemical fibre recycling processes, which could become a major step on the way to a circular economy in the textile processing chain. Owing to the high selectivity of bio-catalysts, enzymes, these processes could be used to remove a specific fibre material from multi-component textiles. As the complexity of textiles is reduced, the recyclability is increased.
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Affiliation(s)
- Benjamin Piribauer
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
| | - Andreas Bartl
- Institute of Chemical, Environmental and Bioscience Engineering, Technische Universität Wien, Vienna, Austria
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76
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Microorganisms for Cellulase Production: Availability, Diversity, and Efficiency. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14726-6_4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/26/2022]
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77
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Salomão GSB, Agnezi JC, Paulino LB, Hencker LB, de Lira TS, Tardioli PW, Pinotti LM. Production of cellulases by solid state fermentation using natural and pretreated sugarcane bagasse with different fungi. BIOCATALYSIS AND AGRICULTURAL BIOTECHNOLOGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/j.bcab.2018.10.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
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78
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Bhatt SM, Bhat S. Role of Solid-State Fermentation to Improve Cost Economy of Cellulase Production. Fungal Biol 2019. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-030-14726-6_5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
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79
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Zhang F, Bunterngsook B, Li JX, Zhao XQ, Champreda V, Liu CG, Bai FW. Regulation and production of lignocellulolytic enzymes from Trichoderma reesei for biofuels production. ADVANCES IN BIOENERGY 2019. [DOI: 10.1016/bs.aibe.2019.03.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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80
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Liu G, Qu Y. Engineering of filamentous fungi for efficient conversion of lignocellulose: Tools, recent advances and prospects. Biotechnol Adv 2018; 37:519-529. [PMID: 30576717 DOI: 10.1016/j.biotechadv.2018.12.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/09/2017] [Revised: 12/13/2018] [Accepted: 12/14/2018] [Indexed: 01/17/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi, as the main producers of lignocellulolytic enzymes in industry, need to be engineered to improve the economy of large-scale lignocellulose conversion. Investigation of the cellular processes involved in lignocellulolytic enzyme production, as well as optimization of enzyme mixtures for higher hydrolysis efficiency, have provided effective targets for the engineering of lignocellulolytic fungi. Recently, the development of efficient genetic manipulation systems in several lignocellulolytic fungi opens up the possibility of systems engineering of these strains. Here, we review the recent progresses made in the engineering of lignocellulolytic fungi and highlight the research gaps in this area.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; Shandong Key Laboratory of Water Pollution Control and Resource Reuse, School of Environmental Science and Engineering, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China; National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Qingdao 266237, China.
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81
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Ike M, Tokuyasu K. Cellulase Production of Trichoderma reesei ( Hypocrea jecorina) by Continuously Fed Cultivation Using Sucrose as Primary Carbon Source. J Appl Glycosci (1999) 2018; 65:51-56. [PMID: 34354513 PMCID: PMC8056898 DOI: 10.5458/jag.jag.jag-2018_0005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/02/2018] [Accepted: 09/29/2018] [Indexed: 10/31/2022] Open
Abstract
To expand the range of soluble carbon sources for our enzyme production system, we investigated the properties of sucrose utilization and its effect on cellulase production by Trichoderma reesei M2-1. We performed batch cultivation of T. reesei M2-1 on sucrose and related sugars along with cellobiose, which was used as a cellulase inducer. The results clearly revealed that the hydrolysis products of sucrose, i.e. glucose and fructose, but not sucrose, can be used as a carbon source for enzyme production. In a 10-day continuous feeding experiment using invertase-treated sucrose/cellobiose, the fungal strain produced cellulases with a filter paper-degrading activity of 20.3 U/mL and production efficiency of 254 U/g-carbon sources. These values were comparable with those of glucose/cellobiose feeding (21.2 U/mL and 265 U/g-carbon sources, respectively). Furthermore, the comparison of the specific activities clearly indicated that the compositions of both produced enzymes were similar. Therefore, enzymatically hydrolyzed sucrose can be utilized as an alternative carbon source to glucose in our enzyme production system with T. reesei M2-1.
