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Khairuddin S, Lim WL, Aquili L, Tsui KC, Tse ACK, Jayalath S, Varma R, Sharp T, Benazzouz A, Steinbusch H, Blokland A, Temel Y, Lim LW. Prelimbic Cortical Stimulation Induces Antidepressant-like Responses through Dopaminergic-Dependent and -Independent Mechanisms. Cells 2023; 12:1449. [PMID: 37296570 PMCID: PMC10253143 DOI: 10.3390/cells12111449] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2023] [Revised: 05/16/2023] [Accepted: 05/18/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
High-frequency stimulation (HFS) is a promising therapy for patients with depression. However, the mechanisms underlying the HFS-induced antidepressant-like effects on susceptibility and resilience to depressive-like behaviors remain obscure. Given that dopaminergic neurotransmission has been found to be disrupted in depression, we investigated the dopamine(DA)-dependent mechanism of the antidepressant-like effects of HFS of the prelimbic cortex (HFS PrL). We performed HFS PrL in a rat model of mild chronic unpredictable stress (CUS) together with 6-hydroxydopamine lesioning in the dorsal raphe nucleus (DRN) and ventral tegmental area (VTA). Animals were assessed for anxiety, anhedonia, and behavioral despair. We also examined levels of corticosterone, hippocampal neurotransmitters, neuroplasticity-related proteins, and morphological changes in dopaminergic neurons. We found 54.3% of CUS animals exhibited decreased sucrose consumption and were designated as CUS-susceptible, while the others were designated CUS-resilient. HFS PrL in both the CUS-susceptible and CUS-resilient animals significantly increased hedonia, reduced anxiety, decreased forced swim immobility, enhanced hippocampal DA and serotonin levels, and reduced corticosterone levels when compared with the respective sham groups. The hedonic-like effects were abolished in both DRN- and VTA-lesioned groups, suggesting the effects of HFS PrL are DA-dependent. Interestingly, VTA-lesioned sham animals had increased anxiety and forced swim immobility, which was reversed by HFS PrL. The VTA-lesioned HFS PrL animals also had elevated DA levels, and reduced p-p38 MAPK and NF-κB levels when compared to VTA-lesioned sham animals. These findings suggest that HFS PrL in stressed animals leads to profound antidepressant-like responses possibly through both DA-dependent and -independent mechanisms.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sharafuddin Khairuddin
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Wei Ling Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
| | - Luca Aquili
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Discipline of Psychology, College of Health and Education, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Ka Chun Tsui
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Anna Chung-Kwan Tse
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Shehani Jayalath
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Ruhani Varma
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
| | - Trevor Sharp
- Department of Pharmacology, University of Oxford, Oxford OX1 3QT, UK
| | - Abdelhamid Benazzouz
- CNRS UMR5293, Institute of Neurodegenerative Diseases, University de Bordeaux, 33000 Bordeaux, France
| | - Harry Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University, 6229 HX Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong, China
- Department of Biological Sciences, Sunway University, Bandar Sunway, Petaling Jaya 47500, Malaysia
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Poon CH, Wong STN, Roy J, Wang Y, Chan HWH, Steinbusch H, Blokland A, Temel Y, Aquili L, Lim LW. Sex Differences between Neuronal Loss and the Early Onset of Amyloid Deposits and Behavioral Consequences in 5xFAD Transgenic Mouse as a Model for Alzheimer's Disease. Cells 2023; 12:cells12050780. [PMID: 36899916 PMCID: PMC10000751 DOI: 10.3390/cells12050780] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/27/2023] [Revised: 02/19/2023] [Accepted: 02/27/2023] [Indexed: 03/06/2023] Open
Abstract
A promising direction in the research on Alzheimer's Disease (AD) is the identification of biomarkers that better inform the disease progression of AD. However, the performance of amyloid-based biomarkers in predicting cognitive performance has been shown to be suboptimal. We hypothesise that neuronal loss could better inform cognitive impairment. We have utilised the 5xFAD transgenic mouse model that displays AD pathology at an early phase, already fully manifested after 6 months. We have evaluated the relationships between cognitive impairment, amyloid deposition, and neuronal loss in the hippocampus in both male and female mice. We observed the onset of disease characterized by the emergence of cognitive impairment in 6-month-old 5xFAD mice coinciding with the emergence of neuronal loss in the subiculum, but not amyloid pathology. We also showed that female mice exhibited significantly increased amyloid deposition in the hippocampus and entorhinal cortex, highlighting sex-related differences in the amyloid pathology of this model. Therefore, parameters based on neuronal loss might more accurately reflect disease onset and progression compared to amyloid-based biomarkers in AD patients. Moreover, sex-related differences should be considered in studies involving 5xFAD mouse models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chi Him Poon
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - San Tung Nicholas Wong
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Jaydeep Roy
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Yingyi Wang
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Hui Wang Hujo Chan
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
| | - Harry Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu 42988, Republic of Korea
| | - Arjan Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Faculty of Psychology and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Yasin Temel
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Neurosurgery, Maastricht University Medical Centre, Maastricht University, 6211 LK Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Luca Aquili
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- College of Health and Education, Discipline of Psychology, Murdoch University, Perth 6150, Australia
| | - Lee Wei Lim
- Neuromodulation Laboratory, School of Biomedical Sciences, Li Ka Shing Faculty of Medicine, The University of Hong Kong, Hong Kong SAR, China
- Correspondence:
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Pozo-Rodrigálvarez A, Li Y, Stokowska A, Wu J, Dehm V, Sourkova H, Steinbusch H, Mallard C, Hagberg H, Pekny M, Pekna M. C3a Receptor Signaling Inhibits Neurodegeneration Induced by Neonatal Hypoxic-Ischemic Brain Injury. Front Immunol 2022; 12:768198. [PMID: 34975856 PMCID: PMC8718687 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2021.768198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/31/2021] [Accepted: 11/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Hypoxic-ischemic neonatal encephalopathy due to perinatal asphyxia is the leading cause of brain injury in newborns. Clinical data suggest that brain inflammation induced by perinatal insults can persist for years. We previously showed that signaling through the receptor for complement peptide C3a (C3aR) protects against cognitive impairment induced by experimental perinatal asphyxia. To investigate the long-term neuropathological effects of hypoxic-ischemic injury to the developing brain and the role of C3aR signaling therein, we subjected wildtype mice, C3aR deficient mice, and mice expressing biologically active C3a in the CNS to mild hypoxic-ischemic brain injury on postnatal day 9. We found that such injury triggers neurodegeneration and pronounced reactive gliosis in the ipsilesional hippocampus both of which persist long into adulthood. Transgenic expression of C3a in reactive astrocytes reduced hippocampal neurodegeneration and reactive gliosis. In contrast, neurodegeneration and microglial cell density increased in mice lacking C3aR. Intranasal administration of C3a for 3 days starting 1 h after induction of hypoxia-ischemia reduced neurodegeneration and reactive gliosis in the hippocampus of wildtype mice. We conclude that neonatal hypoxic-ischemic brain injury leads to long-lasting neurodegeneration. This neurodegeneration is substantially reduced by treatment with C3aR agonists, conceivably through modulation of reactive gliosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Pozo-Rodrigálvarez
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - YiXian Li
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Anna Stokowska
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Jingyun Wu
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Verena Dehm
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Hana Sourkova
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Harry Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastrich, Netherlands.,Department of Brain & Cognitive Sciences, Daegu Gyeongbuk Institute of Science and Technology (DGIST), Daegu, South Korea
| | - Carina Mallard
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Henrik Hagberg
- Centre of Perinatal Medicine & Health, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden.,Centre for the Developing Brain, King's College, London, United Kingdom
| | - Milos Pekny
- Laboratory of Astrocyte Biology and CNS Regeneration, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Marcela Pekna
- Laboratory of Regenerative Neuroimmunology, Center for Brain Repair, Department of Clinical Neuroscience, Institute of Neuroscience and Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy at the University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
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Schade R, Staak C, Hendriksen C, Erhard M, Hugl H, Koch G, Larsson A, Pollmann W, van Regenmortel M, Rijke E, Spielmann H, Steinbusch H, Straughan D. The Production of Avian (Egg Yolk) Antibodies: IgY. Altern Lab Anim 2020. [DOI: 10.1177/026119299602400607] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/29/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Schade
- Institut für Pharmakologie und Toxikologie, Universitätsklinikum Charité, Dorotheenstrasse 94, 10117 Berlin, Germany
| | | | - Coenraad Hendriksen
- National Institute of Public Health and Environmental Protection (RIVM), Antonie van Leeuwenhoeklaan 9, 3720 BA Bilthoven, The Netherlands
| | - Michael Erhard
- Institut für Physiologie, Tierärztliche Fakultät, Ludwig-Maximilians Universität, Veterinärztstrasse 13, 80539 München, Germany
| | - Herbert Hugl
- Bayer AG, ZF-FDM, Rheinuferstrasse 7–9, 47829 Krefeld-Uerdingen, Germany
| | - Guus Koch
- Department of Avian Virology, ID-DLO, 8200 AB Lelystad, The Netherlands
| | - Anders Larsson
- Department of Clinical Chemistry, University of Uppsala, 75 123 Uppsala, Sweden
| | - Wolfgang Pollmann
- Institute of Microbiology, Johann Gutenberg University, 55122 Mainz, Germany
| | - Marc van Regenmortel
- Institut de Biologie Moleculaire et Cellulaire du CNRS, 67084 Strasbourg, France
| | - Eric Rijke
- Intervet International BV, Wim de Korverstraat 35, 5830 AA Boxmeer, The Netherlands
| | | | - Harry Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Rijksuniversiteit Limburg, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Donald Straughan
- FRAME, Russell & Burch House, 96–98 North Sherwood Street, Nottingham NG1 4EE, UK
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Yamoah A, Tripathi P, Sechi A, Köhler C, Guo H, Chandrasekar A, Nolte KW, Wruck CJ, Katona I, Anink J, Troost D, Aronica E, Steinbusch H, Weis J, Goswami A. Aggregates of RNA Binding Proteins and ER Chaperones Linked to Exosomes in Granulovacuolar Degeneration of the Alzheimer's Disease Brain. J Alzheimers Dis 2020; 75:139-156. [PMID: 32250292 DOI: 10.3233/jad-190722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Granulovacuolar degeneration (GVD) occurs in Alzheimer's disease (AD) brain due to compromised autophagy. Endoplasmic reticulum (ER) function and RNA binding protein (RBP) homeostasis regulate autophagy. We observed that the ER chaperones Glucose - regulated protein, 78 KDa (GRP78/BiP), Sigma receptor 1 (SigR1), and Vesicle-associated membrane protein associated protein B (VAPB) were elevated in many AD patients' subicular neurons. However, those neurons which were affected by GVD showed lower chaperone levels, and there was only minor co-localization of chaperones with GVD bodies (GVBs), suggesting that neurons lacking sufficient chaperone-mediated proteostasis enter the GVD pathway. Consistent with this notion, granular, incipient pTau aggregates in human AD and pR5 tau transgenic mouse neurons were regularly co-localized with increased chaperone immunoreactivity, whereas neurons with mature neurofibrillary tangles lacked both the chaperone buildup and significant GVD. On the other hand, APP/PS1 (APPswe/PSEN1dE9) transgenic mouse hippocampal neurons that are devoid of pTau accumulation displayed only few GVBs-like vesicles, which were still accompanied by prominent chaperone buildup. Identifying a potential trigger for GVD, we found cytoplasmic accumulations of RBPs including Matrin 3 and FUS as well as stress granules in GVBs of AD patient and pR5 mouse neurons. Interestingly, we observed that GVBs containing aggregated pTau and pTDP-43 were consistently co-localized with the exosomal marker Flotillin 1 in both AD and pR5 mice. In contrast, intraneuronal 82E1-immunoreactive amyloid-β in human AD and APP/PS1 mice only rarely co-localized with Flotillin 1-positive exosomal vesicles. We conclude that altered chaperone-mediated ER protein homeostasis and impaired autophagy manifesting in GVD are linked to both pTau and RBP accumulation and that some GVBs might be targeted to exocytosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alfred Yamoah
