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Fernando DD, Marr EJ, Zakrzewski M, Reynolds SL, Burgess STG, Fischer K. Gene silencing by RNA interference in Sarcoptes scabiei: a molecular tool to identify novel therapeutic targets. Parasit Vectors 2017; 10:289. [PMID: 28601087 PMCID: PMC5466799 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-017-2226-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2017] [Accepted: 06/01/2017] [Indexed: 11/28/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Scabies is one of the most common and widespread parasitic skin infections globally, affecting a large range of mammals including humans, yet the molecular biology of Sarcoptes scabiei is astonishingly understudied. Research has been hampered primarily due to the difficulty of sampling or culturing these obligatory parasitic mites. A further and major impediment to identify and functionally analyse potential therapeutic targets from the recently emerging molecular databases is the lack of appropriate molecular tools. METHODS We performed standard BLAST based searches of the existing S. scabiei genome databases using sequences of genes described to be involved in RNA interference in Drosophila and the mite model organism Tetranychus urticae. Experimenting with the S. scabiei mu-class glutathione S-transferase (SsGST-mu1) as a candidate gene we explored the feasibility of gene knockdown in S. scabiei by double-stranded RNA-interference (dsRNAi). RESULTS We provide here an analysis of the existing S. scabiei draft genomes, confirming the presence of a double stranded RNA (dsRNA) - mediated silencing machinery. We report for the first time experimental gene silencing by RNA interference (RNAi) in S. scabiei. Non-invasive immersion of S. scabiei in dsRNA encoding an S. scabiei glutathione S-transferase mu-class 1 enzyme (SsGST-mu1) resulted in a 35% reduction in the transcription of the target gene compared to controls. CONCLUSIONS A series of experiments identified the optimal conditions allowing systemic experimental RNAi without detrimental side effects on mite viability. This technique can now be used to address the key questions on the fundamental aspects of mite biology and pathogenesis, and to assess the potential therapeutic benefits of silencing S. scabiei target genes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deepani D. Fernando
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
- School of Veterinary Sciences, University of Queensland, Gatton, QLD 4343 Australia
- Department of Veterinary Pathobiology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine and Animal Science, University of Peradeniya, Peradeniya, Sri Lanka
| | - Edward J. Marr
- Parasitology Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Martha Zakrzewski
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
| | - Simone L. Reynolds
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
| | - Stewart T. G. Burgess
- Parasitology Division, Moredun Research Institute, Pentlands Science Park, Bush Loan, Edinburgh, Midlothian, Scotland EH26 0PZ UK
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, Infectious Diseases Department, 300 Herston Road, Herston, Brisbane, 4006 Australia
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Randall TA, London RE, Fitzgerald MC, Mueller GA. Proteases of Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus. Int J Mol Sci 2017; 18:ijms18061204. [PMID: 28587273 PMCID: PMC5486027 DOI: 10.3390/ijms18061204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/25/2017] [Revised: 05/22/2017] [Accepted: 05/25/2017] [Indexed: 02/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Since the discovery that Der p 1 is a cysteine protease, the role of proteolytic activity in allergic sensitization has been explored. There are many allergens with proteolytic activity; however, exposure from dust mites is not limited to allergens. In this paper, genomic, transcriptomic and proteomic data on Dermatophagoides pteronyssinus (DP) was mined for information regarding the complete degradome of this house dust mite. D. pteronyssinus has more proteases than the closely related Acari, Dermatophagoides farinae (DF) and Sarcoptes scabiei (SS). The group of proteases in D. pteronyssinus is found to be more highly transcribed than the norm for this species. The distribution of protease types is dominated by the cysteine proteases like Der p 1 that account for about half of protease transcription by abundance, and Der p 1 in particular accounts for 22% of the total protease transcripts. In an analysis of protease stability, the group of allergens (Der p 1, Der p 3, Der p 6, and Der p 9) is found to be more stable than the mean. It is also statistically demonstrated that the protease allergens are simultaneously more highly expressed and more stable than the group of D. pteronyssinus proteases being examined, consistent with common assumptions about allergens in general. There are several significant non-allergen outliers from the normal group of proteases with high expression and high stability that should be examined for IgE binding. This paper compiles the first holistic picture of the D. pteronyssinus degradome to which humans may be exposed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Thomas A Randall
- Integrative Bioinformatics Support Group, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | - Robert E London
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
| | | | - Geoffrey A Mueller
- Genome Integrity and Structural Biology Laboratory, National Institute of Environmental Health Sciences, 111 T.W. Alexander Dr., Research Triangle Park, NC 27709, USA.
