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Hrabovszky E, Takács S, Rumpler É, Skrapits K. The human hypothalamic kisspeptin system: Functional neuroanatomy and clinical perspectives. HANDBOOK OF CLINICAL NEUROLOGY 2021; 180:275-296. [PMID: 34225935 DOI: 10.1016/b978-0-12-820107-7.00017-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
In mammals, kisspeptin neurons are the key components of the hypothalamic neuronal networks that regulate the onset of puberty, account for the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and mediate negative and positive estrogen feedback signals to GnRH neurons. Being directly connected anatomically and functionally to the hypophysiotropic GnRH system, the major kisspeptin cell groups of the preoptic area/rostral hypothalamus and the arcuate (or infundibular) nucleus, respectively, are ideally positioned to serve as key nodes which integrate various types of environmental, endocrine, and metabolic signals that can influence fertility. This chapter provides an overview of the current state of knowledge on the anatomy, functions, and plasticity of brain kisspeptin systems based on the wide literature available from different laboratory and domestic species. Then, the species-specific features of human hypothalamic kisspeptin neurons are described, covering their topography, morphology, unique neuropeptide content, plasticity, and connectivity to hypophysiotropic GnRH neurons. Some newly emerging roles of central kisspeptin signaling in behavior and finally, clinical perspectives, are discussed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary.
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Éva Rumpler
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Liao B, Qiao J, Pang Y. Central Regulation of PCOS: Abnormal Neuronal-Reproductive-Metabolic Circuits in PCOS Pathophysiology. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2021; 12:667422. [PMID: 34122341 PMCID: PMC8194358 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2021.667422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 17.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2021] [Accepted: 05/07/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a common reproductive endocrine disease. PCOS patients are characterized by hyperandrogenemia, anovulation, and metabolic dysfunction. Hypothalamus-pituitary-ovary axis imbalance is considered as an important pathophysiology underlying PCOS, indicating that central modulation, especially the abnormal activation of hypothalamic GnRH neurons plays a vital role in PCOS development. Increased GnRH pulse frequency can promote LH secretion, leading to ovarian dysfunction and abnormal sex steroids synthesis. By contrast, peripheral sex steroids can modulate the action of GnRH neurons through a feedback effect, which is impaired in PCOS, thus forming a vicious cycle. Additionally, hypothalamic GnRH neurons not only serve as the final output pathway of central control of reproductive axis, but also as the central connection point where reproductive function and metabolic state inter-regulate with each other. Metabolic factors, such as insulin resistance and obesity in PCOS patients can regulate GnRH neurons activity, and ultimately regulate reproductive function. Besides, gut hormones act on both brain and peripheral organs to modify metabolic state. Gut microbiota disturbance is also related to many metabolic diseases and has been reported to play an essential part in PCOS development. This review concludes with the mechanism of central modulation and the interaction between neuroendocrine factors and reproductive or metabolic disorders in PCOS development. Furthermore, the role of the gut microenvironment as an important part involved in the abnormal neuronal-reproductive-metabolic circuits that contribute to PCOS is discussed, thus offering possible central and peripheral therapeutic targets for PCOS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Baoying Liao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Jie Qiao
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
| | - Yanli Pang
- Center for Reproductive Medicine, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- National Clinical Research Center for Obstetrics and Gynecology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- Key Laboratory of Assisted Reproduction (Peking University), Ministry of Education, Beijing, China
- Beijing Key Laboratory of Reproductive Endocrinology and Assisted Reproductive Technology, Peking University Third Hospital, Beijing, China
- *Correspondence: Yanli Pang,
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Rumpler É, Takács S, Göcz B, Baska F, Szenci O, Horváth A, Ciofi P, Hrabovszky E, Skrapits K. Kisspeptin Neurons in the Infundibular Nucleus of Ovariectomized Cats and Dogs Exhibit Unique Anatomical and Neurochemical Characteristics. Front Neurosci 2020; 14:598707. [PMID: 33343288 PMCID: PMC7738562 DOI: 10.3389/fnins.2020.598707] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2020] [Accepted: 11/09/2020] [Indexed: 12/28/2022] Open
Abstract
Neurons co-synthesizing kisspeptin (KP), neurokinin B (NKB), and dynorphin (“KNDy neurons”) in the hypothalamic arcuate/infundibular nucleus (INF) form a crucial component of the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)/luteinizing hormone (LH) “pulse generator.” The goal of our study was to characterize KP neuron distribution, neuropeptide phenotype and connectivity to GnRH cells in ovariectomized (OVX) dogs and cats with immunohistochemistry on formalin-fixed hypothalamic tissue sections. In both species, KP and NKB neurons occurred in the INF and the two cell populations overlapped substantially. Dynorphin was detected in large subsets of canine KP (56%) and NKB (37%) cells and feline KP (64%) and NKB (57%) cells; triple-labeled (“KNDy”) somata formed ∼25% of all immunolabeled neurons. Substance P (SP) was present in 20% of KP and 29% of NKB neurons in OVX cats but not dogs, although 26% of KP and 24% of NKB neurons in a gonadally intact male dog also contained SP signal. Only in cats, cocaine- and amphetamine regulated transcript was also colocalized with KP (23%) and NKB (7%). In contrast with reports from mice, KP neurons did not express galanin in either carnivore. KP neurons innervated virtually all GnRH neurons in both species. Results of this anatomical study on OVX animals reveal species-specific features of canine and feline mediobasal hypothalamic KP neurons. Anatomical and neurochemical similarities to and differences from the homologous KP cells of more extensively studied rodent, domestic and primate species will enhance our understanding of obligate and facultative players in the molecular mechanisms underlying pulsatile GnRH/LH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Rumpler
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Szabolcs Takács
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Balázs Göcz
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ferenc Baska
- Department of Exotic Animal and Wildlife Medicine, University of Veterinary Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Ottó Szenci
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Üllõ, Hungary.,MTA-SZIE Large Animal Clinical Research Group, University of Veterinary Medicine, Üllõ, Hungary
| | - András Horváth
- Department of Obstetrics and Food Animal Medicine Clinic, University of Veterinary Medicine, Üllõ, Hungary
| | - Philippe Ciofi
- INSERM U1215, Neurocentre Magendie, University of Bordeaux, Bordeaux, France
| | - Erik Hrabovszky
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
| | - Katalin Skrapits
- Laboratory of Reproductive Neurobiology, Institute of Experimental Medicine, Budapest, Hungary
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Patel R, Smith JT. Novel actions of kisspeptin signaling outside of GnRH-mediated fertility: a potential role in energy balance. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 73:106467. [PMID: 32278499 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106467] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/29/2019] [Revised: 02/24/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023]
Abstract
Kisspeptin, encoded by Kiss1 gene expressing neurons in the hypothalamus, is a requisite for fertility and now appears critical in the regulation of energy balance. Kisspeptin neurons, particularly those in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), receive information directly and indirectly from a diverse array of brain regions including the bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, amygdala, interpeduncular nucleus, hippocampus, and cortex. On the other hand, kisspeptin neuron projections clearly extend to GnRH neuron cell bodies in rodents, sheep, and primates and beyond to other-non-GnRH-brain areas. Kiss1r, the kisspeptin receptor, is expressed on GnRH neurons and also in additional brain areas and peripheral tissues, indicating a nonreproductive role. Kisspeptin neurons clearly receive signals pertinent to deviations in energy balance but are now recognized as a novel neuroendocrine player in the fine balance of energy intake and expenditure. Mice that have a dysfunctional gene for Kiss1r develop an obese and diabetic phenotype. The mechanism behind this altered metabolic state is still mostly unknown; however, Kiss1r expression in the pancreas and brown adipose tissue is clearly functional and required for normal glucose tolerance and energy expenditure, respectively. Kisspeptin neurons in the ARC also participate in the generation of circadian rhythms, specifically those concerning food intake and metabolism, offering a potential explanation for the obesity in Kiss1r knockout mice. Overall, the discoveries of new mechanistic roles for kisspeptin in both normal and pathophysiologic states of energy balance may lead to further understating of obesity prevalence and novel therapeutic targets and interventions.
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Affiliation(s)
- R Patel
- School of Human Sciences, M309, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009
| | - J T Smith
- School of Human Sciences, M309, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway Crawley, Perth, Western Australia, Australia 6009.
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Beltramo M, Robert V, Decourt C. The kisspeptin system in domestic animals: what we know and what we still need to understand of its role in reproduction. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 73:106466. [PMID: 32247617 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106466] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/25/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/26/2020] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
The discovery of the kisspeptin (Kp) system stirred a burst of research in the field of reproductive neuroendocrinology. In the last 15 yr, the organization and activity of the system, including its neuroanatomical structure, its major physiological functions, and its main pharmacological properties, were outlined. To this endeavor, the use of genetic tools to delete and to restore Kp system functionality in a specific tissue was essential. At present, there is no question as to the key role of the Kp system in mammalian reproduction. However, easily applicable genetic manipulations are unavailable for domestic animals. Hence, many essential details on the physiological mechanisms underlying its action on domestic animals require further investigation. The potentially different effects of the various Kp isoforms, the precise anatomical localization of the Kp receptor, and the respective role played by the 2 main populations of Kp cells in different species are only few of the questions that remain unanswered and that will be illustrated in this review. Furthermore, the application of synthetic pharmacologic tools to manipulate the Kp system is still in its infancy but has produced some interesting results, suggesting the possibility of developing new methods to manage reproduction in domestic animals. In spite of a decade and a half of intense research effort, much work is still required to achieve a comprehensive understanding of the influence of the Kp system on reproduction. Furthermore, Kp system ramifications in other physiological functions are emerging and open new research perspectives.
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Affiliation(s)
- M Beltramo
- INRAE (CNRS, UMR7247, Université de Tours, IFCE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France.
| | - V Robert
- INRAE (CNRS, UMR7247, Université de Tours, IFCE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
| | - C Decourt
- INRAE (CNRS, UMR7247, Université de Tours, IFCE), UMR85 Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, F-37380 Nouzilly, France
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Cardoso RC, West SM, Maia TS, Alves BRC, Williams GL. Nutritional control of puberty in the bovine female: prenatal and early postnatal regulation of the neuroendocrine system. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2020; 73:106434. [PMID: 32115309 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2020.106434] [Citation(s) in RCA: 18] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/14/2019] [Revised: 01/02/2020] [Accepted: 01/03/2020] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Puberty is a complex biological event that requires maturation of the reproductive neuroendocrine axis and subsequent initiation of high-frequency, episodic release of GnRH and LH. Nutrition is a critical factor affecting the neuroendocrine control of puberty. Although nutrient restriction during juvenile development delays puberty, elevated rates of body weight gain during this period facilitate pubertal maturation by programming hypothalamic centers that underlie the pubertal process. Recent findings suggest that maternal nutrition during gestation can also modulate the development of the fetal neuroendocrine axis, thus influencing puberty and subsequent reproductive function. Among the several metabolic signals, leptin plays a critical role in conveying metabolic information to the brain and, consequently, controlling puberty. The effects of leptin on GnRH secretion are mediated via an upstream neuronal network because GnRH neurons do not express the leptin receptor. Two neuronal populations located in the arcuate nucleus that express the orexigenic peptide neuropeptide Y (NPY), and the anorexigenic peptide alpha melanocyte-stimulating hormone (αMSH), are key components of the neurocircuitry that conveys inhibitory (NPY) and excitatory (αMSH) inputs to GnRH neurons. In addition, neurons in the arcuate nucleus that coexpress kisspeptin, neurokinin B, and dynorphin (termed KNDy neurons) are also involved in the metabolic control of puberty. Our studies in the bovine female demonstrate that increased planes of nutrition during juvenile development lead to organizational and functional changes in hypothalamic pathways comprising NPY, proopiomelanocortin (POMC, the precursor of αMSH), and kisspeptin neurons. Changes include alterations in the abundance of NPY, POMC, and Kiss1 mRNA and in plasticity of the neuronal projections to GnRH neurons. Our studies also indicate that epigenetic mechanisms, such as modifications in the DNA methylation pattern, are involved in this process. Finally, our most recent data demonstrate that maternal nutrition during gestation can also induce morphological and functional changes in the hypothalamic NPY system in the heifer offspring that are likely to persist long after birth. These organizational changes occurring during fetal development have the potential to not only impact puberty but also influence reproductive performance throughout adulthood in the bovine female.
