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Pedersen EB, Christiansen S, Svingen T. AOP key event relationship report: Linking androgen receptor antagonism with nipple retention. Curr Res Toxicol 2022; 3:100085. [PMID: 36090961 PMCID: PMC9459418 DOI: 10.1016/j.crtox.2022.100085] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 08/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/01/2022] Open
Abstract
A full AOP KER description linking AR antagonism with nipple retention in rodents. Described KER 2133 is a non-adjacent KER of an intended AOP delineating anti-androgenicity as a mode for nipple retention. A case study for developing and publishing independent units of information under the AOP framework.
In rat developmental and reproductive toxicity studies, nipple/areola retention (NR) in male offspring is a biomarker for reduced androgen signaling during development. This is because nipples normally regress in male rats in response to androgen signaling during critical stages of development. NR is thus included as a mandatory endpoint in several OECD test guidelines for assessment of chemicals, particularly as a readout for anti-androgenic effects relevant for reproductive toxicity. With the growing interest in developing Adverse Outcome Pathways (AOPs) to aid in chemical risk assessment, a more pragmatic approach has been proposed, whereby essential units of knowledge could be developed independently of complete AOPs, not least emergent key event relationships (KERs). Herein, we have developed a KER linking “androgen receptor antagonism” and “increased areola/nipple retention”. The KER is based on a literature review conducted in a transparent semi-systematic manner in peer-reviewed databases with pre-defined inclusion criteria. Twenty-seven papers were included for development of the KER. The results support a qualitative relationship between the two key events (KEs) with a high weight of evidence; i.e., a causal relationship between androgen receptor (AR) antagonism and nipple retention in male rats exists.
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52
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Leach DA, Fernandes RC, Bevan CL. Cellular specificity of androgen receptor, coregulators, and pioneer factors in prostate cancer. ENDOCRINE ONCOLOGY (BRISTOL, ENGLAND) 2022; 2:R112-R131. [PMID: 37435460 PMCID: PMC10259329 DOI: 10.1530/eo-22-0065] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/26/2022] [Accepted: 09/08/2022] [Indexed: 07/13/2023]
Abstract
Androgen signalling, through the transcription factor androgen receptor (AR), is vital to all stages of prostate development and most prostate cancer progression. AR signalling controls differentiation, morphogenesis, and function of the prostate. It also drives proliferation and survival in prostate cancer cells as the tumour progresses; given this importance, it is the main therapeutic target for disseminated disease. AR is also essential in the surrounding stroma, for the embryonic development of the prostate and controlling epithelial glandular development. Stromal AR is also important in cancer initiation, regulating paracrine factors that excite cancer cell proliferation, but lower stromal AR expression correlates with shorter time to progression/worse outcomes. The profile of AR target genes is different between benign and cancerous epithelial cells, between castrate-resistant prostate cancer cells and treatment-naïve cancer cells, between metastatic and primary cancer cells, and between epithelial cells and fibroblasts. This is also true of AR DNA-binding profiles. Potentially regulating the cellular specificity of AR binding and action are pioneer factors and coregulators, which control and influence the ability of AR to bind to chromatin and regulate gene expression. The expression of these factors differs between benign and cancerous cells, as well as throughout disease progression. The expression profile is also different between fibroblast and mesenchymal cell types. The functional importance of coregulators and pioneer factors in androgen signalling makes them attractive therapeutic targets, but given the contextual expression of these factors, it is essential to understand their roles in different cancerous and cell-lineage states.
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Affiliation(s)
- Damien A Leach
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Rayzel C Fernandes
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
| | - Charlotte L Bevan
- Division of Cancer, Imperial Centre for Translational & Experimental Medicine, Imperial College London, Hammersmith Hospital Campus, London, UK
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53
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Epigenetic Coregulation of Androgen Receptor Signaling. ADVANCES IN EXPERIMENTAL MEDICINE AND BIOLOGY 2022; 1390:277-293. [DOI: 10.1007/978-3-031-11836-4_16] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
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54
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Erdmann É, Ould Madi Berthélémy P, Cottard F, Angel CZ, Schreyer E, Ye T, Morlet B, Negroni L, Kieffer B, Céraline J. Androgen receptor-mediated transcriptional repression targets cell plasticity in prostate cancer. Mol Oncol 2021; 16:2518-2536. [PMID: 34919781 PMCID: PMC9462842 DOI: 10.1002/1878-0261.13164] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/02/2021] [Revised: 11/16/2021] [Accepted: 12/15/2021] [Indexed: 11/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling remains the key therapeutic target in the management of hormone‐naïve‐advanced prostate cancer (PCa) and castration‐resistant PCa (CRPC). Recently, landmark molecular features have been reported for CRPC, including the expression of constitutively active AR variants that lack the ligand‐binding domain. Besides their role in CRPC, AR variants lead to the expression of genes involved in tumor progression. However, little is known about the specificity of their mode of action compared with that of wild‐type AR (AR‐WT). We performed AR transcriptome analyses in an androgen‐dependent PCa cell line as well as cross‐analyses with publicly available RNA‐seq datasets and established that transcriptional repression capacity that was marked for AR‐WT was pathologically lost by AR variants. Functional enrichment analyses allowed us to associate AR‐WT repressive function to a panel of genes involved in cell adhesion and epithelial‐to‐mesenchymal transition. So, we postulate that a less documented AR‐WT normal function in prostate epithelial cells could be the repression of a panel of genes linked to cell plasticity and that this repressive function could be pathologically abrogated by AR variants in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Éva Erdmann
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | | | - Félicie Cottard
- University of Freiburg - Albert - Ludwigs - Universität Freiburg, Germany
| | | | - Edwige Schreyer
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Tao Ye
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Bastien Morlet
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Luc Negroni
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Bruno Kieffer
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France
| | - Jocelyn Céraline
- CNRS, UMR 7104, INSERM U1258 - IGBMC - University de Strasbourg, France.,Institut de Cancérologie de Strasbourg Europe (ICANS), Hôpitaux Universitaires de Strasbourg, France.,Fédération de Médecine Translationnelle de Strasbourg - FMTS - Faculté de Médecine, Université de Strasbourg, France
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55
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Deng Q, Wang Z, Du Y, Zhang Y, Liang H. Transcriptional regulation of PEBP1 expression by androgen receptor in mouse testes. Syst Biol Reprod Med 2021; 68:70-79. [PMID: 34894936 DOI: 10.1080/19396368.2021.2004471] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/09/2022]
Abstract
Androgen and AR are essential for maintaining spermatogenesis and male fertility. Previous studies have shown that the phosphatidyl ethanolamine binding protein 1 (Pebp1) gene is down-regulated in the selective ablation of the AR in the Sertoli cells of mouse testes compared with wild-type mice, indicating that Pebp1 is a candidate target of AR. The ChIP-PCR data and ChIP-sequencing results of this study verified that Pebp1 is a target gene regulated by AR. Real-time PCR, Western blot analysis, and immunofluorescence data showed that Pebp1 is expressed at all stages of testicular development, with an increasing trend from 1 to 8 weeks of postnatal development. PEBP1 was principally located in the cytoplasm, and high-intensity fluorescence revealed PEBP in the lumen of the testicular tubules. Bioinformatics analysis indicated effective androgen-responsive elements (AREs) located in the promotor of Pepb1 gene. Dual fluorescence assay data showed that androgens and AR could bind to the AREs of Pebp1 and induce an increase of gene expression. These data suggest that Pepb1 is a newfound target gene regulated by androgens and AR in mouse Sertoli cells. However, the detailed molecular mechanism of their role in spermatogenesis still needs to be further studied.Abbreviations: AR: androgen receptor; Pebp1: phosphatidyl ethanolamine binding protein 1; ARKO: androgen receptor knockout; WT: wild type; SCARKO: Sertoli cell-selective androgen receptor knockout; ChIP: chromatin immunoprecipitation; RKIP: Raf kinase inhibitory protein; MAPK: mitogen-activated protein kinase; NF-κB: nuclear factor kappa-light-chain-enhancer of activated B cells; GSK-3: glycogen synthase kinase-3; RT-PCR: reverse transcriptase polymerase chain reaction; SEM: standard error of the mean.
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Affiliation(s)
- Qiong Deng
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Shenzhen Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University 518109, Guangdong, China.,Central Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University 518109, Guangdong, China
| | - Zhu Wang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Shenzhen Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University 518109, Guangdong, China
| | - Ye Du
- Central Laboratory, Affiliated Shenzhen Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University 518109, Guangdong, China
| | - Ying Zhang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Shenzhen Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University 518109, Guangdong, China
| | - Hui Liang
- Department of Urology, Affiliated Shenzhen Longhua People's Hospital, Southern Medical University 518109, Guangdong, China
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Palicelli A, Croci S, Bisagni A, Zanetti E, De Biase D, Melli B, Sanguedolce F, Ragazzi M, Zanelli M, Chaux A, Cañete-Portillo S, Bonasoni MP, Soriano A, Ascani S, Zizzo M, Castro Ruiz C, De Leo A, Giordano G, Landriscina M, Carrieri G, Cormio L, Berney DM, Gandhi J, Santandrea G, Bonacini M. What Do We Have to Know about PD-L1 Expression in Prostate Cancer? A Systematic Literature Review. Part 4: Experimental Treatments in Pre-Clinical Studies (Cell Lines and Mouse Models). Int J Mol Sci 2021; 22:12297. [PMID: 34830179 PMCID: PMC8618402 DOI: 10.3390/ijms222212297] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/12/2021] [Revised: 10/26/2021] [Accepted: 10/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023] Open
Abstract
In prostate cancer (PC), the PD-1/PD-L1 axis regulates various signaling pathways and it is influenced by extracellular factors. Pre-clinical experimental studies investigating the effects of various treatments (alone or combined) may discover how to overcome the immunotherapy-resistance in PC-patients. We performed a systematic literature review (PRISMA guidelines) to delineate the landscape of pre-clinical studies (including cell lines and mouse models) that tested treatments with effects on PD-L1 signaling in PC. NF-kB, MEK, JAK, or STAT inhibitors on human/mouse, primary/metastatic PC-cell lines variably down-modulated PD-L1-expression, reducing chemoresistance and tumor cell migration. If PC-cells were co-cultured with NK, CD8+ T-cells or CAR-T cells, the immune cell cytotoxicity increased when PD-L1 was downregulated (opposite effects for PD-L1 upregulation). In mouse models, radiotherapy, CDK4/6-inhibitors, and RB deletion induced PD-L1-upregulation, causing PC-immune-evasion. Epigenetic drugs may reduce PD-L1 expression. In some PC experimental models, blocking only the PD-1/PD-L1 pathway had limited efficacy in reducing the tumor growth. Anti-tumor effects could be increased by combining the PD-1/PD-L1 blockade with other approaches (inhibitors of tyrosine kinase, PI3K/mTOR or JAK/STAT3 pathways, p300/CBP; anti-RANKL and/or anti-CTLA-4 antibodies; cytokines; nitroxoline; DNA/cell vaccines; radiotherapy/Radium-223).
