Vascular endothelial growth factor: basic science and clinical progress

Treatment with the vascular endothelial growth factor-A antibody, bevacizumab, has sex-specific effects in a rat model of mild traumatic brain injury

Mild traumatic brain injury (mTBI) involves damage to the cerebrovascular system. Vascular endothelial growth factor-A (VEGF-A) is an important modulator of vascular health and VEGF-A promotes the brain's ability to recover after more severe forms of brain injury; however, the role of VEGF-A in mTBI remains poorly understood. Bevacizumab (BEV) is a monoclonal antibody that binds to VEGF-A and neutralises its actions. To better understand the role of VEGF-A in mTBI recovery, this study examined how BEV treatment affected outcomes in rats given a mTBI. Adult Sprague-Dawley rats were assigned to sham-injury + vehicle treatment (VEH), sham-injury + BEV treatment, mTBI + VEH treatment, mTBI + BEV treatment groups. Treatment was administered intracerebroventricularly via a cannula beginning at the time of injury and continuing until the end of the study. Rats underwent behavioral testing after injury and were euthanized on day 11. In both females and males, BEV had a negative impact on cognitive function. mTBI and BEV treatment increased the expression of inflammatory markers in females. In males, BEV treatment altered markers related to hypoxia and vascular health. These novel findings of sex-specific responses to BEV and mTBI provide important insights into the role of VEGF-A in mTBI.

Hemodynamic force dictates endothelial angiogenesis through MIEN1-ERK/MAPK-signaling axis

It is well-recognized that blood flow at branches and bends of arteries generates disturbed shear stress, which plays a crucial in driving atherosclerosis. Flow-generated fluid shear stress (FSS), as one of the key hemodynamic factors, is appreciated for its critical involvement in regulating angiogenesis to facilitate wound healing and tissue repair. Endothelial cells can directly sense FSS but the mechanobiological mechanism by which they decode different patterns of FSS to trigger angiogenesis remains unclear. In the current study, laminar shear stress (LSS, 15 dyn/cm2) was employed to mimic physiological blood flow, while disturbed shear stress (DSS, ranging from 0.5 ± 4 dyn/cm2) was applied to simulate pathological conditions. The aim was to investigate how these distinct types of blood flow regulated endothelial angiogenesis. Initially, we observed that DSS impaired angiogenesis and downregulated endogenous vascular endothelial growth factor B (VEGFB) expression compared to LSS. We further found that the changes in membrane protein, migration and invasion enhancer 1 (MIEN1) play a role in regulating ERK/MAPK signaling, thereby contributing to endothelial angiogenesis in response to FSS. We also showed the involvement of MIEN1-directed cytoskeleton organization. These findings suggest the significance of shear stress in endothelial angiogenesis, thereby enhancing our understanding of the alterations in angiogenesis that occur during the transition from physiological to pathological blood flow.

Evaluation of changes in exhausted T lymphocytes and miRNAs expression in the different trimesters of pregnancy in pregnant women

BACKGROUND

Throughout the three trimesters of a typical pregnancy, we looked at changes in the expression of miRNAs and exhausted T lymphocytes for this study.

METHODS AND RESULTS

Fifty healthy subjects were included in this study. The frequency of exhausted T lymphocytes was measured in isolated PBMCs using flow cytometry. PD-1, TIM-3, and related miRNAs gene expression were assessed using qRT-PCR. The analyses revealed a significant decline in PD-1 and Tim-3 expression in PBMCs from RPL women (p = 0.0003 and p = 0.001, respectively). In addition, PD-1 and TIM-3 expression increased significantly in the 2nd trimester compared with the 1st trimester of healthy pregnant women (p < 0.0001 and p = 0.0002, respectively). PD-1 and TIM-3 expression was down-regulated in the 3rd trimester compared with the 1st and 2nd trimesters. In the present study, we demonstrated that TIM-3+/CD4+, TIM-3+/CD8+, PD-1+/CD4+, and PD-1+/CD8 + exhausted T lymphocytes increased in the circulation of women in the 2nd trimester compared to the 1st and 3rd trimester. In the 3rd trimester, the expression of miR-16-5p increased significantly (p < 0.0001). miR-125a-3p expression was down and upregulated in 2nd (p < 0.0001) and 3rd (p = 0.0007) trimesters compared to 1st trimester, respectively. This study showed a significant elevation of miR-15a-5p in 3rd trimester compared to 1st trimester of pregnant women (p = 0.0002).

CONCLUSIONS

Expression pattern of PD-1 and TIM3 in exhausted T lymphocytes is different not only between normal pregnant and RPL women but also in different trimesters of pregnancy. So, our results showed the role of these markers in the modulation lymphocytes activity in different stages of pregnancy.

Mitotic Functions and Characters of KIF11 in Cancers

Mitosis mediates the accurate separation of daughter cells, and abnormalities are closely related to cancer progression. KIF11, a member of the kinesin family, plays a vital role in the formation and maintenance of the mitotic spindle. Recently, an increasing quantity of data have demonstrated the upregulated expression of KIF11 in various cancers, promoting the emergence and progression of cancers. This suggests the great potential of KIF11 as a prognostic biomarker and therapeutic target. However, the molecular mechanisms of KIF11 in cancers have not been systematically summarized. Therefore, we first discuss the functions of the protein encoded by KIF11 during mitosis and connect the abnormal expression of KIF11 with its clinical significance. Then, we elucidate the mechanism of KIF11 to promote various hallmarks of cancers. Finally, we provide an overview of KIF11 inhibitors and outline areas for future work.

Toward Ultrasound Molecular Imaging of Endothelial Dysfunction in Diabetes: Targets, Strategies, and Challenges

Diabetes vasculopathy is a significant complication of diabetes mellitus (DM), and early identification and timely intervention can effectively slow the progression. Accumulating studies have shown that diabetes causes vascular complications directly or indirectly through a variety of mechanisms. Direct imaging of the endothelial molecular changes not only identifies the early stage of diabetes vasculopathy but also sheds light on the precise treatment. Targeted ultrasound contrast agent (UCA)-based ultrasound molecular imaging (UMI) can noninvasively detect the expression status of molecular biomarkers overexpressed in the vasculature, thereby being a potential strategy for the diagnosis and treatment response evaluation of DM. Amounts of efforts have been focused on identification of the molecular targets expressed in the vasculature, manufacturing strategies of the targeted UCA, and the clinical translation for the diagnosis and evaluation of therapeutic efficacy in both micro- and macrovasculopathy in DM. This review summarizes the latest research progress on endothelium-targeted UCA and discusses their promising future and challenges in diabetes vasculopathy theranostics.

Environmental pollutants and phosphoinositide signaling in autoimmunity

Environmental pollution stands as one of the most critical challenges affecting human health, with an estimated mortality rate linked to pollution-induced non-communicable diseases projected to range from 20% to 25%. These pollutants not only disrupt immune responses but can also trigger immunotoxicity. Phosphoinositide signaling, a pivotal regulator of immune responses, plays a central role in the development of autoimmune diseases and exhibits high sensitivity to environmental stressors. Among these stressors, environmental pollutants have become increasingly prevalent in our society, contributing to the initiation and exacerbation of autoimmune conditions. In this review, we summarize the intricate interplay between phosphoinositide signaling and autoimmune diseases within the context of environmental pollutants and contaminants. We provide an up-to-date overview of stress-induced phosphoinositide signaling, discuss 14 selected examples categorized into three groups of environmental pollutants and their connections to immune diseases, and shed light on the associated phosphoinositide signaling pathways. Through these discussions, this review advances our understanding of how phosphoinositide signaling influences the coordinated immune response to environmental stressors at a biological level. Furthermore, it offers valuable insights into potential research directions and therapeutic targets aimed at mitigating the impact of environmental pollutants on the pathogenesis of autoimmune diseases. SYNOPSIS: Phosphoinositide signaling at the intersection of environmental pollutants and autoimmunity provides novel insights for managing autoimmune diseases aggravated by pollutants.

The VEGFs/VEGFRs system in Alzheimer's and Parkinson's diseases: Pathophysiological roles and therapeutic implications

The vascular endothelial growth factors (VEGFs) and their cognate receptors (VEGFRs), besides their well-known involvement in physiological angiogenesis/lymphangiogenesis and in diseases associated to pathological vessel formation, play multifaceted functions in the central nervous system (CNS). In addition to shaping brain development, by controlling cerebral vasculogenesis and regulating neurogenesis as well as astrocyte differentiation, the VEGFs/VEGFRs axis exerts essential functions in the adult brain both in physiological and pathological contexts. In this article, after describing the physiological VEGFs/VEGFRs functions in the CNS, we focus on the VEGFs/VEGFRs involvement in neurodegenerative diseases by reviewing the current literature on the rather complex VEGFs/VEGFRs contribution to the pathogenic mechanisms of Alzheimer's (AD) and Parkinson's (PD) diseases. Thereafter, based on the outcome of VEGFs/VEGFRs targeting in animal models of AD and PD, we discuss the factual relevance of pharmacological VEGFs/VEGFRs modulation as a novel and potential disease-modifying approach for these neurodegenerative pathologies. Specific VEGFRs targeting, aimed at selective VEGFR-1 inhibition, while preserving VEGFR-2 signal transduction, appears as a promising strategy to hit the molecular mechanisms underlying AD pathology. Moreover, therapeutic VEGFs-based approaches can be proposed for PD treatment, with the aim of fine-tuning their brain levels to amplify neurotrophic/neuroprotective effects while limiting an excessive impact on vascular permeability.