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He R, Shen N, Lin H, Gu X, Lai W, Peng X, Yang G. Molecular characterization of calmodulin from Sarcoptes scabiei. Parasitol Int 2017; 66:1-6. [DOI: 10.1016/j.parint.2016.11.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/13/2016] [Revised: 10/18/2016] [Accepted: 11/09/2016] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
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Kang S, Ahn DH, Lee JH, Lee SG, Shin SC, Lee J, Min GS, Lee H, Kim HW, Kim S, Park H. The genome of the Antarctic-endemic copepod, Tigriopus kingsejongensis. Gigascience 2017; 6:1-9. [PMID: 28369352 PMCID: PMC5467011 DOI: 10.1093/gigascience/giw010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/27/2016] [Revised: 09/09/2016] [Accepted: 12/20/2016] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The Antarctic intertidal zone is continuously subjected to extremely fluctuating biotic and abiotic stressors. The West Antarctic Peninsula is the most rapidly warming region on Earth. Organisms living in Antarctic intertidal pools are therefore interesting for research into evolutionary adaptation to extreme environments and the effects of climate change. Findings We report the whole genome sequence of the Antarctic-endemic harpacticoid copepod Tigriopus kingsejongensi . The 37 Gb raw DNA sequence was generated using the Illumina Miseq platform. Libraries were prepared with 65-fold coverage and a total length of 295 Mb. The final assembly consists of 48 368 contigs with an N50 contig length of 17.5 kb, and 27 823 scaffolds with an N50 contig length of 159.2 kb. A total of 12 772 coding genes were inferred using the MAKER annotation pipeline. Comparative genome analysis revealed that T. kingsejongensis -specific genes are enriched in transport and metabolism processes. Furthermore, rapidly evolving genes related to energy metabolism showed positive selection signatures. Conclusions The T. kingsejongensis genome provides an interesting example of an evolutionary strategy for Antarctic cold adaptation, and offers new genetic insights into Antarctic intertidal biota.
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Affiliation(s)
- Seunghyun Kang
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Do-Hwan Ahn
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jun Hyuck Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
- Polar Sciences, University of Science & Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Sung Gu Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
- Polar Sciences, University of Science & Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Seung Chul Shin
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Jungeun Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
- Polar Sciences, University of Science & Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Gi-Sik Min
- Department of Biological Sciences, Inha University, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyoungseok Lee
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
- Polar Sciences, University of Science & Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
| | - Hyun-Woo Kim
- Department of Marine Biology, Pukyong National University, Busan, South Korea
| | - Sanghee Kim
- Division of Polar Life Sciences, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
| | - Hyun Park
- Unit of Polar Genomics, Korea Polar Research Institute, Yeonsu-gu, Incheon, South Korea
- Polar Sciences, University of Science & Technology, Yuseong-gu, Daejeon, South Korea
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Serpins in arthropod biology. Semin Cell Dev Biol 2016; 62:105-119. [PMID: 27603121 DOI: 10.1016/j.semcdb.2016.09.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 100] [Impact Index Per Article: 12.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/21/2016] [Revised: 08/31/2016] [Accepted: 09/02/2016] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Serpins are the largest known family of serine proteinase inhibitors and perform a variety of physiological functions in arthropods. Herein, we review the field of serpins in arthropod biology, providing an overview of current knowledge and topics of interest. Serpins regulate insect innate immunity via inhibition of serine proteinase cascades that initiate immune responses such as melanization and antimicrobial peptide production. In addition, several serpins with anti-pathogen activity are expressed as acute-phase serpins in insects upon infection. Parasitoid wasps can downregulate host serpin expression to modulate the host immune system. In addition, examples of serpin activity in development and reproduction in Drosophila have also been discovered. Serpins also function in host-pathogen interactions beyond immunity as constituents of venom in parasitoid wasps and saliva of blood-feeding ticks and mosquitoes. These serpins have distinct effects on immunosuppression and anticoagulation and are of interest for vaccine development. Lastly, the known structures of arthropod serpins are discussed, which represent the serpin inhibitory mechanism and provide a detailed overview of the process.