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Affiliation(s)
- Andrea Palicelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.B.); (E.Z.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.P.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Stefania Croci
- Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.B.)
| | - Alessandra Bisagni
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.B.); (E.Z.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.P.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Eleonora Zanetti
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.B.); (E.Z.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.P.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Dario De Biase
- Department of Pharmacy and Biotechnology (FABIT), University of Bologna, 40126 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Beatrice Melli
- Fertility Center, Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
- International Doctorate School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | | | - Moira Ragazzi
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.B.); (E.Z.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.P.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Magda Zanelli
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.B.); (E.Z.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.P.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Alcides Chaux
- Department of Scientific Research, School of Postgraduate Studies, Norte University, Asunción 1614, Paraguay;
| | - Sofia Cañete-Portillo
- Department of Pathology, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL 35294, USA;
| | - Maria Paola Bonasoni
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.B.); (E.Z.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.P.B.); (G.S.)
| | - Alessandra Soriano
- Department of Pathology, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, OH 44106, USA;
- Gastroenterology Division, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy
| | - Stefano Ascani
- Pathology Unit, Azienda Ospedaliera Santa Maria di Terni, University of Perugia, 05100 Terni, Italy;
- Haematopathology Unit, CREO, Azienda Ospedaliera di Perugia, University of Perugia, 06129 Perugia, Italy
| | - Maurizio Zizzo
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Carolina Castro Ruiz
- International Doctorate School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
- Surgical Oncology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy;
| | - Antonio De Leo
- Molecular Diagnostic Unit, Azienda USL Bologna, Department of Experimental, Diagnostic and Specialty Medicine, University of Bologna, 40138 Bologna, Italy;
| | - Guido Giordano
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Matteo Landriscina
- Medical Oncology Unit, Department of Medical and Surgical Sciences, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.G.); (M.L.)
| | - Giuseppe Carrieri
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Luigi Cormio
- Department of Urology and Renal Transplantation, University of Foggia, 71122 Foggia, Italy; (G.C.); (L.C.)
| | - Daniel M. Berney
- Barts Cancer Institute, Queen Mary University of London, London EC1M 5PZ, UK;
| | - Jatin Gandhi
- Department of Pathology and Laboratory Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, WA 98195, USA;
| | - Giacomo Santandrea
- Pathology Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (A.B.); (E.Z.); (M.R.); (M.Z.); (M.P.B.); (G.S.)
- International Doctorate School in Clinical and Experimental Medicine, University of Modena and Reggio Emilia, 41121 Modena, Italy;
| | - Martina Bonacini
- Clinical Immunology, Allergy and Advanced Biotechnologies Unit, Azienda USL-IRCCS di Reggio Emilia, 42123 Reggio Emilia, Italy; (S.C.); (M.B.)
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Kim JW, Park M, Kim S, Lim SC, Kim HS, Kang KW. Anti-metastatic effect of GV1001 on prostate cancer cells; roles of GnRHR-mediated Gαs-cAMP pathway and AR-YAP1 axis. Cell Biosci 2021. [PMID: 34743733 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00704-3.] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/10/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) transmits its signal via two major Gα-proteins, primarily Gαq and Gαi. However, the precise mechanism underlying the functions of Gαs signal in prostate cancer cells is still unclear. We have previously identified that GV1001, a fragment of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase, functions as a biased GnRHR ligand to selectively stimulate the Gαs/cAMP pathway. Here, we tried to reveal the potential mechanisms of which GV1001-stimulated Gαs-cAMP signaling pathway reduces the migration and metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. METHODS The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes was measured by western-blotting and spheroid formation on ultra-low attachment plate was detected after GV1001 treatment. In vivo Spleen-liver metastasis mouse model was used to explore the inhibitory effect of GV1001 on metastatic ability of PCa and the transwell migration assay was performed to identify whether GV1001 had a suppressive effect on cell migration in vitro. In order to demonstrate the interaction between androgen receptor (AR) and YAP1, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), immunofluorescence (IF) staining, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were performed in LNCaP cells with and without GV1001 treatment. RESULTS GV1001 inhibited expression of EMT-related genes and spheroid formation. GV1001 also suppressed in vivo spleen-liver metastasis of LNCaP cells as well as cell migration in vitro. GV1001 enhanced the phosphorylation of AR and transcription activity of androgen response element reporter gene through cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. Moreover, GV1001 increased Ser-127 phosphorylation of YAP1 and its ubiquitination, and subsequently decreased the levels of AR-YAP1 binding in the promoter region of the CTGF gene. In contrast, both protein and mRNA levels of NKX3.1 known for tumor suppressor gene and AR-coregulator were upregulated by GV1001 in LNCaP cells. YAP1 knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly suppressed the migration ability of LNCaP cells, and GV1001 did not affect the cell migration of YAP1-deficient LNCaP cells. On the contrary, cell migration was more potentiated in LNCaP cells overexpressing YAP5SA, a constitutively active form of YAP1, which was not changed by GV1001 treatment. CONCLUSIONS Overall, this study reveals an essential role of AR-YAP1 in the regulation of PCa cell migration, and provides evidence that GV1001 could be a novel GnRHR ligand to inhibit metastasis of PCa via the Gαs/cAMP pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Miso Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Kim JW, Park M, Kim S, Lim SC, Kim HS, Kang KW. Anti-metastatic effect of GV1001 on prostate cancer cells; roles of GnRHR-mediated Gαs-cAMP pathway and AR-YAP1 axis. Cell Biosci 2021; 11:191. [PMID: 34743733 PMCID: PMC8574053 DOI: 10.1186/s13578-021-00704-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/08/2021] [Accepted: 10/29/2021] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Gonadotropin-releasing hormone receptor (GnRHR) transmits its signal via two major Gα-proteins, primarily Gαq and Gαi. However, the precise mechanism underlying the functions of Gαs signal in prostate cancer cells is still unclear. We have previously identified that GV1001, a fragment of the human telomerase reverse transcriptase, functions as a biased GnRHR ligand to selectively stimulate the Gαs/cAMP pathway. Here, we tried to reveal the potential mechanisms of which GV1001-stimulated Gαs-cAMP signaling pathway reduces the migration and metastasis of prostate cancer (PCa) cells. Methods The expression of epithelial-mesenchymal transition (EMT)-related genes was measured by western-blotting and spheroid formation on ultra-low attachment plate was detected after GV1001 treatment. In vivo Spleen-liver metastasis mouse model was used to explore the inhibitory effect of GV1001 on metastatic ability of PCa and the transwell migration assay was performed to identify whether GV1001 had a suppressive effect on cell migration in vitro. In order to demonstrate the interaction between androgen receptor (AR) and YAP1, co-immunoprecipitation (co-IP), immunofluorescence (IF) staining, chromatin immunoprecipitation (ChIP) were performed in LNCaP cells with and without GV1001 treatment. Results GV1001 inhibited expression of EMT-related genes and spheroid formation. GV1001 also suppressed in vivo spleen-liver metastasis of LNCaP cells as well as cell migration in vitro. GV1001 enhanced the phosphorylation of AR and transcription activity of androgen response element reporter gene through cAMP/protein kinase A pathway. Moreover, GV1001 increased Ser-127 phosphorylation of YAP1 and its ubiquitination, and subsequently decreased the levels of AR-YAP1 binding in the promoter region of the CTGF gene. In contrast, both protein and mRNA levels of NKX3.1 known for tumor suppressor gene and AR-coregulator were upregulated by GV1001 in LNCaP cells. YAP1 knockout using CRISPR/Cas9 significantly suppressed the migration ability of LNCaP cells, and GV1001 did not affect the cell migration of YAP1-deficient LNCaP cells. On the contrary, cell migration was more potentiated in LNCaP cells overexpressing YAP5SA, a constitutively active form of YAP1, which was not changed by GV1001 treatment. Conclusions Overall, this study reveals an essential role of AR-YAP1 in the regulation of PCa cell migration, and provides evidence that GV1001 could be a novel GnRHR ligand to inhibit metastasis of PCa via the Gαs/cAMP pathway. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13578-021-00704-3.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ji Won Kim
- Division of Hematology and Medical Oncology, University of California, San Francisco, CA, 94143, USA
| | - Miso Park
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Suntae Kim
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea
| | - Sung Chul Lim
- Department of Pathology, College of Medicine, Chosun University, Gwangju, 61452, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyung Shik Kim
- College of Pharmacy, Sungkyunkwan University, Suwon, 16419, South Korea
| | - Keon Wook Kang
- College of Pharmacy and Research Institute of Pharmaceutical Sciences, Seoul National University, Seoul, 08826, Republic of Korea.
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Yokoyama A, Kouketsu T, Otsubo Y, Noro E, Sawatsubashi S, Shima H, Satoh I, Kawamura S, Suzuki T, Igarashi K, Sugawara A. Identification and Functional Characterization of a Novel Androgen Receptor Coregulator, EAP1. J Endocr Soc 2021; 5:bvab150. [PMID: 34585037 PMCID: PMC8462380 DOI: 10.1210/jendso/bvab150] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays an essential role in the development of prostate cancer, and androgen-deprivation therapy is used as a first-line treatment for prostate cancer. However, under androgen-deprivation therapy, castration-resistant prostate cancer inevitably arises, suggesting that the interacting transcriptional coregulators of AR are promising targets for developing novel therapeutics. In this study, we used novel proteomic techniques to evaluate the AR interactome, including biochemically labile binding proteins, which might go undetected by conventional purification methods. Using rapid immunoprecipitation mass spectrometry of endogenous proteins, we identified enhanced at puberty 1 (EAP1) as a novel AR coregulator, whereas its interaction with AR could not be detected under standard biochemical conditions. EAP1 enhanced the transcriptional activity of AR via the E3 ubiquitin ligase activity, and its ubiquitination substrate proteins included AR and HDAC1. Furthermore, in prostate cancer specimens, EAP1 expression was significantly correlated with AR expression as well as a poor prognosis of prostate cancer. Together, these results suggest that EAP1 is a novel AR coregulator that promotes AR activity and potentially plays a role in prostate cancer progression.