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Affiliation(s)
- R C Cardoso
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA.
| | - S M West
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - T S Maia
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, TX, USA
| | - B R C Alves
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA
| | - G L Williams
- Department of Animal Science, Texas A&M University, College Station, TX, USA; Animal Reproduction Laboratory, Texas A&M AgriLife Research, Beeville, TX, USA
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Rietema SE, Hawken PAR, Scott CJ, Lehman MN, Martin GB, Smith JT. Arcuate nucleus kisspeptin response to increased nutrition in rams. Reprod Fertil Dev 2020; 31:1682-1691. [PMID: 31511141 DOI: 10.1071/rd19063] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/16/2019] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Rams respond to acute nutritional supplementation by increasing the frequency of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulses. Kisspeptin neurons may mediate the effect of environmental cues on GnRH secretion, so we tested whether the ram response to nutrition involves activation of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC), namely kisspeptin, neurokin B, dynorphin (KNDy) neurons. Rams were given extra lupin grain with their normal ration. Blood was sampled before feeding, and continued until animals were killed for collection of brain tissue at 2 or 11h after supplementation. In supplemented rams, LH pulse frequency increased after feeding, whereas control animals showed no change. Within the caudal ARC, there were more kisspeptin neurons in supplemented rams than in controls and a higher proportion of kisspeptin cells coexpressed Fos, regardless of the time the rams were killed. There were more Fos cells in the mid-ARC and mid-dorsomedial hypothalamus of the supplemented compared with control rams. No effect of nutrition was found on kisspeptin expression in the rostral or mid-ARC, or on GnRH expression in the preoptic area. Kisspeptin neurons in the caudal ARC appear to mediate the increase in GnRH and LH production due to acute nutritional supplementation, supporting the hypothesised role of the KNDy neurons as the pulse generator for GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- S E Rietema
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - P A R Hawken
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - C J Scott
- School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University, Boorooma Street, Wagga Wagga, NSW 2678, Australia
| | - M N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, PO Box 5190, Kent, OH 44242-0001, USA
| | - G B Martin
- School of Agriculture and Environment, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia
| | - J T Smith
- The School of Human Sciences, The University of Western Australia, 35 Stirling Highway, Perth, WA 6009, Australia; and Corresponding author.
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Kisspeptin has an independent and direct effect on the pituitary gland in the mare. Theriogenology 2020; 157:199-209. [PMID: 32814247 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2020.07.031] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/17/2020] [Revised: 06/27/2020] [Accepted: 07/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
Abstract
To more clearly understand the equine gonadotrope response to kisspeptin and gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH), peripheral LH and FSH were quantified in diestrous mares after treatment with either equine kisspeptide (eKp-10, 0.5 mg iv), GnRH (25 μg iv), or a combination thereof every 4 h for 3 days. The following observations were made: 1) a diminished LH and FSH response to eKp-10 and GnRH was observed by Day 3, but was not different by treatment, 2) a decrease in basal LH concentration was observed from Day 1 to Day 3 for the eKp-10, but not the GnRH treated mares, 3) there was no change in basal FSH with either treatment. Additionally, pre-treatment with GnRH antagonist (antide 1.0 mg iv) eliminated any measurable change in LH after eKp-10 (1.0 mg iv) treatment. Both GnRH and kisspeptin are Gαq/11 coupled receptors, therefore quantifying the rise in intracellular calcium following treatment with cognate ligand allows simultaneous assessment of receptor activation. Direct stimulation of equine primary pituitary cells with GnRH and/or eKp-10 demonstrates three distinct populations of pituitary cells: one population responded to both eKp-10 and GnRH, a second, independent population, responded to only eKp-10, and a third population responded only to GnRH. These populations were confirmed using co-immunofluorescence of hemipituitaries from mares in diestrus. Although the rise in peripheral LH concentration elicited by eKp-10 is dependent on GnRH, this work suggests that kisspeptin also has a specific and direct effect on the equine gonadotrope, independent of GnRH.
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Stener-Victorin E, Padmanabhan V, Walters KA, Campbell RE, Benrick A, Giacobini P, Dumesic DA, Abbott DH. Animal Models to Understand the Etiology and Pathophysiology of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Endocr Rev 2020; 41:bnaa010. [PMID: 32310267 PMCID: PMC7279705 DOI: 10.1210/endrev/bnaa010] [Citation(s) in RCA: 169] [Impact Index Per Article: 42.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/30/2019] [Accepted: 04/14/2020] [Indexed: 12/14/2022]
Abstract
More than 1 out of 10 women worldwide are diagnosed with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), the leading cause of female reproductive and metabolic dysfunction. Despite its high prevalence, PCOS and its accompanying morbidities are likely underdiagnosed, averaging > 2 years and 3 physicians before women are diagnosed. Although it has been intensively researched, the underlying cause(s) of PCOS have yet to be defined. In order to understand PCOS pathophysiology, its developmental origins, and how to predict and prevent PCOS onset, there is an urgent need for safe and effective markers and treatments. In this review, we detail which animal models are more suitable for contributing to our understanding of the etiology and pathophysiology of PCOS. We summarize and highlight advantages and limitations of hormonal or genetic manipulation of animal models, as well as of naturally occurring PCOS-like females.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Vasantha Padmanabhan
- Departments of Pediatrics, Obstetrics and Gynecology, and Environmental Health Sciences, University of Michigan, Ann Arbor, Michigan
| | - Kirsty A Walters
- Fertility & Research Centre, School of Women’s and Children’s Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, New South Wales, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Anna Benrick
- Department of Physiology, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Gothenburg, Gothenburg, Sweden
- School of Health Sciences and Education, University of Skövde, Skövde, Sweden
| | - Paolo Giacobini
- University of Lille, Inserm, CHU Lille, U1172 - LilNCog - Lille Neuroscience & Cognition, F-59000 Lille, France
| | - Daniel A Dumesic
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, David Geffen School of Medicine, University of California, California
| | - David H Abbott
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
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Lopez JA, Bowdridge EC, McCosh RB, Bedenbaugh MN, Lindo AN, Metzger M, Haller M, Lehman MN, Hileman SM, Goodman RL. Morphological and functional evidence for sexual dimorphism in neurokinin B signalling in the retrochiasmatic area of sheep. J Neuroendocrinol 2020; 32:e12877. [PMID: 32572994 PMCID: PMC7449597 DOI: 10.1111/jne.12877] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2020] [Revised: 05/19/2020] [Accepted: 05/26/2020] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Neurokinin B (NKB) is critical for fertility in humans and stimulates gonadotrophin-releasing hormone/luteinising hormone (LH) secretion in several species, including sheep. There is increasing evidence that the actions of NKB in the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) contribute to the induction of the preovulatory LH surge in sheep. In the present study, we determined whether there are sex differences in the response to RCh administration of senktide, an agonist to the NKB receptor (neurokinin receptor-3 [NK3R]), and in NKB and NK3R expression in the RCh of sheep. To normalise endogenous hormone concentrations, animals were gonadectomised and given implants to mimic the pattern of ovarian steroids seen in the oestrous cycle. In females, senktide microimplants in the RCh produced an increase in LH concentrations that lasted for at least 8 hours after the start of treatment, whereas a much shorter increment (approximately 2 hours) was seen in males. We next collected tissue from gonadectomised lambs 18 hours after the insertion of oestradiol implants that produce an LH surge in female, but not male, sheep for immunohistochemical analysis of NKB and NK3R expression. As expected, there were more NKB-containing neurones in the arcuate nucleus of females than males. Interestingly, there was a similar sexual dimorphism in NK3R-containing neurones in the RCh, NKB-containing close contacts onto these RCh NK3R neurones, and overall NKB-positive fibres in this region. These data demonstrate that there are both functional and morphological sex differences in NKB-NK3R signalling in the RCh and raise the possibility that this dimorphism contributes to the sex-dependent ability of oestradiol to induce an LH surge in female sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
- Justin A Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Elizabeth C Bowdridge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Richard B McCosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michelle N Bedenbaugh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Ashley N Lindo
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Makayla Metzger
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Megan Haller
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Biological Sciences, Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, OH, USA
| | - Stanley M Hileman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
| | - Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, WV, USA
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Merkley CM, Renwick AN, Shuping SL, Harlow K, Sommer JR, Nestor CC. Undernutrition reduces kisspeptin and neurokinin B expression in castrated male sheep. REPRODUCTION AND FERTILITY 2020; 1:1-13. [PMID: 35128420 PMCID: PMC8812452 DOI: 10.1530/raf-20-0025] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2020] [Accepted: 10/01/2020] [Indexed: 11/09/2022] Open
Abstract
Undernutrition impairs reproductive success through suppression of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), and subsequently luteinizing hormone (LH), secretion. Given that kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) of the hypothalamus are thought to play key stimulatory roles in the generation of GnRH/LH pulses, we hypothesized that feed restriction would reduce the ARC mRNA abundance and protein expression of kisspeptin and NKB in young, male sheep. Fourteen wethers (castrated male sheep five months of age) were either fed to maintain (FM; n = 6) pre-study body weight or feed-restricted (FR; n = 8) to lose 20% of pre-study body weight over 13 weeks. Throughout the study, weekly blood samples were collected and assessed for LH concentration using RIA. At Week 13 of the experiment, animals were killed, heads were perfused with 4% paraformaldehyde, and brain tissue containing the hypothalamus was collected, sectioned, and processed for detection of mRNA (RNAscope) and protein (immunohistochemistry) for kisspeptin and NKB. Mean LH was significantly lower and LH inter-pulse interval was significantly higher in FR wethers compared to FM wethers at the end of the experiment (Week 13). RNAscope analysis revealed significantly fewer cells expressing mRNA for kisspeptin and NKB in FR wethers compared to FM controls, and immunohistochemical analysis revealed significantly fewer immunopositive kisspeptin and NKB cells in FR wethers compared to FM wethers. Taken together, this data supports the idea that long-term feed restriction regulates GnRH/LH secretion through central suppression of kisspeptin and NKB in male sheep. LAY SUMMARY While undernutrition is known to impair reproduction at the level of the brain, the components responsible for this in the brain remain to be fully understood. Using male sheep we examined the effect of undernutrition on two stimulatory molecules in the brain critical for reproduction: kisspeptin and neurokinin B. Feed restriction for several weeks resulted in decreased luteinizing hormone in the blood indicating reproductive function was suppressed. In addition, undernutrition also reduced both kisspeptin and neurokinin B levels within a region of the brain involved in reproduction, the hypothalamus. Given that they have stimulatory roles in reproduction, we believe that undernutrition acts in the brain to reduce kisspeptin and neurokinin B levels leading to the reduction in luteinizing hormone secretion. In summary, long-term undernutrition inhibits reproductive function in sheep through suppression of kisspeptin and neurokinin B within the brain.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christina M Merkley
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Allison N Renwick
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Sydney L Shuping
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - KaLynn Harlow
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Jeffrey R Sommer
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
| | - Casey C Nestor
- Department of Animal Science, North Carolina State University, Raleigh, North Carolina, USA
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Abstract
Although the fundamental symptoms of polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) relate most directly to ovarian dysfunction, central neuroendocrine systems play a prominent role in its pathophysiology. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator resistance to negative feedback contributes to rapid GnRH pulse secretion, which promotes gonadotropin abnormalities that foster ovarian hyperandrogenemia and ovulatory dysfunction. The causes of GnRH neuron dysfunction, however, have remained enigmatic. In this review, we highlight a number of recent preclinical and clinical studies pertinent to the neuroendocrine abnormalities of PCOS, including those that have provided important insights into the relevance of animal models with PCOS-like features, the potential roles of kisspeptin and γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA)-ergic neurons, and the potential role of anti-Müllerian hormone.