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience
| | - Priyanka Tripathi
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience
| | - Antonio Sechi
- Institute of Biomedical Engineering, Department of Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Köhler
- Center for Anatomy, Department II, Medical Faculty, University of Cologne, Cologne, Germany
| | - Haihong Guo
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Akila Chandrasekar
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Kay Wilhelm Nolte
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Christoph Jan Wruck
- Institute of Anatomy and Cell Biology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Istvan Katona
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Jasper Anink
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Dirk Troost
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Eleonora Aronica
- Amsterdam UMC, University of Amsterdam, Department of (Neuro) Pathology, Amsterdam Neuroscience, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Steinbusch
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
- EURON - European Graduate School of Neuroscience
| | - Joachim Weis
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
| | - Anand Goswami
- Institute of Neuropathology, RWTH Aachen University Medical School, Aachen, Germany
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Ravi Teja KV, Tos Berendschot T, Steinbusch H, Carroll Webers AB, Praveen Murthy R, Mathuranath PS. Cerebral and Retinal Neurovascular Changes: A Biomarker for Alzheimer's Disease. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2017; 6. [PMID: 29057172 PMCID: PMC5648348 DOI: 10.4172/2167-7182.1000447] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Objectives Biomarker quest for Alzheimer’s disease (AD) has gone a long way by studying various anatomical, physiological and biochemical parameters for detecting disease onset and predicting prognosis. Almost all the studies converge on the single hypothesis of the amyloid and Tau pathway. Recently, vascular hypothesis has evolved drawing attention towards a complex dynamic anatomical and physiological entity, neuro-vascular (NV) unit. Pathological changes at this level, altering the normal physiology such as auto-regulation and dynamics of blood brain barrier have been hypothesized as a probable basis for AD. This paper attempts to review the existing data on the vascular hypothesis and the current trends in analyzing the NV unit in AD. Design This review initially focuses on the cerebral NV coupling followed by the retinal neurovascular coupling that mirrors the cerebral pathophysiology. The pathophysiology and the potential tools to diagnose AD at the level of NV unit are analyzed. Further, it examines the drawbacks in existing methods for analyzing the same. Findings None of the current studies have emphasized the importance of studying the complex dynamic NV unit as a whole. This review strongly recommends the combination of vascular and neuro-glial parameters using objective methods for estimating the physiological and pathological changes in the NV unit. Discussion and conclusion This review highlights the importance of retina for non-invasive estimation of the same. Also, novel algorithms for retinal image analysis have been proposed. The purpose of this review is to highlight the importance of retinal findings in neurodegenerative disorders and to create awareness among the neuroophthalmologists, of the potential benefits of ophthalmological tools in screening dementia patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karru Venkata Ravi Teja
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru-560029, India.,Department of Neuroscience, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru-560029, India
| | - Tjm Tos Berendschot
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Steinbusch
- Department of Translational Neuroscience, Faculty of Health, Medicine & Life Sciences, Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - A B Carroll Webers
- University Eye Clinic Maastricht University Medical Center, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | | | - P S Mathuranath
- Department of Neurology, National Institute of Mental Health and Neurosciences (NIMHANS), Bengaluru-560029, India
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Soares L, Prickaerts J, Milani H, Del Bel E, Steinbusch H, de Oliveira R. Phosphodiesterase Inhibition as a Therapeutic Target for Brain Ischemia. CNSNDDT 2015; 14:1012-23. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527314666150909114249] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.6] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/17/2014] [Revised: 04/20/2015] [Accepted: 05/18/2015] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Cox-Limpens K, Strackx E, Van den Hove D, Van Ekkendonk J, Jong M, Zimmermann L, Steinbusch H, Vles J, Gavilanes A. Fetal Asphyctic Preconditioning Protects Against Perinatal Asphyxia- Induced Apoptosis and Astrogliosis in Neonatal Brain. CNSNDDT 2015; 14:33-40. [DOI: 10.2174/1871527314666150116112032] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/19/2013] [Revised: 07/01/2014] [Accepted: 07/14/2014] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Mériaux C, Franck J, Park DB, Quanico J, Kim YH, Chung CK, Park YM, Steinbusch H, Salzet M, Fournier I. Human temporal lobe epilepsy analyses by tissue proteomics. Hippocampus 2014; 24:628-42. [DOI: 10.1002/hipo.22246] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 01/18/2014] [Indexed: 01/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Céline Mériaux
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Bât SN3, 1 étage; Université de Lille 1; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Julien Franck
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Bât SN3, 1 étage; Université de Lille 1; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Dan Bi Park
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Research; Korea Basic Science Institute; Ochang Chungbuk Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Jusal Quanico
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Bât SN3, 1 étage; Université de Lille 1; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Young Hye Kim
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Research; Korea Basic Science Institute; Ochang Chungbuk Republic of Korea
| | - Chun Kee Chung
- Department of Neurosurgery; College of Medicine, Seoul National University; Seoul Republic of Korea
| | - Young Mok Park
- Division of Mass Spectrometry Research; Korea Basic Science Institute; Ochang Chungbuk Republic of Korea
- Graduate School of Analytical Science and Technology; Chungnam National University; Daejeon Republic of Korea
| | - Harry Steinbusch
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
- Department of Translational Neuroscience; Faculty of Health; Medicine & Life Sciences; Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Michel Salzet
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Bât SN3, 1 étage; Université de Lille 1; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
| | - Isabelle Fournier
- Laboratoire de Spectrométrie de Masse Biologique Fondamentale et Appliquée-EA 4550, Bât SN3, 1 étage; Université de Lille 1; Villeneuve d'Ascq France
- EURON-European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University; Maastricht The Netherlands
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De Vry J, Vanmierlo T, Martínez-Martínez P, Losen M, Temel Y, Steinbusch H, De Baets M, Prickaerts J. Delivery of DNA into the central nervous system via electroporation. Methods Mol Biol 2014; 1121:157-63. [PMID: 24510821 DOI: 10.1007/978-1-4614-9632-8_14] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Electroporation of non-viral plasmid DNA is a valuable tool to alter gene expression in the adult central nervous system. It offers a number of advantages over viral gene delivery as non-viral plasmids can integrate larger inserts and reduce the risk of inducing unintended immunological responses. Generally, electroporation of the adult brain is accomplished in rodents by applying high-amplitude voltage-controlled pulses through the entire brain with plate electrodes surrounding the animal's head. Here, we describe an alternative electroporation protocol making use of current-controlled low-amplitude pulses that are delivered locally by means of needlelike electrodes in the brain of adult mice. This allows altering gene expression in very-well-defined areas of the brain while inducing minimal tissue damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jochen De Vry
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, School for Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, Netherlands
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Chouliaras L, van den Hove D, Kenis G, Draanen M, Hof P, Os J, Steinbusch H, Schmitz C, Rutten B. Histone Deacetylase 2 in the Mouse Hippocampus: Attenuation of Age- Related Increase by Caloric Restriction. Curr Alzheimer Res 2013; 10:868-76. [DOI: 10.2174/1567205011310080009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 38] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/06/2012] [Revised: 07/16/2013] [Accepted: 07/22/2013] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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Jellema RK, Lima Passos V, Zwanenburg A, Ophelders DRMG, De Munter S, Vanderlocht J, Germeraad WTV, Kuypers E, Collins JJP, Cleutjens JPM, Jennekens W, Gavilanes AWD, Seehase M, Vles HJ, Steinbusch H, Andriessen P, Wolfs TGAM, Kramer BW. Cerebral inflammation and mobilization of the peripheral immune system following global hypoxia-ischemia in preterm sheep. J Neuroinflammation 2013; 10:13. [PMID: 23347579 PMCID: PMC3614445 DOI: 10.1186/1742-2094-10-13] [Citation(s) in RCA: 67] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/05/2012] [Accepted: 01/07/2013] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Hypoxic-ischemic encephalopathy (HIE) is one of the most important causes of brain injury in preterm infants. Preterm HIE is predominantly caused by global hypoxia-ischemia (HI). In contrast, focal ischemia is most common in the adult brain and known to result in cerebral inflammation and activation of the peripheral immune system. These inflammatory responses are considered to play an important role in the adverse outcomes following brain ischemia. In this study, we hypothesize that cerebral and peripheral immune activation is also involved in preterm brain injury after global HI. METHODS Preterm instrumented fetal sheep were exposed to 25 minutes of umbilical cord occlusion (UCO) (n = 8) at 0.7 gestation. Sham-treated animals (n = 8) were used as a control group. Brain sections were stained for ionized calcium binding adaptor molecule 1 (IBA-1) to investigate microglial proliferation and activation. The peripheral immune system was studied by assessment of circulating white blood cell counts, cellular changes of the spleen and influx of peripheral immune cells (MPO-positive neutrophils) into the brain. Pre-oligodendrocytes (preOLs) and myelin basic protein (MBP) were detected to determine white matter injury. Electro-encephalography (EEG) was recorded to assess functional impairment by interburst interval (IBI) length analysis. RESULTS Global HI resulted in profound activation and proliferation of microglia in the hippocampus, periventricular and subcortical white matter. In addition, non-preferential mobilization of white blood cells into the circulation was observed within 1 day after global HI and a significant influx of neutrophils into the brain was detected 7 days after the global HI insult. Furthermore, global HI resulted in marked involution of the spleen, which could not be explained by increased splenic apoptosis. In concordance with cerebral inflammation, global HI induced severe brain atrophy, region-specific preOL vulnerability, hypomyelination and persistent suppressed brain function. CONCLUSIONS Our data provided evidence that global HI in preterm ovine fetuses resulted in profound cerebral inflammation and mobilization of the peripheral innate immune system. These inflammatory responses were paralleled by marked injury and functional loss of the preterm brain. Further understanding of the interplay between preterm brain inflammation and activation of the peripheral immune system following global HI will contribute to the development of future therapeutic interventions in preterm HIE.