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Affiliation(s)
- Atsushi Yokoyama
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Takumi Kouketsu
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Yuri Otsubo
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Erika Noro
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Shun Sawatsubashi
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Fujii Memorial Institute of Medical Sciences, Institute of Advanced Medical Sciences, Tokushima University, Tokushima, 770-8503, Japan
| | - Hiroki Shima
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Ikuro Satoh
- Department of Pathology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Miyagi 981-1293, Japan
| | - Sadafumi Kawamura
- Department of Urology, Miyagi Cancer Center, Natori, Miyagi 981-1293, Japan
| | - Takashi Suzuki
- Department of Pathology and Histotechnology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Kazuhiko Igarashi
- Department of Biochemistry, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
| | - Akira Sugawara
- Department of Molecular Endocrinology, Tohoku University Graduate School of Medicine, Sendai, Miyagi, 980-8575, Japan
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Yan H, Shen X, Jiang J, Zhang L, Yuan Z, Wu Y, Liu Q, Liu Y. Gene Expression of Takifugu rubripes Gonads During AI- or MT-induced Masculinization and E2-induced Feminization. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6218011. [PMID: 33831176 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqab068] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/05/2020] [Indexed: 01/27/2023]
Abstract
Elucidating the global molecular changes that occur during aromatase inhibitor (AI)- or 17α-methyltestosterone (MT)-induced masculinization and estradiol-17β (E2)-induced feminization is critical to understanding the roles that endocrine and genetic factors play in regulating the process of sex differentiation in fish. Here, fugu larvae were treated with AI (letrozole), MT, or E2 from 25 to 80 days after hatching (dah), and gonadal transcriptomic analysis at 80 dah was performed. The expression of dmrt1, gsdf, foxl2, and other key genes (star, hsd3b1, cyp11c1, cyp19a1a, etc.) involved in the steroid hormone biosynthesis pathway were found be altered. The expression of dmrt1, gsdf, cyp19a1a, and foxl2 was further verified by quantitative polymerase chain reaction. In the control group, the expression of dmrt1 and gsdf was significantly higher in XY larvae than in XX larvae, while the expression of foxl2 and cyp19a1a was significantly higher in XX larvae than in XY larvae (P < .05). AI treatment suppressed the expression of foxl2 and cyp19a1a, and induced the expression of dmrt1 and gsdf in XX larvae. MT treatment suppressed the expression of foxl2, cyp19a1a, dmrt1, and gsdf in XX larvae. E2 treatment suppressed the expression of dmrt1 and gsdf, but did not restore the expression of foxl2 and cyp19a1a in XY larvae. The shared response following AI, MT, and E2 treatment suggested that these genes are essential for sex differentiation. This finding offers some insight into AI or MT-induced masculinization, and E2-induced femininization in fugu.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hongwei Yan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
| | - Xufang Shen
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, 116023, Dalian, China
- College of Life Sciences, Liaoning Normal university, Dalian, Liaoning 116000, China
| | - Jieming Jiang
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Lei Zhang
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, 116023, Dalian, China
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Zhen Yuan
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Yumeng Wu
- College of Fisheries and Life Science, Dalian Ocean University, Dalian, Liaoning 116023, China
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, 116023, Dalian, China
| | - Qi Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, 116023, Dalian, China
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, Liaoning, China
| | - Ying Liu
- Key Laboratory of Environment Controlled Aquaculture, Ministry of Education, 116023, Dalian, China
- College of Marine Science and Environment Engineering, Dalian Ocean University, 116023, Dalian, Liaoning, China
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Kowalczyk W, Waliszczak G, Jach R, Dulińska-Litewka J. Steroid Receptors in Breast Cancer: Understanding of Molecular Function as a Basis for Effective Therapy Development. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:4779. [PMID: 34638264 PMCID: PMC8507808 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13194779] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/04/2021] [Revised: 09/18/2021] [Accepted: 09/20/2021] [Indexed: 12/21/2022] Open
Abstract
Breast cancer remains one of the most important health problems worldwide. The family of steroid receptors (SRs), which comprise estrogen (ER), progesterone (PR), androgen (AR), glucocorticoid (GR) and mineralocorticoid (MR) receptors, along with a receptor for a secosteroid-vitamin D, play a crucial role in the pathogenesis of the disease. They function predominantly as nuclear receptors to regulate gene expression, however, their full spectrum of action reaches far beyond this basic mechanism. SRs are involved in a vast variety of interactions with other proteins, including extensive crosstalk with each other. How they affect the biology of a breast cell depends on such factors as post-translational modifications, expression of coregulators, or which SR isoform is predominantly synthesized in a given cellular context. Although ER has been successfully utilized as a breast cancer therapy target for years, research on therapeutic application of other SRs is still ongoing. Designing effective hormone therapies requires thorough understanding of the molecular function of the SRs. Over the past decades, huge amount of data was obtained in multiple studies exploring this field, therefore in this review we attempt to summarize the current knowledge in a comprehensive way.
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Affiliation(s)
- Wojciech Kowalczyk
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (G.W.)
| | - Grzegorz Waliszczak
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (G.W.)
| | - Robert Jach
- Department of Gynecology and Obstetrics, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 23 Kopernika St., 31-501 Kraków, Poland;
| | - Joanna Dulińska-Litewka
- Chair of Medical Biochemistry, Jagiellonian University Medical College, 7 Kopernika St., 31-034 Kraków, Poland; (W.K.); (G.W.)
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Di Stefano RF, Tucci M, Turco F, Samuelly A, Bungaro M, Pisano C, Vignani F, Gallicchio M, Scagliotti GV, Di Maio M, Buttigliero C. Prognostic role of the duration of response to androgen deprivation therapy in patients with metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer treated with enzalutamide or abiraterone acetate. Prostate Cancer Prostatic Dis 2021; 24:812-825. [PMID: 33603237 DOI: 10.1038/s41391-021-00336-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/16/2020] [Revised: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 01/27/2021] [Indexed: 02/01/2023]
Abstract
BACKGROUND Our retrospective study aims to evaluate the prognostic role of duration of response to androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) in metastatic castration resistant prostate cancer (mCRPC) patients treated with enzalutamide (E) or abiraterone acetate (AA). MATERIALS AND METHODS Data about ADT start and duration were available in 255 (82%) of 311 patients treated with AA or E. Patients were divided in three groups according to ADT response (group 1 [G1]: <12 months; group 2 [G2]: 12-36 months; group 3 [G3]: >36 months). Outcome measures were progression-free survival (PFS) and overall survival (OS). RESULTS Patients with longer ADT response had better OS (median 17.3 months G1, 19.9 months G2, 31.6 months G3; HR G3 vs G1 0.41, 95% CI 0.25-0.64; p = 0.001) and better PFS (median 5.9 months G1, 8.8 months G2, 11.7 months G3; HR G3 vs G1 0.41, 95% CI 0.41-0.27; p < 0001). In docetaxel-naive patients, median OS was 18.8 in G1, 35.2 in G2, and not reached in G3 (HR G3 vs G1 0.33, 95% CI 0.14-0.78; p = 0.038), median PFS was 7 months G1, 9.3 months G2, and 20 months G3 (HR G3 vs G1 0.31, 95% CI 0.15-0.62; p = 0.003). In postdocetaxel patients, median OS was 13.1 months in G1, 17.2 months in G2, and 21.4 months in G3 (HR G3 vs G1 0.52, 95% CI 0.29-0.94; p = 0.082), while median PFS was 5.2 months in G1, 6.8 months in G2, and 8.3 months in G3 (HR G3 vs G1 0.54, 95% CI 0.32-0.91; p = 0.067). CONCLUSIONS Duration of ADT response is an independent prognostic factor of outcome with AA or E.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosario F Di Stefano
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Marcello Tucci
- Medical Oncology Department, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti, Italy.
| | - Fabio Turco
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Alessandro Samuelly
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Maristella Bungaro
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Chiara Pisano
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Francesca Vignani
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Mara Gallicchio
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Giorgio V Scagliotti
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Massimo Di Maio
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, Ordine Mauriziano Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Consuelo Buttigliero
- Department of Oncology, Division of Medical Oncology, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Somatic Alterations Impact AR Transcriptional Activity and Efficacy of AR-Targeting Therapies in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:cancers13163947. [PMID: 34439101 PMCID: PMC8393938 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13163947] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/03/2021] [Revised: 07/31/2021] [Accepted: 08/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
Simple Summary For patients whose prostate cancer spreads beyond the confines of the prostate, treatment options continue to increase. However, we are missing the information that is needed to choose for each patient the best treatment at each step of his cancer progression so we can ensure that maximal remissions and prolonged survival are achieved. In this review, we examine whether a better understanding of how the activity of the target for the default first treatment, the androgen receptor, is regulated in prostate cancer tissues can improve prostate cancer treatment plans. We consider the evidence for variability of androgen receptor activity among patients and examine the molecular basis for this variable action. We summarize clinical evidence supporting that information on a prostate cancer’s genomic composition may inform on its level of androgen receptor action, which may facilitate choice for the most effective first-line therapy and ultimately improve prostate cancer treatment plans overall. Abstract Inhibiting the activity of the ligand-activated transcription factor androgen receptor (AR) is the default first-line treatment for metastatic prostate cancer (CaP). Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) induces remissions, however, their duration varies widely among patients. The reason for this heterogeneity is not known. A better understanding of its molecular basis may improve treatment plans and patient survival. AR’s transcriptional activity is regulated in a context-dependent manner and relies on an interplay between its associated transcriptional regulators, DNA recognition motifs, and ligands. Alterations in one or more of these factors induce shifts in the AR cistrome and transcriptional output. Significant variability in AR activity is seen in both castration-sensitive (CS) and castration-resistant CaP (CRPC). Several AR transcriptional regulators undergo somatic alterations that impact their function in clinical CaPs. Some alterations occur in a significant fraction of cases, resulting in CaP subtypes, while others affect only a few percent of CaPs. Evidence is emerging that these alterations may impact the response to CaP treatments such as ADT, radiation therapy, and chemotherapy. Here, we review the contribution of recurring somatic alterations on AR cistrome and transcriptional output and the efficacy of CaP treatments and explore strategies to use these insights to improve treatment plans and outcomes for CaP patients.