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Casais R, Granda V, Balseiro A, del Cerro A, Dalton KP, González R, Bravo P, Prieto JM, Montoya M. Vaccination of rabbits with immunodominant antigens from Sarcoptes scabiei induced high levels of humoral responses and pro-inflammatory cytokines but confers limited protection. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:435. [PMID: 27502394 PMCID: PMC4977775 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1717-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/12/2016] [Accepted: 07/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Vaccination is an attractive ecological alternative to the use of acaricides for parasite control. However, effective anti-parasite vaccines against sarcoptic mange have not yet been developed. The purpose of this study was first to identify Sarcoptes scabiei immunodominant antigens and second to evaluate them as vaccine candidates in a rabbit/S. scabiei var. cuniculi model. METHODS The S. scabiei Ssλ15 immunodominant antigen was selected by immunoscreening of a S. scabiei var. hominis cDNA. The full-length cDNA was sequenced and cloned into the pGEX vector and the recombinant protein expressed in BL21 (DE3) cells and purified. A vaccination trial was performed consisting of a test group (n = 8) immunised with recAgs (a mix of two recombinant antigens, Ssλ15 and the previously described Ssλ20∆B3) and a control group (n = 8) immunised with PBS. All analyses were performed with R Statistical Environment with α set at 0.050. RESULTS The full-length open reading frame of the 1,821 nt cloned cDNA encodes a 64 kDa polypeptide, the sequence of which had 96 % identity with a hypothetical protein of S. scabiei. Ssλ15 was localised by immunostaining of skin sections in the tegument surrounding the mouthparts and the coxa in the legs of mites. Rabbit immunisation with recAgs induced high levels of specific IgG (P < 0.010) and increased levels of total IgEs. However, no significant clinical protection against S. scabiei challenge was detected. Unexpectedly, the group immunised with the recAgs mix had significantly higher lesion scores (P = 0.050) although lower mean mite densities than those observed in the control group. These results might indicate that the lesions in the recAgs group were due not only to the mites density but also to an exacerbated immunological response after challenge, which is in agreement with the specific high levels of pro-inflammatory cytokines (IL-1 and TNFα) detected after challenge in this group. CONCLUSIONS The selected antigens delivered as recombinant proteins had no clinical protective efficacy against S. scabiei infestation although immunisation reduced mite density. However, these results pave the way for future studies on alternative production systems, adjuvants, delivery methods and combinations of antigens in order to manage stimulation of clinical protective immune responses.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Casais
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Victor Granda
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Finca experimental La Mata, Programa de Investigación Forestal (PIF). Área de Cultivos Hortofrutícolas y Forestales, La Mata s/n, 33825 Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana Balseiro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Ana del Cerro
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Kevin P. Dalton
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Santiago Gascón, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
| | - Roxana González
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Pablo Bravo
- Instituto Universitario de Biotecnología de Asturias, Departamento de Bioquímica y Biología Molecular, Edificio Santiago Gascón, Campus El Cristo, Universidad de Oviedo, 33006 Oviedo, Spain
- Clinical Research Centre (CRC), Barts Health NHS Trust, 2 Newark Street, Abernethy Building, Whitechapel, London, UK
| | - J. M. Prieto
- Servicio Regional de Investigación y Desarrollo Agroalimentario (SERIDA), Centro de, Biotecnología Animal, La Olla-Deva, 33394 Asturias, Spain
| | - Maria Montoya
- Centre de Recerca en Sanitat Animal (CReSA), UAB-IRTA, Campus de la Universitat Autònoma de Barcelona, Bellaterra Cerdanyola del Vallès, Spain
- The Pirbright Institute, Ash Road, Pirbright, Woking, Surrey, UK
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Arlian LG, Morgan MS, Rider SD. Sarcoptes scabiei: genomics to proteomics to biology. Parasit Vectors 2016; 9:380. [PMID: 27371026 PMCID: PMC4930577 DOI: 10.1186/s13071-016-1663-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/04/2016] [Accepted: 06/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND The common scabies mite, Sarcoptes scabiei is a cosmopolitan parasite of humans and other mammals. An annotated genome of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis has been deposited in the National Center for Biotechnology Information (NCBI) and VectorBase and a proteomic analysis of proteins in extracts of mite bodies and eggs from this strain has been reported. Here we mined the data to identify predicted proteins that are known to be involved in specific biological processes in other animals. RESULTS We identified predicted proteins that are associated with immunomodulation of the host defense system, and biological processes of the mite including oxygen procurement and aerobic respiration, oxidative metabolism, sensory reception and locating a host, neuronal transmission, stressors (heat shock proteins), molting, movement, nutrient procurement and digestion, and excretion and water balance. We used these data to speculate that certain biological processes may occur in scabies mites. CONCLUSION This analysis helps understand the biology of Sarcoptes scabiei var. canis and adds to the data already available in NCBI and VectorBase.