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Affiliation(s)
- Reint K Jellema
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Valéria Lima Passos
- Department of Methodology and Statistics, Maastricht University, P. Debyeplein 1, Maastricht, 6229 HA, The Netherlands
| | - Alex Zwanenburg
- Department of Biomedical Technology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Physics, Maxima Medical Centre, De Run 4600, Veldhoven, 5504 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Daan RMG Ophelders
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Stephanie De Munter
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Joris Vanderlocht
- Department of Transplantation Immunology, Tissue Typing Laboratory, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Wilfred TV Germeraad
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Haematology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Elke Kuypers
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Jennifer JP Collins
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Jack PM Cleutjens
- Department of Pathology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Ward Jennekens
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maxima Medical Centre, De Run 4600, Veldhoven, 5504 DB, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Physics, Maxima Medical Centre, De Run 4600, Veldhoven, 5504 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Antonio WD Gavilanes
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Matthias Seehase
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Hans J Vles
- Department of Child Neurology, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Steinbusch
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Peter Andriessen
- Neonatal Intensive Care Unit, Maxima Medical Centre, De Run 4600, Veldhoven, 5504 DB, The Netherlands
- Department of Clinical Physics, Maxima Medical Centre, De Run 4600, Veldhoven, 5504 DB, The Netherlands
| | - Tim GAM Wolfs
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
| | - Boris W Kramer
- School of Mental Health and Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatrics, Maastricht University Medical Center, PO box 5800, Maastricht, 6202 AZ, The Netherlands
- School of Oncology and Developmental Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, Maastricht, 6229 ER, The Netherlands
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Jahanshahi A, Vlamings R, Zeef D, Steinbusch H, Temel Y. B25 Hyperdopaminergic status in Huntington's disease. J Neurol Neurosurg Psychiatry 2012. [DOI: 10.1136/jnnp-2012-303524.41] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
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14
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Vanmierlo T, Weingärtner O, van der Pol S, Husche C, Kerksiek A, Friedrichs S, Sijbrands E, Steinbusch H, Grimm M, Hartmann T, Laufs U, Böhm M, de Vries HE, Mulder M, Lütjohann D. Dietary intake of plant sterols stably increases plant sterol levels in the murine brain. J Lipid Res 2012; 53:726-35. [PMID: 22279184 DOI: 10.1194/jlr.m017244] [Citation(s) in RCA: 74] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Plant sterols such as sitosterol and campesterol are frequently administered as cholesterol-lowering supplements in food. Recently, it has been shown in mice that, in contrast to the structurally related cholesterol, circulating plant sterols can enter the brain. We questioned whether the accumulation of plant sterols in murine brain is reversible. After being fed a plant sterol ester-enriched diet for 6 weeks, C57BL/6NCrl mice displayed significantly increased concentrations of plant sterols in serum, liver, and brain by 2- to 3-fold. Blocking intestinal sterol uptake for the next 6 months while feeding the mice with a plant stanol ester-enriched diet resulted in strongly decreased plant sterol levels in serum and liver, without affecting brain plant sterol levels. Relative to plasma concentrations, brain levels of campesterol were higher than sitosterol, suggesting that campesterol traverses the blood-brain barrier more efficiently. In vitro experiments with brain endothelial cell cultures showed that campesterol crossed the blood-brain barrier more efficiently than sitosterol. We conclude that, over a 6-month period, plant sterol accumulation in murine brain is virtually irreversible.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vanmierlo
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University of Bonn, Bonn, Germany
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15
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Kittel-Schneider S, Kenis G, Schek J, van den Hove D, Prickaerts J, Lesch KP, Steinbusch H, Reif A. Expression of monoamine transporters, nitric oxide synthase 3, and neurotrophin genes in antidepressant-stimulated astrocytes. Front Psychiatry 2012; 3:33. [PMID: 22529824 PMCID: PMC3330247 DOI: 10.3389/fpsyt.2012.00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/24/2011] [Accepted: 03/26/2012] [Indexed: 01/15/2023] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND There is increasing evidence that glial cells play a role in the pathomechanisms of mood disorders and the mode of action of antidepressant drugs. METHODS To examine whether there is a direct effect on the expression of different genes encoding proteins that have been implicated in the pathophysiology of affective disorders, primary astrocyte cell cultures from rats were treated with two different antidepressant drugs, imipramine and escitalopram, and the RNA expression of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (Bdnf), serotonin transporter (5Htt), dopamine transporter (Dat), and endothelial nitric oxide synthase (Nos3) was examined. RESULTS Stimulation of astroglial cell culture with imipramine, a tricyclic antidepressant, led to a significant increase of the Bdnf RNA level whereas treatment with escitalopram did not. In contrast, 5Htt was not differentially expressed after antidepressant treatment. Finally, neither Dat nor Nos3 RNA expression was detected in cultured astrocytes. CONCLUSION These data provide further evidence for a role of astroglial cells in the molecular mechanisms of action of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarah Kittel-Schneider
- Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, Psychiatric Neurobiology and Bipolar Disorder Program, University of Würzburg Würzburg, Germany
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16
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Vanmierlo T, Popp J, Kölsch H, Friedrichs S, Jessen F, Stoffel-Wagner B, Bertsch T, Hartmann T, Maier W, von Bergmann K, Steinbusch H, Mulder M, Lütjohann D. The plant sterol brassicasterol as additional CSF biomarker in Alzheimer's disease. Acta Psychiatr Scand 2011; 124:184-92. [PMID: 21585343 DOI: 10.1111/j.1600-0447.2011.01713.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Plant sterols (sitosterol, campesterol, stigmasterol and brassicasterol) are solely dietary-derivable sterols that are structurally very similar to cholesterol. In contrast to peripheral cholesterol, plant sterols can cross the blood-brain barrier and accumulate within mammalian brain. As an impaired function of the cerebrospinal fluid (CSF)-blood barrier is linked to neurodegenerative disorders, i.e. Alzheimer's disease (AD), we investigated whether this results in altered plant sterol concentrations in CSF. METHOD Applying gas chromatography/mass spectrometry analysis, plant sterol concentrations were measured in plasma and CSF of patients with AD (n = 67) and controls (n = 29). Age, gender, plasma-to-CSF albumin ratio, CSF Aβ(42) , CSF pTau, APOE4 genotype, and serum creatinine were applied as covariates in the statistical analysis for individual plant sterols in order to compare plasma and CSF plant sterol concentrations between patients with AD and controls. RESULTS Albumin quotient was a consistent predictor in CSF for cholesterol and methyl plant sterols campesterol and brassicasterol. Comparison of lipid parameters per diagnosis based on relevant predictors revealed significantly lower concentrations of brassicasterol (P < 0.001) in CSF of patients with AD. Binary logistic regression analysis revealed that brassicasterol improved the predictive value when added to pTau and Aβ42 in a biomarker model. CONCLUSION Brassicasterol might be a relevant additional biomarker in AD.
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Affiliation(s)
- T Vanmierlo
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Germany
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van den Hove DLA, Jakob SB, Schraut KG, Kenis G, Schmitt AG, Kneitz S, Scholz CJ, Wiescholleck V, Ortega G, Prickaerts J, Steinbusch H, Lesch KP. Differential effects of prenatal stress in 5-Htt deficient mice: towards molecular mechanisms of gene × environment interactions. PLoS One 2011; 6:e22715. [PMID: 21857948 PMCID: PMC3155516 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0022715] [Citation(s) in RCA: 62] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2011] [Accepted: 06/28/2011] [Indexed: 01/04/2023] Open
Abstract
Prenatal stress (PS) has been shown to influence the development of the fetal brain and to increase the risk for the development of psychiatric disorders in later life. Furthermore, the variation of human serotonin transporter (5-HTT, SLC6A4) gene was suggested to exert a modulating effect on the association between early life stress and the risk for depression. In the present study, we used a 5-Htt×PS paradigm to investigate whether the effects of PS are dependent on the 5-Htt genotype. For this purpose, the effects of PS on cognition, anxiety- and depression-related behavior were examined using a maternal restraint stress paradigm of PS in C57BL6 wild-type (WT) and heterozygous 5-Htt deficient (5-Htt +/-) mice. Additionally, in female offspring, a genome-wide hippocampal gene expression profiling was performed using the Affymetrix GeneChip® Mouse Genome 430 2.0 Array. 5-Htt +/- offspring showed enhanced memory performance and signs of reduced anxiety as compared to WT offspring. In contrast, exposure of 5-Htt +/- mice to PS was associated with increased depressive-like behavior, an effect that tended to be more pronounced in female offspring. Further, 5-Htt genotype, PS and their interaction differentially affected the expression of numerous genes and related pathways within the female hippocampus. Specifically, MAPK and neurotrophin signaling were regulated by both the 5-Htt +/- genotype and PS exposure, whereas cytokine and Wnt signaling were affected in a 5-Htt genotype×PS manner, indicating a gene×environment interaction at the molecular level. In conclusion, our data suggest that although the 5-Htt +/- genotype shows clear adaptive capacity, 5-Htt +/- mice--particularly females--at the same time appear to be more vulnerable to developmental stress exposure when compared to WT offspring. Moreover, hippocampal gene expression profiles suggest that distinct molecular mechanisms mediate the behavioral effects of the 5-Htt genotype, PS exposure, and their interaction.