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64
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Zein JG, McManus JM, Sharifi N, Erzurum SC, Marozkina N, Lahm T, Giddings O, Davis MD, DeBoer MD, Comhair SA, Bazeley P, Kim HJ, Busse W, Calhoun W, Castro M, Chung KF, Fahy JV, Israel E, Jarjour NN, Levy BD, Mauger DT, Moore WC, Ortega VE, Peters M, Bleecker ER, Meyers DA, Zhao Y, Wenzel SE, Gaston B. Benefits of Airway Androgen Receptor Expression in Human Asthma. Am J Respir Crit Care Med 2021; 204:285-293. [PMID: 33779531 DOI: 10.1164/rccm.202009-3720oc] [Citation(s) in RCA: 14] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Rationale: Androgens are potentially beneficial in asthma, but AR (androgen receptor) has not been studied in human airways.Objectives: To measure whether AR and its ligands are associated with human asthma outcomes.Methods: We compared the effects of AR expression on lung function, symptom scores, and fractional exhaled nitric oxide (FeNO) in adults enrolled in SARP (Severe Asthma Research Program). The impact of sex and of androgens on asthma outcomes was also evaluated in the SARP with validation studies in the Cleveland Clinic Health System and the NHANES (U.S. National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey).Measurements and Main Results: In SARP (n = 128), AR gene expression from bronchoscopic epithelial brushings was positively associated with both FEV1/FVC ratio (R2 = 0.135, P = 0.0002) and the total Asthma Quality of Life Questionnaire score (R2 = 0.056, P = 0.016) and was negatively associated with FeNO (R2 = 0.178, P = 9.8 × 10-6) and NOS2 (nitric oxide synthase gene) expression (R2 = 0.281, P = 1.2 × 10-10). In SARP (n = 1,659), the Cleveland Clinic Health System (n = 32,527), and the NHANES (n = 2,629), women had more asthma exacerbations and emergency department visits than men. The levels of the AR ligand precursor dehydroepiandrosterone sulfate correlated positively with the FEV1 in both women and men.Conclusions: Higher bronchial AR expression and higher androgen levels are associated with better lung function, fewer symptoms, and a lower FeNO in human asthma. The role of androgens should be considered in asthma management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joe G Zein
- Lerner Research Institute and.,Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | - Serpil C Erzurum
- Lerner Research Institute and.,Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | | | | | | | | | - Mark D DeBoer
- Department of Pediatrics, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, Virginia
| | - Suzy A Comhair
- Lerner Research Institute and.,Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Peter Bazeley
- Lerner Research Institute and.,Respiratory Institute, Cleveland Clinic, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - Hyun Jo Kim
- Department of Systems Biology and Bioinformatics, Case Western Reserve University, Cleveland, Ohio
| | - William Busse
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - William Calhoun
- Department of Medicine, University of Texas Medical Branch, University of Texas, Galveston, Texas
| | - Mario Castro
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas
| | - Kian Fan Chung
- National Heart and Lung Institute, Imperial College London, London, United Kingdom
| | - John V Fahy
- Division of Pulmonary, Critical Care, and Sleep Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Kansas, Kansas City, Kansas.,Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Elliot Israel
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - Nizar N Jarjour
- Department of Medicine, School of Medicine, University of Wisconsin, Madison, Wisconsin
| | - Bruce D Levy
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Brigham and Women's Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Harvard University, Boston, Massachusetts
| | - David T Mauger
- Center for Biostatistics and Epidemiology, School of Medicine, Pennsylvania State University, Hershey, Pennsylvania
| | - Wendy C Moore
- Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergic, and Immunologic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Victor E Ortega
- Section on Pulmonary, Critical Care, Allergic, and Immunologic Disease, Department of Internal Medicine, School of Medicine, Wake Forest University, Winston-Salem, North Carolina
| | - Michael Peters
- Division of Pulmonary and Critical Care Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of California at San Francisco, San Francisco, California
| | - Eugene R Bleecker
- Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Deborah A Meyers
- Division of Genetics, Genomics, and Precision Medicine, Department of Medicine, University of Arizona, Tucson, Arizona; and
| | - Yi Zhao
- Department of Biostatistics and Health Science Data, School of Medicine, Indiana University, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Sally E Wenzel
- Department of Environmental and Occupational Health, University of Pittsburgh, Pittsburgh, Pennsylvania
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Ban F, Leblanc E, Cavga AD, Huang CCF, Flory MR, Zhang F, Chang MEK, Morin H, Lallous N, Singh K, Gleave ME, Mohammed H, Rennie PS, Lack NA, Cherkasov A. Development of an Androgen Receptor Inhibitor Targeting the N-Terminal Domain of Androgen Receptor for Treatment of Castration Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:3488. [PMID: 34298700 PMCID: PMC8304761 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13143488] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/12/2021] [Revised: 07/05/2021] [Accepted: 07/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer patients undergoing androgen deprivation therapy almost invariably develop castration-resistant prostate cancer. Resistance can occur when mutations in the androgen receptor (AR) render anti-androgen drugs ineffective or through the expression of constitutively active splice variants lacking the androgen binding domain entirely (e.g., ARV7). In this study, we are reporting the discovery of a novel AR-NTD covalent inhibitor 1-chloro-3-[(5-([(2S)-3-chloro-2-hydroxypropyl]amino)naphthalen-1-yl)amino]propan-2-ol (VPC-220010) targeting the AR-N-terminal Domain (AR-NTD). VPC-220010 inhibits AR-mediated transcription of full length and truncated variant ARV7, downregulates AR response genes, and selectively reduces the growth of both full-length AR- and truncated AR-dependent prostate cancer cell lines. We show that VPC-220010 disrupts interactions between AR and known coactivators and coregulatory proteins, such as CHD4, FOXA1, ZMIZ1, and several SWI/SNF complex proteins. Taken together, our data suggest that VPC-220010 is a promising small molecule that can be further optimized into effective AR-NTD inhibitor for the treatment of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fuqiang Ban
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Eric Leblanc
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Ayse Derya Cavga
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey;
| | - Chia-Chi Flora Huang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Mark R. Flory
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; (M.R.F.); (M.E.K.C.); (H.M.)
| | - Fan Zhang
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Matthew E. K. Chang
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; (M.R.F.); (M.E.K.C.); (H.M.)
| | - Hélène Morin
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Nada Lallous
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Kriti Singh
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Martin E. Gleave
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Hisham Mohammed
- Knight Cancer Institute, Oregon Health & Science University, 3181 S.W. Sam Jackson Park Rd., Portland, OR 97239-3098, USA; (M.R.F.); (M.E.K.C.); (H.M.)
| | - Paul S. Rennie
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
| | - Nathan A. Lack
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
- School of Medicine, Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey;
- Koç University Research Centre for Translational Medicine (KUTTAM), Koç University, Rumelifeneri Yolu, 34450 Istanbul, Turkey
| | - Artem Cherkasov
- Vancouver Prostate Centre, University of British Columbia, 2660 Oak Street, Vancouver, BC V6H 3Z6, Canada; (F.B.); (E.L.); (C.-C.F.H.); (F.Z.); (H.M.); (N.L.); (K.S.); (M.E.G.); (P.S.R.); (N.A.L.)
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Hong Z, Xiang Z, Zhang P, Wu Q, Xu C, Wang X, Shi G, Hong Z, Wu D. Histone acetyltransferase 1 upregulates androgen receptor expression to modulate CRPC cell resistance to enzalutamide. Clin Transl Med 2021; 11:e495. [PMID: 34323404 PMCID: PMC8299045 DOI: 10.1002/ctm2.495] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/16/2021] [Revised: 06/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/23/2021] [Indexed: 12/31/2022] Open
Abstract
Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) is the latest stage of PCa, and there is almost no effective treatment available for the patients with CRPC when next-generation androgen deprivation therapy drugs, such as enzalutamide (ENZ), fail. The androgen receptor (AR) plays key roles in PCa and CRPC progression and drug resistance. Histone acetyltransferase 1 (HAT1) has recently been reported to be highly expressed in some tumors, such as lung carcinoma. However, what relationship between the AR and HAT1, and whether or how HAT1 plays roles in CRPC progression and drug resistance remain elusive. In the present study, we found that HAT1 is highly expressed in PCa cells, and the overexpression of HAT1 is linked with CRPC cell proliferation. Moreover, the HAT1 expression is positively correlated with the expression of AR, including both AR-FL (full-length) and AR-V7 (variant 7), which is mainly mediated by a bromodomain containing protein 4 (BRD4) -mediated pathway. Furthermore, knockdown of HAT1 can re-sensitize the response of CRPC cells to ENZ treatment in cells and mouse models. In addition, ascorbate was observed to decrease AR expression through downregulation of HAT1 expression. Collectively, our findings reveal a novel AR signaling regulation pathway in PCa and CRPC and suggest that HAT1 serves as a critical oncoprotein and an ideal target for the treatment of ENZ resistance in CRPC patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zhe Hong
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zhendong Xiang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Pan Zhang
- Illinois Informatics InstituteUniversity of Illinois at Urbana‐ChampaignChampaignIllinoisUSA
| | - Qiang Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Chengdang Xu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Xinan Wang
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Guowei Shi
- Department of Urology, the Fifth People's Hospital of ShanghaiUrology Research Center of Fudan UniversityShanghaiChina
| | - Zongyuan Hong
- Laboratory of Quantitative PharmacologyWannan Medical CollegeWuhuChina
| | - Denglong Wu
- Department of Urology, Tongji Hospital, School of MedicineTongji UniversityShanghaiChina
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Launonen KM, Paakinaho V, Sigismondo G, Malinen M, Sironen R, Hartikainen JM, Laakso H, Visakorpi T, Krijgsveld J, Niskanen EA, Palvimo JJ. Chromatin-directed proteomics-identified network of endogenous androgen receptor in prostate cancer cells. Oncogene 2021; 40:4567-4579. [PMID: 34127815 PMCID: PMC8266679 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01887-2] [Citation(s) in RCA: 17] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/05/2021] [Revised: 05/18/2021] [Accepted: 06/01/2021] [Indexed: 02/05/2023]
Abstract
Treatment of prostate cancer confronts resistance to androgen receptor (AR)-targeted therapies. AR-associated coregulators and chromatin proteins hold a great potential for novel therapy targets. Here, we employed a powerful chromatin-directed proteomics approach termed ChIP-SICAP to uncover the composition of chromatin protein network, the chromatome, around endogenous AR in castration resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) cells. In addition to several expected AR coregulators, the chromatome contained many nuclear proteins not previously associated with the AR. In the context of androgen signaling in CRPC cells, we further investigated the role of a known AR-associated protein, a chromatin remodeler SMARCA4 and that of SIM2, a transcription factor without a previous association with AR. To understand their role in chromatin accessibility and AR target gene expression, we integrated data from ChIP-seq, RNA-seq, ATAC-seq and functional experiments. Despite the wide co-occurrence of SMARCA4 and AR on chromatin, depletion of SMARCA4 influenced chromatin accessibility and expression of a restricted set of AR target genes, especially those involved in cell morphogenetic changes in epithelial-mesenchymal transition. The depletion also inhibited the CRPC cell growth, validating SMARCA4's functional role in CRPC cells. Although silencing of SIM2 reduced chromatin accessibility similarly, it affected the expression of a much larger group of androgen-regulated genes, including those involved in cellular responses to external stimuli and steroid hormone stimulus. The silencing also reduced proliferation of CRPC cells and tumor size in chick embryo chorioallantoic membrane assay, further emphasizing the importance of SIM2 in CRPC cells and pointing to the functional relevance of this potential prostate cancer biomarker in CRPC cells. Overall, the chromatome of AR identified in this work is an important resource for the field focusing on this important drug target.
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Affiliation(s)
- Kaisa-Mari Launonen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Ville Paakinaho
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | | | - Marjo Malinen
- Department of Environmental and Biological Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Joensuu, Finland
| | - Reijo Sironen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
- Department of Clinical Pathology, Kuopio University Hospital, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jaana M Hartikainen
- Institute of Clinical Medicine, Clinical Pathology and Forensic Medicine, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Hanna Laakso
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Tapio Visakorpi
- Faculty of Medicine and Health Technology, Tampere University and Tays Cancer Centre, Tampere University Hospital, Tampere, Finland
- Fimlab Laboratories, Tampere, Finland
| | - Jeroen Krijgsveld
- German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany
- Heidelberg University, Medical Faculty, Heidelberg, Germany
| | - Einari A Niskanen
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland
| | - Jorma J Palvimo
- Institute of Biomedicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Eastern Finland, Kuopio, Finland.
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68
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Crowley F, Sterpi M, Buckley C, Margetich L, Handa S, Dovey Z. A Review of the Pathophysiological Mechanisms Underlying Castration-resistant Prostate Cancer. Res Rep Urol 2021; 13:457-472. [PMID: 34235102 PMCID: PMC8256377 DOI: 10.2147/rru.s264722] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/19/2021] [Accepted: 06/10/2021] [Indexed: 12/12/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy or ADT is one of the cornerstones of management of locally advanced or metastatic prostate cancer, alongside radiation therapy. However, despite early response, most advanced prostate cancers progress into an androgen unresponsive or castrate resistant state, which hitherto remains an incurable entity and the second leading cause of cancer-related mortality in men in the US. Recent advances have uncovered multiple complex and intermingled mechanisms underlying this transformation. While most of these mechanisms revolve around androgen receptor (AR) signaling, novel pathways which act independently of the androgen axis are also being discovered. The aim of this article is to review the pathophysiological mechanisms that help bypass the apoptotic effects of ADT to create castrate resistance. The article discusses castrate resistance mechanisms under two categories: 1. Direct AR dependent pathways such as amplification or gain of function mutations in AR, development of functional splice variants, posttranslational regulation, and pro-oncogenic modulation in the expression of coactivators vs corepressors of AR. 2. Ancillary pathways involving RAS/MAP kinase, TGF-beta/SMAD pathway, FGF signaling, JAK/STAT pathway, Wnt-Beta catenin and hedgehog signaling as well as the role of cell adhesion molecules and G-protein coupled receptors. miRNAs are also briefly discussed. Understanding the mechanisms involved in the development and progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer is paramount to the development of targeted agents to overcome these mechanisms. A number of targeted agents are currently in development. As we strive for more personalized treatment across oncology care, treatment regimens will need to be tailored based on the type of CRPC and the underlying mechanism of castration resistance.