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Affiliation(s)
- Masakazu Ike
- 1 Food Biotechnology Division, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
| | - Ken Tokuyasu
- 1 Food Biotechnology Division, Food Research Institute, National Agriculture and Food Research Organization (NARO)
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Borin GP, Carazzolle MF, Dos Santos RAC, Riaño-Pachón DM, Oliveira JVDC. Gene Co-expression Network Reveals Potential New Genes Related to Sugarcane Bagasse Degradation in Trichoderma reesei RUT-30. Front Bioeng Biotechnol 2018; 6:151. [PMID: 30406095 PMCID: PMC6204389 DOI: 10.3389/fbioe.2018.00151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Accepted: 10/03/2018] [Indexed: 12/11/2022] Open
Abstract
The biomass-degrading fungus Trichoderma reesei has been considered a model for cellulose degradation, and it is the primary source of the industrial enzymatic cocktails used in second-generation (2G) ethanol production. However, although various studies and advances have been conducted to understand the cellulolytic system and the transcriptional regulation of T. reesei, the whole set of genes related to lignocellulose degradation has not been completely elucidated. In this study, we inferred a weighted gene co-expression network analysis based on the transcriptome dataset of the T. reesei RUT-C30 strain aiming to identify new target genes involved in sugarcane bagasse breakdown. In total, ~70% of all the differentially expressed genes were found in 28 highly connected gene modules. Several cellulases, sugar transporters, and hypothetical proteins coding genes upregulated in bagasse were grouped into the same modules. Among them, a single module contained the most representative core of cellulolytic enzymes (cellobiohydrolase, endoglucanase, β-glucosidase, and lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase). In addition, functional analysis using Gene Ontology (GO) revealed various classes of hydrolytic activity, cellulase activity, carbohydrate binding and cation:sugar symporter activity enriched in these modules. Several modules also showed GO enrichment for transcription factor activity, indicating the presence of transcriptional regulators along with the genes involved in cellulose breakdown and sugar transport as well as other genes encoding proteins with unknown functions. Highly connected genes (hubs) were also identified within each module, such as predicted transcription factors and genes encoding hypothetical proteins. In addition, various hubs contained at least one DNA binding site for the master activator Xyr1 according to our in silico analysis. The prediction of Xyr1 binding sites and the co-expression with genes encoding carbohydrate active enzymes and sugar transporters suggest a putative role of these hubs in bagasse cell wall deconstruction. Our results demonstrate a vast range of new promising targets that merit additional studies to improve the cellulolytic potential of T. reesei strains and to decrease the production costs of 2G ethanol.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gustavo Pagotto Borin
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | - Marcelo Falsarella Carazzolle
- Laboratório de Genômica e Expressão (LGE), Departamento de Genética, Evolução, Microbiologia e Imunologia, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade Estadual de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
| | | | | | - Juliana Velasco de Castro Oliveira
- Laboratório Nacional de Ciência e Tecnologia do Bioetanol (CTBE), Centro Nacional de Pesquisa em Energia e Materiais (CNPEM), Campinas, Brazil.,Programa de Pós-Graduação em Genética e Biologia Molecular, Instituto de Biologia, Universidade de Campinas (UNICAMP), Campinas, Brazil
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83
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Kumar B, Bhardwaj N, Alam A, Agrawal K, Prasad H, Verma P. Production, purification and characterization of an acid/alkali and thermo tolerant cellulase from Schizophyllum commune NAIMCC-F-03379 and its application in hydrolysis of lignocellulosic wastes. AMB Express 2018; 8:173. [PMID: 30334113 PMCID: PMC6192944 DOI: 10.1186/s13568-018-0696-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/01/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/29/2022] Open
Abstract
A cellulase producing fungus Schizophyllum commune NAIMCC-F-03379 was isolated from decomposed leaf sample of Lantana camera. The nutritional components (wheat bran, magnesium sulphate and calcium chloride concentrations) and physical parameters (temperature and pH) were optimised by response surface methodology for enhanced cellulase production by S. commune NAIMCC-F-03379. The optimized medium contained: 1% (w/v) wheat bran, 0.3 g/L MgSO4, 0.8–1.0 g/L CaCl2, optimum temperature and pH were 25 °C and 5 respectively. Under optimum condition, 5.35-fold increase in CMCase and 6.62-fold increase in FPase activity was obtained as compared to un-optimized condition. Crude cellulase enzyme was subjected to different purification techniques and comparative evaluation of their efficiency was performed. The aqueous two-phase system using polyethylene glycol 8000/MnSO4 system showed maximum purification with 10.4-fold increase in activity, 79.5% yield and 0.5 partition coefficient. The cellulase enzyme obtained from S. commune NAIMCC-F-03379 has shown high stability i.e. more than 55% relative activity after 12 h of incubation over wide range of temperature (25–65 °C) and pH (3–10). The molecular weight of the cellulase enzyme was estimated as ~ 60 kDa by using sodium dodecyl sulphate-polyacrylamide electrophoresis (SDS-PAGE) and zymography. Km and Vmax value of cellulase on carboxy-methyl cellulose were obtained as 0.0909 mg/mL and 45.45 μmol/min mg respectively. Rice straw and wheat bran were subjected to hydrolysis using cellulase and cellulase–xylanase cocktail and analysed by thin layer chromatography and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC). The HPLC analysis showed glucose concentration of 1.162 mg/mL after enzymatic hydrolysis of rice straw.