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Affiliation(s)
- Daniel Louis Albert van den Hove
- Institute of Molecular Psychiatry, Laboratory of Translational Neuroscience, Department of Psychiatry, Psychosomatics and Psychotherapy, University of Wuerzburg, Wuerzburg, Germany.
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18
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Vanmierlo T, Rutten K, van Vark - van der Zee LC, Friedrichs S, Bloks VW, Blokland A, Ramaekers FC, Sijbrands E, Steinbusch H, Prickaerts J, Kuipers F, Lütjohann D, Mulder M. Cerebral accumulation of dietary derivable plant sterols does not interfere with memory and anxiety related behavior in Abcg5-/- mice. Plant Foods Hum Nutr 2011; 66:149-56. [PMID: 21431910 PMCID: PMC3134714 DOI: 10.1007/s11130-011-0219-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/06/2023]
Abstract
Plant sterols such as sitosterol and campesterol are frequently applied as functional food in the prevention of atherosclerosis. Recently, it became clear that plasma derived plant sterols accumulate in murine brains. We questioned whether plant sterols in the brain are associated with alterations in brain cholesterol homeostasis and subsequently with brain functions. ATP binding cassette (Abc)g5-/- mice, a phytosterolemia model, were compared to Abcg5+/+ mice for serum and brain plant sterol accumulation and behavioral and cognitive performance. Serum and brain plant sterol concentrations were respectively 35-70-fold and 5-12-fold increased in Abcg5-/- mice (P<0.001). Plant sterol accumulation resulted in decreased levels of desmosterol (P<0.01) and 24(S)-hydroxycholesterol (P<0.01) in the hippocampus, the brain region important for learning and memory functions, and increased lanosterol levels (P<0.01) in the cortex. However, Abcg5-/- and Abcg5+/+ displayed no differences in memory functions or in anxiety and mood related behavior. The swimming speed of the Abcg5-/- mice was slightly higher compared to Abcg5+/+ mice (P<0.001). In conclusion, plant sterols in the brains of Abcg5-/- mice did have consequences for brain cholesterol metabolism, but did not lead to an overt phenotype of memory or anxiety related behavior. Thus, our data provide no contra-indication for nutritional intake of plant sterol enriched nutrition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Kris Rutten
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Leonie C. van Vark - van der Zee
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, ‘s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Silvia Friedrichs
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Vincent W. Bloks
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Arjan Blokland
- Department of Neuropsychology and Psychopharmacology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 40, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Frans C. Ramaekers
- Department of Molecular Cell Biology, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Eric Sijbrands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, ‘s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
| | - Harry Steinbusch
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Jos Prickaerts
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
| | - Folkert Kuipers
- Department of Pediatrics, University Medical Center Groningen, Hanzeplein 1, 9713 GZ Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Dieter Lütjohann
- Institute of Clinical Chemistry and Clinical Pharmacology, University Clinics Bonn, Sigmund-Freud-Str. 25, 53105 Bonn, Germany
| | - Monique Mulder
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Universiteitssingel 50, 6229 ER Maastricht, The Netherlands
- Department of Internal Medicine, Division of Pharmacology, Vascular and Metabolic Diseases, Erasmus Medical Center, ‘s-Gravendijkwal 230, 3015 CE Rotterdam, The Netherlands
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Rijkers K, Aalbers M, Hoogland G, van Winden L, Vles J, Steinbusch H, Majoie M. Acute seizure-suppressing effect of vagus nerve stimulation in the amygdala kindled rat. Brain Res 2010; 1319:155-63. [DOI: 10.1016/j.brainres.2010.01.014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2009] [Revised: 01/03/2010] [Accepted: 01/06/2010] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Strackx E, Zoer B, Van den Hove D, Steinbusch H, Steinbusch H, Blanco C, Vles JSH, Villamor E, Gavilanes AWD. Brain apoptosis and carotid artery reactivity in fetal asphyctic preconditioning. Front Biosci (Schol Ed) 2010; 2:781-790. [PMID: 20036984 DOI: 10.2741/s101] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 05/28/2023]
Abstract
We aimed to develop a model of fetal hypoxia-ischemia (HI) preconditioning that reflects the pathophysiological conditions of perinatal asphyxia more closely than the existing neonatal stroke models. Fetal asphyxia (FA) was induced by clamping the uterine vasculature on embryonic day E17. At birth (P0), severe perinatal asphyxia (SPA) was induced during cesarean section. At P4, carotid arteries were studied in a wire myograph and at P8 brains were analyzed for apoptotic cell death in the prefrontal cortex and striatum. The contraction induced by K+ was significantly reduced in the carotid arteries from the SPA group and endothelium-dependent relaxation (mediated by acetylcholine) was augmented in the FA group. These changes in vascular responsiveness were not present in the animals exposed to both insults (FA + SPA). Additionally, FA+SPA animals showed lower numbers of apoptotic cells compared to SPA animals in both the prefrontal cortex and striatum. Exposure to a global fetal asphyctic insult seems to protect against the vascular alterations and the increase of apoptosis in striatum and prefrontal cortex induced by severe asphyxia at birth.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eveline Strackx
- Departments of Pediatrics-Neonatology, Maastricht University Medical Center, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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21
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Vogt J, Paul F, Aktas O, Müller-Wielsch K, Dörr J, Dörr S, Bharathi BS, Glumm R, Schmitz C, Steinbusch H, Raine CS, Tsokos M, Nitsch R, Zipp F. Lower motor neuron loss in multiple sclerosis and experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis. Ann Neurol 2009; 66:310-22. [PMID: 19798635 DOI: 10.1002/ana.21719] [Citation(s) in RCA: 136] [Impact Index Per Article: 9.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Multiple sclerosis (MS) is considered a chronic inflammatory and demyelinating disease of the central nervous system. Evidence that axonal and neuronal pathology contributes to the disease is accumulating, however, the distribution of neuronal injury as well as the underlying mechanisms have not yet been fully clarified. Here, we investigated the role of neuronal cell loss in MS and its animal model, experimental autoimmune encephalomyelitis (EAE). METHODS We performed electrophysiological investigations in MS patients, including assessment of compound muscle action potentials and motor unit numbers and quantified neuronal cell loss in human MS samples and different EAE models by high-precision stereology. RESULTS Both electrophysiological and morphological analyses indicated a massive loss of lower motor neurons in MS patients. We regularly found dying spinal motor neurons surrounded by CD3+ (CD4+ as well as CD8+) T cells expressing tumor necrosis factor-related apoptosis-inducing ligand (TRAIL). We observed a similar degree of damage and immune attack in different variants of EAE; the lower motor neurons were preserved in adoptive transfer EAE induced with TRAIL-deficient T lymphocytes. INTERPRETATION Our study indicates that damage to lower motor neurons and TRAIL-mediated inflammatory neurodegeneration in the spinal cord contribute to MS pathology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Johannes Vogt
- Institute of Cell Biology and Neurobiology, Charité-Universitätsmedizin Berlin, Berlin, Germany
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22
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Lim LW, Temel Y, Visser-Vandewalle V, Blokland A, Steinbusch H. Fos immunoreactivity in the rat forebrain induced by electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray matter. J Chem Neuroanat 2009; 38:83-96. [DOI: 10.1016/j.jchemneu.2009.06.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2008] [Revised: 06/29/2009] [Accepted: 06/29/2009] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Jakob S, Ortega G, Schmitt AG, Kenis G, Steinbusch H, Prickaerts J, Lesch KP, van den Hove DLA. The psychopathology of prenatal stress: The role of epigenetic regulation of brain-derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) promoter. Pharmacopsychiatry 2009. [DOI: 10.1055/s-0029-1240142] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/20/2022]
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Vanmierlo T, Rutten K, Dederen J, Bloks VW, van Vark-van der Zee LC, Kuipers F, Kiliaan A, Blokland A, Sijbrands EJG, Steinbusch H, Prickaerts J, Lütjohann D, Mulder M. Liver X receptor activation restores memory in aged AD mice without reducing amyloid. Neurobiol Aging 2009; 32:1262-72. [PMID: 19674815 DOI: 10.1016/j.neurobiolaging.2009.07.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 102] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2008] [Revised: 06/03/2009] [Accepted: 07/10/2009] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Alterations in cerebral cholesterol metabolism are thought to play a role in the progression of Alzheimer's disease (AD). Liver X receptors (LXRs) are key regulators of cholesterol metabolism. The synthetic LXR activator, T0901317 has been reported to improve memory functions in animal models for AD and to reduce amyloid-β (Aβ) deposition in the brain. Here we provide evidence that long-term administration of T0901317 to aged, 21-month-old APPSLxPS1mut mice restores impaired memory. Cerebral cholesterol turnover was enhanced as indicated by the increased levels of brain cholesterol precursors and the upregulation of LXR-target genes Abca1, Abcg1, and Apoe. Unexpectedly, the improved memory functions in the APPSLxPS1mut mice after T0901317 treatment were not accompanied by a decrease in Aβ plaque load in the cortex or hippocampus DG, CA1 or CA3. T0901317 administration also enhanced cerebral cholesterol turnover in aged C57BL/6NCrl mice, but did not further improve their memory functions. In conclusion, long-term activation of the LXR-pathway restored memory functions in aged APPSLxPS1mut mice with advanced Aβ deposition. However the beneficial effects of T0901317 on memory in the APPSLxPS1mut mice were independent of the Aβ plaque load in the hippocampus, but were associated with enhanced brain cholesterol turnover.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Vanmierlo
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Kim YK, Myint AM, Verkerk R, Scharpe S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B. Cytokine changes and tryptophan metabolites in medication-naïve and medication-free schizophrenic patients. Neuropsychobiology 2009; 59:123-9. [PMID: 19390223 DOI: 10.1159/000213565] [Citation(s) in RCA: 110] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2007] [Accepted: 11/28/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Cytokine imbalances especially between T helper type (Th) 1 and Th2 and tryptophan breakdown were reported to be involved in the pathophysiology of schizophrenia. The hyperactive inflammatory response system could induce enhanced tryptophan breakdown. This study aimed to investigate the relationship between cytokine changes, tryptophan breakdown parameter changes and clinical parameters in patients with schizophrenia in comparison with normal controls. In the plasma of schizophrenic patients, Th1-specific interferon-gamma was significantly higher (F = 7.485, p = 0.007) and Th2-specific interleukin (IL)-4 was significantly lower (F = 126.327, p < 0.0001). The Th1-related cytokine IL-2 was lower (F = 5.409, p = 0.021) but tumor necrosis factor-alpha (TNF-alpha) and Th2-related IL-6 were higher (F = 95.004, p < 0.0001 and F = 408.176, p < 0.0001, respectively) in the plasma of schizophrenic patients. After 6 weeks of treatment, IL-6 and TNF-alpha were significantly reduced (t = -3.762, p < 0.0001 and z = -2.668, p = 0.008). At the time of admission, plasma tryptophan concentrations were lower (F = 6.339, p = 0.012) in schizophrenic patients and were negatively correlated with the total positive symptoms score (r(2) = -0.343, p = 0.004). After 6 weeks of medication, both plasma tryptophan and kynurenine concentrations were increased (t = -2.937, p = 0.005 and t = -3.214, p = 0.002, respectively). The findings of this study indicate a hyperactive pro-inflammatory response inducing a change in tryptophan metabolism that might be related to the development of positive symptoms in schizophrenia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Yong-Ku Kim
- Department of Psychiatry, College of Medicine, Korea University, Seoul, Korea.