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Affiliation(s)
- Fionnuala Crowley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Michelle Sterpi
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Conor Buckley
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Lauren Margetich
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Shivani Handa
- Department of Internal Medicine, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Morningside and West, New York, NY, USA
| | - Zach Dovey
- Department of Urology, Icahn School of Medicine, Mount Sinai Hospital, New York, NY, USA
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69
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Wei J, Yin L, Li J, Wang J, Pu T, Duan P, Lin TP, Gao AC, Wu BJ. Bidirectional Cross-talk between MAOA and AR Promotes Hormone-Dependent and Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cancer Res 2021; 81:4275-4289. [PMID: 34167949 DOI: 10.1158/0008-5472.can-21-0198] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2021] [Revised: 05/12/2021] [Accepted: 06/21/2021] [Indexed: 01/03/2023]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) is the primary oncogenic driver of prostate cancer, including aggressive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The molecular mechanisms controlling AR activation in general and AR reactivation in CRPC remain elusive. Here we report that monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), a mitochondrial enzyme that degrades monoamine neurotransmitters and dietary amines, reciprocally interacts with AR in prostate cancer. MAOA was induced by androgens through direct AR binding to a novel intronic androgen response element of the MAOA gene, which in turn promoted AR transcriptional activity via upregulation of Shh/Gli-YAP1 signaling to enhance nuclear YAP1-AR interactions. Silencing MAOA suppressed AR-mediated prostate cancer development and growth, including CRPC, in mice. MAOA expression was elevated and positively associated with AR and YAP1 in human CRPC. Finally, genetic or pharmacologic targeting of MAOA enhanced the growth-inhibition efficacy of enzalutamide, darolutamide, and apalutamide in both androgen-dependent and CRPC cells. Collectively, these findings identify and characterize an MAOA-AR reciprocal regulatory circuit with coamplified effects in prostate cancer. Moreover, they suggest that cotargeting this complex may be a viable therapeutic strategy to treat prostate cancer and CRPC. SIGNIFICANCE: MAOA and AR comprise a positive feedback loop in androgen-dependent and CRPC, providing a mechanistic rationale for combining MAOA inhibition with AR-targeted therapies for prostate cancer treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Wei
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Lijuan Yin
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Jingjing Li
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Jing Wang
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Tianjie Pu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington
| | - Peng Duan
- Uro-Oncology Research Program, Samuel Oschin Comprehensive Cancer Institute, Department of Medicine, Cedars-Sinai Medical Center, Los Angeles, California
| | - Tzu-Ping Lin
- Department of Urology, Taipei Veterans General Hospital, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China.,Department of Urology, School of Medicine, Shu-Tien Urological Research Center, National Yang Ming Chiao Tung University, Taipei, Taiwan, Republic of China
| | - Allen C Gao
- Department of Urologic Surgery, University of California, Davis, Sacramento, California
| | - Boyang Jason Wu
- Department of Pharmaceutical Sciences, College of Pharmacy and Pharmaceutical Sciences, Washington State University, Spokane, Washington.
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70
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Jamroze A, Chatta G, Tang DG. Androgen receptor (AR) heterogeneity in prostate cancer and therapy resistance. Cancer Lett 2021; 518:1-9. [PMID: 34118355 DOI: 10.1016/j.canlet.2021.06.006] [Citation(s) in RCA: 47] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2021] [Revised: 05/16/2021] [Accepted: 06/06/2021] [Indexed: 12/30/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR), a ligand-dependent nuclear transcription factor and a member of steroid hormone receptor family, plays an important role in prostate organogenesis by regulating epithelial differentiation and restricting cell proliferation. Although rarely mutated or amplified in treatment-naïve prostate cancer (PCa), AR signaling drives tumor growth and as a result, therapies that aim to inhibit AR signaling, called ARSIs (AR signaling inhibitors), have been in clinical use for >70 years. Unfortunately, the clinical efficacy of ARSIs is short-lived and the majority of treated patients develop castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Numerous molecular mechanisms have been proposed for castration resistance; however, the cellular basis for CRPC emergence has remained obscure. One under-appreciated cellular mechanism for CRPC development is the AR heterogeneity that pre-exists in treatment-naive primary tumors, i.e., although most PCa cells express AR (i.e., AR+), there is always a population of PCa cells that express no/low AR (i.e., AR-/lo). Importantly, this AR heterogeneity becomes accentuated during ARSI treatment and highly prominent in established CRPC. Here, we provide a succinct summary of AR heterogeneity across the PCa continuum and discuss its impact on PCa response to treatments. While AR+ PCa cells/clones exhibit exquisite sensitivities to ARSIs, AR-/lo PCa cells/clones, which are greatly enriched in stem cell signaling pathways, display de novo resistance to ARSIs. Finally, we offer several potential combinatorial strategies, e.g., ARSIs with stem cell targeting therapeutics, to co-target both AR+ and AR-/lo PCa cells and metastatic clones.
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Affiliation(s)
- Anmbreen Jamroze
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA.
| | - Gurkamal Chatta
- Department of Medicine, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA
| | - Dean G Tang
- Department of Pharmacology & Therapeutics, Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, Buffalo, NY, 14263, USA; Experimental Therapeutics (ET) Graduate Program, University at Buffalo & Roswell Park Comprehensive Cancer Center, NY, 14263, USA.
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71
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Waddell AR, Huang H, Liao D. CBP/p300: Critical Co-Activators for Nuclear Steroid Hormone Receptors and Emerging Therapeutic Targets in Prostate and Breast Cancers. Cancers (Basel) 2021; 13:2872. [PMID: 34201346 PMCID: PMC8229436 DOI: 10.3390/cancers13122872] [Citation(s) in RCA: 45] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2021] [Revised: 05/29/2021] [Accepted: 05/31/2021] [Indexed: 01/10/2023] Open
Abstract
The CREB-binding protein (CBP) and p300 are two paralogous lysine acetyltransferases (KATs) that were discovered in the 1980s-1990s. Since their discovery, CBP/p300 have emerged as important regulatory proteins due to their ability to acetylate histone and non-histone proteins to modulate transcription. Work in the last 20 years has firmly established CBP/p300 as critical regulators for nuclear hormone signaling pathways, which drive tumor growth in several cancer types. Indeed, CBP/p300 are critical co-activators for the androgen receptor (AR) and estrogen receptor (ER) signaling in prostate and breast cancer, respectively. The AR and ER are stimulated by sex hormones and function as transcription factors to regulate genes involved in cell cycle progression, metabolism, and other cellular functions that contribute to oncogenesis. Recent structural studies of the AR/p300 and ER/p300 complexes have provided critical insights into the mechanism by which p300 interacts with and activates AR- and ER-mediated transcription. Breast and prostate cancer rank the first and forth respectively in cancer diagnoses worldwide and effective treatments are urgently needed. Recent efforts have identified specific and potent CBP/p300 inhibitors that target the acetyltransferase activity and the acetytllysine-binding bromodomain (BD) of CBP/p300. These compounds inhibit AR signaling and tumor growth in prostate cancer. CBP/p300 inhibitors may also be applicable for treating breast and other hormone-dependent cancers. Here we provide an in-depth account of the critical roles of CBP/p300 in regulating the AR and ER signaling pathways and discuss the potential of CBP/p300 inhibitors for treating prostate and breast cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- Aaron R. Waddell
- UF Health Cancer Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Florida College of Medicine, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
| | - Haojie Huang
- Departments of Biochemistry and Molecular Biology and Urology, Mayo Clinic College of Medicine and Science, 200 First St. SW, Rochester, MN 55905, USA;
| | - Daiqing Liao
- UF Health Cancer Center, Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, University Florida College of Medicine, 2033 Mowry Road, Gainesville, FL 32610, USA;
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72
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Salinas I, Sinha N, Sen A. Androgen-induced epigenetic modulations in the ovary. J Endocrinol 2021; 249:R53-R64. [PMID: 33764313 PMCID: PMC8080881 DOI: 10.1530/joe-20-0578] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/04/2021] [Accepted: 03/24/2021] [Indexed: 12/16/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, androgens have emerged as critical regulators of female reproduction and women's health in general. While high levels of androgens in women are associated with polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS), recent evidence suggests that a certain amount of direct androgen action through androgen receptor is also essential for normal ovarian function. Moreover, prenatal androgen exposure has been reported to cause developmental reprogramming of the fetus that manifests into adult pathologies, supporting the Developmental Origins of Health and Disease (DOHaD) hypothesis. Therefore, it has become imperative to understand the underlying mechanism of androgen actions and its downstream effects under normal and pathophysiological conditions. Over the years, there has been a lot of studies on androgen receptor function as a transcriptional regulator in the nucleus as well as androgen-induced rapid extra-nuclear signaling. Conversely, new evidence suggests that androgen actions may also be mediated through epigenetic modulation involving both the nuclear and extra-nuclear androgen signaling. This review focuses on androgen-induced epigenetic modifications in female reproduction, specifically in the ovary, and discusses emerging concepts, latest perceptions, and highlight the areas that need further investigation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Irving Salinas
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Physiology, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Niharika Sinha
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
| | - Aritro Sen
- Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Department of Animal Sciences, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, USA
- Corresponding author and person to whom reprint request should be addressed: Aritro Sen Ph.D., Reproductive and Developmental Sciences Program, 3013 Interdisciplinary Science & Technology Building, 766 Service Road, Michigan State University, East Lansing, MI 48824, Ph:517-432-4585;
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73
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McCullough D, Webb R, Enright KJ, Lane KE, McVeigh J, Stewart CE, Davies IG. How the love of muscle can break a heart: Impact of anabolic androgenic steroids on skeletal muscle hypertrophy, metabolic and cardiovascular health. Rev Endocr Metab Disord 2021; 22:389-405. [PMID: 33269425 PMCID: PMC8087567 DOI: 10.1007/s11154-020-09616-y] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 11/16/2020] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
It is estimated 6.4% of males and 1.6% of females globally use anabolic-androgenic steroids (AAS), mostly for appearance and performance enhancing reasons. In combination with resistance exercise, AAS use increases muscle protein synthesis resulting in skeletal muscle hypertrophy and increased performance. Primarily through binding to the androgen receptor, AAS exert their hypertrophic effects via genomic, non-genomic and anti-catabolic mechanisms. However, chronic AAS use also has a detrimental effect on metabolism ultimately increasing the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Much research has focused on AAS effects on blood lipids and lipoproteins, with abnormal concentrations of these associated with insulin resistance, hypertension and increased visceral adipose tissue (VAT). This clustering of interconnected abnormalities is often referred as metabolic syndrome (MetS). Therefore, the aim of this review is to explore the impact of AAS use on mechanisms of muscle hypertrophy and markers of MetS. AAS use markedly decreases high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL-C) and increases low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL-C). Chronic AAS use also appears to cause higher fasting insulin levels and impaired glucose tolerance and possibly higher levels of VAT; however, research is currently lacking on the effects of AAS use on glucose metabolism. While cessation of AAS use can restore normal lipid levels, it may lead to withdrawal symptoms such as depression and hypogonadism that can increase CVD risk. Research is currently lacking on effective treatments for withdrawal symptoms and further long-term research is warranted on the effects of AAS use on metabolic health in males and females.