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Amodei R, Gribbin K, He W, Lindgren I, Corder KR, Jonker SS, Estill CT, Coolen LM, Lehman MN, Whitler W, Stormshak F, Roselli CE. Role for Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B in Regulation of Luteinizing Hormone and Testosterone Secretion in the Fetal Sheep. Endocrinology 2020; 161:bqaa013. [PMID: 32005991 PMCID: PMC7079722 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa013] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/20/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2020] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Evidence suggests that the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis is active during the critical period for sexual differentiation of the ovine sexually dimorphic nucleus, which occurs between gestational day (GD) 60 and 90. Two possible neuropeptides that could activate the fetal HPG axis are kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB). We used GD85 fetal lambs to determine whether intravenous administration of kisspeptin-10 (KP-10) or senktide (NKB agonist) could elicit luteinizing hormone (LH) release. Immunohistochemistry and fluorescent in situ hybridization (FISH) were employed to localize these peptides in brains of GD60 and GD85 lamb fetuses. In anesthetized fetuses, KP-10 elicited robust release of LH that was accompanied by a delayed rise in serum testosterone in males. Pretreatment with the GnRH receptor antagonist (acyline) abolished the LH response to KP-10, confirming a hypothalamic site of action. In unanesthetized fetuses, senktide, as well as KP-10, elicited LH release. The senktide response of females was greater than that of males, indicating a difference in NKB sensitivity between sexes. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone also induced a greater LH discharge in females than in males, indicating that testosterone negative feedback is mediated through pituitary gonadotrophs. Kisspeptin and NKB immunoreactive cells in the arcuate nucleus were more abundant in females than in males. Greater than 85% of arcuate kisspeptin cells costained for NKB. FISH revealed that the majority of these were kisspeptin/NKB/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons. These results support the hypothesis that kisspeptin-GnRH signaling regulates the reproductive axis of the ovine fetus during the prenatal critical period acting to maintain a stable androgen milieu necessary for brain masculinization.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rebecka Amodei
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Kyle Gribbin
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Wen He
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Isa Lindgren
- Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Keely R Corder
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Sonnet S Jonker
- Center for Developmental Health, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
| | - Charles T Estill
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - William Whitler
- College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Fred Stormshak
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, Oregon
| | - Charles E Roselli
- Department of Chemical Physiology and Biochemistry, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, Oregon
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Goodman RL, He W, Lopez JA, Bedenbaugh MN, McCosh RB, Bowdridge EC, Coolen LM, Lehman MN, Hileman SM. Evidence That the LH Surge in Ewes Involves Both Neurokinin B-Dependent and -Independent Actions of Kisspeptin. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2990-3000. [PMID: 31599937 PMCID: PMC6857763 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00597] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/16/2019] [Accepted: 10/04/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Recent evidence has implicated neurokinin B (NKB) signaling in the retrochiasmatic area (RCh) of the ewe in the LH surge. To test this hypothesis, we first lesioned NK3R neurons in this area by using a saporin conjugate (NK3-SAP). Three weeks after bilateral injection of NK3-SAP or a blank control (BLK-SAP) into the RCh, an LH surge was induced by using an artificial follicular-phase model in ovariectomized ewes. NK3-SAP lesioned approximately 88% of RCh NK3R-containing neurons and reduced the amplitude of the estrogen-induced LH surge by 58%, an inhibition similar to that seen previously with intracerebroventricular (icv) infusion of a KISS1R antagonist (p271). We next tested the hypothesis that NKB signaling in the RCh acts via kisspeptin by determining whether the combined effects of NK3R-SAP lesions and icv infusion of p271 were additive. Experiment 1 was replicated except that ewes received two sequential artificial follicular phases with infusions of p271 or vehicle using a crossover design. The combination of the two treatments decreased the peak of the LH surge by 59%, which was similar to that seen with NK3-SAP (52%) or p271 (54%) alone. In contrast, p271 infusion delayed the onset and peak of the LH surge in both NK3-SAP- and BLK-SAP-injected ewes. Based on these data, we propose that NKB signaling in the RCh increases kisspeptin levels critical for the full amplitude of the LH surge in the ewe but that kisspeptin release occurs independently of RCh input at the onset of the surge to initiate GnRH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
- Correspondence: Robert L. Goodman, PhD, Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506. E-mail:
| | - Wen He
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Justin A Lopez
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michelle N Bedenbaugh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Richard B McCosh
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Elizabeth C Bowdridge
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Brain Health Research Institute and Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Stanley M Hileman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
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65
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Coyle C, Campbell RE. Pathological pulses in PCOS. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2019; 498:110561. [PMID: 31461666 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2019.110561] [Citation(s) in RCA: 50] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/02/2019] [Revised: 08/22/2019] [Accepted: 08/22/2019] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a highly prevalent endocrine disorder associated with hyperandrogenism and anovulation. Although a spectrum disorder, many women with PCOS exhibit elevated luteinizing hormone (LH) pulse frequency and an elevated LH to follicle stimulating hormone ratio. This aberrant pattern of gonadotrophin signalling drives many of the downstream ovarian features of PCOS, including increased androgen synthesis, and indicates neuroendocrine impairments upstream. Decreased responsiveness to gonadal steroid hormone negative feedback in PCOS patients points toward dysfunction within the gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neuronal network in the brain. Excessive androgen exposure during development or over pubertal onset can recapitulate the neuroendocrine pathology of PCOS in pre-clinical models, and these models have been fundamental in beginning to pick apart the specific central mechanisms involved. This mini-review will briefly describe the pathology of PCOS associated with high frequency GnRH/LH pulses and then highlight what is currently known, and yet to be discovered, about the central mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher Coyle
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, 9054, New Zealand.
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66
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Porter DT, Moore AM, Cobern JA, Padmanabhan V, Goodman RL, Coolen LM, Lehman MN. Prenatal Testosterone Exposure Alters GABAergic Synaptic Inputs to GnRH and KNDy Neurons in a Sheep Model of Polycystic Ovarian Syndrome. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2529-2542. [PMID: 31415088 PMCID: PMC6779074 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00137] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/19/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal testosterone (T)-treated female sheep display reproductive deficits similar to women with polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS), including an increase in LH pulse frequency due to actions of the central GnRH pulse generator. In this study, we used multiple-label immunocytochemistry to investigate the possibility of changes in the γ-aminobutyric acid (GABA) neurotransmitter system at two key components of the GnRH pulse generator in prenatal T-treated sheep: kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons of the arcuate nucleus, and GnRH neurons in the preoptic area (POA) and mediobasal hypothalamus (MBH). We observed a significant decrease and increase, respectively, in the number of GABAergic synapses onto POA and MBH GnRH neurons in prenatal T-treated ewes; additionally, there was a significant increase in the number of GABAergic inputs onto KNDy neurons. To determine the actions of GABA on GnRH and KNDy neurons, we examined colocalization with the chloride transporters NKCC1 and KCC2, which indicate stimulatory or inhibitory activation of neurons by GABA, respectively. Most GnRH neurons in both POA and MBH colocalized NKCC1 cotransporter whereas none contained the KCC2 cotransporter. Most KNDy neurons colocalized either NKCC1 or KCC2, and 28% of the KNDy population contained NKCC1 alone. Therefore, we suggest that, as in the mouse, GABA in the sheep is stimulatory to GnRH neurons, as well as to a subset of KNDy neurons. Increased numbers of stimulatory GABAergic inputs to both MBH GnRH and KNDy neurons in prenatal T-treated animals may contribute to alterations in steroid feedback control and increased GnRH/LH pulse frequency seen in this animal model of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Danielle T Porter
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Aleisha M Moore
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Jade A Cobern
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | | | - Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Graduate Program in Neuroscience, Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Brain Health Research Institute, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
- Department of Biological Sciences, Kent State University, Kent, Ohio
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67
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Barrière DA, Ella A, Adriaensen H, Roselli CE, Chemineau P, Keller M. In vivo magnetic resonance imaging reveals the effect of gonadal hormones on morphological and functional brain sexual dimorphisms in adult sheep. Psychoneuroendocrinology 2019; 109:104387. [PMID: 31465941 DOI: 10.1016/j.psyneuen.2019.104387] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/29/2019] [Revised: 07/19/2019] [Accepted: 07/22/2019] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Sex differences in the brain and behavior are produced by the perinatal action of testosterone, which is converted into estradiol by the enzyme aromatase in the brain. Although magnetic resonance imaging (MRI) has been widely used in humans to study these differences, the use of animal models, where hormonal status can be properly manipulated, is necessary to explore the mechanisms involved. We used sheep, a recognized model in the field of neuroendocrinology, to assess brain morphological and functional sex differences and their regulation by adult gonadal hormones. To this end, we performed voxel-based morphometry and a resting-state functional MRI approach to assess sex differences in gonadally intact animals. We demonstrated significant sex differences in gray matter concentration (GMC) at the level of the gonadotropic axis, i.e., not only within the hypothalamus and pituitary but also within the hippocampus and the amygdala of intact animals. We then performed the same analysis one month after gonadectomy and found that some of these differences were reduced, especially in the hypothalamus and amygdala. By contrast, we found few differences in the organization of the functional connectome between males and females either before or after gonadectomy. As a whole, our study identifies brain regions that are sexually dimorphic in the sheep brain at the resolution of the MRI and highlights the role of gonadal hormones in the maintenance of these differences.
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Affiliation(s)
- David André Barrière
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA/CNRS/Université de Tours/IFCE, Nouzilly, France; Neurospin, CEA, Université Paris-Saclay, Gif-sur-Yvette, France
| | - Arsène Ella
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA/CNRS/Université de Tours/IFCE, Nouzilly, France; MRC Cognition & Brain Science Unit, University of Cambridge, UK
| | - Hans Adriaensen
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA/CNRS/Université de Tours/IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | | | - Philippe Chemineau
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA/CNRS/Université de Tours/IFCE, Nouzilly, France
| | - Matthieu Keller
- UMR Physiologie de la Reproduction et des Comportements, INRA/CNRS/Université de Tours/IFCE, Nouzilly, France.