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Lim LW, Blokland A, Wandevalle WV, Steinbusch H, Temel Y. The Periaqueductal Gray: From Longitudinal columns to defensive behaviour. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2009. [DOI: 10.5835/jecm.omu.26.01.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/05/2022]
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Gavilanes AD, Strackx E, Kramer BW, Gantert M, Van den Hove D, Steinbusch H, Garnier Y, Cornips E, Steinbusch H, Zimmermann L, Vles J. Chorioamnionitis induced by intraamniotic lipopolysaccharide resulted in an interval-dependent increase in central nervous system injury in the fetal sheep. Am J Obstet Gynecol 2009; 200:437.e1-8. [PMID: 19217590 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajog.2008.12.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/26/2008] [Revised: 07/20/2008] [Accepted: 12/04/2008] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE We quantified the impact of chorioamnionitis on both the white and gray matter structures of the preterm ovine central nervous system (CNS). STUDY DESIGN The CNS was studied at 125 days of gestation, either 2 or 14 days after the intraamniotic administration of 10 mg of lipopolysaccharide (LPS) (Escherichia coli) or saline. Apoptotic cells and cell types were analyzed in the brain, cerebellum, and spinal cord using flow cytometry. RESULTS Apoptosis and microglial activation increased in all regions with prolonged exposure to LPS-induced chorioamnionitis. Astrocytes were increased in the brain and cerebellum of LPS-exposed fetuses but not in the spinal cord. Mature oligodendrocytes decreased in the cerebral and cerebellar white matter, the cerebral cortex, caudate putamen, and hippocampus 14 days after LPS. Neurons in the cerebral cortex, hippocampus, and substantia nigra were reduced 14 days after LPS. CONCLUSION Fetal inflammation globally but differentially affected the CNS depending on the maturational stage of the brain region.
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Lim LW, Temel Y, Visser-Vandewalle V, Steinbusch H, Schruers K, Hameleers R, Esquivel G, Griez E, Blokland A. Effect of buspirone on the behavioral regulation of rats in low versus high anxiety conditions. ACTA ACUST UNITED AC 2008; 58:269-76. [PMID: 18677968 DOI: 10.1055/s-0031-1296506] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/28/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Buspirone (CAS 33386-08-2) is reported to have anxiolytic effects in humans and is mostly described for mild anxiety. To further explore the effects of buspirone on different levels of anxiety, the effect of buspirone was evaluated in two different conditions of the open field which were distinguished as low and high anxiety (enclosed and exposed open field, respectively). MATERIALS AND METHODS Twenty-eight albino Wistar rats (350-400 g) were tested in two different arena settings, an enclosed and an exposed open field. Fourteen animals were initially injected with 1 ml saline while the others (n = 14) received buspirone 3 mg/kg. RESULTS The data showed clear differences in the two open-field settings, suggesting a higher anxiety level in the exposed open field. In addition, correlation analysis showed that the two anxiety tests measure different aspects of anxiety. Buspirone treatment reduced the behavioral activity in both the enclosed and exposed open-field, which is generally interpreted as an anxiogenic effect. However, buspirone increased the time in the center areas and decreased the frequencies in the outer regions. These behavioral changes are generally seen as an anxiolytic effect. Correlation analysis showed that buspirone treatment disrupted the relation between indices of anxiety. CONCLUSION These results showed that in an open-field setting buspirone appears to have a dual effect. The reduced activity and increase in time spent in the center areas are indicative of both an anxiogenic and an anxiolytic effect, respectively. This was found in both open-field settings, suggesting that the effects of buspirone are independent of the anxiety level.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Wei Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Faculty of Medicine, Health and Life Sciences, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Vanmierlo T, Rutten K, Portelius E, Blokland A, Prickaerts J, Kuipers F, Blennow K, Steinbusch H, Lütjohann D, Mulder M. Plant sterols in the brain, good or bad? Chem Phys Lipids 2008. [DOI: 10.1016/j.chemphyslip.2008.05.165] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/28/2022]
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Lim LW, Blokland A, Visser-Vandewalle V, Vlamings R, Sesia T, Steinbusch H, Schruers K, Griez E, Temel Y. High-frequency stimulation of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray and ventromedial hypothalamus fails to inhibit panic-like behaviour. Behav Brain Res 2008; 193:197-203. [PMID: 18582503 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbr.2008.05.020] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/11/2008] [Revised: 05/16/2008] [Accepted: 05/19/2008] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Electrical stimulation of the dorsolateral periaqueductal gray (dlPAG) and one of its target structures, the ventromedial hypothalamus (VMH), produces a typical behaviour in rats consisting of vigorous running and jumping which is known as "escape behaviour". Escape behaviour in rodents closely mimics panic attacks in humans. Since electrical stimulation at higher frequencies generally inhibits the stimulated region, we tested in this study the hypothesis that deep brain stimulation (DBS) of the dlPAG and VMH at higher frequencies (> 100 Hz) would not induce escape behaviour. More specifically, we evaluated whether experimental DBS could be used to inhibit panic-like behaviour. Rats underwent implantation of DBS-electrodes at the level of the dlPAG and VMH and the effects of various stimulation parameters were assessed. In addition, we studied the neural activation pattern resulting from DBS of the dlPAG and VMH using c-Fos immunohistochemistry. We found that stimulation amplitude is the most important stimulation parameter in the induction of escape behaviour. Remarkably, stimulation frequency (1-300 Hz) had no effect on stimulation-induced escape behaviour and therefore it was not possible to prevent the induction of escape behaviour with higher frequencies. The neuronal activation pattern resulting from dlPAG and VMH DBS was similar. These findings suggest that DBS of the dlPAG and VMH induces panic-related behaviours even at higher frequencies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lee Wei Lim
- Department of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Myint AM, Kim YK, Verkerk R, Scharpé S, Steinbusch H, Leonard B. Kynurenine pathway in major depression: evidence of impaired neuroprotection. J Affect Disord 2007; 98:143-51. [PMID: 16952400 DOI: 10.1016/j.jad.2006.07.013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 387] [Impact Index Per Article: 22.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/31/2006] [Revised: 07/18/2006] [Accepted: 07/18/2006] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
The neurodegeneration hypothesis proposed major depression as a consequence of the imbalance between neuroprotective and neurodegenerative metabolites in the kynurenine pathway. To test the hypothesis, plasma tryptophan and kynurenine pathway metabolites were studied in 58 patients with major depression and 189 normal controls. The mean tryptophan breakdown index was higher (p=0.036), and mean kynurenic acid concentration and mean neuroprotective ratios were lower, in depressed patients (p=0.003 and 0.003, respectively). In receiver operating characteristic analysis, the kynurenic acid concentrations and the neuroprotective ratio showed clear discrimination between depressed patients and controls with area under the curve 79% and 76.3% respectively. The neuroprotective ratio did not change after treatment in those with repeated episodes of depression but it increased significantly (p=0.044) in those with first episodes. The results suggested that the reduction in neuroprotective markers, which indicated an impaired neuroprotection, might play an important role in pathophysiology of major depression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aye-Mu Myint
- University of Maastricht, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, UNS 50, Maastricht, 6200MD, The Netherlands.
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O'Mahony SM, Myint AM, van den Hove D, Desbonnet L, Steinbusch H, Leonard BE. Gestational stress leads to depressive-like behavioural and immunological changes in the rat. Neuroimmunomodulation 2006; 13:82-8. [PMID: 17033197 DOI: 10.1159/000096090] [Citation(s) in RCA: 72] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2006] [Accepted: 08/14/2006] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Stress during pregnancy, gestational stress, can increase the chance of developing postpartum depression, which is estimated to occur in 10% of women. Since major depression is accompanied by an activation of the inflammatory response system, the aim of this study was to investigate if stress during pregnancy induces postpartum depressive-like behaviour, and if so, is it accompanied by activation of the inflammatory response system in female Fisher rats. We investigated the effect of gestational stress on the production of depressive-like behaviour in the rats. The pregnant dams underwent daily restraint stress (for 1 week, 3 times/day) or were left undisturbed (control). On postpartum day 22, the rats were introduced to the forced swim test (pre-test). On postpartum days 23 and 24 (test days), the immobility time was measured. Gestational stress significantly elevated immobility scores by 35-40% above the control values on both test days, which suggests that the stressed group displayed postpartum depressive-like behaviour. The concentrations of the pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1beta, tumour necrosis factor-alpha and the anti-inflammatory cytokine interleukin-10 in stimulated whole-blood culture were also analysed. The stressed group showed higher levels of all three cytokines. No significant differences in the cytokine concentrations were detected in the hypothalamus, hippocampus or pre-frontal cortex.