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Affiliation(s)
- Deaglan McCullough
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
| | - Richard Webb
- Faculty of Science, Liverpool Hope University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Kevin J Enright
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Katie E Lane
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Jim McVeigh
- Substance Use and Associated Behaviours Group, Manchester Metropolitan University, Manchester, UK
| | - Claire E Stewart
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
| | - Ian G Davies
- Research Institute of Sport and Exercise Science, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK.
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74
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Guilherme JPLF, V Shikhova Y, R Dondukovskaya R, A Topanova A, A Semenova E, V Astratenkova I, Ahmetov II. Androgen receptor gene microsatellite polymorphism is associated with muscle mass and strength in bodybuilders and power athlete status. Ann Hum Biol 2021; 48:142-149. [PMID: 33900145 DOI: 10.1080/03014460.2021.1919204] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND The androgen receptor (AR) gene contains a polymorphic trinucleotide (CAG) microsatellite repeat sequence (short or long alleles) that has been associated with fat-free mass in untrained men, which needs to be replicated in athletic cohorts. AIM The purpose of this study was to explore the AR (CAG)n polymorphism in trained individuals. SUBJECTS AND METHODS A total of 61 professional bodybuilders (40 males, 21 females), 73 elite male sprinters and weightlifters and 186 male controls were enrolled in this study. The influence of the AR (CAG)n polymorphism on muscle mass and strength was assessed in bodybuilders, while the frequencies of AR (CAG)n alleles were compared between power athletes and non-athletes. RESULTS The polymorphism was associated with anthropometric and strength measurements in bodybuilders of both genders. Those with ≥21 CAG repeats (i.e. carriers of long alleles) exhibited greater (p < 0.05) body mass index, absolute muscle mass, arm/thigh circumference and upper/lower limb strength compared to those with <21 CAG repeats. Furthermore, carriers of ≥21 CAG repeats were more frequent among power athletes compared to controls (p = 0.0076). CONCLUSIONS Long alleles of the AR (CAG)n polymorphism were associated with greater muscle mass and strength in bodybuilders, and power athlete status.
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Affiliation(s)
- João Paulo L F Guilherme
- Laboratory of Applied Nutrition and Metabolism, School of Physical Education and Sport, University of São Paulo, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Yulia V Shikhova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Rimma R Dondukovskaya
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Weider College of Fitness and Bodybuilding, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Alexandra A Topanova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Institute of Medical Education, Almazov National Medical Research Centre, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ekaterina A Semenova
- Department of Molecular Biology and Genetics, Federal Research and Clinical Center of Physical-Chemical Medicine of Federal Medical Biological Agency, Moscow, Russia.,Sport Technology Research Center, Volga Region State University of Physical Culture, Sport and Tourism, Kazan, Russia
| | - Irina V Astratenkova
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Physiology, St Petersburg State University, St Petersburg, Russia
| | - Ildus I Ahmetov
- Sports Genetics Laboratory, St Petersburg Research Institute of Physical Culture, St Petersburg, Russia.,Department of Physical Education, Plekhanov Russian University of Economics, Moscow, Russia.,Laboratory of Molecular Genetics, Kazan State Medical University, Kazan, Russia.,Research Institute for Sport and Exercise Sciences, Liverpool John Moores University, Liverpool, UK
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75
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Fontana F, Limonta P. Dissecting the Hormonal Signaling Landscape in Castration-Resistant Prostate Cancer. Cells 2021; 10:1133. [PMID: 34067217 PMCID: PMC8151003 DOI: 10.3390/cells10051133] [Citation(s) in RCA: 9] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/08/2021] [Revised: 05/05/2021] [Accepted: 05/06/2021] [Indexed: 02/07/2023] Open
Abstract
Understanding the molecular mechanisms underlying prostate cancer (PCa) progression towards its most aggressive, castration-resistant (CRPC) stage is urgently needed to improve the therapeutic options for this almost incurable pathology. Interestingly, CRPC is known to be characterized by a peculiar hormonal landscape. It is now well established that the androgen/androgen receptor (AR) axis is still active in CRPC cells. The persistent activity of this axis in PCa progression has been shown to be related to different mechanisms, such as intratumoral androgen synthesis, AR amplification and mutations, AR mRNA alternative splicing, increased expression/activity of AR-related transcription factors and coregulators. The hypothalamic gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH), by binding to its specific receptors (GnRH-Rs) at the pituitary level, plays a pivotal role in the regulation of the reproductive functions. GnRH and GnRH-R are also expressed in different types of tumors, including PCa. Specifically, it has been demonstrated that, in CRPC cells, the activation of GnRH-Rs is associated with a significant antiproliferative/proapoptotic, antimetastatic and antiangiogenic activity. This antitumor activity is mainly mediated by the GnRH-R-associated Gαi/cAMP signaling pathway. In this review, we dissect the molecular mechanisms underlying the role of the androgen/AR and GnRH/GnRH-R axes in CRPC progression and the possible therapeutic implications.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Patrizia Limonta
- Department of Pharmacological and Biomolecular Sciences, Università degli Studi di Milano, 20133 Milano, Italy;
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76
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Tang T, Jiao J, Li D, Sun G, Lin L, Wang C, Wang S, Zou R, Liu W, Zhao Y, Wang X. The function of BAP18 on modulation of androgen receptor action in luteinized granulosa cells from normal weight women with and without PCOS. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 527:111228. [PMID: 33662476 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2021.111228] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/09/2020] [Revised: 02/22/2021] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 10/22/2022]
Abstract
Polycystic ovary syndrome (PCOS) is one of the most common endocrine disorders in reproductive-age women. In this study, BPTF associated protein of 18 kDa (BAP18) is decreased in luteinized granulosa cells (GCs) from PCOS women. BAP18 depletion significantly decreases CYP19A1 expression levels, leading to an abrogation in transfer capacity of androgen to estrogen in GCs. Also, BAP18 knockdown delays cell cycle G1 to S phase transition and induces cell apoptosis to decrease GCs proliferation. We also provide evidence showing BAP18 interacts with androgen receptor (AR) and enhances AR-mediated transactivation in GCs. Results indicate that AR or BAP18 recruits to androgen response elements (AREs) of CYP19A1 and FSHR, which are putative AR-induced genes in GCs. BAP18 interacts with Sp1 transcription factor and co-recruits to the promoter region of AR gene, resulting in AR transactivation in GCs. Taken together, these data provide new insights on the pathophysiology of PCOS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tianyu Tang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China
| | - Jiao Jiao
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China
| | - Da Li
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China
| | - Ge Sun
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Lin Lin
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Chunyu Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Shengli Wang
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Renlong Zou
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Wensu Liu
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China
| | - Yue Zhao
- Department of Cell Biology, Key Laboratory of Cell Biology, Ministry of Public Health, and Key Laboratory of Medical Cell Biology, Ministry of Education, School of Life Sciences, China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110122, China.
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, Shenyang City, Liaoning Province, 110004, China.
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77
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Association of lncRNA PRNCR1 polymorphisms with cancer susceptibility: a meta-analysis of the current literature. J Genet 2021. [DOI: 10.1007/s12041-021-01269-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 10/21/2022]
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78
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Purayil HT, Zhang Y, Black JB, Gharaibeh R, Daaka Y. Nuclear βArrestin1 regulates androgen receptor function in castration resistant prostate cancer. Oncogene 2021; 40:2610-2620. [PMID: 33692468 DOI: 10.1038/s41388-021-01730-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2020] [Revised: 02/05/2021] [Accepted: 02/19/2021] [Indexed: 01/31/2023]
Abstract
Progression of prostate cancer (PC) to terminal castration-resistant PC (CRPC) involves a diverse set of intermediates, and androgen receptor (AR) is the key mediator of PC initiation and progression to CRPC. Hence, identification of factors involved in the regulation of AR expression and function is a necessary first-step to improve disease outcome. In this study, we identified ubiquitous βArrestin 1 (βArr1) as a regulator of AR function in CRPC. Unbiased gene expression analysis of public datasets revealed increased levels of ARRB1 (the gene encoding βArr1) in CRPC when compared to normal tissue. Further, βArr1 expression correlated with enhanced AR transcriptional function in these datasets. The βArr1 partitions to both nucleus and cytosol and mechanistic studies showed that nuclear, and not cytosolic, βArr1 formed a complex with AR and AR-coregulator βCatenin and that the heterotrimeric protein complex was recruited to androgen-response elements of AR-regulated genes. Functionally, we demonstrate that depletion of βArr1 attenuates PC cell and tumor growth and metastasis, and rescued expression of nuclear, but not cytosolic, βArr1 restores the PC colony growth and invasion of Matrigel in vitro and tumor growth and metastasis in mice. The targeting of βArr1-regulated AR transcriptional function may be used in the development of new drugs to treat lethal CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hamsa Thayele Purayil
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yushan Zhang
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.,Stephen Cancer Center, University of Oklahoma Health Sciences Center, Oklahoma, OK, USA
| | - Joseph B Black
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Raad Gharaibeh
- Department of Medicine, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA
| | - Yehia Daaka
- Department of Anatomy and Cell Biology, College of Medicine, University of Florida, Gainesville, FL, USA.