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68
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Ruddenklau A, Campbell RE. Neuroendocrine Impairments of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. Endocrinology 2019; 160:2230-2242. [PMID: 31265059 DOI: 10.1210/en.2019-00428] [Citation(s) in RCA: 51] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2019] [Accepted: 06/25/2019] [Indexed: 12/12/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent and distressing disorder of largely unknown etiology. Although PCOS defined by ovarian dysfunction, accumulating evidence supports a critical role for the brain in the ontogeny and pathophysiology of PCOS. A critical pathological feature of PCOS is impaired gonadal steroid hormone negative feedback to the GnRH neuronal network in the brain that regulates fertility. This impairment is associated with androgen excess, a cardinal feature of PCOS. Impaired steroid hormone feedback to GnRH neurons is thought to drive hyperactivity of the neuroendocrine axis controlling fertility, leading to a vicious cycle of androgen excess and reproductive dysfunction. Decades of clinical research have been unable to uncover the mechanisms underlying this impairment, because of the extreme difficulty in studying the brain in humans. It is only recently, with the development of preclinical models of PCOS, that we have begun to unravel the role of the brain in the development and progression of PCOS. Here, we provide a succinct overview of what is known about alterations in the steroid hormone-sensitive GnRH neuronal network that may underlie the neuroendocrine defects in clinical PCOS, with a particular focus on those that may contribute to impaired progesterone negative feedback, and the likely role of androgens in driving this impairment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Amy Ruddenklau
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin, New Zealand
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Mishra GK, Patra MK, Singh LK, Sheikh PA, Upmanyu V, Chakravarti S, Karikalan M, Sonwane A, Singh SK, Das GK, Kumar H, Krishnaswamy N. Expression of Kisspeptin and its receptor in the hypothalamus of cyclic and acyclic buffalo (Bubalus bubalis). Theriogenology 2019; 139:167-177. [PMID: 31419703 DOI: 10.1016/j.theriogenology.2019.08.009] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/04/2019] [Revised: 06/20/2019] [Accepted: 08/05/2019] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Kisspeptin (Kiss1), neurokinin-B (NKB) and dynorphin (Dyn) neurons regulate the surge and pulsatile centres of gonadotropin releasing hormone (GnRH) in the hypothalamus and are modulated by the ovarian steroids. Accordingly, we studied the temporospatial expression of Kiss1, its receptor and other genes that regulate GnRH in the preoptic area (POA) and arcuate (ARC) regions of hypothalamus at different phases of bubaline estrous cycle. Brain of buffalo (n = 32) was collected immediately after exsanguination and categorized into early luteal (EL), mid luteal (ML), follicular (FL) stages and acyclic (n = 8/group). Total RNA was extracted from the POA and ARC of each stage and real time PCR amplification of Kiss1, Kiss1r, NKB, NKB receptor (NKBR), Dyn, Dyn receptor (OPRK1), GnRH1, ERα, PR, LEPR and GHSR was done using GAPDH as endogenous control and acyclic stage as calibrator group. Further, immunolocalization of Kiss1 and Kiss1r was done on the hypothalamus. In the POA, significant up-regulation of Kiss1 and NKB with a concomitant down-regulation of Dyn transcripts was recorded at FL stage. There was, however, down-regulation of Kiss1 and Kiss1r during the EL perhaps due to the loss of estradiol as a consequence of ovulation. On the other hand, in the ARC, there was a significant up-regulation of Kiss1 and Dyn at FL and ML, while NKB transcript was consistently down-regulated at any stage of estrous cycle. In the POA, expression of ERα was not modulated; however, PR was down-regulated in the EL. In the ARC, the ERα expression was significantly up-regulated in the EL, whereas, PR was moderately expressed irrespective of the stage of estrous cycle. The immunolocalization study revealed the presence of Kiss1 and Kiss1r in the POA and ARC in the cyclic buffalo with relative abundance at FL. The transcriptional profile of the genes suggests that there is estrous cycle stage specific expression of Kiss1, Kiss1r and other GnRH regulating genes in the POA and ARC regions of hypothalamus in the buffalo. Up-regulation of Kiss1r in the POA during ML and ARC during EL indicates the involvement of kisspeptinergic system in the regulation of low LH pulse frequencies during the early and mid luteal phases in the cyclic buffalo.
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Affiliation(s)
- G K Mishra
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
| | - M K Patra
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India.
| | - L K Singh
- Division of Animal Reproduction, Gynaecology and Obstetrics, ICAR-National Dairy Research Institute, Karnal, 132 001, Haryana, India
| | - P A Sheikh
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
| | - V Upmanyu
- Biological Standardization Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
| | - S Chakravarti
- Biological Products Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
| | - M Karikalan
- Centre for Wildlife Conservation, Management and Disease Surveillance, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
| | - A Sonwane
- Animal Genetics Division, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
| | - S K Singh
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
| | - G K Das
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
| | - H Kumar
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
| | - N Krishnaswamy
- Division of Animal Reproduction, ICAR-Indian Veterinary Research Institute, Izatnagar, Uttar Pradesh, 234 122, India
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Ainani H, El Bousmaki N, Poirel VJ, Achaâban MR, Ouassat M, Piro M, Klosen P, Simonneaux V, El Allali K. The dromedary camel displays annual variation in hypothalamic kisspeptin and Arg-Phe-amide-related peptide-3 according to sex, season, and breeding activity. J Comp Neurol 2019; 528:32-47. [PMID: 31251823 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24736] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2018] [Revised: 06/18/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2019] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
The dromedary camel (Camelus dromedarius) is a desert mammal whose cycles in reproductive activity ensure that the offspring's birth and weaning coincide with periods of abundant food resources and favorable climate conditions. In this study, we assessed whether kisspeptin (Kp) and arginine-phenylalanine (RF)-amide related peptide-3 (RFRP-3), two hypothalamic peptides known to regulate the mammalian hypothalamo-pituitary gonadal axis, may be involved in the seasonal control of camel's reproduction. Using specific antibodies and riboprobes, we found that Kp neurons are present in the preoptic area (POA), suprachiasmatic (SCN), and arcuate (ARC) nuclei, and that RFRP-3 neurons are present in the paraventricular (PVN), dorsomedial (DMH), and ventromedial (VMH) hypothalamic nuclei. Kp fibers are found in various hypothalamic areas, notably the POA, SCN, PVN, DMH, VMH, supraoptic nucleus, and the ventral and dorsal premammillary nucleus. RFRP-3 fibers are found in the POA, SCN, PVN, DMH, VMH, and ARC. POA and ARC Kp neurons and DMH RFRP-3 neurons display sexual dimorphism with more neurons in female than in male. Both neuronal populations display opposed seasonal variations with more Kp neurons and less RFRP-3 neurons during the breeding (December-January) than the nonbreeding (July-August) season. This study is the first describing Kp and RFRP-3 in the camel's brain with, during the winter period lower RFRP-3 expression and higher Kp expression possibly responsible for the HPG axis activation. Altogether, our data indicate the involvement of both Kp and RFRP-3 in the seasonal control of the dromedary camel's breeding activity.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hassan Ainani
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat Instituts, Rabat, Morocco.,Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Najlae El Bousmaki
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Vincent-Joseph Poirel
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Mohamed Rachid Achaâban
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Ouassat
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Mohammed Piro
- Medicine and Surgical Unit of Domestic animals, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
| | - Paul Klosen
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Valérie Simonneaux
- Institute of Cellular and Integrative Neurosciences, CNRS UPR 3212, University of Strasbourg, Strasbourg, France
| | - Khalid El Allali
- Comparative Anatomy Unit, Hassan II Agronomy and Veterinary Institute, Rabat Instituts, Rabat, Morocco
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Akbarinejad V, Gharagozlou F, Vojgani M, Shourabi E, Makiabadi MJM. Inferior fertility and higher concentrations of anti-Müllerian hormone in dairy cows with longer anogenital distance. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2019; 68:47-53. [PMID: 30851696 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2019.01.011] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2018] [Revised: 01/12/2019] [Accepted: 01/29/2019] [Indexed: 10/27/2022]
Abstract
Anogenital distance (AGD), which is an indicator of prenatal androgen exposure, has been reported to have high variability and negative association with fertility in dairy cows. Prenatal exposure to androgens could influence the development of primordial follicles and size of ovarian reserve, which is related to reproduction. However, the relationship between AGD and size of ovarian reserve has not been studied. Therefore, the present study was conducted to determine the association between AGD and circulating anti-Müllerian hormone (AMH), as an indirect marker of ovarian reserve, and to evaluate serum AMH concentration and reproductive performance in dairy cows with short and long AGD. Anogenital distance was measured 28 to 32 d postpartum, and based on the median of AGD, cows were divided into 2 subsets including short (n = 43) and long (n = 43) AGD groups. Afterward, serum AMH was evaluated on the day of estrus in cows that were estrus-synchronized. Furthermore, reproductive data of dairy cows during the previous lactation period were collected from the herd database. Concentrations of serum AMH tended to be positively associated with length of AGD, and there was a tendency for higher serum AMH concentrations in the long (634.89 ± 74.52 pg/mL) than short (451.39 ± 45.92 pg/mL) AGD group (0.05 <P ≤ 0.10). There was a tendency for more days to first service, lower first service conception rate, and higher proportion of repeat breeders in long (99.95 ± 5.34 d, 30.23% and 32.56%, respectively) than short (89.07 ± 4.97 d, 48.84% and 16.28%, respectively) AGD cows (0.05 <P ≤ 0.10). Services per conception did not differ between short (2.30 ± 0.27) and long (2.93 ± 0.29) AGD cows (P > 0.05). Calving to conception interval was prolonged in long (194.30 ± 17.12 d) than short (147.14 ± 13.11 d) AGD cows (P ≤ 0.05). In conclusion, the present study revealed elevated serum AMH concentrations and poor reproductive performance in cows with longer AGD compared with cows with shorter AGD.