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MESH Headings
- Animals
- Behavior, Animal/physiology
- Brain/immunology
- Brain/metabolism
- Brain/physiopathology
- Depression, Postpartum/immunology
- Depression, Postpartum/physiopathology
- Depression, Postpartum/psychology
- Disease Models, Animal
- Female
- Inflammation Mediators/blood
- Inflammation Mediators/immunology
- Interleukin-10/blood
- Interleukin-10/immunology
- Interleukin-1beta/blood
- Interleukin-1beta/immunology
- Pregnancy
- Pregnancy Complications/immunology
- Pregnancy Complications/physiopathology
- Pregnancy Complications/psychology
- Rats
- Rats, Inbred F344
- Restraint, Physical
- Stress, Physiological/immunology
- Stress, Physiological/physiopathology
- Stress, Physiological/psychology
- Swimming/physiology
- Swimming/psychology
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/blood
- Tumor Necrosis Factor-alpha/immunology
- Up-Regulation/immunology
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Maes M, Kenis G, Kubera M, De Baets M, Steinbusch H, Bosmans E. The negative immunoregulatory effects of fluoxetine in relation to the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway. Int Immunopharmacol 2005; 5:609-18. [PMID: 15683856 DOI: 10.1016/j.intimp.2004.11.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 41] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/10/2004] [Accepted: 11/10/2004] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recently, we have shown that various types of antidepressants, including selective serotonin reuptake inhibitors (SSRIs) such as fluoxetine, have negative immunoregulatory effects. These antidepressants suppress the interferon-gamma (IFN-gamma)/interleukin-10 (IL-10) production ratio, which is of critical importance for the determination of the capacity of immunocytes to inhibit or activate monocytic/lymphocytic functions. Since cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) production is stimulated by some antidepressants, and since cAMP inhibits IFN-gamma and stimulates IL-10 production, we postulate that the negative immunoregulatory effects of antidepressants result from their effects on the cAMP-dependent protein kinase A (PKA) pathway. The aim of the present study was to determine whether the negative immunoregulatory effects of fluoxetine may be blocked by antagonists of the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway, such as, e.g., SQ 22536, an adenylate cyclase inhibitor, and Rp-8-Br-cAMPs (Rp-isomer of 8-bromo-adenosine-3',5'-monophosphorothioate), a PKA antagonist. To this end, diluted whole blood collected from 17 normal volunteers was incubated with fluoxetine (10(-6) and 10(-5) M), with or without SQ 22536 (10(-6) and 10(-4) M) and Rp-8-Br-cAMPs (10(-6) and 10(-4) M), afterwards, IFN-gamma, IL-10 and the tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-alpha) were determined. Fluoxetine, 10(-6) and 10(-5) M, significantly reduced the production of IFN-gamma and TNF-alpha, and significantly decreased the IFN-gamma/IL-10 production ratio. SQ 22536 and Rp-8-Br-cAMPs were unable to block the suppressant effects of fluoxetine on the IFN-gamma/IL-10 ratio. Rp-8-Br-cAMPs, 10(-4), but not 10(-6) M, normalized the fluoxetine-induced suppression of TNF-alpha production. It is concluded that the suppressant effect of fluoxetine on the IFN-gamma/IL-10 production ratio is probably not related to the induction of the cAMP-dependent PKA pathway, whereas the suppressant effect on TNF-alpha may be related to the induction of PKA. The obtained results suggest that increased activation of the PKA-dependent pathway may constitute an important molecular basis for some (suppression of TNF-alpha production), but not all (suppression of IFN-gamma production), negative immunoregulatory effects of fluoxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Michael Maes
- Department of Psychiatry, University Hospital of Maastricht, Vijverdal P.O. Box 88, 6200 AB Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Domek-Lopacinska K, Markerink-van Ittersum M, Steinbusch H, de Vente J. Changes in expression of cGMP selective phosphordiesterses 2,5 and 9 in the rat brain during aging. BMC Pharmacol 2005. [DOI: 10.1186/1471-2210-5-s1-p15] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
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O'Mahony SM, Myint AM, Steinbusch H, Leonard BE. Efavirenz induces depressive-like behaviour, increased stress response and changes in the immune response in rats. Neuroimmunomodulation 2005; 12:293-8. [PMID: 16166808 DOI: 10.1159/000087107] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/02/2005] [Accepted: 02/22/2005] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Efavirenz is a non-nucleoside reverse transcriptase inhibitor that is used in the treatment of the HIV-1 variant. Adverse central nervous system side effects such as headache, dizziness, insomnia, fatigue, severe depression and suicidal ideation are noted in patients receiving efavirenz. In this study, the effects of efavirenz on changes in behaviour and on some pro- and anti-inflammatory cytokines in Wistar rats were studied to assess whether efavirenz causes depressive symptoms via the cytokine network and, if so, whether antidepressant therapy known to attenuate the effects of pro-inflammatory cytokines could prevent these changes. The efavirenz-treated rats displayed spatial memory deficits in the Morris water maze. These rats also appeared to be more susceptible to stress than the other groups as seen by an increase in the latency to emerge in the home cage emergence test following the stress of the Morris water maze. The concentrations of pro-inflammatory cytokines interleukin-1 beta and tumour necrosis factor-alpha were also significantly higher in the efavirenz group. The antidepressant paroxetine reduced the susceptibility to stress and prevented such an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. It is concluded that efavirenz induces depressive-like behaviour in the rat and a susceptibility to stress, which are accompanied by an increase in pro-inflammatory cytokines. These symptoms are partially alleviated by chronic treatment with paroxetine.
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Affiliation(s)
- Siobhain M O'Mahony
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Abstract
The effect of diazepam on NO-mediated cGMP synthesis was studied in rat brain slices. It was found that diazepam dose-dependently decreased cGMP synthesis in cerebellar slices, with an inhibition of 90% at 1 mM diazepam. cGMP levels in the presence of diazepam were not restored to control levels by the addition of 0.1 mM sodium nitroprusside, whereas the decrease in cerebellar cGMP levels induced by 0.1 mM L-NAME was restored by the simultaneous application of NO-donors. In addition to the decrease of cGMP levels in neuronal structures induced by 1 mM diazepam, we observed increased cGMP immunoreactivity in glial cells in the cerebellum, the hippocampus, and the cerebral cortex. The significance of this observation is discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- L A M Aerden
- Department of Neurology, Rode Kruis Ziekenhuis, The Hague, The Netherlands.
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37
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La Heij EC, Blaauwgeers HGT, de Vente J, Markerink M, Liem ATA, Kessels AGH, Steinbusch H, Hendrikse F. Decreased levels of cGMP in vitreous and subretinal fluid from eyes with retinal detachment. Br J Ophthalmol 2003; 87:1409-12. [PMID: 14609845 PMCID: PMC1771883 DOI: 10.1136/bjo.87.11.1409] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/03/2003] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Cyclic guanosine monophosphate (cGMP) is produced in different retinal cells, including photoreceptor cells, wherein cGMP mediates photo-transduction. CGMP is degraded by phosphodiesterases (PDE). The aim was to investigate whether retinal detachment alters intraocular cGMP levels in human eyes. METHODS cGMP and PDE were determined in vitreous fluid from 50 eyes with a retinal detachment (group I) and in 20 control samples (group II) of vitreous fluid from eyes without retinal detachment. Group III consisted of subretinal fluid samples from 70 eyes with retinal detachment. RESULTS cGMP in vitreous fluid from eyes with retinal detachment (6.5 (SD 1.7) nM) was decreased compared to controls (67.1 (10.0) nM) (p<0.0001). In subretinal fluid, the mean level of cGMP was 2.4 (0.2) nM. No PDE could be detected in any of the intraocular fluid samples of patients nor controls. A decrease in the mean level of cGMP in subretinal fluid of eyes with retinal detachment correlated with a longer duration of detachment (r = -0.45, p = 0.007). CONCLUSIONS Retinal detachment was found to be associated with a decrease in vitreous cGMP concentration. In subretinal fluid, a low cGMP level correlated inversely with the duration of the detachment.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C La Heij
- University Hospital Maastricht, Department of Ophthalmology, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Kenis G, Steinbusch H, De Baets M, Maes M. Influence of antidepressants on intracellular levels of cyclic adenosine monophosphate in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. Eur Neuropsychopharmacol 2003; 13:53-6. [PMID: 12480123 DOI: 10.1016/s0924-977x(02)00125-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
This study examines the effects of paroxetine and imipramine on intracellular concentrations of cyclic adenosine monophosphate (cAMP) in human peripheral blood mononuclear cells. It was found that imipramine and paroxetine had no effect on basal cAMP-levels. Stimulation with lipopolysaccharides and phytohaemagglutinin increased intracellular cAMP concentrations. However, pre-incubation with imipramine or paroxetine, did not influence this increase. These data do not support the hypothesis that cAMP may be related to the in vitro anti-inflammatory effects of antidepressants.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, P.O. Box 616, 6200 MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Kenis G, Teunissen C, De Jongh R, Bosmans E, Steinbusch H, Maes M. Stability of interleukin 6, soluble interleukin 6 receptor, interleukin 10 and CC16 in human serum. Cytokine 2002; 19:228-35. [PMID: 12393169] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/26/2023]
Abstract
The stability of interleukin 6 (IL-6), its soluble receptor (sIL-6R), IL-10 and CC16 or uteroglobin (an endogenous cytokine inhibitor) in human serum was examined using an accelerated stability testing protocol according to the Arrhenius equation. Further, the effect of time delay between blood sampling and sample processing, clotting temperature and repeated freeze-thaw cycles on serum levels of these proteins were determined. Paired serum samples were stored at 4 degrees C, 20 degrees C, 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C for 1 to 21 days. We found that IL-6 and CC16 concentrations did not change at 4 degrees C, 20 degrees C and 30 degrees C. Interleukin-6 concentrations significantly declined after 11 days at 40 degrees C. The concentrations of sIL-6R and IL-10 did not change at 4 degrees C but significantly decreased at 20 degrees C (after 21 and 14 days respectively), 30 degrees C and 40 degrees C (after 1 day at both temperatures for both cytokines). Arrhenius-plots indicated that sIL-6R and IL-10 are stable for at least several years at -20 degrees C and -70 degrees C, respectively. Since their relative stability, no Arrhenius-plot could be calculated for IL-6 and CC16. The concentrations of the proteins examined were not significantly altered by repeated freeze-thaw cycles, nor by extended clotting times at 4 degrees C or 20 degrees C. We conclude that serum samples for the determination of IL-6, sIL-6R and CC16 can be stored at -20 degrees C for several years, but for IL-10 determinations, storage at -70 degrees C is recommended.