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79
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Liu C, Liao Z, Duan X, Yu P, Kong P, Tao Z, Liu W. The MYH9 Cytoskeletal Protein Is a Novel Corepressor of Androgen Receptors. Front Oncol 2021; 11:641496. [PMID: 33959503 PMCID: PMC8093144 DOI: 10.3389/fonc.2021.641496] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/14/2020] [Accepted: 03/11/2021] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
In the progression of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC), the androgen receptor (AR) that serves as a transcription factor becomes the most remarkable molecule. The transcriptional activity of AR is regulated by various coregulators. As a result, altered expression levels, an aberrant location or activities of coregulators promote the development of prostate cancer. We describe herein results showing that compared with androgen-dependent prostate cancer (ADPC) cells, AR nuclear translocation capability is enhanced in androgen-independent prostate cancer (AIPC) cells. To gain insight into whether AR coregulators are responsible for AR translocation capability, we performed coimmunoprecipitation (CO-IP) coupled with LC-MS/MS to screen 27 previously reported AR cofactors and 46 candidate AR cofactors. Furthermore, one candidate, myosin heavy chain 9 (MYH9), was identified and verified as a novel AR cofactor. Interestingly, the distribution of MYH9 was in both the cytoplasmic and nuclear compartments yet was enriched in the nucleus when AR was knocked down by AR shRNA, suggesting that the nuclear translocation of MYH9 was negatively regulated by AR. In addition, we found that blebbistatin, an inhibitor of MYH9, not only promoted AR nuclear translocation but also enhanced the expression of the AR target gene PSA, which indicates that MYH9 represses nuclear AR signaling. Taken together, our findings reveal that MYH9 appears to be a novel corepressor of AR plays a pivotal role in the progression of CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Chunhua Liu
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhaoping Liao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Xiuzhi Duan
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Pan Yu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Piaoping Kong
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Zhihua Tao
- Department of Blood Transfusion, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China.,Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Weiwei Liu
- Department of Laboratory Medicine, The Second Affiliated Hospital of Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
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80
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Hamilton BR, Lima G, Barrett J, Seal L, Kolliari-Turner A, Wang G, Karanikolou A, Bigard X, Löllgen H, Zupet P, Ionescu A, Debruyne A, Jones N, Vonbank K, Fagnani F, Fossati C, Casasco M, Constantinou D, Wolfarth B, Niederseer D, Bosch A, Muniz-Pardos B, Casajus JA, Schneider C, Loland S, Verroken M, Marqueta PM, Arroyo F, Pedrinelli A, Natsis K, Verhagen E, Roberts WO, Lazzoli JK, Friedman R, Erdogan A, Cintron AV, Yung SHP, Janse van Rensburg DC, Ramagole DA, Rozenstoka S, Drummond F, Papadopoulou T, Kumi PYO, Twycross-Lewis R, Harper J, Skiadas V, Shurlock J, Tanisawa K, Seto J, North K, Angadi SS, Martinez-Patiño MJ, Borjesson M, Di Luigi L, Dohi M, Swart J, Bilzon JLJ, Badtieva V, Zelenkova I, Steinacker JM, Bachl N, Pigozzi F, Geistlinger M, Goulis DG, Guppy F, Webborn N, Yildiz BO, Miller M, Singleton P, Pitsiladis YP. Integrating Transwomen and Female Athletes with Differences of Sex Development (DSD) into Elite Competition: The FIMS 2021 Consensus Statement. Sports Med 2021; 51:1401-1415. [PMID: 33761127 PMCID: PMC7988249 DOI: 10.1007/s40279-021-01451-8] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 03/10/2021] [Indexed: 01/06/2023]
Abstract
Sport is historically designated by the binary categorization of male and female that conflicts with modern society. Sport’s governing bodies should consider reviewing rules determining the eligibility of athletes in the female category as there may be lasting advantages of previously high testosterone concentrations for transwomen athletes and currently high testosterone concentrations in differences in sex development (DSD) athletes. The use of serum testosterone concentrations to regulate the inclusion of such athletes into the elite female category is currently the objective biomarker that is supported by most available scientific literature, but it has limitations due to the lack of sports performance data before, during or after testosterone suppression. Innovative research studies are needed to identify other biomarkers of testosterone sensitivity/responsiveness, including molecular tools to determine the functional status of androgen receptors. The scientific community also needs to conduct longitudinal studies with specific control groups to generate the biological and sports performance data for individual sports to inform the fair inclusion or exclusion of these athletes. Eligibility of each athlete to a sport-specific policy needs to be based on peer-reviewed scientific evidence made available to policymakers from all scientific communities. However, even the most evidence-based regulations are unlikely to eliminate all differences in performance between cisgender women with and without DSD and transwomen athletes. Any remaining advantage held by transwomen or DSD women could be considered as part of the athlete’s unique makeup.
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Affiliation(s)
- Blair R Hamilton
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- The Gender Identity Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Giscard Lima
- Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - James Barrett
- The Gender Identity Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | - Leighton Seal
- The Gender Identity Clinic Tavistock and Portman NHS Foundation Trust, London, UK
| | | | - Guan Wang
- Sport and Exercise Science and Sports Medicine Research and Enterprise Group, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Antonia Karanikolou
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Xavier Bigard
- Union Cycliste Internationale (UCI), Aigle, Switzerland
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Herbert Löllgen
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Petra Zupet
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Anca Ionescu
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Andre Debruyne
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
| | - Nigel Jones
- British Association Sport and Exercise Medicine, Doncaster, UK
- British Cycling and University of Liverpool, Liverpool, UK
| | - Karin Vonbank
- Department of Pneumology, Pulmonary Function Laboratory, Medicine Clinic (KIMII), University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Federica Fagnani
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Chiara Fossati
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Maurizio Casasco
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Italian Federation of Sports Medicine (FMSI), Rome, Italy
| | - Demitri Constantinou
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Centre for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of the Witwatersrand, Johannesburg, South Africa
| | - Bernd Wolfarth
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Sports Medicine, Humboldt University and Charité University School of Medicine, Berlin, Germany
| | - David Niederseer
- Department of Cardiology, University Hospital Zurich, University Heart Centre, University of Zurich, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Andrew Bosch
- Division of Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, University of Cape Town, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - Borja Muniz-Pardos
- GENUD Research Group, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - José Antonio Casajus
- GENUD Research Group, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Christian Schneider
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Orthopaedic Center Theresie, Munich, Germany
| | - Sigmund Loland
- Department of Sport and Social Sciences, Norwegian School of Sport Sciences, Oslo, Norway
| | - Michele Verroken
- Centre of Research and Innovation for Sport, Technology and Law (CRISTAL), De Montfort University, Leicester, UK
- Sporting Integrity Ltd, Stoke Mandeville, UK
| | - Pedro Manonelles Marqueta
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Sports Medicine, San Antonio Catholic University of Murcia, Murcia, Spain
| | - Francisco Arroyo
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Guadalajara, Mexico
| | - André Pedrinelli
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Orthopaedics, University of São Paulo Medical School, São Paulo, Brazil
| | - Konstantinos Natsis
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Interbalkan Medical Center, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Thessaloniki, Greece
- Department of Anatomy and Surgical Anatomy, Faculty of Health Sciences, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Evert Verhagen
- Amsterdam Collaboration on Health and Safety in Sports, Department of Public and Occupational Health, Amsterdam UMC, Vrije Universiteit Amsterdam, Amsterdam Movement Sciences, Amsterdam, The Netherlands
| | - William O Roberts
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Family Medicine and Community Health, University of Minnesota, Minneapolis, USA
| | - José Kawazoe Lazzoli
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Biomedical Institute, Fluminense Federal University Medical School, Niterói, Brazil
| | - Rogerio Friedman
- Universidade Federal do Rio Grande do Sul, Endocrine Unit, Hospital de Clinicas de Porto Alegre, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Ali Erdogan
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Gloria Sports Arena, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Antalya, Turkey
| | - Ana V Cintron
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Puerto Rico Sports Medicine Federation, San Juan, Puerto Rico
| | - Shu-Hang Patrick Yung
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Asian Federation of Sports Medicine (AFSM), Hong Kong Center of Sports Medicine and Sports Science, Hong Kong, China
| | | | - Dimakatso A Ramagole
- Section Sports Medicine, Faculty of Health Sciences, University of Pretoria, Pretoria, South Africa
| | - Sandra Rozenstoka
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, Sports laboratory, Riga, Latvia
| | - Felix Drummond
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- FIMS Collaboration Centre of Sports Medicine, Instituto de Medicina do Esporte, Porto Alegre, Brazil
| | - Theodora Papadopoulou
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Defence Medical Rehabilitation Centre, Stanford Hall, Loughborough, UK
| | - Paulette Y O Kumi
- Centre for Sports and Exercise Medicine, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Richard Twycross-Lewis
- School of Engineering and Materials Science, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Joanna Harper
- School of Sport, Exercise and Health Sciences, Loughborough University, Loughborough, UK
| | | | | | - Kumpei Tanisawa
- Faculty of Sport Sciences, Waseda University, Tokorozawa, Japan
| | - Jane Seto
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Kathryn North
- Murdoch Children's Research Institute, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
- Department of Paediatrics, University of Melbourne, The Royal Children's Hospital, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - Siddhartha S Angadi
- Department of Kinesiology, School of Education and Human Development, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, USA
| | | | - Mats Borjesson
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department of Molecular and Clinical Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, Center for Health and Performance, Goteborg University, Göteborg, Sweden
- Sahlgrenska University Hospital/Ostra, Region of Western Sweden, Göteborg, Sweden
| | - Luigi Di Luigi
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
| | - Michiko Dohi
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Sport Medical Center, Japan Institute of Sports Sciences, Tokyo, Japan
| | - Jeroen Swart
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- UCT Research Unit for Exercise Science and Sports Medicine, Cape Town, South Africa
| | - James Lee John Bilzon
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Department for Health, University of Bath, Bath, UK
| | - Victoriya Badtieva
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- I.M. Sechenov First Moscow State Medical University (Sechenov University), Ministry of Health of Russia, Moscow, Russian Federation
- Moscow Research and Practical Center for Medical Rehabilitation, Restorative and Sports Medicine, Moscow Healthcare Department, Moscow, Russian Federation
| | - Irina Zelenkova
- GENUD Research Group, FIMS Collaborating Center of Sports Medicine, Department of Physiatry and Nursing, University of Zaragoza, Zaragoza, Spain
| | - Juergen M Steinacker
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Division of Sports and Rehabilitation Medicine, Ulm University Hospital, Ulm, Germany
| | - Norbert Bachl
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Institute of Sports Science, University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
- Austrian Institute of Sports Medicine, Vienna, Austria
| | - Fabio Pigozzi
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Villa Stuart Sport Clinic, FIFA Medical Center of Excellence, Rome, Italy
| | - Michael Geistlinger
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland
- Unit of International Law, Department of Constitutional, International and European Law, University of Salzburg, Salzburg, Salzburg, Austria
| | - Dimitrios G Goulis
- Unit of Reproductive Endocrinology, 1st Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Medical School, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Fergus Guppy
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
- School of Pharmacy and Biomolecular Sciences, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK
| | - Nick Webborn
- School of Sport and Service Management, University of Brighton, Eastbourne, UK
| | - Bulent O Yildiz
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine, Hacettepe University School of Medicine, 06100, Ankara, Turkey
| | - Mike Miller
- World Olympian Association, Lausanne, Switzerland
| | | | - Yannis P Pitsiladis
- Centre for Exercise Sciences and Sports Medicine, FIMS Collaborating Centre of Sports Medicine, Rome, Italy.
- Centre for Stress and Age-Related Disease, University of Brighton, Brighton, UK.
- Department of Movement, Human and Health Sciences, University of Rome "Foro Italico", Rome, Italy.
- European Federation of Sports Medicine Associations (EFSMA), Lausanne, Switzerland.
- International Federation of Sports Medicine (FIMS), Lausanne, Switzerland.