The construction of a microenvironment with the vascular network by co-culturing fibroblasts and endothelial cells

Introduction

Extracellular matrix (ECM) synthesis and deposition in fibroblasts, and vascularization via endothelial cells are essential for successful tissue regeneration. Fibroblasts can produce both ECM, physical support for maintaining homeostasis, and bioactive molecules, such as growth factors and cytokines. Endothelial cells can secrete growth factors and form vascular networks that enable the supply of nutrients and oxygen and remove metabolic products.

Methods

In this study, we focused on combining Human Periodontal Ligament Fibroblasts (HPLF) and Human Umbilical Vein Endothelial Cells (HUVEC) for tissue regeneration in clinical applications.

Results

The fibroblastic and angiogenic phenotypes were promoted in co-culture with HPLF and HUVEC at a ratio of 1:1 compared to HPLF or HUVEC mono-culture. The gene expression of ECM components and angiogenesis-related factors was also enhanced by HPLF/HUVEC co-culture. Despite an apparent increase in the expression of angiogenic factors, the levels of secreted growth factors decreased under co-culture conditions. These data suggest that ECM constructed by HPLF and HUVEC would act as a storage site for growth factors, which can later be released. Our results showed that cell-to-cell interactions between HPLF and HUVEC enhanced collagen synthesis and endothelial network formation, leading to the creation of highly vascularized constructs for periodontal tissue regeneration.

Conclusion

Successful periodontal tissue regeneration requires microenvironmental reconstruction and vascularization, which can be achieved using a co-culture system. In the present study, we found that fibroblastic and angiogenic phenotypes were enhanced by the co-culture of HPLF and HUVEC. The optimal culture conditions (1:1) could potentially accelerate tissue engineering, including ECM synthesis and EC tube formation, and these approaches can improve therapeutic efficacy after transplantation.

PHF5A promotes esophageal squamous cell carcinoma progression via stabilizing VEGFA

BACKGROUND

Esophageal squamous cell carcinoma (ESCC) is the main subtype of esophageal cancer. Current therapeutic effect is far from satisfaction. Hence, identifying susceptible genes and potential targets is necessary for therapy of ESCC patients.

METHODS

Plant homeodomain (PHD)-finger domain protein 5 A (PHF5A) expression in ESCC tissues was examined by immunohistochemistry. RNA interference was used for in vitro loss-of-function experiments. In vivo assay was performed using xenograft mice model by subcutaneous injection. Besides, microarray assay and co-immunoprecipitation experiments were used to study the potential downstream molecules of PHF5A in ESCC. The molecular mechanism between PHF5A and vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) was explored by a series of ubiquitination related assays.

RESULTS

We found that PHF5A was highly expressed in ESCC tissues compared to normal tissues and that was correlated with poor prognosis of ESCC. Loss-of-function experiments revealed that PHF5A silence remarkably inhibited cell proliferation, migration, and induced apoptosis as well as cell cycle arrest. Consistently, in vivo assay demonstrated that PHF5A deficiency was able to attenuate tumor growth. Furthermore, molecular studies showed that PHF5A silencing promoted VEGFA ubiquitination by interacting with MDM2, thereby regulating VEGFA protein expression. Subsequently, in rescue experiments, our data suggested that ESCC cell viability and migration promoted by PHF5A were dependent on intact VEGFA. Finally, PI3K/AKT signaling rescue was able to alleviate shPHF5A-mediated cell apoptosis and cell cycle arrest.

CONCLUSION

PHF5A is a tumor promoter in ESCC, which is dependent on VEGFA and PI3K/AKT signaling. PHF5A might serve as a potential therapeutic target for ESCC treatment.

Tumor diagnosis using carbon-based quantum dots: Detection based on the hallmarks of cancer

Carbon-based quantum dots (CQDs) have been shown to have promising application value in tumor diagnosis. Their use, however, is severely hindered by the complicated nature of the nanostructures in the CQDs. Furthermore, it seems impossible to formulate the mechanisms involved using the inadequate theoretical frameworks that are currently available for CQDs. In this review, we re-consider the structure-property relationships of CQDs and summarize the current state of development of CQDs-based tumor diagnosis based on biological theories that are fully developed. The advantages and deficiencies of recent research on CQDs-based tumor diagnosis are thus explained in terms of the manifestation of nine essential changes in cell physiology. This review makes significant progress in addressing related problems encountered with other nanomaterials.

A review on the traditional uses, nutritive importance, pharmacognostic features, phytochemicals, and pharmacology of Momordica cymbalaria Hook F

Momordica cymbalaria Hook F. (MC), belonging to the family Cucurbitaceae, is a plant with several biological activities. This detailed, comprehensive review gathers and presents all the information related to the geographical distribution, morphology, therapeutic uses, nutritional values, pharmacognostic characters, phytochemicals, and pharmacological activities of MC. The available literature showed that MC fruits are utilized as a stimulant, tonic, laxative, stomachic, and to combat inflammatory disorders. The fruits are used to treat spleen and liver diseases and are applied in folk medicine to induce abortion and treat diabetes mellitus. The phytochemical screening studies report that MC fruits contain tannins, alkaloids, phenols, proteins, amino acids, vitamin C, carbohydrates, β-carotenes, palmitic acid, oleic acid, stearic acid, α-eleostearic acid, and γ-linolenic acid. The fruits also contain calcium, sodium, iron, potassium, copper, manganese, zinc, and phosphorus. Notably, momordicosides are cucurbitacin triterpenoids reported in the fruits of MC. Diverse pharmacological activities of MC, such as analgesic, anti-inflammatory, antioxidant, hepatoprotective, nephroprotective, antidiabetic, cardioprotective, antidepressant, anticonvulsant, anticancer, antiangiogenic, antifertility, antiulcer, antimicrobial, antidiarrheal and anthelmintic, have been reported by many investigators. M. cymbalaria methanolic extract is safe up to 2,000 mg/kg. Furthermore, no symptoms of toxicity were found. These pharmacological activities are mechanistically interpreted and described in this review. Additionally, the microscopic, powder and physiochemical characteristics of MC tubers are also highlighted. In summary, possesses remarkable medicinal values, which warrant further detailed studies to exploit its potential benefits therapeutically.

Hepatocellular Carcinoma: Old and Emerging Therapeutic Targets

Liver cancer, predominantly hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC), globally ranks sixth in incidence and third in cancer-related deaths. HCC risk factors include non-viral hepatitis, alcohol abuse, environmental exposures, and genetic factors. No specific genetic alterations are unequivocally linked to HCC tumorigenesis. Current standard therapies include surgical options, systemic chemotherapy, and kinase inhibitors, like sorafenib and regorafenib. Immunotherapy, targeting immune checkpoints, represents a promising avenue. FDA-approved checkpoint inhibitors, such as atezolizumab and pembrolizumab, show efficacy, and combination therapies enhance clinical responses. Despite this, the treatment of hepatocellular carcinoma (HCC) remains a challenge, as the complex tumor ecosystem and the immunosuppressive microenvironment associated with it hamper the efficacy of the available therapeutic approaches. This review explores current and advanced approaches to treat HCC, considering both known and new potential targets, especially derived from proteomic analysis, which is today considered as the most promising approach. Exploring novel strategies, this review discusses antibody drug conjugates (ADCs), chimeric antigen receptor T-cell therapy (CAR-T), and engineered antibodies. It then reports a systematic analysis of the main ligand/receptor pairs and molecular pathways reported to be overexpressed in tumor cells, highlighting their potential and limitations. Finally, it discusses TGFβ, one of the most promising targets of the HCC microenvironment.

Isoimperatorin Inhibits Angiogenesis by Suppressing VEGFR2 Signaling Pathway

PURPOSE

Angiogenesis involves in many pathological processes, including tumor metastasis, diabetic retinopathy, and rheumatoid arthritis. Therefore, identifying therapeutic drugs that target angiogenesis may be a promising strategy for disease treatment. Isoimperatorin is a furanocoumarin with anti-inflammatory and anti-microbial effects. However, the impacts of isoimperatorin on angiogenesis and its underlying mechanisms remain unclear. This study aimed to verify its effects on vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF)-induced endothelial angiogenesis.