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Affiliation(s)
- V Akbarinejad
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran.
| | - F Gharagozlou
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M Vojgani
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - E Shourabi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
| | - M J M Makiabadi
- Department of Theriogenology, Faculty of Veterinary Medicine, University of Tehran, Tehran, Iran
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72
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Plant TM. The neurobiological mechanism underlying hypothalamic GnRH pulse generation: the role of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. F1000Res 2019; 8. [PMID: 31297186 PMCID: PMC6600864 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18356.2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 01/21/2023] Open
Abstract
This review recounts the origins and development of the concept of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator. It starts in the late 1960s when striking rhythmic episodes of luteinizing hormone secretion, as reflected by circulating concentrations of this gonadotropin, were first observed in monkeys and ends in the present day. It is currently an exciting time witnessing the application, primarily to the mouse, of contemporary neurobiological approaches to delineate the mechanisms whereby
Kiss1/NKB/Dyn (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus generate and time the pulsatile output of kisspeptin from their terminals in the median eminence that in turn dictates intermittent GnRH release and entry of this decapeptide into the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal circulation. The review concludes with an examination of questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony M Plant
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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73
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Plant TM. The neurobiological mechanism underlying hypothalamic GnRH pulse generation: the role of kisspeptin neurons in the arcuate nucleus. F1000Res 2019; 8:F1000 Faculty Rev-982. [PMID: 31297186 PMCID: PMC6600864 DOI: 10.12688/f1000research.18356.1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 06/20/2019] [Indexed: 03/22/2024] Open
Abstract
This review recounts the origins and development of the concept of the hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) pulse generator. It starts in the late 1960s when striking rhythmic episodes of luteinizing hormone secretion, as reflected by circulating concentrations of this gonadotropin, were first observed in monkeys and ends in the present day. It is currently an exciting time witnessing the application, primarily to the mouse, of contemporary neurobiological approaches to delineate the mechanisms whereby Kiss1/NKB/Dyn (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus generate and time the pulsatile output of kisspeptin from their terminals in the median eminence that in turn dictates intermittent GnRH release and entry of this decapeptide into the primary plexus of the hypophysial portal circulation. The review concludes with an examination of questions that remain to be addressed.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tony M. Plant
- Magee-Womens Research Institute, University of Pittsburgh, 204 Craft Avenue, Pittsburgh, PA 15213, USA
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74
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Minabe S, Sato M, Inoue N, Watanabe Y, Magata F, Matsuda F, Uenoyama Y, Ozawa H, Tsukamura H. Neonatal Estrogen Causes Irreversible Male Infertility via Specific Suppressive Action on Hypothalamic Kiss1 Neurons. Endocrinology 2019; 160:1223-1233. [PMID: 30920587 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00732] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/28/2018] [Accepted: 03/21/2019] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Aberrant exposure to estrogen-like compounds during the critical developmental period may cause improper hypothalamic programming, thus resulting in reproductive dysfunction in adulthood in male mammals. Kisspeptin-neurokinin B-dynorphin A (KNDy) neurons in the arcuate nucleus (ARC) have been suggested to govern tonic GnRH/gonadotropin release to control reproduction in male mammals. In this study, we report that chronic exposure to supraphysiological levels of estrogen during the neonatal period caused an irreversible suppression of KNDy genes in the ARC, resulting in reproductive dysfunction in male rats. Daily estradiol benzoate (EB) administration from days 0 to 10 postpartum caused smaller seminiferous tubules, abnormal spermatogenesis, and a decrease in plasma testosterone in adult male rats. The neonatal EB treatment profoundly suppressed LH pulse and ARC KNDy gene expression at adulthood, but it failed to affect the number of GnRH gene-expressing cells in male rats. The EB treatment failed to affect gene expression of other neuropeptides, such as GHRH, proopiomelanocortin, and agouti-related protein in the ARC, suggesting that ARC KNDy neurons would be a specific target of neonatal estrogen to cause male reproductive dysfunction. Because LH secretory responses to kisspeptin challenge and GnRH expression were spared in male rats with the EB treatment, LH pulse suppression is most probably due to ARC KNDy deficiency. Taken together, the current study indicates that chronic exposure to estrogenic chemicals in the developing brain causes a defect of ARC KNDy neurons, resulting in an inhibition of pulsatile GnRH/LH release and the failure of spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shiori Minabe
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Marimo Sato
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Naoko Inoue
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Youki Watanabe
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fumie Magata
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Fuko Matsuda
- Department of Veterinary Medical Sciences, The University of Tokyo, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Yoshihisa Uenoyama
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
| | - Hitoshi Ozawa
- Department of Anatomy and Neurobiology, Graduate School of Medicine, Nippon Medical School, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Hiroko Tsukamura
- Graduate School of Bioagricultural Sciences, Nagoya University, Nagoya, Aichi, Japan
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75
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Alotaibi MF. Physiology of puberty in boys and girls and pathological disorders affecting its onset. J Adolesc 2019; 71:63-71. [PMID: 30639665 DOI: 10.1016/j.adolescence.2018.12.007] [Citation(s) in RCA: 31] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/19/2018] [Revised: 11/26/2018] [Accepted: 12/28/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Puberty is a physiological event involving the attainment of reproductive capability and complete development of sexual and physical organs. Changing from childhood to adulthood is a complex process and is tightly controlled by interconnection pathways at the level of the hypothalamus which can be influenced by environmental, psychosocial, and endocrine factors. Although various mechanisms underlying the onset of normal puberty have been investigated in humans and animals, the exact molecular mechanisms thereof remain unclear. The aim of this review is to summarize the current state of knowledge and provide a synoptic overview about the physiology of puberty in adolescent boys and girls, and describe pathological disorders affecting its onset.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mohammed F Alotaibi
- Department of Physiology, College of Medicine, King Saud University and King Khalid University Hospital, P.O Box 2925, Riyadh, 11461, Saudi Arabia.
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76
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Simonneaux V. A Kiss to drive rhythms in reproduction. Eur J Neurosci 2018; 51:509-530. [DOI: 10.1111/ejn.14287] [Citation(s) in RCA: 43] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/10/2018] [Revised: 10/08/2018] [Accepted: 11/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/15/2022]
Affiliation(s)
- Valérie Simonneaux
- Institut des Neurosciences Cellulaires et IntégrativesCNRSUniversité de Strasbourg Strasbourg France
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77
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Walters KA, Gilchrist RB, Ledger WL, Teede HJ, Handelsman DJ, Campbell RE. New Perspectives on the Pathogenesis of PCOS: Neuroendocrine Origins. Trends Endocrinol Metab 2018; 29:841-852. [PMID: 30195991 DOI: 10.1016/j.tem.2018.08.005] [Citation(s) in RCA: 87] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/12/2018] [Revised: 08/13/2018] [Accepted: 08/14/2018] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition in reproductive-aged women. It is characterized by reproductive, endocrine, metabolic, and psychological features. The cause of PCOS is unknown, thus there is no cure and its management remains suboptimal because it relies on the ad hoc empirical management of symptoms only. We review here the strong support for PCOS having a neuroendocrine origin. In particular, we focus on the role of aberrant hypothalamic-pituitary function and associated hyperandrogenism, and their role as major drivers of the mechanisms underpinning the development of PCOS. This important information now provides a target site and a potential mechanism for the future development of novel, targeted, and mechanism-based effective therapies for the treatment of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kirsty A Walters
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia; https://research.unsw.edu.au/people/dr-kirsty-walters.
| | - Robert B Gilchrist
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - William L Ledger
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's and Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia
| | - Helena J Teede
- Monash Centre for Health Research and Implementation, Monash Public Health and Preventive Medicine, Monash University, Melbourne, VIC 3168, Australia
| | - David J Handelsman
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre of Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, School of Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand
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78
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Seyfang J, Kirkwood RN, Tilbrook AJ, Ralph CR. Sex bias of the birth litter affects surge but not tonic LH secretion in gilts. J Anim Sci 2018; 96:2195-2203. [PMID: 29701828 DOI: 10.1093/jas/sky151] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/07/2017] [Accepted: 04/22/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
The physiology and behavior of gilts that develop in a male-biased litter can differ from gilts that develop in a female-biased litter. We hypothesized that gilts from male-biased litters will have a delayed and attenuated luteinizing hormone (LH) surge, and reduced LH pulse frequency and amplitude compared to gilts from female-biased litters. Gilts were selected at birth from male-biased (>60% males n = 10) or female-biased (>60% females n = 9) litters. From 18 wk of age, detection of puberty using daily boar contact began and their subsequent estrous periods were synchronized with oral progestogen (altrenogest). On day 3 after altrenogest withdrawal, blood samples were obtained from 6 gilts per sex bias group at 10 min intervals from 0900 to 2100 h to determine LH pulse amplitude and frequency. From 0900 on day 4, all 19 gilts were sampled every 4 h until the end of estrus to characterize LH surge dynamics. There were no differences between groups in LH pulse characteristics. Compared to gilts from female-biased litters, the LH surge in gilts from male-biased litters was delayed [56.00 ± 3.32 h vs. 43.11 ± 3.76 h (mean ± standard error of the mean (SEM)), P < 0.05], the duration was decreased [29.78 ± 2.12 h vs. 37.71 ± 1.19 h (mean ± SEM), P < 0.05] and the total secretion as measured by area under the curve was decreased (91.42 ± 9.52 ng/mL vs. 120.28 ± 9.48 ng/mL, P < 0.05). Our results indicate that a male-biased uterine environment has different effects on the tonic secretion of LH than the LH surge, with only some elements of the LH surge being affected.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jemma Seyfang
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Roy N Kirkwood
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, The University of Adelaide, Roseworthy, SA, Australia.,Animal Welfare Science Centre, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Primary Industry and Regions SA, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Alan J Tilbrook
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Primary Industry and Regions SA, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
| | - Cameron R Ralph
- Animal Welfare Science Centre, South Australian Research and Development Institute, Primary Industry and Regions SA, Roseworthy, SA, Australia
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79
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Puttabyatappa M, Padmanabhan V. Ovarian and Extra-Ovarian Mediators in the Development of Polycystic Ovary Syndrome. J Mol Endocrinol 2018; 61:R161-R184. [PMID: 29941488 PMCID: PMC6192837 DOI: 10.1530/jme-18-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 19] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/26/2018] [Revised: 06/14/2018] [Accepted: 06/25/2018] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a heterogeneous endocrine disorder affecting women of reproductive age. The origin of PCOS is still not clear and appears to be a function of gene x environment interactions. This review addresses the current knowledge of the genetic and developmental contributions to the etiology of PCOS, the ovarian and extra-ovarian mediators of PCOS and the gaps and key challenges that need to be addressed in the diagnosis, treatment and prevention of PCOS.
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80
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Scott CJ, Rose JL, Gunn AJ, McGrath BM. Kisspeptin and the regulation of the reproductive axis in domestic animals. J Endocrinol 2018; 240:JOE-18-0485.R1. [PMID: 30400056 DOI: 10.1530/joe-18-0485] [Citation(s) in RCA: 27] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2018] [Accepted: 10/09/2018] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
The control of reproductive processes involves the integration of a number of factors from the internal and external environment, with the final output signal of these processes being the pulsatile secretion of gonadotrophin releasing hormone (GnRH) from the hypothalamus. These factors include the feedback actions of sex steroids, feed intake and nutritional status, season/photoperiod, pheromones, age and stress. Understanding these factors and how they influence GnRH secretion and hence reproduction is important for the management of farm animals. There is evidence that the RF-amide neuropeptide, kisspeptin, may be involved in relaying the effects of these factors to the GnRH neurons. This paper will review the evidence from the common domestic animals (sheep, goats, cattle, horses and pigs), that kisspeptin neurons are i) regulated by the factors listed above, ii) contact GnRH neurons, and iii) involved in the regulation of GnRH/gonadotrophin secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Christopher J Scott
- C Scott, School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University - Wagga Wagga Campus, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Jessica L Rose
- J Rose, School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University - Wagga Wagga Campus, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Allan J Gunn
- A Gunn, School of Animal and Veterinary Sciences, Charles Sturt University - Wagga Wagga Campus, Wagga Wagga, Australia
| | - Briony M McGrath
- B McGrath, School of Biomedical Sciences, Charles Sturt University - Wagga Wagga Campus, Wagga Wagga, Australia
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81
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Medger K, Bennett NC, Chimimba CT, Oosthuizen MK, Mikkelsen JD, Coen CW. Analysis of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-1 and kisspeptin neuronal systems in the nonphotoregulated seasonally breeding eastern rock elephant-shrew (Elephantulus myurus). J Comp Neurol 2018; 526:2388-2405. [PMID: 30004584 DOI: 10.1002/cne.24498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/25/2017] [Revised: 06/08/2018] [Accepted: 06/19/2018] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Of the 18 sub-Saharan elephant-shrew species, only eastern rock elephant-shrews reproduce seasonally throughout their distribution, a process seemingly independent of photoperiod. The present study characterizes gonadal status and location/intensity of gonadotrophin-releasing hormone-1 (GnRH-1) and kisspeptin immunoreactivities in this polyovulating species in the breeding and nonbreeding seasons. GnRH-1-immunoreactive (ir) cell bodies are predominantly in the medial septum, diagonal band, and medial preoptic area; processes are generally sparse except in the external median eminence. Kisspeptin-ir cell bodies are detected only within the arcuate nucleus; the density of processes is generally low, except in the septohypothalamic nucleus, ventromedial bed nucleus of the stria terminalis, arcuate nucleus, and internal and external median eminence. Kisspeptin-ir processes are negligible at locations containing GnRH-1-ir cell bodies. The external median eminence is the only site with conspicuously overlapping distributions of the respective immunoreactivities and, accordingly, a putative site for kisspeptin's regulation of GnRH-1 release in this species. In the nonbreeding season in males, there is an increase in the rostral population of GnRH-1-ir cell bodies and density of GnRH-1-ir processes in the median eminence. In both sexes, the breeding season is associated with increased kisspeptin-ir process density in the rostral periventricular area of the third ventricle and arcuate nucleus; at the latter site, this is positively correlated with gonadal mass. Cross-species comparisons lead us to hypothesize differential mechanisms within these peptidergic systems: that increased GnRH-1 immunoreactivity during the nonbreeding season reflects increased accumulation with reduced release; that increased kisspeptin immunoreactivity during the breeding season reflects increased synthesis with increased release.