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84
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Marjamaa K, Kruus K. Enzyme biotechnology in degradation and modification of plant cell wall polymers. PHYSIOLOGIA PLANTARUM 2018; 164:106-118. [PMID: 29987848 DOI: 10.1111/ppl.12800] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2017] [Revised: 07/02/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
Lignocelluloses are abundant raw materials for production of fuels, chemicals and materials. The purpose of this paper is to review the enzyme-types and enzyme-technologies studied and applied in the processing of the lignocelluloses into different products. The enzymes here are mostly glycoside hydrolases, esterases and different redox enzymes. Enzymatic hydrolysis of lignocellulosic polysaccharides to platform sugars has been widely studied leading to development of advanced commercial products for this purpose. Restricted hydrolysis or oxidation of cellulosic fibers have been applied in processing of pulps to paper products, nanocelluloses and textile fibers. Oxidation, transglycosylation and derivatization have been utilized in functionalization of fibers, cellulosic surfaces and polysaccharides. Enzymatic polymerization, depolymerization and grafting methods are being developed for lignin valorization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa Marjamaa
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
| | - Kristiina Kruus
- VTT Technical Research Centre of Finland Ltd, PO Box 1000, Espoo, 02044, Finland
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85
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Du J, Song W, Zhang X, Zhao J, Liu G, Qu Y. Differential reinforcement of enzymatic hydrolysis by adding chemicals and accessory proteins to high solid loading substrates with different pretreatments. Bioprocess Biosyst Eng 2018; 41:1153-1163. [PMID: 29687236 DOI: 10.1007/s00449-018-1944-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 12] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/05/2018] [Accepted: 04/18/2018] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
Abstract
High dosage of enzyme is required to achieve effective lignocellulose hydrolysis, especially at high-solid loadings, which is a significant barrier to large-scale bioconversion of lignocellulose. Here, we screened four chemical additives and three accessory proteins for their effects on the enzymatic hydrolysis of various lignocellulosic materials. The effects were found to be highly dependent on the composition and solid loadings of substrates. For xylan-extracted lignin-rich corncob residue, the enhancing effect of PEG 6000 was most pronounced and negligibly affected by solid content, which reduced more than half of enzyme demand at 20% dry matter (DM). Lytic polysaccharide monooxygenase enhanced the hydrolysis of ammonium sulfite wheat straw pulp, and its addition reduced about half of protein demand at the solid loading of 20% DM. Supplementation of the additives in the hydrolysis of pure cellulose and complex lignocellulosic materials revealed that their effects are tightly linked to pretreatment strategies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jian Du
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Wenxia Song
- School of Life Science, Qufu Normal University, Qufu, 273165, China
| | - Xiu Zhang
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Jian Zhao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan, 250100, China.
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86
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Marine macroalgal nursery: A model for sustainable production of seedlings for large scale farming. ALGAL RES 2018. [DOI: 10.1016/j.algal.2018.02.032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/27/2022]
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87
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Kar B, Verma P, den Haan R, Sharma AK. Characterization of a recombinant thermostable β-glucosidase from Putranjiva roxburghii expressed in Saccharomyces cerevisiae and its use for efficient biomass conversion. Process Biochem 2017. [DOI: 10.1016/j.procbio.2017.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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88
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Li Z, Liu G, Qu Y. Improvement of cellulolytic enzyme production and performance by rational designing expression regulatory network and enzyme system composition. BIORESOURCE TECHNOLOGY 2017; 245:1718-1726. [PMID: 28684177 DOI: 10.1016/j.biortech.2017.06.120] [Citation(s) in RCA: 32] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/31/2017] [Revised: 06/19/2017] [Accepted: 06/20/2017] [Indexed: 06/07/2023]
Abstract
Filamentous fungi are considered as the most efficient producers expressing lignocellulose-degrading enzymes. Penicillium oxalicum strains possess extraordinary fungal lignocellulolytic enzyme systems and can efficiently utilize plant biomass. In recent years, the regulatory aspects of production of hydrolytic enzymes by P. oxalicum have been well established. This review aims to discuss the recent developments for the production of lignocellulolytic enzymes by P. oxalicum. The main cellulolytic transcription factors mediating the complex transcriptional-regulatory network are highlighted. The genome-wide identification of cellulolytic transcription factors, the cascade regulation network for cellulolytic gene expression, and the synergistic and dose-controlled regulation by cellulolytic regulators are discussed. A cellulase regulatory network sensitive to inducers in intracellular environments, the cross-talk of regulation of lignocellulose-degrading enzyme and amylase, and accessory enzymes are also demonstrated. Finally, strategies for the metabolic engineering of P. oxalicum, which show promising applications in the enzymatic hydrolysis for biochemical production, are established.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China; Shandong Provincial Key Laboratory of Microbial Engineering, Department of Bioengineering, Qi Lu University of Technology, Jinan 250353, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, Shandong University, Jinan 250100, China.