METHODS

We employed various assays including 5-ethynyl-2'-deoxyuridine incorporation assay, transwell migration assay, wound healing assay, tube formation assay, and Western blot to evaluate the effects of isoimperatorin on angiogenesis in vitro. Additionally, we utilized Western blot and immunofluorescence analysis to examine the activation of vascular endothelial growth factor receptor (VEGFR) 2 and its downstream signaling pathways following isoimperatorin treatment. To further validate the anti-angiogenic effects of isoimperatorin in vivo, we conducted a matrigel plug assay and established an orthotopic tumor model.

RESULTS

We demonstrated that pretreatment with isoimperatorin inhibited VEGF-induced endothelial cell proliferation, migration, and tube formation. Isoimperatorin also suppressed angiogenesis in vivo in a matrigel plug assay and in an orthotopic tumor model. Our results revealed that isoimperatorin exhibited anti-angiogenic effects via inhibiting VEGFR2 and its downstream signaling pathways activation.

CONCLUSIONS

Our study showed that isoimperatorin suppressed angiogenesis by targeting the VEGFR2 signaling pathway and could be a potential therapeutic agent for targeting angiogenesis.

Biomaterial-assisted strategies to improve islet graft revascularization and transplant outcomes

Islet transplantation holds significant promise as a curative approach for type 1 diabetes (T1D). However, the transition of islet transplantation from the experimental phase to widespread clinical implementation has not occurred yet. One major hurdle in this field is the challenge of insufficient vascularization and subsequent early loss of transplanted islets, especially in non-intraportal transplantation sites. The establishment of a fully functional vascular system following transplantation is crucial for the survival and secretion function of islet grafts. This vascular network not only ensures the delivery of oxygen and nutrients, but also plays a critical role in insulin release and the timely removal of metabolic waste from the grafts. This review summarizes recent advances in effective strategies to improve graft revascularization and enhance islet survival. These advancements include the local release and regulation of angiogenic factors (e.g., vascular endothelial growth factor, VEGF), co-transplantation of vascular fragments, and pre-vascularization of the graft site. These innovative approaches pave the way for the development of effective islet transplantation therapies for individuals with T1D.

VEGF and Neuronal Survival

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) is well known for its angiogenic activity, but recent evidence has revealed a neuroprotective action of this factor on injured or diseased neurons. In the present review, we summarize the most relevant findings that have contributed to establish a link between VEGF deficiency and neuronal degeneration. At issue, 1) mutant mice with reduced levels of VEGF show adult-onset muscle weakness and motoneuron degeneration resembling amyotrophic lateral sclerosis (ALS), 2) administration of VEGF to different animal models of motoneuron degeneration improves motor performance and ameliorates motoneuronal degeneration, and 3) there is an association between low plasmatic levels of VEGF and human ALS. Altogether, the results presented in this review highlight VEGF as an essential motoneuron neurotrophic factor endowed with promising therapeutic potential for the treatment of motoneuron disorders.

Fusion proteins development strategies and their role as cancer therapeutic agents

Cancer continues to be leading cause of morbidity and mortality despite decades of research and advancement in chemotherapy. Most tumors can be reduced via standard oncology treatments, such as chemotherapy, radiotherapy, and surgical resection, and they frequently recur. Significant progress has been made since targeted cancer therapy inception in creation of medications that exhibit improved tumor-selective action. Particularly in preclinical and clinical investigations, fusion proteins have shown strong activity and improved treatment outcomes for a number of human cancers. Synergistically combining many proteins into one complex allows the creation of synthetic fusion proteins with enhanced characteristics or new capabilities. Signal transduction pathways are important for onset, development, and spread of cancer. As result, signaling molecules are desirable targets for cancer therapies, and significant effort has been made into developing fusion proteins that would act as inhibitors of these pathways. A wide range of biotechnological and medicinal applications are made possible by fusion of protein domains that improves bioactivities or creates new functional combinations. Such proteins may function as immune effectors cell recruiters to tumors or as decoy receptors for various ligands. In this review article, we have outlined the standard methods for creating fusion proteins and covered the applications of fusion proteins in treatment of cancer. This article also highlights the role of fusion proteins in targeting the signaling pathways involved in cancer for effective treatment.

Retinopathy of Prematurity-Targeting Hypoxic and Redox Signaling Pathways

Retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) is a proliferative vascular ailment affecting the retina. It is the main risk factor for visual impairment and blindness in infants and young children worldwide. If left undiagnosed and untreated, it can progress to retinal detachment and severe visual impairment. Geographical variations in ROP epidemiology have emerged over recent decades, attributable to differing levels of care provided to preterm infants across countries and regions. Our understanding of the causes of ROP, screening, diagnosis, treatment, and associated risk factors continues to advance. This review article aims to present the pathophysiological mechanisms of ROP, including its treatment. Specifically, it delves into the latest cutting-edge treatment approaches targeting hypoxia and redox signaling pathways for this condition.

HOOK3 suppresses proliferation and metastasis in gastric cancer via the SP1/VEGFA axis

HOOK3, a member of the human hook microtubule-tethering protein family, has been implicated in the progression of cancer. However, the role of HOOK3 in the pathogenesis of gastric cancer (GC) remains incompletely understood. In this study, we investigated the expression of HOOK3 protein in GC tissues using immunohistochemistry (IHC). The findings of our study indicate that the expression levels of HOOK3 in GC tissues were relatively low. Furthermore, a significant negative association was seen between HOOK3 expression and the prognosis of patients with GC. The suppression of HOOK3 resulted in a notable increase in the proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival of GC cells. Conversely, the overexpression of HOOK3 had the opposite impact, reducing these cellular processes. Moreover, in vivo tests have shown evidence that the overexpression of HOOK3 significantly inhibited the formation of tumors and the spread of GC cells to the lungs. In a mechanistic manner, the analysis of RNA-seq data demonstrated that the knockdown of HOOK3 resulted in a notable increase in the expression of vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA) in GC cells. Furthermore, the upregulation of VEGFA counteracted the impacts of HOOK3 upregulation on the proliferation, migration, invasion, and survival of GC cells. Furthermore, it was revealed that specificity protein 1 (SP1) exhibited the ability to bind to the promoter region of VEGFA. Moreover, the overexpression of SP1 successfully counteracted the inhibitory impact of HOOK3 overexpression on the expression of VEGFA in GC cells. In summary, the results of our study indicate that HOOK3 has a role in inhibiting the growth, migration, invasion, and survival of GC cells by modulating the SP1/VEGFA pathway. These findings contribute significant knowledge to our understanding of the underlying mechanisms involved in the development of GC.

Pathophysiology and Genetic Associations of Varicose Veins: A Narrative Review

Varicose veins (VVs) have a high prevalence worldwide and have become a major medical burden. Their pathophysiology involves a complex interplay of inflammation and tissue remodeling, and current treatment is limited by its impact on the pathophysiological mechanisms. In addition, despite clear environmental factors, family history is an important risk factor, suggesting a genetic component to the risk of developing VVs. Our understanding of the pathogenesis of these diseases has benefited greatly from the expansion of population genetic studies, from pioneering family studies to large genome-wide association studies; we now find multiple risk loci for each venous disease. This review considers the pathophysiology of VVs, highlighting the current state of genetic knowledge. We also propose future directions for research.

A pendulum-type electrochemical aptamer-based sensor for continuous, real-time and stable detection of proteins

Continuous detection of proteins is crucial for health management and biomedical research. Electrochemical aptamer-based (E-AB) sensor that relies on binding affinity between a recognition oligonucleotide and its specific target is a versatile platform to fulfill this purpose. Yet, the vast majority of E-AB sensors are characterized by voltammetric methods, which suffer from signal drifts and low-frequency data acquisition during continuous operations. To overcome these limitations, we developed a novel E-AB sensor empowered by Gold nanoparticle-DNA Pendulum (GDP). Using chronoamperometric interrogation, the developed sensor enabled drift-resistant, high-frequency, and real-time monitoring of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), a vital signaling protein that regulates angiogenesis, endothelial cell proliferation and vasculogenesis. We assembled VEGF aptamer-anchored GDP probes to a reduced graphene modified electrode, where a fast chronoamperometric current transient occurs as the GDP rapidly transport to the electrode surface. In the presence of target molecules, longer and concentration-dependent time decays were observed because of slower motion of the GDP in its bound state. After optimizing several decisive parameters, including composition ratios of GDP, probe density, and incubation time, the GDP empowered E-AB sensor achieves continuous, selective, and reversible monitoring of VEGF in both phosphate buffered saline (PBS) solutions and artificial urine with a wide detection range from 13 fM to 130 nM. Moreover, the developed sensor acquires signals on a millisecond timescale, and remains resistant to signal degradation during operation. This study offers a new approach to designing E-AB architectures for continuous biomolecular monitoring.