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Affiliation(s)
- Katarina Medger
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Nigel C Bennett
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Christian T Chimimba
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, DST-NRF Centre of Excellence for Invasion Biology (CIB), University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Maria K Oosthuizen
- Department of Zoology and Entomology, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Jens D Mikkelsen
- Neurobiology Research Unit, Copenhagen University Hospital, Rigshospitalet, Copenhagen, Denmark
| | - Clive W Coen
- Reproductive Neurobiology, Division of Women's Health, Faculty of Life Sciences & Medicine, King's College London, London, United Kingdom
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82
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Moore AM, Coolen LM, Porter DT, Goodman RL, Lehman MN. KNDy Cells Revisited. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3219-3234. [PMID: 30010844 PMCID: PMC6098225 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00389] [Citation(s) in RCA: 128] [Impact Index Per Article: 21.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2018] [Accepted: 07/05/2018] [Indexed: 12/29/2022]
Abstract
In the past decade since kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) cells were first identified in the mammalian hypothalamus, a plethora of new research has emerged adding insights into the role of this neuronal population in reproductive neuroendocrine function, including the basis for GnRH pulse generation and the mechanisms underlying the steroid feedback control of GnRH secretion. In this mini-review, we provide an update of evidence regarding the roles of KNDy peptides and their postsynaptic receptors in producing episodic GnRH release and assess the relative contribution of KNDy neurons to the "GnRH pulse generator." In addition, we examine recent work investigating the role of KNDy neurons as mediators of steroid hormone negative feedback and review evidence for their involvement in the preovulatory GnRH/LH surge, taking into account species differences that exist among rodents, ruminants, and primates. Finally, we summarize emerging roles of KNDy neurons in other aspects of reproductive function and in nonreproductive functions and discuss critical unresolved questions in our understanding of KNDy neurobiology.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
- Department of Physics and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Danielle T Porter
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
| | - Robert L Goodman
- Department of Physiology, Pharmacology, and Neuroscience, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi
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83
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Kaprara A, Huhtaniemi IT. The hypothalamus-pituitary-gonad axis: Tales of mice and men. Metabolism 2018; 86:3-17. [PMID: 29223677 DOI: 10.1016/j.metabol.2017.11.018] [Citation(s) in RCA: 180] [Impact Index Per Article: 30.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/17/2017] [Revised: 11/28/2017] [Accepted: 11/29/2017] [Indexed: 02/06/2023]
Abstract
Reproduction is controlled by the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal (HPG) axis. Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) neurons play a central role in this axis through production of GnRH, which binds to a membrane receptor on pituitary gonadotrophs and stimulates the biosynthesis and secretion of follicle-stimulating hormone (FSH) and luteinizing hormone (LH). Multiple factors affect GnRH neuron migration, GnRH gene expression, GnRH pulse generator, GnRH secretion, GnRH receptor expression, and gonadotropin synthesis and release. Among them anosmin is involved in the guidance of the GnRH neuron migration, and a loss-of-function mutation in its gene leads to a failure of their migration from the olfactory placode to the hypothalamus, with consequent anosmic hypogonadotropic hypogonadism (Kallmann syndrome). There are also cases of hypogonadotropic hypogonadim with normal sense of smell, due to mutations of other genes. Another protein, kisspeptin plays a crucial role in the regulation of GnRH pulse generator and the pubertal development. GnRH is the main hypothalamic regulator of the release of gonadotropins. Finally, FSH and LH are the essential hormonal regulators of testicular functions, acting through their receptors in Sertoli and Leydig cells, respectively. The main features of the male HPG axis will be described in this review.
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Affiliation(s)
- Athina Kaprara
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Greece.
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84
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Garcia JP, Keen KL, Kenealy BP, Seminara SB, Terasawa E. Role of Kisspeptin and Neurokinin B Signaling in Male Rhesus Monkey Puberty. Endocrinology 2018; 159:3048-3060. [PMID: 29982393 PMCID: PMC6456982 DOI: 10.1210/en.2018-00443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/07/2018] [Accepted: 07/02/2018] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Despite the well-established concept that an increase in pulsatile GnRH release triggers puberty, the precise signaling mechanism responsible for the pubertal increase in GnRH release remains unclear. A recent study indicates that developmental changes in the network formation between kisspeptin and neurokinin B (NKB) signaling greatly contribute to the pubertal increase in GnRH release in female monkeys. It is, however, unknown whether similar developmental changes in the kisspeptin and NKB network are involved in male puberty. In the current study, we first characterized the pubertal stages in male rhesus monkeys by assessing physiological and hormonal changes during sexual development. Subsequently, we examined the role of the kisspeptin and NKB signaling network in the pubertal increase in GnRH release. Results suggest that while collaborative kisspeptin and NKB signaling to GnRH neurons was active before puberty onset, after initiation of puberty the role of NKB signaling in GnRH neurons diminished and kisspeptin signaling assumed the primary stimulatory role in the regulation of GnRH release in male monkeys. These findings in males differ from those seen in females.
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Affiliation(s)
- James P Garcia
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Kim L Keen
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Brian P Kenealy
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Stephanie B Seminara
- Reproductive Endocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
- Harvard Reproductive Sciences Center, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Ei Terasawa
- Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Wisconsin–Madison, Madison, Wisconsin
- Correspondence: Ei Terasawa, PhD, Wisconsin National Primate Research Center, University of Wisconsin, 1223 Capitol Court, Madison, Wisconsin 53715. E-mail:
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85
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Walters KA, Bertoldo MJ, Handelsman DJ. Evidence from animal models on the pathogenesis of PCOS. Best Pract Res Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 32:271-281. [PMID: 29779581 DOI: 10.1016/j.beem.2018.03.008] [Citation(s) in RCA: 42] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/12/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovarian syndrome (PCOS) is the most common endocrine condition in women, and is characterized by reproductive, endocrine and metabolic features. However, there is no simple unequivocal diagnostic test for PCOS, its etiology remains unknown and there is no cure. Hence, the management of PCOS is suboptimal as it relies on the ad hoc empirical management of its symptoms only. Decisive studies are required to unravel the origins of PCOS, but due to ethical and logistical reasons these are not possible in humans. Experimental animal models for PCOS have been established which have enhanced our understanding of the mechanisms underlying PCOS and propose novel mechanism-based therapies to treat the condition. This review examines the findings from various animal models to reveal the current knowledge of the mechanisms underpinning the development of PCOS, and also provides insights into the implications from these studies for improved clinical management of this disorder.
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Affiliation(s)
- K A Walters
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - M J Bertoldo
- Fertility and Research Centre, School of Women's & Children's Health, University of New South Wales, Sydney, NSW 2052, Australia.
| | - D J Handelsman
- Andrology Laboratory, ANZAC Research Institute, University of Sydney, Sydney, New South Wales 2139, Australia.
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86
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Iwasa T, Matsuzaki T, Yano K, Yanagihara R, Mayila Y, Irahara M. The effects of chronic testosterone administration on hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone regulatory factors (Kiss1, NKB, pDyn and RFRP) and their receptors in female rats. Gynecol Endocrinol 2018; 34:437-441. [PMID: 29187003 DOI: 10.1080/09513590.2017.1409709] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/18/2022] Open
Abstract
The effects of androgens on gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) secretion in females have not been fully established. To clarify the direct effects of androgens on hypothalamic reproductive factors, we evaluated the effects of chronic testosterone administration on hypothalamic GnRH regulatory factors in ovariectomized (OVX) female rats. Both testosterone and estradiol reduced the serum luteinizing hormone levels of OVX female rats, indicating that, as has been found for estrogen, testosterone suppresses GnRH secretion via negative feedback. Similarly, the administration of testosterone or estradiol suppressed the hypothalamic mRNA levels of kisspeptin and neurokinin B, both of which are positive regulators of GnRH, whereas it did not affect the hypothalamic mRNA levels of the kisspeptin receptor or neurokinin-3 receptor. On the contrary, the administration of testosterone, but not estradiol, suppressed the hypothalamic mRNA expression of prodynorphin, which is a negative regulator of GnRH. The administration of testosterone did not alter the rats' serum estradiol levels, indicating that testosterone's effects on hypothalamic factors might be induced by its androgenic activity. These findings suggest that as well as estrogen, androgens have negative feedback effects on GnRH in females and that the underlying mechanisms responsible for these effects are similar, but do not completely correspond, to the mechanisms underlying the effects of estrogen on GnRH.
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Affiliation(s)
- Takeshi Iwasa
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Toshiya Matsuzaki
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Kiyohito Yano
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Rie Yanagihara
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Yiliyasi Mayila
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
| | - Minoru Irahara
- a Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology , Institute of Biomedical Sciences, Tokushima University Graduate School , Tokushima , Japan
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87
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Faykoo-Martinez M, Monks DA, Zovkic IB, Holmes MM. Sex- and brain region-specific patterns of gene expression associated with socially-mediated puberty in a eusocial mammal. PLoS One 2018; 13:e0193417. [PMID: 29474488 PMCID: PMC5825099 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pone.0193417] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/27/2017] [Accepted: 02/09/2018] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The social environment can alter pubertal timing through neuroendocrine mechanisms that are not fully understood; it is thought that stress hormones (e.g., glucocorticoids or corticotropin-releasing hormone) influence the hypothalamic-pituitary-gonadal axis to inhibit puberty. Here, we use the eusocial naked mole-rat, a unique species in which social interactions in a colony (i.e. dominance of a breeding female) suppress puberty in subordinate animals. Removing subordinate naked mole-rats from this social context initiates puberty, allowing for experimental control of pubertal timing. The present study quantified gene expression for reproduction- and stress-relevant genes acting upstream of gonadotropin-releasing hormone in brain regions with reproductive and social functions in pre-pubertal, post-pubertal, and opposite sex-paired animals (which are in various stages of pubertal transition). Results indicate sex differences in patterns of neural gene expression. Known functions of genes in brain suggest stress as a key contributing factor in regulating male pubertal delay. Network analysis implicates neurokinin B (Tac3) in the arcuate nucleus of the hypothalamus as a key node in this pathway. Results also suggest an unappreciated role for the nucleus accumbens in regulating puberty.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - D. Ashley Monks
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Iva B. Zovkic
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
| | - Melissa M. Holmes
- Department of Cell & Systems Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
- Department of Psychology, University of Toronto Mississauga, Mississauga, ON, Canada
- Department of Ecology and Evolutionary Biology, University of Toronto, Toronto, ON, Canada
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88
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Abstract
Gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) is recognized as the central regulator of the functions of the pituitary-gonadal axis. The increasing knowledge on the mechanisms controlling the development and the function of GnRH-producing neurons is leading to a better diagnostic and therapeutic approach for hypogonadotropic hypogonadisms and for alterations of the puberty onset. During female life span, the function of the GnRH pulse generator may be affected by a number of inputs from other neuronal systems, offering alternative strategies for diagnostic and therapeutic interventions. Moreover, the identification of a GnRH/GnRH receptor system in both human ovary and endometrium has widened the spectrum of action of the peptide outside its hypothalamic functions. The pharmacological use of GnRH itself or its synthetic analogs (agonists and antagonists) provides a valid tool to either stimulate or block gonadotropin secretion and to modulate the female fertility in several reproductive disorders and in assisted reproduction technology. The use of GnRH agonists in young female patients undergoing chemotherapy is also considered a promising therapeutic approach to counteract iatrogenic ovarian failure.