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Affiliation(s)
- Gunter Kenis
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, Pb616, 6200MD Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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40
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La Heij EC, van de Waarenburg MPH, Blaauwgeers HGT, Kessels AGH, Liem ATA, Theunissen C, Steinbusch H, Hendrikse F. Basic fibroblast growth factor, glutamine synthetase, and interleukin-6 in vitreous fluid from eyes with retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy. Am J Ophthalmol 2002; 134:367-75. [PMID: 12208248 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(02)01536-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 33] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor (bFGF), glutamine synthetase (GS), and interleukin-6 (IL-6) in vitreous fluid from eyes with retinal detachment complicated by proliferative vitreoretinopathy (PVR). DESIGN Comparative case series; experimental study. METHODS In a prospective study, we measured bFGF, GS, IL-6, and total protein in vitreous fluid samples from 53 eyes from 53 consecutive patients with PVR operated on in our hospital. As controls, vitreous fluid samples from eyes with a macular hole (n = 9) or pucker (n = 11) were used. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURES Laboratory data of the patient group were compared with the control group and correlated with various clinical data, especially with visual recovery and redetachment. RESULTS For IL-6, bFGF, and total protein we found significantly higher levels in PVR patients' eyes than in control eyes (P =.03, P =.046, and P <.0001, respectively). Within the PVR group, no significant correlation was found for IL-6, bFGF, GS, or total protein with the various tested clinical variables. CONCLUSIONS We found increased levels of IL-6, bFGF, and total protein in vitreous fluid from patients' eyes with PVR. Whether the increased levels of IL-6, bFGF, and total protein are the result of an injury-induced upregulation of these proteins as part of a self-protective mechanism of the retina to minimize photoreceptor damage after the mechanical injury induced by retinal detachment is, at present, not known.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ellen C La Heij
- Department of Ophthalmology, University Hospital Maastricht, The Netherlands
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La Heij EC, Van De Waarenburg MP, Blaauwgeers HG, Kessels AG, De Vente J, Liem AT, Steinbusch H, Hendrikse F. Levels of basic fibroblast growth factor, glutamine synthetase, and interleukin-6 in subretinal fluid from patients with retinal detachment. Am J Ophthalmol 2001; 132:544-50. [PMID: 11589877 DOI: 10.1016/s0002-9394(01)01125-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To investigate the presence of basic fibroblast growth factor, glutamine synthetase activity, and interleukin-6 in subretinal fluid from patients with retinal detachment. METHODS In a prospective study we measured basic fibroblast growth factor, glutamine synthetase activity, interleukin-6, and total protein in subretinal fluid samples from 96 eyes from 94 consecutive patients with a retinal detachment corrected by a conventional scleral buckling operation in our clinical practice. As controls, vitreous fluid samples from eyes with a macular hole (n = 6) or pucker (n = 11) were used. Laboratory data of the patient group were compared with the control group and correlated with various clinical data. RESULTS Levels (median, range) of basic fibroblast growth factor, glutamine synthetase activity, interleukin-6, and total protein were significantly higher in patients than in controls (P <.0001). An increased level of glutamine synthetase and total protein correlated with a longer duration of the retinal detachment (r =.4, P =.002, and r =.34, P =.001, respectively). Interleukin-6 and basic fibroblast growth factor levels did not correlate with the duration of the detachment. After multivariate logistic regression analysis, no significant relation was found between any of the tested subretinal proteins and a low visual outcome or redetachment. CONCLUSIONS We found increased levels of basic fibroblast growth factor and glutamine synthetase in subretinal fluid from patients with retinal detachment. Basic fibroblast growth factor and glutamine synthetase may play a role in the pathogenesis and recovery after retinal detachment. The questions of whether the increased levels of basic fibroblast growth factor and glutamine synthetase result from leakage of dying glia cells (including Müller cells) and neurons and if basic fibroblast growth factor is actively produced to protect the photoreceptor cells need further research.
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Affiliation(s)
- E C La Heij
- Department of Ophthalmology/Eye Research Institute, University Hospital Maastricht, P. Debyelaan 25, G202 AZ, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Prickaerts J, De Vente J, Honig W, Steinbusch H, Blokland A, Steinbusch HW. Nitric oxide synthase does not mediate neurotoxicity after an i.c.v. injection of streptozotocin in the rat. J Neural Transm (Vienna) 2001; 107:745-66. [PMID: 11005541 DOI: 10.1007/s007020070056] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
In the present study we evaluated the possible role of nitric oxide (NO) in mediating neuronal damage in middle-aged rats after an i.c.v. injection of streptozotocin (STREP). An i.c.v. injection of STREP has been reported to decrease the central metabolism of glucose. This inhibition of the energy metabolism after STREP treatment might induce an excitotoxic mechanism, which may lead to the stimulation of NO synthase and, consequently to the synthesis of NO. On the other hand, STREP might induce oxidative stress directly by liberation of NO from its nitroso moiety. To investigate whether NO synthase is involved in a possible excitotoxic mechanism after STREP treatment, some of the rats treated with STREP (1.25 mg/ kg in 4 microl, bilaterally 2 microl/injection site) were also treated with the NO synthase inhibitor N-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME, 20 mg/kg i.p. 10 min, 6, 24 and 96 h after STREP injection). To investigate whether NO liberated from STREP may be responsible for neurotoxic effects, one additional group of control rats received an i.c.v. injection of the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP, 10 microg in 4 microl). We found that STREP affected the behavioral performances in the open field and two-way active avoidance task. In addition, immunostaining for glial fibrillary acidic protein, an indicator of reactive astroglial changes to neuronal damage, showed that this was mainly located in peri- and paraventricular regions of the third and lateral ventricles, like for instance in the septum, caudate putamen and hippocampus. L-NAME treatment had no protective effect on the behavioral impairments and neuronal damage of STREP-treated rats. This suggests that the neuronal damage of STREP may still be a result of the decrease in the central energy metabolism, but without the involvement of NO synthase. This was supported by measuring, using immunostaining, the NO-mediated cyclic GMP production by the enzyme soluble guanylyl cyclase in cortical slices, i.e. L-NAME did not prevent NO production after STREP administration in vitro. In addition, it was found that SNP liberated NO in vitro, whereas in vivo SNP administration did not lead to any behavioral and neuronal deficits at all. However, the present study cannot exclude the involvement of NO liberated from STREP in neuronal damage.
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Affiliation(s)
- J Prickaerts
- Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Schade R, Henklein P, Hlinak A, de Vente J, Steinbusch H. Specificity of Chicken (IgY) versus Rabbit (IgG) Antibodies Raised against Cholecystokinin Octapeptide (CCK-8). ALTEX 2001; 13:80-85. [PMID: 11178480] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/18/2023]
Abstract
Antibodies produced in chickens (egg yolk Antibody-IgY) and rabbits against CCK-8 TyrSE (a C-terminal extended CCK-version) were compared with respect to their specificity against several modified CCK-sequences by means of radioimmunoassay and spot blot assay. The content of neuronal CCK was determined by using both an "avian" and a "mammalian" RIA. The IC50 values obtained indicate differences between the binding capacity of rabbit and chicken Antibody, respectively. Supported by the data from spot blot assay, it appears, that the avian Antibody binding activity was directed primarily towards short CCK-sequences whereas the longer sequences are less well recognised in contrast to the mammalian antibody. Probably, these differences may be due to characteristics regarding the shape of the molecules (caused also by fixation processes necessary for blotting procedures) as well as to structural differences between avian and mammalian antibodies itself (both antibodies originate from quite different immune systems). By comparing the quantitative CCK data (avian versus mammalian RIA) a significant correlation could be observed. Immunohistochemical studies using avian antibodies revealed a neuronal CCK pattern different from those using rabbit antibodies. These results are discussed on the basis of the specificity studies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rüdiger Schade
- Department of Medicine (Charité), Humboldt-University, D-Berlin
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Teunissen C, Steinbusch H, Markerink-van Ittersum M, Koesling D, de Vente J. Presence of soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclase in the same hippocampal astrocytes. Brain Res 2001; 891:206-12. [PMID: 11164824 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(00)03213-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
The localisation of particulate and soluble guanylyl cyclase was studied in hippocampal astrocytes. Counting the colocalisation of cGMP immunoreactivity with the astrocytic marker glial fibrillary acidic protein after stimulation of brain slices with sodium nitroprusside (0.1 mM) or atrial natriuretic peptide (100 nM), we were able to show that at least 67% of the hippocampal astrocytes contained both guanylyl cyclase isoforms. In addition, it was shown that a large number of atrial natriuretic peptide, brain-derived natriuretic peptide or sodium nitroprusside responsive cells contain the beta1-subunit of the soluble guanylyl cyclase. The results show that, in at least a subset of hippocampal astrocytes, soluble and particulate guanylyl cyclases are simultaneously present in the same cells.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Teunissen
- European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON), Maastricht University, Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, POB 616, 6200 MD, Maastricht, The Netherlands.