URP20 improves corneal injury caused by alkali burns combined with pathogenic bacterial infection in rats

Corneal alkali burns often occur in industrial production and daily life, combined with infection, and may cause severe eye disease. Oxidative stress and neovascularization (NV) are important factors leading to a poor prognosis. URP20 is an antimicrobial peptide that has been proven to treat bacterial keratitis in rats through antibacterial and anti-NV effects. Therefore, in this study, the protective effect and influence mechanism of URP20 were explored in a rat model of alkali burn together with pathogenic bacteria (Staphylococcus aureus and Escherichia coli) infection. In addition, human umbilical vein endothelial cells (HUVECs) and human corneal epithelial cells (HCECs) were selected to verify the effects of URP20 on vascularization and oxidative stress. The results showed that URP20 treatment could protect corneal tissue, reduce corneal turbidity, and reduce the NV pathological score. Furthermore, URP20 significantly inhibited the expression of the vascularization marker proteins VEGFR2 and CD31. URP20 also reduced the migration ability of HUVECs. In terms of oxidative stress, URP20 significantly upregulated SOD and GSH contents in corneal tissue and HCECs (treated with 200 μM H2O2) and promoted the expression of the antioxidant protein Nrf2/HO-1. At the same time, MDA and ROS levels were also inhibited. In conclusion, URP20 could improve corneal injury combined with bacterial infection in rats caused by alkali burns through antibacterial, anti-NV, and antioxidant activities.

Reprogramming of VEGF-mediated extracellular matrix changes through autocrine signaling

Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays key roles in angiogenesis, vasculogenesis, and wound healing. In cancers, including triple negative breast cancer (TNBC), VEGF has been associated with increased invasion and metastasis, processes that require cancer cells to traverse through the extracellular matrix (ECM) and establish angiogenesis at distant sites. To further understand the role of VEGF in modifying the ECM, we characterized VEGF-mediated changes in the ECM of tumors derived from TNBC MDA-MB-231 cells engineered to overexpress VEGF. We established that increased VEGF expression by these cells resulted in tumors with reduced collagen 1 (Col1) fibers, fibronectin, and hyaluronan. Molecular characterization of tumors identified an increase of MMP1, uPAR, and LOX, and a decrease of MMP2, and ADAMTS1. α-SMA, a marker of cancer associated fibroblasts (CAFs), increased, and FAP-α, a marker of a subset of CAFs associated with immune suppression, decreased with VEGF overexpression. Analysis of human data from The Cancer Genome Atlas Program confirmed mRNA differences for several molecules when comparing TNBC with high and low VEGF expression. We additionally characterized enzymatic changes induced by VEGF overexpression in three different cancer cell lines that clearly identified autocrine-mediated changes, specifically uPAR, in these enzymes. Unlike the increase of Col1 fibers and fibronectin mediated by VEGF during wound healing, in the TNBC model, VEGF significantly reduced key protein components of the ECM. These results further expand our understanding of the role of VEGF in cancer progression and identify potential ECM-related targets to disrupt this progression.

Role of endothelin ETA receptors in the hypertension induced by the VEGFR-2 kinase inhibitors axitinib and lenvatinib in conscious freely-moving rats

Receptor tyrosine kinase inhibitors (RTKIs) suppress tumour growth by targeting vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 2 (VEGFR-2) which is an important mediator of angiogenesis. Here, we demonstrate that two potent RTKIs, axitinib and lenvatinib, are associated with hypertensive side effects. Doppler flowmetry was used to evaluate regional haemodynamic profiles of axitinib and lenvatinib. Male Sprague Dawley rats (350-500 g) were instrumented with Doppler flow probes (renal and mesenteric arteries and descending abdominal aorta) and catheters (jugular vein and distal abdominal aorta, via the caudal artery). Rats were dosed daily with axitinib (3 or 6 mg.kg-1) or lenvatinib (1 or 3 mg.kg-1) and regional haemodynamics were recorded over a maximum of 4 days. Both RTKIs caused significant (p < 0.05) increases in mean arterial pressure (MAP), which was accompanied by significant (p < 0.05) vasoconstriction in both the mesenteric and hindquarters vascular beds. To gain insight into the involvement of endothelin-1 (ET-1) in RTKI-mediated hypertension, we also monitored heart rate (HR) and MAP in response to axitinib or lenvatinib in animals treated with the ETA receptor selective antagonist sitaxentan (5 mg.kg-1) or the mixed ETA/ETB receptor antagonist bosentan (15 mg.kg-1) over two days. Co-treatment with bosentan or sitaxentan markedly reduced the MAP effects mediated by both RTKIs (p < 0.05). Bosentan, but not sitaxentan, also attenuated ET-1 mediated increases in HR. These data suggest that selective antagonists of ETA receptors may be appropriate to alleviate the hypertensive effects of axitinib and lenvatinib.

Recent Developments in Gene Therapy for Neovascular Age-Related Macular Degeneration: A Review

Age-related macular degeneration (AMD) is a complex and multifactorial disease and a leading cause of irreversible blindness in the elderly population. The anti-vascular endothelial growth factor (anti-VEGF) therapy has revolutionized the management and prognosis of neovascular AMD (nAMD) and is currently the standard of care for this disease. However, patients are required to receive repeated injections, imposing substantial social and economic burdens. The implementation of gene therapy methods to achieve sustained delivery of various therapeutic proteins holds the promise of a single treatment that could ameliorate the treatment challenges associated with chronic intravitreal therapy, and potentially improve visual outcomes. Several early-phase trials are currently underway, evaluating the safety and efficacy of gene therapy for nAMD; however, areas of controversy persist, including the therapeutic target, route of administration, and potential safety issues. In this review, we assess the evolution of gene therapy for nAMD and summarize several preclinical and early-stage clinical trials, exploring challenges and future directions.

SEMA4D/VEGF surface enhances endothelialization by diminished-glycolysis-mediated M2-like macrophage polarization

Cardiovascular disease remains the leading cause of death and morbidity worldwide. Inflammatory responses after percutaneous coronary intervention led to neoathrosclerosis and in-stent restenosis and thus increase the risk of adverse clinical outcomes. In this work, a metabolism reshaped surface is engineered, which combines the decreased glycolysis promoting, M2-like macrophage polarization, and rapid endothelialization property. Anionic heparin plays as a linker and mediates cationic SEMA4D and VEGF to graft electronically onto PLL surfaces. The system composed by anticoagulant heparin, immunoregulatory SEMA4D and angiogenic VEGF endows the scaffold with significant inhibition of platelets, fibrinogen and anti-thrombogenic properties, also noteworthy immunometabolism reprogram, anti-inflammation M2-like polarization and finally leading to rapid endothelializaiton performances. Our research indicates that the immunometabolism method can accurately reflect the immune state of modified surfaces. It is envisioned immunometabolism study will open an avenue to the surface engineering of vascular implants for better clinical outcomes.

Exploring the mechanism of resistance to vincristine in breast cancer cells using transcriptome sequencing technology

Breast cancer has replaced lung cancer as the leading cancer globally, but various chemotherapy drugs for breast cancer are prone to resistance, especially in patients with distant metastases who are susceptible to multiple chemotherapy drug resistance often leading to treatment failure. Vincristine (VCR) is an alkaloid extracted from Catharanthus roseus, and is often used in combination with other chemotherapy drugs to treat various types of cancer, including breast cancer. Research on the development of resistance to VCR has been carried out using transcriptome sequencing technology. Firstly, gradient increase of VCR concentration was used to produce a VCR-resistant breast cancer cell line. Mechanistically, RNA was extracted from the VCR-resistant breast cancer cell line, and the transcriptome was sequenced. Further analysis showed changes in the expression levels of various genes in the aforementioned VCR-resistant breast cancer cell line. Meanwhile, the analysis of splicing events also indicated a change in variable splicing events. Further validation showed that the expression levels of multiple genes, including interleukin-1β, were altered in the VCR-resistant breast cancer cell line, and these gene expression changes were related to VCR resistance. The results of the present study provide a theoretical basis for exploring the mechanism of VCR resistance clinically.

Modern therapies of nonsmall cell lung cancer

Lung cancer (LC), particularly nonsmall cell lung cancer (NSCLC), is one of the most prevalent types of neoplasia worldwide, regardless of gender, with the highest mortality rates in oncology. Over the years, treatment for NSCLC has evolved from conventional surgery, chemotherapy, and radiotherapy to more tailored and minimally invasive approaches. The use of personalised therapies has increased the expected efficacy of treatment while simultaneously reducing the frequency of severe adverse effects (AEs). In this review, we discuss established modern approaches, including immunotherapy and targeted therapy, as well as experimental molecular methods like clustered regularly interspaced short palindromic repeat (CRISPR) and nanoparticles. These emerging methods offer promising outcomes and shorten the recovery time for various patients. Recent advances in the diagnostic field, including imaging and genetic profiling, have enabled the implementation of these methods. The versatility of these modern therapies allows for multiple treatment options, such as single-agent use, combination with existing conventional treatments, or incorporation into new regimens. As a result, patients can survive even in the advanced stages of NSCLC, leading to increased survival indicators such as overall survival (OS) and progression-free survival (PFS).