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89
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Moore AM, Lucas KA, Goodman RL, Coolen LM, Lehman MN. Three-dimensional imaging of KNDy neurons in the mammalian brain using optical tissue clearing and multiple-label immunocytochemistry. Sci Rep 2018; 8:2242. [PMID: 29396547 PMCID: PMC5797235 DOI: 10.1038/s41598-018-20563-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.2] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/29/2017] [Accepted: 01/17/2018] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Kisspeptin/Neurokinin B/Dynorphin (KNDy) neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) play a key role in the regulation of fertility. The ability to detect features of KNDy neurons that are essential for fertility may require three-dimensional (3D) imaging of the complete population. Recently developed protocols for optical tissue clearing permits 3D imaging of neuronal populations in un-sectioned brains. However, these techniques have largely been described in the mouse brain. We report 3D imaging of the KNDy cell population in the whole rat brain and sheep hypothalamus using immunolabelling and modification of a solvent-based clearing protocol, iDISCO. This study expands the use of optical tissue clearing for multiple mammalian models and provides versatile analysis of KNDy neurons across species. Additionally, we detected a small population of previously unreported kisspeptin neurons in the lateral region of the ovine mediobasal hypothalamus, demonstrating the ability of this technique to detect novel features of the kisspeptin system.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Kathryn A Lucas
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA
| | - Robert L Goodman
- Dept. of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia, USA
| | - Lique M Coolen
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
- Dept. of Physiology and Biophysics, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
| | - Michael N Lehman
- Dept. of Neurobiology & Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS, USA.
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90
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Skorupskaite K, George JT, Veldhuis JD, Anderson RA. Neurokinin B Regulates Gonadotropin Secretion, Ovarian Follicle Growth, and the Timing of Ovulation in Healthy Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2018; 103:95-104. [PMID: 29040622 PMCID: PMC5761486 DOI: 10.1210/jc.2017-01306] [Citation(s) in RCA: 34] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Accepted: 10/04/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Neurokinin B (NKB) is obligate for human puberty, but its role in adult female gonadotropin secretion and ovarian follicle growth is unknown. OBJECTIVE To investigate antagonism of NKB on pulsatile gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) and luteinizing hormone (LH) secretion and ovarian follicle development in healthy women. DESIGN Open investigation of the effects of a neurokinin-3 receptor (NK3R) antagonist (NK3Ra) vs a no-treatment control cycle. SETTING Clinical research facility. PATIENTS OR OTHER PARTICIPANTS Healthy women with regular menses (n = 13). INTERVENTION(S) NK3Ra MLE4901 40 mg taken orally twice daily from cycle day 5 to 6 for 7 days. MAIN OUTCOME MEASURE(S) LH secretion, ovarian follicle growth, and timing of ovulation. RESULTS NK3Ra administration reduced basal LH secretion without a change in pulse frequency and delayed the LH surge by 7 days, the duration of treatment [mean cycle day ± standard error of the mean (SEM), 22 ± 1 days vs 15 ± 1 days in control cycles; P = 0.0006]. Follicle growth (mean diameter at the end of administration of NK3Ra administration ± SEM, 9.3 ± 0.4 mm vs 15.1 ± 0.9 mm in control cycles; P < 0.0001) and rising estradiol concentrations (mean ± SEM, 166 ± 29 pmol/L vs 446 ± 86 pmol/L in control cycles; P < 0.0001) were prevented. After treatment, follicle development resumed and normal preovulatory follicle diameter and estradiol concentrations were demonstrated. Postovulatory progesterone rise was similarly delayed (peak cycle day, 30 ± 2 vs 22 ± 1; P = 0.002) and cycle length was prolonged (35 ± 1 days vs 29 ± 1 days in control cycles; P = 0.0003) but luteal progesterone excretion was unaffected by the NK3Ra (LH surge day +7 mean urinary progesterone levels ± SEM, 58 ± 10 pmol/mol vs 48±7 pmol/mol creatinine in control cycles; nonsignificant). CONCLUSION These data demonstrate the involvement of NKB-NK3R signaling in the physiological regulation of GnRH/LH secretion, determining normal follicle development in women.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skorupskaite
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s
Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United
Kingdom
| | - Jyothis T. George
- Warwick Medical School, Coventry CV4 7AL, United
Kingdom
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Bracknell RG12 8YS, United
Kingdom
| | - Johannes D. Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Center for Translational Science
Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota 55905
| | - Richard A. Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen’s
Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh EH16 4TJ, United
Kingdom
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91
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Seyfang J, Kirkwood RN, Tilbrook AJ, Ralph CR. The sex ratio of a gilt’s birth litter can affect her fitness as a breeding female. ANIMAL PRODUCTION SCIENCE 2018. [DOI: 10.1071/an17192] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Lifetime reproductive performance and behaviour are established in utero driven by genetics and the steroidal milieu of the uterine environment. Developing males synthesise androgens that can be absorbed by females in the litter. Consequently, the proportion of males in a litter has the potential to affect both lifetime reproductive performance and behaviour of female littermates. Although reproductive potential is understandably important for gilt selection, behaviour is becoming progressively more important as group housing of sows increases. Aggression can be a cause for removal from the breeding herd, and can also negatively affect reproductive performance and herd longevity. This review covers existing evidence of masculinisation in rodents and sheep, the mechanism causing masculinisation, and the knowledge gaps surrounding masculinisation in pigs. Premature culling of gilts is an economic and animal welfare issue in the pork industry resulting in low retention of gilts and reduced productivity. The selection of gilts needs to be improved to incorporate both lifetime reproductive potential and behaviour. We determined that there is cause to investigate the effect of the birth litter sex ratio of a gilt on her suitability for selection into the breeding herd.
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92
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Giatti S, Mastrangelo R, D'Antonio M, Pesaresi M, Romano S, Diviccaro S, Caruso D, Mitro N, Melcangi RC. Neuroactive steroids and diabetic complications in the nervous system. Front Neuroendocrinol 2018; 48:58-69. [PMID: 28739507 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.07.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 24] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/24/2017] [Revised: 07/19/2017] [Accepted: 07/20/2017] [Indexed: 12/21/2022]
Abstract
Important complications of diabetes mellitus in the nervous system are represented by diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic encephalopathy. In this context, an important link is represented by neuroactive steroids (i.e., steroids coming from peripheral glands and affecting nervous functionality as well as directly synthesized in the nervous system). Indeed, diabetes does not only affect the reproductive axis and consequently the levels of sex steroid hormones, but also those of neuroactive steroids. Indeed, as will be here summarized, the levels of these neuromodulators present in the central and peripheral nervous system are affected by the pathology in a sex-dimorphic way. In addition, some of these neuroactive steroids, such as the metabolites of progesterone or testosterone, as well as pharmacological tools able to increase their levels have been demonstrated, in experimental models, to be promising protective agents against diabetic peripheral neuropathy and diabetic encephalopathy.
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Affiliation(s)
- S Giatti
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - R Mastrangelo
- Division of Genetic and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - M D'Antonio
- Division of Genetic and Cell Biology, San Raffaele Scientific Institute, DIBIT, Milano, Italy
| | - M Pesaresi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Romano
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - S Diviccaro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - D Caruso
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - N Mitro
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy
| | - R C Melcangi
- Dipartimento di Scienze Farmacologiche e Biomolecolari, Università degli Studi di Milano, Milano, Italy.
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93
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Scully CM, Estill CT, Amodei R, McKune A, Gribbin KP, Meaker M, Stormshak F, Roselli CE. Early prenatal androgen exposure reduces testes size and sperm concentration in sheep without altering neuroendocrine differentiation and masculine sexual behavior. Domest Anim Endocrinol 2018; 62:1-9. [PMID: 28843181 PMCID: PMC5705409 DOI: 10.1016/j.domaniend.2017.07.001] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/16/2017] [Revised: 07/24/2017] [Accepted: 07/25/2017] [Indexed: 10/19/2022]
Abstract
Prenatal androgens are largely responsible for growth and differentiation of the genital tract and testis and for organization of the control mechanisms regulating male reproductive physiology and behavior. The aim of the present study was to evaluate the impact of inappropriate exposure to excess testosterone (T) during the first trimester of fetal development on the reproductive function, sexual behavior, and fertility potential of rams. We found that biweekly maternal T propionate (100 mg) treatment administered from Day 30-58 of gestation significantly decreased (P < 0.05) postpubertal scrotal circumference and sperm concentration. Prenatal T exposure did not alter ejaculate volume, sperm motility and morphology or testis morphology. There was, however, a trend for more T-exposed rams than controls to be classified as unsatisfactory potential breeders during breeding soundness examinations. Postnatal serum T concentrations were not affected by prenatal T exposure, nor was the expression of key testicular genes essential for spermatogenesis and steroidogenesis. Basal serum LH did not differ between treatment groups, nor did pituitary responsiveness to GnRH. T-exposed rams, like control males, exhibited vigorous libido and were sexually attracted to estrous females. In summary, these results suggest that exposure to exogenous T during the first trimester of gestation can negatively impact spermatogenesis and compromise the reproductive fitness of rams.
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Affiliation(s)
- C M Scully
- Department of Veterinary Clinical Sciences, Louisiana State University, Baton Rouge, LA 70803, USA
| | - C T Estill
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA; College of Veterinary Medicine, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
| | - R Amodei
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - A McKune
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
| | - K P Gribbin
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA
| | - M Meaker
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
| | - F Stormshak
- Department of Animal and Rangeland Sciences, Oregon State University, Corvallis, OR 97331-4501, USA
| | - C E Roselli
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, Oregon Health and Science University, Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA.