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Vles JS, de Louw AJ, Steinbusch H, Markerink-van Ittersum M, Steinbusch HW, Blanco CE, Axer H, Troost J, de Vente J. Localization and age-related changes of nitric oxide- and ANP-mediated cyclic-GMP synthesis in rat cervical spinal cord: an immunocytochemical study. Brain Res 2000; 857:219-34. [PMID: 10700571 DOI: 10.1016/s0006-8993(99)02434-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 26] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/17/2022]
Abstract
An immunocytochemical technique was used to study the localization and developmental aspects of cyclic GMP (cGMP)-synthesizing structures in the cervical spinal cord of 2-week and 3-month-old Lewis rats in response to the nitric oxide (NO) donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP) and/or atrial natriuretic peptide (ANP). By using cell-specific markers, the cell structures involved were investigated. To visualize cGMP, a combined technique of low- and high-power magnification, using a confocal laser scanning microscope was used. NOS-mediated cGMP synthesis was observed in the cervical spinal cord in laminae I, II and III in 14-day-old rats, which activity was mainly absent at the age of 3 months. The involvement of NO in the NMDA-mediated increase in cGMP immunostaining (cGMP-IS) was demonstrated by the absence of cGMP-IS in slices incubated in the presence of NMDA together with the NOS inhibitor N(G)-nitro-L-arginine methyl ester (L-NAME). This NO-mediated effect of NMDA on cGMP-IS was completely absent in the 3-month-old rats. ANP-mediated cGMP synthesis resulted in an increase in cGMP in laminae I and II, which was generally similar at both ages. Astrocytes in both white and gray matter were found to be cGMP-IS in the basal, NO- and ANP-stimulated conditions. Using confocal laser microscopy, NO-mediated cGMP synthesis was observed in large cholinergic terminals nearby motor neurons in the ventral horn. An extensive colocalization between NO-stimulated cGMP synthesis and parvalbumin-positive (GABAergic) neurons and fibers was observed in all laminae. In the ANP-stimulated condition, a colocalization with parvalbumin structures was found in laminae II and III. No NO- or ANP-mediated cGMP synthesis was found in fibers immunopositive for the presynaptic glutamate transporter, serotonin, or tyrosine hydroxylase.
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Affiliation(s)
- J S Vles
- Department of Neurology, University Hospital Maastricht, P.O. Box 5800, 6202 AZ, Maastricht, Netherlands.
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Ozawa H, Lion J, Xie CX, Nishi M, Steinbusch H, Kawata M. Down-regulation of ACTH and glucocorticoid receptor immunoreactivity in hypothalamic arcuate neurons after adrenalectomy in the rat. Neuroreport 1999; 10:1571-5. [PMID: 10380983 DOI: 10.1097/00001756-199905140-00033] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
The expression of glucocorticoid receptor (GR) in rat adrenocorticotropin (ACTH)-containing neurons in rat brain was immunohistochemically investigated. ACTH-containing cell bodies were found mainly in the arcuate nucleus. Most of these neurons exhibited GR immunoreactivities in their nuclei. ACTH-containing nerve fibers were distributed in the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, periventricular nucleus, retrochiasmatic nucleus, parvocellular part of paraventricular nucleus and dorsomedial hypothalamic nucleus. After adrenalectomy there was a marked decrease of ACTH immunoreactivity, as well as GR immunoreactivity, in neurons of the arcuate nucleus, but ACTH immunoreactivity in the fibers was not affected. These results indicate that glucocorticoids up-regulate ACTH and GR production in hypothalamic arcuate neurons, but that glucocorticoid-induced changes could be delayed in the fibers derived from these neurons.
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Affiliation(s)
- H Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Kyoto Prefectural University of Medicine, Japan
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Blokland A, de Vente J, Prickaerts J, Honig W, Markerink-van Ittersum M, Steinbusch H. Local inhibition of hippocampal nitric oxide synthase does not impair place learning in the Morris water escape task in rats. Eur J Neurosci 1999; 11:223-32. [PMID: 9987026 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1999.00431.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 35] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
Recent studies have provided evidence that nitric oxide (NO) has a role in certain forms of memory formation. Spatial learning is one of the cognitive abilities that has been found to be impaired after systemic administration of an NO-synthase inhibitor. As the hippocampus has a pivotal role in spatial orientation, the present study examined the role of hippocampal NO in spatial learning and reversal learning in a Morris task in adult rats. It was found that N omega-nitro-L-arginine infusions into the dorsal hippocampus affected the manner in which the rats were searching the submerged platform during training, but did not affect the efficiency to find the spatial location of the escape platform. Hippocampal NO-synthase inhibition did not affect the learning of a new platform position in the same water tank (i.e. reversal learning). Moreover, no treatment effects were observed in the probe trials (i.e. after acquisition and after reversal learning), indicating that the rats treated with N omega-nitro-L-arginine had learned the spatial location of the platform. These findings were obtained under conditions where the NO synthesis in the dorsal hippocampus was completely inhibited. On the basis of the present data it was concluded that hippocampal NO is not critically involved in place learning in rats.
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Affiliation(s)
- A Blokland
- Faculty of Psychology, European Graduate School of Neuroscience (EURON) Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, Maastricht University, The Netherlands.
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Sten Shi TJ, Holmberg K, Xu ZQD, Steinbusch H, de Vente J, Hökfelt T. Effect of peripheral nerve injury on cGMP and nitric oxide synthase levels in rat dorsal root ganglia: time course and coexistence. Pain 1998; 78:171-180. [PMID: 9870570 DOI: 10.1016/s0304-3959(98)00124-9] [Citation(s) in RCA: 36] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.4] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Using the indirect immunofluorescence method, the distribution of cyclic GMP (cGMP) and nitric oxide synthase (NOS) was investigated in lumbar 5 dorsal root ganglia (DRGs) of untreated rats 1, 3 and 7 days following sciatic nerve section (axotomy). Untreated and axotomized (7 days) rats were also studied after perfusion with the NO donor sodium nitroprusside (SNP). Moreover, rats were injected with carrageenan lambda into the unilateral hindpaw and studied after 6 h, 1 day or 2 days. An increase in the number of cGMP-positive satellite cell profiles was found in axotomized DRGs at 3 days with lower numbers after 7 days. In contrast, no change in cGMP-like immunoreactivity (LI) in satellite cell profiles was detected 1 day after axotomy or 6h, 1 day or 2 days after inflammation, as compared to controls. Axotomy induced a marked increase in the percentage of NOS-immunoreactive (IR) neuron profiles in the ipsilateral DRGs as follows: 3.0% at 1 day, 15% at 3 days and 25% at 7 days, whereas no significant change was found in the expression of NOS-LI in the inflamed DRGs as compared to untreated DRGs. Between 15 and 20% of all NOS-positive neuron profiles were surrounded by, or in partial contact with, cGMP-IR satellite cells in controls 1 and 3 days after axotomy, whereas the corresponding figure was around 5% after 7 days. After SNP perfusion 60-70% of all DRG neuron profiles were partly or totally associated with cGMP-positive satellite cell profiles, with no significant difference between untreated and axotomized ganglia. The nerve injury-induced, parallel upregulation of NOS in DRG neurons and cGMP in satellite cells in the initial phase after axotomy suggests an involvement of NO as a signalling molecule between neurons and satellite cells in DRGs, especially after peripheral nerve injury, perhaps exerting a survival effect as recently proposed by Thippeswamy and Morris (1997).
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Affiliation(s)
- Tie-Jun Sten Shi
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institute, S-171 77 Stockholm, Sweden Department of Psychiatry and Neuropsychology, University of Maastricht, Maastricht, The Netherlands
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Xu ZQ, de Vente J, Steinbusch H, Grillner S, Hökfelt T. The NO-cGMP pathway in the rat locus coeruleus: electrophysiological, immunohistochemical and in situ hybridization studies. Eur J Neurosci 1998; 10:3508-16. [PMID: 9824464 DOI: 10.1046/j.1460-9568.1998.00359.x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 30] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Affiliation(s)] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022]
Abstract
The effect of two nitric oxide (NO) donors, SIN-1 and DEA/NO, as well as of the inactive SIN-1 derivative molsidomin, was studied on locus coeruleus (LC) neurons in a slice preparation using intracellular recordings. In addition, the effect of the guanylate cyclase inhibitor ODQ was analysed. Furthermore, the effect of NO donors on cyclic guanosine monophosphate (GMP) levels in the LC was studied using the indirect immunofluorescence technique, and the expression of soluble guanylyl cyclase with in situ hybridization. In 36 of 66 LC neurons extracellular application of SIN-1 and DEA/NO caused a hyperpolarization and a decrease in apparent input resistance. In almost 20% of neurons SIN-1 increased the firing rate. No effect could be recorded with the brain-inactive SIN-1 derivative molsidomin. The membrane permeable cGMP analogue 8-bromo-cGMP imitated the action of SIN-1. The hyperpolarizing effect of SIN-1 and DEA/NO was attenuated by preincubation with the guanylyl cyclase inhibitor ODQ. The immunohistochemical analysis revealed lack of cGMP immunostaining in non-stimulated slices, whereas SIN-1 dramatically increased this staining in about 40% of the LC neurons, and these neurons were all tyrosine hydroxylase positive, that is noradrenergic. A large proportion of the LC neurons expressed soluble guanylyl cyclase mRNA. The present and previous results suggest that NO, released from a small number of non-noradrenergic neurons in the LC, mainly has an inhibitory influence on many noradrenergic neurons, by upregulating cGMP levels via stimulation of soluble guanylyl cyclase. As nitric oxide synthase is present only in a small number of non-noradrenergic neurons (Xu et al., 1994), a few neurons may influence a large population of noradrenergic LC neurons, which in turn may control activity in many regions of the central nervous system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Z Q Xu
- Department of Neuroscience, Karolinska Institutet, Stockholm, Sweden.
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Ozawa H, Lion J, Steinbusch H, Xie CX, Kawata M. The ACTH- and GR-immunoreactivities in the brain after adrenalectomy. Neurosci Res 1998. [DOI: 10.1016/s0168-0102(98)82367-5] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [What about the content of this article? (0)] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
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