B-Flow/Spatiotemporal Image Correlation M-Mode and Contrast-Enhanced/Microbubble Ultrasonography Quantification of Spiral Artery Distensibility and Placental Intervillous Perfusion in the First Trimester in a Primate Model of Impaired Spiral Artery Remodeling

OBJECTIVE

During early human pregnancy, placental trophoblasts remodel spiral arteries into distensible low-resistance vessels to promote placental perfusion. We have established a model of impaired spiral artery remodeling (SAR) by elevating estradiol levels in the first trimester of baboon pregnancy. In the present study, B-flow/spatiotemporal image correlation (STIC) M-mode ultrasonography, a non-Doppler technology for sharp rendering of vessel dimensions, was used to determine whether spiral artery distensibility was altered in SAR-suppressed baboons. Contrast-enhanced ultrasound/microbubble imaging was also performed to determine whether it detected changes in placenta intervillous space perfusion in SAR-suppressed baboons.

METHODS

The two imaging procedures were performed in the first trimester in baboons not treated or treated with estradiol to suppress SAR.

RESULTS

Spiral artery distensibility, that is, luminal diameter at systole minus diameter at diastole, and volume flow as quantified by B-flow/STIC M-mode were 26% (p = 0.03) and 55% (p = 0.059) lower, respectively, in SAR-suppressed baboons. However, placental intervillous space flow rate and video intensity plateau levels reflecting blood perfusion, quantified by contrast-enhanced ultrasound/microbubble imaging, were unaltered in SAR-suppressed baboons.

CONCLUSION

The results indicate that B-flow/STIC M-mode ultrasonography provides a non-invasive method to detect reduced distensibility and, thus, function of spiral arteries across the cardiac cycle in the first trimester in a primate model of impaired SAR. This study represents a first step in determining whether B-flow/STIC M-mode detects a similar defect in SAR early in adverse human pregnancy. This would provide an avenue to develop therapeutic modalities to prevent the devastating consequences of impaired SAR.

Chemotherapy in pediatric brain tumor and the challenge of the blood-brain barrier

BACKGROUND

Pediatric brain tumors (PBT) stand as the leading cause of cancer-related deaths in children. Chemoradiation protocols have improved survival rates, even for non-resectable tumors. Nonetheless, radiation therapy carries the risk of numerous adverse effects that can have long-lasting, detrimental effects on the quality of life for survivors. The pursuit of chemotherapeutics that could obviate the need for radiotherapy remains ongoing. Several anti-tumor agents, including sunitinib, valproic acid, carboplatin, and panobinostat, have shown effectiveness in various malignancies but have not proven effective in treating PBT. The presence of the blood-brain barrier (BBB) plays a pivotal role in maintaining suboptimal concentrations of anti-cancer drugs in the central nervous system (CNS). Ongoing research aims to modulate the integrity of the BBB to attain clinically effective drug concentrations in the CNS. However, current findings on the interaction of exogenous chemical agents with the BBB remain limited and do not provide a comprehensive explanation for the ineffectiveness of established anti-cancer drugs in PBT.

METHODS

We conducted our search for chemotherapeutic agents associated with the blood-brain barrier (BBB) using the following keywords: Chemotherapy in Cancer, Chemotherapy in Brain Cancer, Chemotherapy in PBT, BBB Inhibition of Drugs into CNS, Suboptimal Concentration of CNS Drugs, PBT Drugs and BBB, and Potential PBT Drugs. We reviewed each relevant article before compiling the information in our manuscript. For the generation of figures, we utilized BioRender software.

FOCUS

We focused our article search on chemical agents for PBT and subsequently investigated the role of the BBB in this context. Our search criteria included clinical trials, both randomized and non-randomized studies, preclinical research, review articles, and research papers.

FINDING

Our research suggests that, despite the availability of potent chemotherapeutic agents for several types of cancer, the effectiveness of these chemical agents in treating PBT has not been comprehensively explored. Additionally, there is a scarcity of studies examining the role of the BBB in the suboptimal outcomes of PBT treatment, despite the effectiveness of these drugs for other types of tumors.

Neuropilin-1 is essential for vascular endothelial growth factor A-mediated increase of sensory neuron activity and development of pain-like behaviors

ABSTRACT

Neuropilin-1 (NRP-1) is a transmembrane glycoprotein that binds numerous ligands including vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA). Binding of this ligand to NRP-1 and the co-receptor, the tyrosine kinase receptor VEGFR2, elicits nociceptor sensitization resulting in pain through the enhancement of the activity of voltage-gated sodium and calcium channels. We previously reported that blocking the interaction between VEGFA and NRP-1 with the Spike protein of SARS-CoV-2 attenuates VEGFA-induced dorsal root ganglion (DRG) neuronal excitability and alleviates neuropathic pain, pointing to the VEGFA/NRP-1 signaling as a novel therapeutic target of pain. Here, we investigated whether peripheral sensory neurons and spinal cord hyperexcitability and pain behaviors were affected by the loss of NRP-1. Nrp-1 is expressed in both peptidergic and nonpeptidergic sensory neurons. A CRIPSR/Cas9 strategy targeting the second exon of nrp-1 gene was used to knockdown NRP-1. Neuropilin-1 editing in DRG neurons reduced VEGFA-mediated increases in CaV2.2 currents and sodium currents through NaV1.7. Neuropilin-1 editing had no impact on voltage-gated potassium channels. Following in vivo editing of NRP-1, lumbar dorsal horn slices showed a decrease in the frequency of VEGFA-mediated increases in spontaneous excitatory postsynaptic currents. Finally, intrathecal injection of a lentivirus packaged with an NRP-1 guide RNA and Cas9 enzyme prevented spinal nerve injury-induced mechanical allodynia and thermal hyperalgesia in both male and female rats. Collectively, our findings highlight a key role of NRP-1 in modulating pain pathways in the sensory nervous system.

Translational research of new developments in targeted therapy of colorectal cancer

A severe global health concern is the rising incidence and mortality rate of colorectal cancer (CRC). Chemotherapy, which is typically used to treat CRC, is known to have limited specificity and can have noticeable side effects. A paradigm shift in cancer treatment has been brought about by the development of targeted therapies, which has led to the appearance of pharmacological agents with improved efficacy and decreased toxicity. Epidermal growth factor receptor (EGFR), vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2), and BRAF are among the molecular targets covered in this review that are used in targeted therapy for CRC. The current discussion also covers advancements in targeted therapeutic approaches, such as antibody-drug conjugates, immune checkpoint inhibitors, and chimeric antigen receptor (CAR) T-cell therapy. A review of the clinical trials and application of these particular therapies in treating CRC is also done. Despite the improvements in targeted therapy for CRC, problems such as drug resistance and patient selection remain to be solved. Despite this, targeted therapies have offered fresh possibilities for identifying and treating CRC, paving the way for the development of personalized medicine and extending the life expectancy and general well-being of CRC patients.

Hypoxia-induced signaling in the cardiovascular system: pathogenesis and therapeutic targets

Hypoxia, characterized by reduced oxygen concentration, is a significant stressor that affects the survival of aerobic species and plays a prominent role in cardiovascular diseases. From the research history and milestone events related to hypoxia in cardiovascular development and diseases, The "hypoxia-inducible factors (HIFs) switch" can be observed from both temporal and spatial perspectives, encompassing the occurrence and progression of hypoxia (gradual decline in oxygen concentration), the acute and chronic manifestations of hypoxia, and the geographical characteristics of hypoxia (natural selection at high altitudes). Furthermore, hypoxia signaling pathways are associated with natural rhythms, such as diurnal and hibernation processes. In addition to innate factors and natural selection, it has been found that epigenetics, as a postnatal factor, profoundly influences the hypoxic response and progression within the cardiovascular system. Within this intricate process, interactions between different tissues and organs within the cardiovascular system and other systems in the context of hypoxia signaling pathways have been established. Thus, it is the time to summarize and to construct a multi-level regulatory framework of hypoxia signaling and mechanisms in cardiovascular diseases for developing more therapeutic targets and make reasonable advancements in clinical research, including FDA-approved drugs and ongoing clinical trials, to guide future clinical practice in the field of hypoxia signaling in cardiovascular diseases.