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Affiliation(s)
- Larry G Arlian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA.
| | - Marjorie S Morgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
| | - S Dean Rider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, 3640 Colonel Glenn Hwy, Dayton, OH, 45435, USA
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Hoy MA, Waterhouse RM, Wu K, Estep AS, Ioannidis P, Palmer WJ, Pomerantz AF, Simão FA, Thomas J, Jiggins FM, Murphy TD, Pritham EJ, Robertson HM, Zdobnov EM, Gibbs RA, Richards S. Genome Sequencing of the Phytoseiid Predatory Mite Metaseiulus occidentalis Reveals Completely Atomized Hox Genes and Superdynamic Intron Evolution. Genome Biol Evol 2016; 8:1762-75. [PMID: 26951779 PMCID: PMC4943173 DOI: 10.1093/gbe/evw048] [Citation(s) in RCA: 78] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 02/27/2016] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Metaseiulus occidentalis is an eyeless phytoseiid predatory mite employed for the biological control of agricultural pests including spider mites. Despite appearances, these predator and prey mites are separated by some 400 Myr of evolution and radically different lifestyles. We present a 152-Mb draft assembly of the M. occidentalis genome: Larger than that of its favored prey, Tetranychus urticae, but considerably smaller than those of many other chelicerates, enabling an extremely contiguous and complete assembly to be built-the best arachnid to date. Aided by transcriptome data, genome annotation cataloged 18,338 protein-coding genes and identified large numbers of Helitron transposable elements. Comparisons with other arthropods revealed a particularly dynamic and turbulent genomic evolutionary history. Its genes exhibit elevated molecular evolution, with strikingly high numbers of intron gains and losses, in stark contrast to the deer tick Ixodes scapularis Uniquely among examined arthropods, this predatory mite's Hox genes are completely atomized, dispersed across the genome, and it encodes five copies of the normally single-copy RNA processing Dicer-2 gene. Examining gene families linked to characteristic biological traits of this tiny predator provides initial insights into processes of sex determination, development, immune defense, and how it detects, disables, and digests its prey. As the first reference genome for the Phytoseiidae, and for any species with the rare sex determination system of parahaploidy, the genome of the western orchard predatory mite improves genomic sampling of chelicerates and provides invaluable new resources for functional genomic analyses of this family of agriculturally important mites.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie A Hoy
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida
| | - Robert M Waterhouse
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland Computer Science and Artificial Intelligence Laboratory, Massachusetts Institute of Technology The Broad Institute of MIT and Harvard, Cambridge, Massachusetts
| | - Ke Wu
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida
| | - Alden S Estep
- Department of Entomology and Nematology, University of Florida
| | - Panagiotis Ioannidis
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | | | | | - Felipe A Simão
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Jainy Thomas
- Department of Human Genetics, University of Utah
| | | | - Terence D Murphy
- National Center for Biotechnology Information, National Library of Medicine, National Institutes of Health, Bethesda, Maryland
| | | | - Hugh M Robertson
- Department of Entomology, University of Illinois at Urbana-Champaign
| | - Evgeny M Zdobnov
- Department of Genetic Medicine and Development, University of Geneva Medical School, Switzerland Swiss Institute of Bioinformatics, Geneva, Switzerland
| | - Richard A Gibbs
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine
| | - Stephen Richards
- Human Genome Sequencing Center, Department of Molecular and Human Genetics, Baylor College of Medicine
