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Theofilopoulos S, Griffiths WJ, Crick PJ, Yang S, Meljon A, Ogundare M, Kitambi SS, Lockhart A, Tuschl K, Clayton PT, Morris AA, Martinez A, Reddy MA, Martinuzzi A, Bassi MT, Honda A, Mizuochi T, Kimura A, Nittono H, De Michele G, Carbone R, Criscuolo C, Yau JL, Seckl JR, Schüle R, Schöls L, Sailer AW, Kuhle J, Fraidakis MJ, Gustafsson JÅ, Steffensen KR, Björkhem I, Ernfors P, Sjövall J, Arenas E, Wang Y. Cholestenoic acids regulate motor neuron survival via liver X receptors. J Clin Invest 2014; 124:4829-42. [PMID: 25271621 PMCID: PMC4347238 DOI: 10.1172/jci68506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 73] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2014] [Accepted: 08/21/2014] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Cholestenoic acids are formed as intermediates in metabolism of cholesterol to bile acids, and the biosynthetic enzymes that generate cholestenoic acids are expressed in the mammalian CNS. Here, we evaluated the cholestenoic acid profile of mammalian cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) and determined that specific cholestenoic acids activate the liver X receptors (LXRs), enhance islet-1 expression in zebrafish, and increase the number of oculomotor neurons in the developing mouse in vitro and in vivo. While 3β,7α-dihydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β,7α-diHCA) promoted motor neuron survival in an LXR-dependent manner, 3β-hydroxy-7-oxocholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3βH,7O-CA) promoted maturation of precursors into islet-1+ cells. Unlike 3β,7α-diHCA and 3βH,7O-CA, 3β-hydroxycholest-5-en-26-oic acid (3β-HCA) caused motor neuron cell loss in mice. Mutations in CYP7B1 or CYP27A1, which encode enzymes involved in cholestenoic acid metabolism, result in different neurological diseases, hereditary spastic paresis type 5 (SPG5) and cerebrotendinous xanthomatosis (CTX), respectively. SPG5 is characterized by spastic paresis, and similar symptoms may occur in CTX. Analysis of CSF and plasma from patients with SPG5 revealed an excess of the toxic LXR ligand, 3β-HCA, while patients with CTX and SPG5 exhibited low levels of the survival-promoting LXR ligand 3β,7α-diHCA. Moreover, 3β,7α-diHCA prevented the loss of motor neurons induced by 3β-HCA in the developing mouse midbrain in vivo.Our results indicate that specific cholestenoic acids selectively work on motor neurons, via LXR, to regulate the balance between survival and death.
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Affiliation(s)
- Spyridon Theofilopoulos
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - William J. Griffiths
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter J. Crick
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Shanzheng Yang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Anna Meljon
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Michael Ogundare
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Satish Srinivas Kitambi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew Lockhart
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Karin Tuschl
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Peter T. Clayton
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrew A. Morris
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Adelaida Martinez
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - M. Ashwin Reddy
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andrea Martinuzzi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Maria T. Bassi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akira Honda
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Tatsuki Mizuochi
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Akihiko Kimura
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Hiroshi Nittono
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Giuseppe De Michele
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rosa Carbone
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Chiara Criscuolo
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Joyce L. Yau
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jonathan R. Seckl
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Rebecca Schüle
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ludger Schöls
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Andreas W. Sailer
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jens Kuhle
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Matthew J. Fraidakis
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan-Åke Gustafsson
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Knut R. Steffensen
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ingemar Björkhem
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Patrik Ernfors
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Jan Sjövall
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Ernest Arenas
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
| | - Yuqin Wang
- Laboratory of Molecular Neurobiology, Department of Medical Biochemistry and Biophysics, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden. College of Medicine, Swansea University, Swansea, United Kingdom. Translational Medicine, GlaxoSmithKline R&D China, Addenbrookes Hospital, Cambridge, United Kingdom. Clinical and Molecular Genetics Unit, UCL Institute of Child Health, London, United Kingdom. Willink Biochemical Genetics Unit, Genetic Medicine, St. Mary’s Hospital, Manchester, United Kingdom. Paediatric Neurology and Department of Ophthalmology, Barts Health NHS Trust, London, United Kingdom. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Conegliano Research Centre, Conegliano, Italy. Scientific Institute IRCCS Eugenio Medea, Laboratory of Molecular Biology, Lecco, Italy. Tokyo Medical University, Ibaraki Medical Center, Ami Ibaraki, Japan. Department of Pediatrics and Child Health, Kurume University School of Medicine, Kurume, Japan. Junshin Clinic, Bile Acid Institute, Tokyo, Japan. Department of Neurosciences and Reproductive and Odontostomatological Sciences, Federico II University, Naples, Italy. Endocrinology Unit, BHF Centre for Cardiovascular Science, The Queen’s Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, United Kingdom. Hertie Institute for Clinical Brain Research and Center of Neurology, University of Tubingen, Tubingen, Germany. German Center for Neurodegenerative Diseases (DZNE), Tubingen, Germany. Developmental and Molecular Pathways, Novartis Institutes for BioMedical Research, Basel, Switzerland. Neurology, University Hospital Basel, Basel, Switzerland. Rare Neurological Diseases Unit, Department of Neurology, University Hospital “Attikon,” Medical School of the University of Athens, Athens, Greece. Center for Nuclear Receptors and Cell Signaling, University of Houston, Houston, Texas, USA. Department of Biosciences and Nutrition, Center for Biosciences, Stockholm, Sweden. Division of Clinical Chemistry, Department of Laboratory Medicine, Karolinska Institutet and Karolinska University Hospital Huddinge, Stockholm, Sweden
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