The heparin-binding domain of VEGF165 directly binds to integrin αvβ3 and plays a critical role in signaling

VEGF-A is a key cytokine in tumor angiogenesis and a major therapeutic target for cancer. VEGF165 is the predominant isoform and is the most potent angiogenesis stimulant. VEGFR2/KDR domains 2 and 3 (D2D3) bind to the N-terminal domain (NTD, residues 1-110) of VEGF165. Since removal of the heparin-binding domain (HBD, residues 111-165) markedly reduced the mitogenic activity of VEGF165, it has been proposed that the HBD plays a critical role in the mitogenicity of VEGF165. Integrin αvβ3 has been shown to bind to VEGF165, but the role of integrin αvβ3 in VEGF165 signaling are unclear. Here we describe that αvβ3 specifically bound to the isolated HBD, but not to the NTD. We identified several critical amino acid residues in HBD for integrin binding (Arg-123, Arg-124, Lys-125, Lys-140, Arg-145, and Arg-149) by docking simulation and mutagenesis, and generated full-length VEGF165 that is defective in integrin binding by including mutations in the HBD. The full-length VEGF165 mutant defective in integrin binding (R123A/R124A/K125A/K140A/R145A/R149A) was defective in ERK1/2 phosphorylation, integrin β3 phosphorylation, and KDR phosphorylation, although the mutation did not affect KDR binding to VEGF165. We propose a model in which VEGF165 induces KDR (through NTD)-VEGF165 (through HBD)-integrin αvβ3 ternary complex formation on the cell surface and this process is critically involved in potent mitogenicity of VEGF165.

Potential of natural flavonoids to target breast cancer angiogenesis (review)

Angiogenesis is the process by which new blood vessels form and is required for tumour growth and metastasis. It helps in supplying oxygen and nutrients to tumour cells and plays a crucial role in the local progression and distant metastasis of, and development of treatment resistance in, breast cancer. Tumour angiogenesis is currently regarded as a critical therapeutic target; however, anti-angiogenic therapy for breast cancer fails to produce satisfactory results, owing to issues such as inconsistent efficacy and significant adverse reactions. As a result, new anti-angiogenic drugs are urgently needed. Flavonoids, a class of natural compounds found in many foods, are inexpensive, widely available, and exhibit a broad range of biological activities, low toxicity, and favourable safety profiles. Several studies find that various flavonoids inhibit angiogenesis in breast cancer, indicating great therapeutic potential. In this review, we summarize the role of angiogenesis in breast cancer and the potential of natural flavonoids as anti-angiogenic agents for breast cancer treatment. We discuss the value and significance of nanotechnology for improving flavonoid absorption and utilization and anti-angiogenic effects, as well as the challenges of using natural flavonoids as drugs.

Vitreous Levels of Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor and Platelet-Derived Growth Factor in Patients with Proliferative Diabetic Retinopathy: A Clinical Correlation

Background: The global epidemic status of diabetic retinopathy (DR) and its burden presents an ongoing challenge to health-care systems. It is of great interest to investigate potential prognostic biomarkers of DR. Such markers could aid in detecting early stages of DR, predicting DR progression and its response to therapeutics. Herein, we investigate the prognostic value of intravitreal concentrations of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) and platelet-derived growth factor (PDGF) in a DR cohort. Materials and methods: Vitreous sample acquisition was conducted at King Abdullah University Hospital (KAUH) between December 2020 and June 2022. Samples were obtained from any patient scheduled to undergo a pars plana vitrectomy (PPV) for any indication. Included patients were categorized into a DR group or a corresponding non-diabetic (ND) control group. Demographics, clinicopathological variables, standardized laboratory tests results, and optical coherence tomography (OCT) data were obtained for each included individual. Intravitreal concentrations of VEGF and PDGF were assessed using commercial enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay (ELISA). Results: A total of 80 eyes from 80 patients (DR group: n = 42 and ND control group: n = 38) were included in the analysis. The vitreous VEGF levels were significantly higher in the DR group compared to the ND control group (DR group 5744.06 ± 761.5 pg/mL versus ND control group 817.94 ± 403.1 pg/mL, p = 0.0001). In addition, the vitreous PDGF levels were also significantly higher in the DR group than those in the ND control group (DR group 4031.51 ± 410.2 pg/mL versus ND control group 2691.46 ± 821.0 pg/mL, p = 0.001). Bassline differences between test groups and clinical factors impacting VEGF and PDGF concentrations were investigated as well. Multiple regression analysis indicated PDGF as the sole independent risk factor affecting best-corrected visual acuity (BCVA) at the last follow-up visit: the higher the PDGF vitreous levels, the worst the BCVA. Conclusions: Vitreous concentrations of VEGF and PDGF are correlated with DR severity and may exhibit a possible prognostic potential value in DR. Further clinical and experimental data are warranted to confirm the observed findings and to help incorporate them into daily practice.

Efficacy and safety of immune checkpoint inhibitors plus recombinant human endostatin therapy as second-line treatment in advanced non-small-cell lung cancer with negative driver gene: a pilot study

Background

Immune checkpoint inhibitors (ICIs) have become the standard second-line treatment for advanced non-small cell lung cancer (NSCLC). Recent findings indicating an intertwined regulation of vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) signaling and immunosuppression in the tumor microenvironment suggest that the combination of ICIs and angiogenesis inhibitors could have synergistic antitumor activity, along with favorable tolerability. However, ICIs plus anti-angiogenesis therapy has not been widely evaluated. The purpose of this pilot study was to evaluate the efficacy and safety of ICIs plus recombinant human (rh)-endostatin as second-line treatment in advanced NSCLC with negative driver gene.

Method

Prospectively evaluated the efficacy and safety of ICIs plus rh-endostain as second-line treatment in advanced NSCLC with negative driver gene. The primary endpoints of the study were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). The secondary endpoints were objective response rate (ORR), disease control rate (ORR), and safety.

Results

A total of 34 patients were recruited in this study. 18 patients received ICIs plus anti-angiogenesis therapy (ICIs combination therapy), and 16 patients received ICIs monotherapy. DCR was 88.9% vs 43.8% (P = 0.009). Median PFS (mPFS) was 8.3 months vs. 3.7 months (HR = 0.276, 95% CI 0.125-0.607, P = 0.001). Median OS (mOS) was 18.0 months vs 9.6 months (HR=0.364, 95% CI 0.147-0.902, P=0.009). In multivariate Cox regression analysis, ICI combination therapy prolonged PFS (HR = 0.069, 95% CI 0.019-0.185, P < 0.001) and OS (HR = 0.044, 95% CI 0.011-0.185, P < 0.001). We did not observe a significant difference in the incidence of adverse events (AEs) between the two groups (P > 0.05).

Conclusions

Compared with ICIs monotherapy, ICIs combination therapy improves clinical response in patients with advanced NSCLC with negative driver gene, significantly prolongs PFS and OS, and does not significantly difference the incidence of AEs.

VEGF levels in the aqueous humor of patients with primary open angle glaucoma: A systematic review and a meta-analysis

PURPOSE

To compare the VEGF levels in the aqueous humor of patients with Primary Open Angle Glaucoma (POAG) and non-glaucomatous eyes and reveal any potential statistically significant correlations.

METHODS

We searched PubMed, from inception to December 31, 2021. Key search terms included VEGF and Glaucoma. All relevant studies that evaluated the VEGF levels in patients with POAG and in the control group were included in this systematic review. The Preferred Reporting Items for Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analysis of Diagnostic Test Accuracy Studies (PRISMA-DTA) guidelines were followed. Data were extracted independently by 2 authors. Heterogeneity was statistically quantified by Q, H, and I2 statistics, and a meta-analysis was performed using the random-effects model.

RESULTS

Seven cross-sectional studies were included in the meta-analysis. 144 eyes were enrolled in the POAG group and 162 eyes in the control group. The random effect model showed no statistically significant difference between the two groups (SMD =0.284, 95% CI = -0.173 to 0.741; P = 0.223), but we noticed a trend towards elevated VEGF levels in the aqueous humor of POAG patients. Significant heterogeneity was detected (I2 = 74.1%, P = 0.001).

CONCLUSIONS

This systematic review and meta-analysis indicates a trend towards elevated VEGF-A levels in the aqueous humor of patients with POAG and suggests a potential neuroprotective role of VEGF in patients with POAG. Future studies are required to evaluate the exact role of VEGF in POAG.

Extracellular matrix turnover: phytochemicals target and modulate the dual role of matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) in liver fibrosis

Extracellular matrix (ECM) resolution by matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) is a well-documented mechanism. MMPs play a dual and complex role in modulating ECM degradation at different stages of liver fibrosis, depending on the timing and levels of their expression. Increased MMP-1 combats disease progression by cleaving the fibrillar ECM. Activated hepatic stellate cells (HSCs) increase expression of MMP-2, -9, and -13 in different chemicals-induced animal models, which may alleviate or worsen disease progression based on animal models and the stage of liver fibrosis. In the early stage, elevated expression of certain MMPs may damage surrounding tissue and activate HSCs, promoting fibrosis progression. At the later stage, downregulation of MMPs can facilitate ECM accumulation and disease progression. A number of phytochemicals modulate MMP activity and ECM turnover, alleviating disease progression. However, the effects of phytochemicals on the expression of different MMPs are variable and may depend on the disease models and stage, and the dosage, timing and duration of phytochemicals used in each study. Here, we review the most recent advances in the role of MMPs in the effects of phytochemicals on liver fibrogenesis, which indicates that further studies are warranted to confirm and define the potential clinical efficacy of these phytochemicals.