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Mofiz E, Holt DC, Seemann T, Currie BJ, Fischer K, Papenfuss AT. Genomic resources and draft assemblies of the human and porcine varieties of scabies mites, Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis and var. suis. Gigascience 2016; 5:23. [PMID: 27250856 PMCID: PMC4890329 DOI: 10.1186/s13742-016-0129-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/18/2016] [Accepted: 05/11/2016] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background The scabies mite, Sarcoptes scabiei, is a parasitic arachnid and cause of the infectious skin disease scabies in humans and mange in other animal species. Scabies infections are a major health problem, particularly in remote Indigenous communities in Australia, where secondary group A streptococcal and Staphylococcus aureus infections of scabies sores are thought to drive the high rate of rheumatic heart disease and chronic kidney disease. Results We sequenced the genome of two samples of Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis obtained from unrelated patients with crusted scabies located in different parts of northern Australia using the Illumina HiSeq. We also sequenced samples of Sarcoptes scabiei var. suis from a pig model. Because of the small size of the scabies mite, these data are derived from pools of thousands of mites and are metagenomic, including host and microbiome DNA. We performed cleaning and de novo assembly and present Sarcoptes scabiei var. hominis and var. suis draft reference genomes. We have constructed a preliminary annotation of this reference comprising 13,226 putative coding sequences based on sequence similarity to known proteins. Conclusions We have developed extensive genomic resources for the scabies mite, including reference genomes and a preliminary annotation. Electronic supplementary material The online version of this article (doi:10.1186/s13742-016-0129-2) contains supplementary material, which is available to authorized users.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ehtesham Mofiz
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia.,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Deborah C Holt
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia
| | - Torsten Seemann
- Victorian Life Sciences Computation Initiative, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia
| | - Bart J Currie
- Menzies School of Health Research, Charles Darwin University, Casuarina, NT, 0811, Australia
| | - Katja Fischer
- QIMR Berghofer Medical Research Institute, 300 Herston Road, Herston, QLD, 4006, Australia
| | - Anthony T Papenfuss
- Bioinformatics Division, The Walter and Eliza Hall Institute of Medical Research, Parkville, VIC, 3052, Australia. .,Department of Medical Biology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Sir Peter MacCallum Department of Oncology, University of Melbourne, Melbourne, VIC, 3010, Australia. .,Peter MacCallum Cancer Centre, Melbourne, VIC, 3000, Australia.
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Mans BJ, de Castro MH, Pienaar R, de Klerk D, Gaven P, Genu S, Latif AA. Ancestral reconstruction of tick lineages. Ticks Tick Borne Dis 2016; 7:509-35. [DOI: 10.1016/j.ttbdis.2016.02.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/23/2015] [Revised: 01/26/2016] [Accepted: 02/02/2016] [Indexed: 01/15/2023]
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Morgan MS, Arlian LG, Rider SD, Grunwald WC, Cool DR. A Proteomic Analysis of Sarcoptes scabiei (Acari: Sarcoptidae). JOURNAL OF MEDICAL ENTOMOLOGY 2016; 53:553-561. [PMID: 26792847 PMCID: PMC4892810 DOI: 10.1093/jme/tjv247] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/02/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/05/2023]
Abstract
The pruritic skin disease scabies is caused by the burrowing of the itch mite Sarcoptes scabiei (De Geer). It is difficult to diagnose this disease because its symptoms often resemble those of other skin diseases. No reliable blood or molecular diagnostic test is available. The aim of this project was to begin to characterize the scabies proteome to identify scabies mite proteins, including those that may be useful in the development of a diagnostic test or vaccine. Various scabies mite extracts were separated by two-dimensional electrophoresis, and 844 Coomassie Blue-stained protein spots were excised, subjected to trypsin digestion, and analyzed by Matrix Assisted Laser Desorption/Ionization Time-Of-Flight/Time-Of-Flight (MALDI-TOF/TOF) mass spectrometry (MS). Tryptic fragment sequences determined by MS were searched against the recently completed S. scabiei annotated genome, leading to the identification of >150 proteins. Only 10 proteins hit to previously identified scabies proteins including actin, tropomyosin, and several ABC transporters. Thirteen proteins had homology to dust mite allergens (members of groups 8, 10, 13, 17, 20, 25, and 28). Most other sequences showed some homology to proteins in other mites and ticks including homologs of calmodulin, calreticulin, lipocalin, and glutathione-S-transferase. These data will now allow the identification of the proteins to which scabies patients produce antibodies, including those that may be good candidates for inclusion in a diagnostic test and vaccine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Marjorie S Morgan