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89
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Druzhinina IS, Kubicek CP. Genetic engineering of Trichoderma reesei cellulases and their production. Microb Biotechnol 2017; 10:1485-1499. [PMID: 28557371 PMCID: PMC5658622 DOI: 10.1111/1751-7915.12726] [Citation(s) in RCA: 133] [Impact Index Per Article: 19.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/22/2017] [Revised: 04/11/2017] [Accepted: 04/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Lignocellulosic biomass, which mainly consists of cellulose, hemicellulose and lignin, is the most abundant renewable source for production of biofuel and biorefinery products. The industrial use of plant biomass involves mechanical milling or chipping, followed by chemical or physicochemical pretreatment steps to make the material more susceptible to enzymatic hydrolysis. Thereby the cost of enzyme production still presents the major bottleneck, mostly because some of the produced enzymes have low catalytic activity under industrial conditions and/or because the rate of hydrolysis of some enzymes in the secreted enzyme mixture is limiting. Almost all of the lignocellulolytic enzyme cocktails needed for the hydrolysis step are produced by fermentation of the ascomycete Trichoderma reesei (Hypocreales). For this reason, the structure and mechanism of the enzymes involved, the regulation of their expression and the pathways of their formation and secretion have been investigated in T. reesei in considerable details. Several of the findings thereby obtained have been used to improve the formation of the T. reesei cellulases and their properties. In this article, we will review the achievements that have already been made and also show promising fields for further progress.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irina S. Druzhinina
- Microbiology GroupResearch Area Biochemical TechnologyInstitute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
| | - Christian P. Kubicek
- Microbiology GroupResearch Area Biochemical TechnologyInstitute of Chemical, Environmental and Biological EngineeringTU WienViennaAustria
- Present address:
Steinschötelgasse 7Wien1100Austria
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90
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Gao L, Xia C, Xu J, Li Z, Yu L, Liu G, Song X, Qu Y. Constitutive Expression of Chimeric Transcription Factors Enables Cellulase Synthesis under Non-Inducing Conditions in Penicillium oxalicum. Biotechnol J 2017; 12. [PMID: 28755483 DOI: 10.1002/biot.201700119] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/26/2017] [Revised: 07/05/2017] [Indexed: 01/05/2023]
Abstract
Industrial production of cellulase by filamentous fungi is largely dependent on cellulose, which serves as a natural inducer of cellulase expression. However, insoluble cellulose is unfavorable to submerged fermentation and thus limits the production level of cellulase. The possibility of cellulase production under non-inducing conditions is explored in Penicillium oxalicum by overexpressing two chimeric transcription factors. The chimeric transcription factors contain the DNA binding domain of cellulase transcriptional activator ClrB linked to the C-terminal sequences of XlnRA871V , a constitutively active mutant of hemicellulase transcriptional activator. The obtained recombinant mutants exhibited dramatically improved basal production of cellulase, which was not observed with the overexpression of intact ClrB. When cultivated in a complex cellulosic medium, one of these mutants, OE-CXC -S-1, displayed a 7.3-fold increase in cellulase production (2.8 U mL-1 ) relative to the parent strain. The results demonstrate that the dependence of cellulase synthesis on cellulose could be reduced by the overexpression of artificially designed chimeric transcription factors, and offers a potential strategy to engineer fungal strains for improving cellulase production.
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Affiliation(s)
- Liwei Gao
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Chengqiang Xia
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Jiadi Xu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Zhonghai Li
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,Department of Bioengineering, Qilu University of Technology, Jinan, China
| | - Lele Yu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Guodong Liu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Xin Song
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
| | - Yinbo Qu
- State Key Laboratory of Microbial Technology, School of Life Science, Shandong University, Jinan, China.,National Glycoengineering Research Center, Shandong University, Jinan, China
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Matthews CB, Wright C, Kuo A, Colant N, Westoby M, Love JC. Reexamining opportunities for therapeutic protein production in eukaryotic microorganisms. Biotechnol Bioeng 2017; 114:2432-2444. [DOI: 10.1002/bit.26378] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/03/2017] [Indexed: 12/24/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Catherine B. Matthews
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - Angel Kuo
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | - Noelle Colant
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
| | | | - J. Christopher Love
- Department of Chemical Engineering; Koch Institute for Integrative Cancer Research; Massachusetts Institute of Technology; Cambridge Massachusetts
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