Logic-Based Modeling of Inflammatory Macrophage Crosstalk with Glomerular Endothelial Cells in Diabetic Kidney Disease

Diabetic kidney disease is a complication in 1 out of 3 patients with diabetes. Aberrant glucose metabolism in diabetes leads to an immune response causing inflammation and to structural and functional damage in the glomerular cells of the kidney. Complex cellular signaling lies at the core of metabolic and functional derangement. Unfortunately, the mechanism underlying the role of inflammation in glomerular endothelial cell dysfunction during diabetic kidney disease is not fully understood. Computational models in systems biology allow the integration of experimental evidence and cellular signaling networks to understand mechanisms involved in disease progression. We built a logic-based ordinary differential equations model to study macrophage-dependent inflammation in glomerular endothelial cells during diabetic kidney disease progression. We studied the crosstalk between macrophages and glomerular endothelial cells in the kidney using a protein signaling network stimulated with glucose and lipopolysaccharide. The network and model were built using the open-source software package Netflux. This modeling approach overcomes the complexity of studying network models and the need for extensive mechanistic details. The model simulations were fitted and validated against available biochemical data from in vitro experiments. The model identified mechanisms responsible for dysregulated signaling in macrophages and glomerular endothelial cells during diabetic kidney disease. In addition, we investigated the influence of signaling interactions and species that on glomerular endothelial cell morphology through selective knockdown and downregulation. We found that partial knockdown of VEGF receptor 1, PLC-γ, adherens junction proteins, and calcium partially recovered the endothelial cell fenestration size. Our model findings contribute to understanding signaling and molecular perturbations that affect the glomerular endothelial cells in the early stage of diabetic kidney disease.

Biology and therapeutic targeting of vascular endothelial growth factor A

The formation of new blood vessels, called angiogenesis, is an essential pathophysiological process in which several families of regulators have been implicated. Among these, vascular endothelial growth factor A (VEGFA; also known as VEGF) and its two tyrosine kinase receptors, VEGFR1 and VEGFR2, represent a key signalling pathway mediating physiological angiogenesis and are also major therapeutic targets. VEGFA is a member of the gene family that includes VEGFB, VEGFC, VEGFD and placental growth factor (PLGF). Three decades after its initial isolation and cloning, VEGFA is arguably the most extensively investigated signalling system in angiogenesis. Although many mediators of angiogenesis have been identified, including members of the FGF family, angiopoietins, TGFβ and sphingosine 1-phosphate, all current FDA-approved anti-angiogenic drugs target the VEGF pathway. Anti-VEGF agents are widely used in oncology and, in combination with chemotherapy or immunotherapy, are now the standard of care in multiple malignancies. Anti-VEGF drugs have also revolutionized the treatment of neovascular eye disorders such as age-related macular degeneration and ischaemic retinal disorders. In this Review, we emphasize the molecular, structural and cellular basis of VEGFA action as well as recent findings illustrating unexpected interactions with other pathways and provocative reports on the role of VEGFA in regenerative medicine. We also discuss clinical and translational aspects of VEGFA. Given the crucial role that VEGFA plays in regulating angiogenesis in health and disease, this molecule is largely the focus of this Review.

Advances and Perspectives in Relation to the Molecular Basis of Diabetic Retinopathy-A Review

Diabetes mellitus (DM) is a growing problem nowadays, and diabetic retinopathy (DR) is its predominant complication. Currently, DR diagnosis primarily relies on fundoscopic examination; however, novel biomarkers may facilitate that process and make it widely available. In this current review, we delve into the intricate roles of various factors and mechanisms in DR development, progression, prediction, and their association with therapeutic approaches linked to the underlying pathogenic pathways. Specifically, we focus on advanced glycation end products, vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF), asymmetric dimethylarginine, endothelin-1, and the epigenetic regulation mediated by microRNAs (miRNAs) in the context of DR.

Dysregulated miRNAs in recurrent miscarriage: A systematic review

Recurrent miscarriage (RM) is a complex reproductive medicine disease that affects many families. The cause of RM is unclear at this time; however, lifestyle and genetic variables may influence the process. The slight alteration in miRNA expression has enormous consequences for a variety of difficulties, one of which may be RM. The target of this systematic study was to provide a framework of the dysregulated miRNAs in RM. The Prisma guidelines were applied to perform current systematic review pertaining to articles in the seven databases. Thirty-nine papers out of 245 received fulfilled all inclusion requirements. From all the mentioned miRNAs, 40 were up-regulated (65.57 %), whereas 21 were down-regulated (34.43 %). These dysregulated miRNAs contributed to the pathophysiology of RM by influencing key pathways and processes such as apoptosis, angiogenesis, epithelial-mesenchymal transition, and the immune system. Understanding the dysregulation of miRNAs, as well as the pathways and processes that engage these miRNAs and impact disease pathogenesis, may aid in clarifying the unknown underlying mechanisms of RM and the development of novel molecular therapeutic targets and medical domains.

Efficacy and safety of anti-vascular endothelial growth factor agents on corneal neovascularization: A meta-analysis

BACKGROUND

Corneal neovascularization (CoNV) is the second major cause of blindness. Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) inhibitors, e.g., bevacizumab, have been used to prevent CoNV.

AIM

We conducted an updated systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials to examine the efficacy and safety of anti-VEGF in CoNV.

METHODS

A literature search was conducted using three electronic databases. Mean difference (MD), standard mean difference (SMD), and relative risk (RR) are used to estimate the effect size.

RESULTS

Nine randomized controlled and three non-randomized trials were obtained. The pooled results demonstrated a significant reduction of CoNV area/Length (SMD = -1.17, 95%CI: -1.58 to -0.75), best corrected visual acuity (MD = -0.54, 95%CI: -0.91 to -0.17), and graft rejection (RR = 0.44, 95%CI: 0.24 to 0.8) and failure (RR = 0.39, 95%CI: 0.19 to 0.78) rates in the anti-VEGF group than the placebo group. A non-significant reduction of the epithelial defect was also observed in the bevacizumab group compared with the placebo (RR = 0.56, 95%CI: 0.30 to 1.06). Compared with a placebo, the unsynthesizable trials also support that bevacizumab improves visual acuity, CoNV, graft rejection, and failure rates. Trials reporting other comparisons revealed the superiority of combined remedy with bevacizumab compared to other treatments in reducing CoNV.

CONCLUSION

Anti-VEGF agents, mainly bevacizumab, are an effective and safe treatment for CoNV of all causes and prevent corneal graft rejection and failure in corneal transplantation.

High-fat, high-carbohydrate diet-induced prediabetes preconception in Sprague-Dawley rats as a risk factor for the development of preeclampsia: assessing changes in placental metabolic insults

Introduction

Hyperglycemia preconception deranges the establishment of a functional placenta; however, the risk of developing preeclampsia (PE) in prediabetic patients remains obscure. The aim was to assess abnormal placental changes as a risk factor for the development of PE in high-fat, high-carbohydrate (HFHC) diet-induced prediabetic (PD) rats.

Methods

HFHC diet-induced female prediabetic Sprague-Dawley rats were mated, and blood glucose concentrations, mean arterial pressure (MAP), and body weights were monitored on gestational days (GNDs) 0, 9, and 18. On GND 18, animals were euthanized. Blood and placentas were collected for biochemical analysis.

Results

Prediabetic rats showed significantly increased blood glucose concentration, proinflammatory cytokines, MAP, placental weight, and fetoplacental ratio compared with non-prediabetic (NPD) rats. Prediabetic rats showed significantly decreased placental vascular endothelial growth factor receptor 1 (VEGFR1) and placental growth factor (PLGF) and plasma nitric oxide (NO) compared with NPD.

Discussion

Prediabetes may have promoted endothelial dysfunction in the placenta and hypoxia, thus reducing PLGF and VEGFR1, which may have promoted proinflammation, endothelial dysfunction associated with NO decline, and hypertension, which is also observed in preeclamptic patients. Prediabetes may have promoted lipogenesis in placentas and fetuses that may have induced macrosomia and IUGR, also observed in preeclamptic patients. The findings from this study highlight the need for screening and monitoring of prediabetes during pregnancy to reduce the risk of developing preeclampsia.

The Influence of Different Irradiation Regimens on Inflammation and Vascularization in a Random-Pattern Flap Model

BACKGROUND

Irradiation plays an important role in the oncological treatment of various tumor entities. The aim of the study was to investigate the influence of different irradiation regimens on random-pattern flaps at the molecular and histopathological levels.