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; ; )
| | - Larry G Arlian
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; ; ),
| | - S Dean Rider
- Department of Biological Sciences, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; ; )
| | - William C Grunwald
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; )
| | - David R Cool
- Department of Pharmacology & Toxicology, Boonshoft School of Medicine, Wright State University, Dayton, OH 45435 (; )
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Nocturnal Pruritus: The Battle for a Peaceful Night's Sleep. Int J Mol Sci 2016; 17:425. [PMID: 27011178 PMCID: PMC4813276 DOI: 10.3390/ijms17030425] [Citation(s) in RCA: 69] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/08/2016] [Revised: 03/16/2016] [Accepted: 03/16/2016] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Chronic pruritus is a debilitating condition with numerous etiologies. Many patients suffer from nocturnal pruritus, which can decrease quality of life and affect mortality in hemodialysis patients. Nocturnal pruritus may occur in all sleep stages but is most prevalent in stages N1 and N2. Further research is needed to elucidate the pathophysiology of nocturnal itch, which will aid in the development of tailored management strategies.
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Hu L, Zhao Y, Yang Y, Niu D, Wang R, Cheng J, Yang F. De novo RNA-Seq and functional annotation of Sarcoptes scabiei canis. Parasitol Res 2016; 115:2661-70. [DOI: 10.1007/s00436-016-5013-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2016] [Accepted: 03/10/2016] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
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Poelchau MF, Coates BS, Childers CP, Peréz de León AA, Evans JD, Hackett K, Shoemaker D. Agricultural applications of insect ecological genomics. CURRENT OPINION IN INSECT SCIENCE 2016; 13:61-69. [PMID: 27436554 DOI: 10.1016/j.cois.2015.12.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/06/2015] [Revised: 12/07/2015] [Accepted: 12/13/2015] [Indexed: 06/06/2023]
Abstract
Agricultural entomology is poised to benefit from the application of ecological genomics, particularly the fields of biofuels generation and pest control. Metagenomic methods can characterize microbial communities of termites, wood-boring beetles and livestock pests, and transcriptomic approaches reveal molecular bases behind wood-digesting capabilities of these insects, leading to potential mechanisms for biofuel generation. Genome sequences are being exploited to develop new pest control methods, identify candidate antigens to vaccinate livestock, and discover RNAi target sequences and potential non-target effects in other insects. Gene content analyses of pest genome sequences and their endosymbionts suggest metabolic interdependencies between organisms, exposing potential gene targets for insect control. Finally, genome-wide association studies and genotyping by high-throughput sequencing promise to improve management of pesticide resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Monica F Poelchau
- USDA-ARS, National Agricultural Library, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States.
| | - Brad S Coates
- USDA-ARS, Corn Insects & Crop Genetics Research Unit, Ames, IA 50011, United States
| | | | - Adalberto A Peréz de León
- USDA-ARS, Knipling-Bushland U.S. Livestock Insects Research Laboratory and Veterinary Pest Genomics Center, Kerrville, TX 78028, United States
| | - Jay D Evans
- USDA-ARS, Bee Research Laboratory, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - Kevin Hackett
- USDA-ARS, Office of National Programs, Crop Production and Protection, Beltsville, MD 20705, United States
| | - DeWayne Shoemaker
- USDA-ARS, Imported Fire Ant and Household Insects Research Unit, Gainesville, FL 32608, United States.
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