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94
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Skorupskaite K, George JT, Veldhuis JD, Millar RP, Anderson RA. Neurokinin 3 receptor antagonism decreases gonadotropin and testosterone secretion in healthy men. Clin Endocrinol (Oxf) 2017; 87:748-756. [PMID: 28802064 DOI: 10.1111/cen.13445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 16] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/10/2017] [Revised: 08/01/2017] [Accepted: 08/08/2017] [Indexed: 01/04/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE Patients with mutations of neurokinin B (NKB) and its receptor show hypogonadotrophic hypogonadism, but there is little evidence for the importance of this pathway in reproductive function in normal men, or its functional hierarchy with kisspeptin. DESIGN An open label study wherein men (n = 6) were administered the NK3R antagonist MLE4901 40 mg orally twice a day for 7 days. Kisspeptin-10 (0.3 μg/kg iv bolus) was given before and on day 7 of NK3R antagonist treatment. PATIENTS Subjects were healthy men. MEASUREMENTS Reproductive hormones were measured before and during the NK3R antagonist administration, including frequent sampling on two occasions for analysis of pulsatile LH secretion. RESULTS LH, FSH and testosterone secretion were decreased during NK3R antagonist administration. LH showed a biphasic response, being reduced after 24 hours of treatment (4.5 ± 0.6 IU/L pretreatment to 1.7 ± 0.2 IU/L, P < .05), with partial recovery thereafter, but it was again decreased on day 7 (2.5 ± 0.6 IU/L, P < .05 vs pretreatment). FSH secretion was also suppressed, with a similar temporal pattern to that of LH. Testosterone secretion was decreased from 24 hours (18.4 ± 1.6 pretreatment vs 5.6 ± 1.5 nmol/L, P < .01) and remained suppressed throughout the treatment period. Analysis of LH pulsatility showed that both basal and pulsatile LH secretion were markedly suppressed but there was no detected change in LH pulse frequency. Kisspeptin-10 stimulated LH secretion, with similar responses before and during NK3R antagonist administration. CONCLUSIONS These data demonstrate a central role for NKB/NK3R in the physiological regulation of reproductive function in men, and that this is functionally upstream of kisspeptin-mediated GnRH secretion.
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Affiliation(s)
- Karolina Skorupskaite
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
| | - Jyothis T George
- Warwick Medical School, Coventry, UK
- Boehringer Ingelheim, Bracknell, UK
| | - Johannes D Veldhuis
- Endocrine Research Unit, Center for Translational Science Activities, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN, USA
| | - Robert P Millar
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Mammal Research Institute, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
- Institute for Infectious Diseases and Molecular Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Richard A Anderson
- MRC Centre for Reproductive Health, The Queen's Medical Research Institute, University of Edinburgh, Edinburgh, UK
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95
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Oride A, Kanasaki H, Mijiddorj T, Sukhbaatar U, Hara T, Tumurbaatar T, Kyo S. GLP-1 increases Kiss-1 mRNA expression in kisspeptin-expressing neuronal cells†. Biol Reprod 2017; 97:240-248. [DOI: 10.1093/biolre/iox087] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.9] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/25/2017] [Accepted: 08/04/2017] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
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96
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Moore AM, Campbell RE. Polycystic ovary syndrome: Understanding the role of the brain. Front Neuroendocrinol 2017; 46:1-14. [PMID: 28551304 DOI: 10.1016/j.yfrne.2017.05.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2017] [Revised: 05/19/2017] [Accepted: 05/20/2017] [Indexed: 01/09/2023]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is a prevalent endocrine disorder and the leading cause of anovulatory infertility. Characterised by hyperandrogenism, menstrual dysfunction and polycystic ovaries, PCOS is a broad-spectrum disorder unlikely to stem from a single common origin. Although commonly considered an ovarian disease, the brain is now a prime suspect in both the ontogeny and pathology of PCOS. We discuss here the neuroendocrine impairments present in PCOS that implicate involvement of the brain and review evidence gained from pre-clinical models of the syndrome about the specific brain circuitry involved. In particular, we focus on the impact that developmental androgen excess and adult hyperandrogenemia have in programming and regulating brain circuits important in the central regulation of fertility. The studies discussed here provide compelling support for the importance of the brain in PCOS ontogeny and pathophysiology and highlight the need for a better understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aleisha M Moore
- Department of Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, MS 39216, USA
| | - Rebecca E Campbell
- Centre for Neuroendocrinology and Department of Physiology, Biomedical Sciences, University of Otago, Dunedin 9054, New Zealand.
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97
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Fergani C, Routly JE, Jones DN, Pickavance LC, Smith RF, Dobson H. KNDy neurone activation prior to the LH surge of the ewe is disrupted by LPS. Reproduction 2017. [PMID: 28630099 DOI: 10.1530/rep-17-0191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/17/2022]
Abstract
In the ewe, steroid hormones act on the hypothalamic arcuate nucleus (ARC) to initiate the GnRH/LH surge. Within the ARC, steroid signal transduction may be mediated by estrogen receptive dopamine-, β-endorphin- or neuropeptide Y (NPY)-expressing cells, as well as those co-localising kisspeptin, neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin (termed KNDy). We investigated the time during the follicular phase when these cells become activated (i.e., co-localise c-Fos) relative to the timing of the LH surge onset and may therefore be involved in the surge generating mechanism. Furthermore, we aimed to elucidate whether these activation patterns are altered after lipopolysaccharide (LPS) administration, which is known to inhibit the LH surge. Follicular phases of ewes were synchronised by progesterone withdrawal and blood samples were collected every 2 h. Hypothalamic tissue was retrieved at various times during the follicular phase with or without the administration of LPS (100 ng/kg). The percentage of activated dopamine cells decreased before the onset of sexual behaviour, whereas activation of β-endorphin decreased and NPY activation tended to increase during the LH surge. These patterns were not disturbed by LPS administration. Maximal co-expression of c-Fos in dynorphin immunoreactive neurons was observed earlier during the follicular phase, compared to kisspeptin and NKB, which were maximally activated during the surge. This indicates a distinct role for ARC dynorphin in the LH surge generation mechanism. Acute LPS decreased the percentage of activated dynorphin and kisspeptin immunoreactive cells. Thus, in the ovary-intact ewe, KNDy neurones are activated prior to the LH surge onset and this pattern is inhibited by the administration of LPS.
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Affiliation(s)
- C Fergani
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - J E Routly
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - D N Jones
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - L C Pickavance
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - R F Smith
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - H Dobson
- School of Veterinary Science, University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
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98
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Weems P, Smith J, Clarke IJ, Coolen LM, Goodman RL, Lehman MN. Effects of Season and Estradiol on KNDy Neuron Peptides, Colocalization With D2 Dopamine Receptors, and Dopaminergic Inputs in the Ewe. Endocrinology 2017; 158:831-841. [PMID: 28324006 PMCID: PMC5460800 DOI: 10.1210/en.2016-1830] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2016] [Accepted: 01/11/2017] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Seasonal reproduction in sheep is primarily due to a dramatic increase in the ability of estradiol (E2) to inhibit the pulsatile secretion of gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH) during the nonbreeding season [anestrus (ANS)]. Recent findings suggest that kisspeptin/neurokinin B/dynorphin (KNDy) neurons of the arcuate nucleus (ARC) play a key role in conveying this negative feedback influence, with dopaminergic projections from the retrochiasmatic area acting upon KNDy cells to decrease kisspeptin release and thus inhibit GnRH pulses. However, several questions remain unanswered: (1) Are the coexpressed KNDy peptides, neurokinin B (NKB) and dynorphin, under seasonal regulation similar to kisspeptin? (2) Are seasonal changes in these peptides and their colocalization of D2 dopamine receptors (D2Rs) steroid dependent? and (3) Do KNDy neurons receive direct input from dopaminergic terminals? We used dual- and triple-label immunofluorescence to analyze brain sections through the ARC of ovariectomized (OVX) and OVX plus E2 ewes perfused during either the breeding season or ANS. Results showed (1) steroid-dependent and steroid-independent seasonal changes in kisspeptin and NKB, but not dynorphin, immunoreactivity; (2) increased D2R coexpression during ANS that was dependent on the presence of E2; and (3) evidence that KNDy cells receive direct contact from dopaminergic terminals and that this input increases during ANS. These results support the hypothesis that dopamine acts to inhibit GnRH secretion in ANS by directly suppressing the activity of ARC KNDy neurons, and implicate NKB as well as kisspeptin in seasonal shifts in E2-negative feedback in the sheep.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Jeremy Smith
- School of Anatomy, Physiology and Human Biology, The University of Western Australia, Nedlands, Western Australia 6009, Australia
| | - Iain J. Clarke
- Department of Physiology, Monash University, Clayton, Victoria 3800, Australia
| | | | - Robert L. Goodman
- Department of Physiology and Pharmacology, West Virginia University, Morgantown, West Virginia 26506
| | - Michael N. Lehman
- Neurobiology and Anatomical Sciences, University of Mississippi Medical Center, Jackson, Mississippi 39216-4505
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Long-term medical management of endometriosis with dienogest and with a gonadotropin-releasing hormone agonist and add-back hormone therapy. Fertil Steril 2017; 107:537-548. [DOI: 10.1016/j.fertnstert.2016.12.024] [Citation(s) in RCA: 57] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.1] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/15/2016] [Revised: 12/19/2016] [Accepted: 12/22/2016] [Indexed: 11/22/2022]
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100
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Serrano Mujica LK, Bertolin K, Bridi A, Glanzner WG, Rissi VB, de Camargo FDLS, Zanella R, Prestes OD, Moresco RN, Antoniazzi AQ, Dias Gonçalves PB, Premaor MO, Comim FV. The impact of postnatal leuprolide acetate treatment on reproductive characteristics in a rodent model of polycystic ovary syndrome. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2017; 442:125-133. [PMID: 27988272 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2016.12.015] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/20/2016] [Revised: 12/11/2016] [Accepted: 12/13/2016] [Indexed: 12/09/2022]
Abstract
In this study, a GnRH agonist, leuprolide acetate (LA), was given as a single depot injection before 48 h of life to Wistar female rats allotted to prenatal (E16-18) and postnatal androgenization (day 5 of life) by the use of testosterone propionate, looking for reproductive endpoints. Remarkably, a single injection of LA increased the estrus cycles in the postnatal group (PostN) from 0% to 25% of the estrus cycles in the postnatal LA treated group (PostN L). LA also reduced the serum testosterone levels and cysts and atretic follicles in PostN L in contrast with rats (>100 days) from the PostN group (p = 0.04). Prenatally androgenized rats (PreN) exhibited significant modifications in the hypothalamic genes, such as Gnrh. To the best of our knowledge, this is the first study to show that blockage of the GnRH axis with leuprolide acetate depot prevented the development of typical features (anovulation, cysts, atretic follicles) in a postnatal testosterone propionate rat model of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Lady Katerine Serrano Mujica
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Kalyne Bertolin
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alessandra Bridi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Werner Giehl Glanzner
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Vitor Braga Rissi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Flávia de Los Santos de Camargo
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Renato Zanella
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis-LARP, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Osmar Damian Prestes
- Laboratory of Pesticide Residue Analysis-LARP, Chemistry Department, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Rafael Noal Moresco
- Laboratory of Clinical Biochemistry, Department of Clinical and Toxicological Analysis, Federal University of Santa Maria, Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Alfredo Quites Antoniazzi
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Paulo Bayard Dias Gonçalves
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Melissa Orlandin Premaor
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil
| | - Fabio Vasconcellos Comim
- Laboratory of Biotechnology and Animal Reproduction - BioRep, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil; Department of Clinical Medicine, Federal University of Santa Maria (UFSM), Santa Maria, RS, Brazil.
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