METHODS

Twenty-five rats underwent harvesting of bilateral random-pattern fasciocutaneous flaps. The right flaps received irradiation, while the left flaps served as non-irradiated intraindividual controls. Five rats served as a non-irradiated control group. Four different irradiation regimens with give rats each were tested: 20 Gy postoperatively, 3 × 12 Gy postoperatively, 20 Gy preoperatively, and 3 × 12 Gy preoperatively. Two weeks after surgery, HE staining and immunohistochemical staining for CD68 and ERG, as well as PCR analysis to detect Interleukin 6, HIF-1α, and VEGF, were performed.

RESULTS

A postoperative cumulative higher dose of irradiation appeared to result in an increase in necrosis, especially in the superficial layers of the flap compared to preoperative or single-stage irradiation. In addition, we observed increased expression of VEGF and HIF-1α in all irradiation groups.

CONCLUSION

Even though no statistically significant differences were found between the different groups, there was a tendency for fractional postoperative irradiation with a higher total dose to have a more harmful effect compared to preoperative or single-dose irradiation.

Analysis of RNA Interference Targeted Against Human Antigen R (HuR) to Reduce Vascular Endothelial Growth Factor (VEGF) Protein Expression in Human Retinal Pigment Epithelial Cells

VEGF-A or vascular endothelial growth factor-A is an important factor in enabling neovascularization and angiogenesis. VEGF-A is regulated transcriptionally as well as post transcriptionally. Human antigen R (HuR) belonging to the embryonic lethal abnormal vision (ELAV) family is a key regulator promoting stabilization of VEGF-A mRNA. In this research we investigate, whether HuR targeted RNA interference would enable the reduction of the VEGF-A protein in human retinal pigment epithelial cells (ARPE-19) in-vitro, in normoxic conditions. Three siRNA molecules with sequences complementary to three regions of the HuR mRNA were designed. The three designed siRNA molecules were individually transfected in ARPE-19 cells using Lipofectamine™2000 reagent. Post-transfection (24 h, 48 h, 72 h), downregulation of HuR mRNA was estimated by real-time polymerase reaction, while HuR protein and VEGF-A protein levels were semi-quantitatively determined by western blotting techniques. VEGF-A protein levels were additionally quantified using ELISA techniques. All experiments were done in triplicate. The designed siRNA could successfully downregulate HuR mRNA with concomitant decreases in HuR and VEGF-A protein. The study reveals that HuR downregulation can prominently downregulate VEGF-A, making the protein a target for therapy against pathological angiogenesis conditions such as diabetic retinopathy.

Inducing Angiogenesis in the Nucleus Pulposus

Bone morphogenetic protein (BMP) gene delivery to Lewis rat lumbar intervertebral discs (IVDs) drives bone formation anterior and external to the IVD, suggesting the IVD is inhospitable to osteogenesis. This study was designed to determine if IVD destruction with a proteoglycanase, and/or generating an IVD blood supply by gene delivery of an angiogenic growth factor, could render the IVD permissive to intra-discal BMP-driven osteogenesis and fusion. Surgical intra-discal delivery of naïve or gene-programmed cells (BMP2/BMP7 co-expressing or VEGF165 expressing) +/- purified chondroitinase-ABC (chABC) in all permutations was performed between lumbar 4/5 and L5/6 vertebrae, and radiographic, histology, and biomechanics endpoints were collected. Follow-up anti-sFlt Western blotting was performed. BMP and VEGF/BMP treatments had the highest stiffness, bone production and fusion. Bone was induced anterior to the IVD, and was not intra-discal from any treatment. chABC impaired BMP-driven osteogenesis, decreased histological staining for IVD proteoglycans, and made the IVD permissive to angiogenesis. A soluble fragment of VEGF Receptor-1 (sFlt) was liberated from the IVD matrix by incubation with chABC, suggesting dysregulation of the sFlt matrix attachment is a possible mechanism for the chABC-mediated IVD angiogenesis we observed. Based on these results, the IVD can be manipulated to foster vascular invasion, and by extension, possibly osteogenesis.

Nanotoxicity of multifunctional stoichiometric cobalt oxide nanoparticles (SCoONPs) with repercussions toward apoptosis, necrosis, and cancer necrosis factor (TNF-α) at nano-biointerfaces

Introduction

Apoptosis, necrosis, and cancer necrosis factor (TNF-a) are all impacted by the nanotoxicity of multifunctional stoichiometric cobalt oxide nanoparticles (SCoONPs) at nano-biointerfaces. The creation of multi-functional nanoparticles has had a considerable impact on the transport of drugs and genes, nanotheranostics (in-vivo imaging, concurrent diagnostics), interventions for external healing, the creation of nano-bio interfaces, and the instigation of desired changes in nanotherapeutics.

Objectives

The quantitative structure-activity relationships, chemical transformations, biological interactions as well as toxicological analyses are considered as main objectives. Discrete dimensions of SCoNPs-cell interaction interfaces, their characteristic physical features (size, shape, shell structure, and surface chemistry), impact on cell proliferation and differentiation are the key factors responsible for nanotoxicity.

Methods

The development of multi-functional nanoparticles has been significant in drug/gene delivery, nanotheranostics (in-vivo imaging, coinciding diagnostics), and external healing interventions, designing a nano-bio interface, as well as inciting desired alterations in nanotherapeutics. Every so often, the cellular uptake of multi-functional cobalt [Co, CoO, Co2(CO)8 and Co3O4] nanoparticles (SCoONPs) influences cellular mechanics and initiates numerous repercussions (oxidative stress, DNA damage, cytogenotoxicity, and chromosomal damage) in pathways, including the generation of dysregulating factors involved in biochemical transformations.

Results

The concerns and influences of multifunctional SCoNPs on different cell mechanisms (mitochondria impermeability, hydrolysis of ATP, the concentration of Ca2+, impaired calcium clearance, defective autophagy, apoptosis, and necrosis), and interlinked properties (adhesion, motility, and internalization dynamics, role in toxicity, surface hydrophilic and hydrophobicity, biokinetics and biomimetic behaviors of biochemical reactions) have also been summarized. SCoONPs have received a lot of interest among the nanocarriers family because of its advantageous qualities such as biodegradability, biocompatibility, nontoxicity, and nonimmunogenicity.

Conclusion

Various applications, such as bio-imaging, cell labeling, gene delivery, enhanced chemical stability, and increased biocompatibility, concerning apoptosis, necrosis, and nano-bio interfaces, along with suitable examples. In this analysis, the multi-functional cobalt [Co, CoO, Co2(CO)8 and Co3O4] nanoparticles (SCoNPs) intricacies (cytogenotoxicity, clastogenicity, and immunomodulatory), nanotoxicity, and associated repercussions have been highlighted and explained.

Is There a Relationship Between First-Trimester Aneuploidy Screening Serum Biomarker Values and Nuchal Translucency Measurements and the Development of Retinopathy of Prematurity (ROP) in Premature Infants?

Purpose The purpose of this study is the evaluation of serum biomarker and nuchal translucency (NT) values measured during first-trimester aneuploidy screening in terms of the development of retinopathy of prematurity (ROP) in premature infants and investigation of whether the development of ROP is associated with these parameters. Methods In this retrospective cohort study, 3,750 premature infants who underwent ROP screening from 2016 to 2021 were identified from the hospital medical record system. Among 2,130 premature babies screened for first-trimester aneuploidy, 166 babies whose mothers had single pregnancies were screened by the same method and showed the same clinical course in both eyes were included in the study. The infants were divided into two groups according to the presence of ROP, and those with ROP were further evaluated in two groups according to the presence of proliferation. The groups were compared in terms of the serum values of human chorionic gonadotropin and pregnancy-associated plasma protein A, among aneuploidy screening biomarkers, and NT measurements. Results There was no significant difference in the evaluated serum biomarker values and NT measurements between the ROP and non-ROP groups or between the proliferative ROP, non-proliferative ROP, and non-ROP groups. Conclusion Our results showed that first-trimester aneuploidy screening serum biomarker values and NT measurements were not associated with the development of ROP in premature infants.

Making a good egg: human oocyte health, aging, and in vitro development

Mammalian eggs (oocytes) are formed during fetal life and establish associations with somatic cells to form primordial follicles that create a store of germ cells (the primordial pool). The size of this pool is influenced by key events during the formation of germ cells and by factors that influence the subsequent activation of follicle growth. These regulatory pathways must ensure that the reserve of oocytes within primordial follicles in humans lasts for up to 50 years, yet only approximately 0.1% will ever be ovulated with the rest undergoing degeneration. This review outlines the mechanisms and regulatory pathways that govern the processes of oocyte and follicle formation and later growth, within the ovarian stroma, through to ovulation with particular reference to human oocytes/follicles. In addition, the effects of aging on female reproductive capacity through changes in oocyte number and quality are emphasized, with both the cellular mechanisms and clinical implications discussed. Finally, the details of current developments in culture systems that support all stages of follicle growth to generate mature oocytes in vitro and emerging prospects for making new oocytes from stem cells are outlined.