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81
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Chen XT, Li ZW, Zhao X, Li ML, Hou PF, Chu SF, Zheng JN, Bai J. Role of Circular RNA in Kidney-Related Diseases. Front Pharmacol 2021; 12:615882. [PMID: 33776764 PMCID: PMC7990792 DOI: 10.3389/fphar.2021.615882] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/10/2020] [Accepted: 02/02/2021] [Indexed: 12/13/2022] Open
Abstract
The kidney is vital in maintaining fluid, electrolyte, and acid–base balance. Kidney-related diseases, which are an increasing public health issue, can happen to people of any age and at any time. Circular RNAs (circRNAs) are endogenous RNA that are produced by selective RNA splicing and are involved in progression of various diseases. Studies have shown that various kidney diseases, including renal cell carcinoma, acute kidney injury, and chronic kidney disease, are linked to circRNAs. This review outlines the characteristics and biological functions of circRNAs and discusses specific studies that provide insights into the function and potential of circRNAs for application in the diagnosis and treatment of kidney-related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xin-Tian Chen
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Zhong-Wei Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Xue Zhao
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Min-Le Li
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Ping-Fu Hou
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Su-Fang Chu
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jun-Nian Zheng
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
| | - Jin Bai
- Cancer Institute, Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China.,Center of Clinical Oncology, Affiliated Hospital of Xuzhou Medical University, Xuzhou, China
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82
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Zhu H, Yao H, Xu Y, Chen Y, Han B, Wang N, Wang H, Zhang Q, Zhu W, Shi Y, Sun H, Zhao S, Song H, Liu Y, Qiao J. Phenotypic and biochemical characteristics and molecular basis in 36 Chinese patients with androgen receptor variants. Orphanet J Rare Dis 2021; 16:122. [PMID: 33750429 PMCID: PMC7942007 DOI: 10.1186/s13023-021-01765-w] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2020] [Accepted: 02/25/2021] [Indexed: 12/03/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Androgen insensitive syndrome (AIS) is a rare genetic disease resulting from androgen receptor (AR) mutations and one of the causes of 46, XY disorder of sexual development (DSD). This study aimed to describe the clinical features and molecular defects of 36 Chinese patients with AR variants and investigate the functional alterations of novel variants in vitro. Material and methods Subjects with AR variants were identified from 150 Chinese 46, XY DSD patients using targeted next-generation sequencing. In-silico and functional assays were performed to evaluate the transcriptional activity and nuclear localization of novel AR variants. Results Eight novel and fifteen reported AR variants were identified. 30.6% (11/36) of patients harbored additional variants other than AR. Mutations in the Arg841 residue were found in 7 unrelated patients. Postpubertal serum gonadotropin levels were significantly elevated in patients with complete AIS (CAIS) compared with those in patients with partial AIS (PAIS) (P < 0.05). All the novel variants initially predicted to be uncertain significance by in-silico analyses were reclassified as likely pathogenic for defective AR transcriptional activity in vitro, except p.L295P, which was found in an atypical patient with oligogenic mutations and reclassified as likely benign. c.368_369 ins T was observed to interfere with nuclear translocation. Conclusions Compared with PAIS patients, postpubertal CAIS patients had higher gonadotropin levels. Arg841 was disclosed as the location of recurrent mutations in Chinese AIS patients. Functional assays are important for reclassifying the novel AR variants and re-examining the diagnosis of AIS in specific patients with oligogenic mutations, instead of in-silico analysis. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13023-021-01765-w.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hui Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Haijun Yao
- Department of Urology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yue Xu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yan Chen
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Bing Han
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Nan Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hao Wang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Qiang Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Wenjiao Zhu
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yuanping Shi
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Hua Sun
- Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Shuangxia Zhao
- Research Centre for Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Huaidong Song
- Research Centre for Clinical Medicine, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China
| | - Yang Liu
- Department of Plastic Surgery, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
| | - Jie Qiao
- Department of Endocrinology, Shanghai Ninth People's Hospital, Shanghai Jiao Tong University School of Medicine, Shanghai, 200011, China.
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83
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Hornig NC, Holterhus PM. Molecular basis of androgen insensitivity syndromes. Mol Cell Endocrinol 2021; 523:111146. [PMID: 33385475 DOI: 10.1016/j.mce.2020.111146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 20] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/23/2020] [Revised: 12/17/2020] [Accepted: 12/21/2020] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Abstract
Individuals with complete androgen insensitivity syndrome show a female genital phenotype despite 46, XY gonosomes and the presence of androgen producing testes. This clinical observation indicates the resistance of the body and its cells to androgens like testosterone. At the molecular level, this hormone resistance is caused by hemizygous loss of function mutations in the X-chromosomal androgen receptor (AR) gene. Partial forms of androgen insensitivity syndrome (PAIS) show different degrees of virilisation largely depending on the remaining activity of the AR. Nevertheless, the phenotypic outcome can be variable even in presence of the same mutation and in the same kindred indicating the presence of further influencing factors. Importantly, the majority of clinically diagnosed PAIS individuals do not bear a mutation in their AR gene. A recent assay using the androgen regulated gene apolipoprotein D as biomarker is able to detect androgen insensitivity on the cellular level even in absence of an AR gene mutation. Using this assay a class of AIS without an AR-gene mutation was defined as AIS type II and suggests that unidentified cofactors of the AR are responsible for the PAIS phenotype. Here we outline the scientific progress made from the first clinical definition of AIS over biochemical and molecular characterizations to the concept of AIS type II. This review is based on publications in the PubMed database of the National Institutes of Health using the search terms androgen insensitivity syndrome and androgen receptor mutation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nadine C Hornig
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany.
| | - Paul-Martin Holterhus
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology and Diabetes, Christian-Albrechts-University Kiel & University Hospital Schleswig-Holstein, Kiel, Germany
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84
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Nagandla H, Robertson MJ, Putluri V, Putluri N, Coarfa C, Weigel NL. Isoform-specific Activities of Androgen Receptor and its Splice Variants in Prostate Cancer Cells. Endocrinology 2021; 162:6029774. [PMID: 33300995 PMCID: PMC8253248 DOI: 10.1210/endocr/bqaa227] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/18/2022]
Abstract
Androgen receptor (AR) signaling continues to drive castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) in spite of androgen deprivation therapy (ADT). Constitutively active shorter variants of AR, lacking the ligand binding domain, are frequently expressed in CRPC and have emerged as a potential mechanism for prostate cancer to escape ADT. ARv7 and ARv567es are 2 of the most commonly detected variants of AR in clinical samples of advanced, metastatic prostate cancer. It is not clear if variants of AR merely act as weaker substitutes for AR or can mediate unique isoform-specific activities different from AR. In this study, we employed LNCaP prostate cancer cell lines with inducible expression of ARv7 or ARv567es to delineate similarities and differences in transcriptomics, metabolomics, and lipidomics resulting from the activation of AR, ARv7, or ARv567es. While the majority of target genes were similarly regulated by the action of all 3 isoforms, we found a clear difference in transcriptomic activities of AR versus the variants, and a few differences between ARv7 and ARv567es. Some of the target gene regulation by AR isoforms was similar in the VCaP background as well. Differences in downstream activities of AR isoforms were also evident from comparison of the metabolome and lipidome in an LNCaP model. Overall our study implies that shorter variants of AR are capable of mediating unique downstream activities different from AR and some of these are isoform specific.
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Affiliation(s)
- Harika Nagandla
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Matthew J Robertson
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Vasanta Putluri
- Advanced Technology Core, Alkek Center for Molecular
Discovery
| | - Nagireddy Putluri
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
| | - Cristian Coarfa
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Correspondence: Nancy L. Weigel and
Cristian Coarfa, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. ,
| | - Nancy L Weigel
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor
College of Medicine, Houston, TX, USA
- Correspondence: Nancy L. Weigel and
Cristian Coarfa, Department of Molecular & Cellular Biology, Baylor College
of Medicine, Houston, TX 77030, USA. ,
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85
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Shen T, Wang W, Zhou W, Coleman I, Cai Q, Dong B, Ittmann MM, Creighton CJ, Bian Y, Meng Y, Rowley DR, Nelson PS, Moore DD, Yang F. MAPK4 promotes prostate cancer by concerted activation of androgen receptor and AKT. J Clin Invest 2021; 131:135465. [PMID: 33586682 DOI: 10.1172/jci135465] [Citation(s) in RCA: 25] [Impact Index Per Article: 8.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/03/2019] [Accepted: 12/10/2020] [Indexed: 01/02/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is the second leading cause of cancer death in American men. Androgen receptor (AR) signaling is essential for PCa cell growth/survival and remains a key therapeutic target for lethal castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). GATA2 is a pioneer transcription factor crucial for inducing AR expression/activation. We recently reported that MAPK4, an atypical MAPK, promotes tumor progression via noncanonical activation of AKT. Here, we demonstrated that MAPK4 activated AR by enhancing GATA2 transcriptional expression and stabilizing GATA2 protein through repression of GATA2 ubiquitination/degradation. MAPK4 expression correlated with AR activation in human CRPC. Concerted activation of both GATA2/AR and AKT by MAPK4 promoted PCa cell proliferation, anchorage-independent growth, xenograft growth, and castration resistance. Conversely, knockdown of MAPK4 decreased activation of both AR and AKT and inhibited PCa cell and xenograft growth, including castration-resistant growth. Both GATA2/AR and AKT activation were necessary for MAPK4 tumor-promoting activity. Interestingly, combined overexpression of GATA2 plus a constitutively activated AKT was sufficient to drive PCa growth and castration resistance, shedding light on an alternative, MAPK4-independent tumor-promoting pathway in human PCa. We concluded that MAPK4 promotes PCa growth and castration resistance by cooperating parallel pathways of activating GATA2/AR and AKT and that MAPK4 is a novel therapeutic target in PCa, especially CRPC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tao Shen
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wei Wang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Wolong Zhou
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Ilsa Coleman
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - Qinbo Cai
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Bingning Dong
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | | | - Chad J Creighton
- Department of Medicine, and.,Dan L. Duncan Comprehensive Cancer Center, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yingnan Bian
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Yanling Meng
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA.,Adrienne Helis Malvin Medical Research Foundation, New Orleans, Louisiana, USA
| | - David R Rowley
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Peter S Nelson
- Fred Hutchinson Cancer Research Center, Seattle, Washington, USA.,Department of Medicine, University of Washington, Seattle, Washington, USA
| | - David D Moore
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
| | - Feng Yang
- Department of Molecular and Cellular Biology, Baylor College of Medicine, Houston, Texas, USA
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86
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MED19 alters AR occupancy and gene expression in prostate cancer cells, driving MAOA expression and growth under low androgen. PLoS Genet 2021; 17:e1008540. [PMID: 33513133 PMCID: PMC7875385 DOI: 10.1371/journal.pgen.1008540] [Citation(s) in RCA: 11] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/22/2019] [Revised: 02/10/2021] [Accepted: 01/04/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) is a mainstay of prostate cancer treatment, given the dependence of prostate cells on androgen and the androgen receptor (AR). However, tumors become ADT-resistant, and there is a need to understand the mechanism. One possible mechanism is the upregulation of AR co-regulators, although only a handful have been definitively linked to disease. We previously identified the Mediator subunit MED19 as an AR co-regulator, and reported that MED19 depletion inhibits AR transcriptional activity and growth of androgen-insensitive LNCaP-abl cells. Therefore, we proposed that MED19 upregulation would promote AR activity and drive androgen-independent growth. Here, we show that stable overexpression of MED19 in androgen-dependent LNCaP cells promotes growth under conditions of androgen deprivation. To delineate the mechanism, we determined the MED19 and AR transcriptomes and cistromes in control and MED19-overexpressing LNCaP cells. We also examined genome-wide H3K27 acetylation. MED19 overexpression selectively alters AR occupancy, H3K27 acetylation, and gene expression. Under conditions of androgen deprivation, genes regulated by MED19 correspond to genes regulated by ELK1, a transcription factor that binds the AR N-terminus to induce select AR target gene expression and proliferation, and genomic sites occupied by MED19 and AR are enriched for motifs associated with ELK1. Strikingly, MED19 upregulates expression of monoamine oxidase A (MAOA), a factor that promotes prostate cancer growth. MAOA depletion reduces androgen-independent growth. MED19 and AR occupy the MAOA promoter, with MED19 overexpression enhancing AR occupancy and H3K27 acetylation. Furthermore, MED19 overexpression increases ELK1 occupancy at the MAOA promoter, and ELK1 depletion reduces MAOA expression and androgen-independent growth. This suggests that MED19 cooperates with ELK1 to regulate AR occupancy and H3K27 acetylation at MAOA, upregulating its expression and driving androgen independence in prostate cancer cells. This study provides important insight into the mechanisms of prostate cancer cell growth under low androgen, and underscores the importance of the MED19-MAOA axis in this process.
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87
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Videira A, Beckedorff FC, daSilva LF, Verjovski-Almeida S. PVT1 signals an androgen-dependent transcriptional repression program in prostate cancer cells and a set of the repressed genes predicts high-risk tumors. Cell Commun Signal 2021; 19:5. [PMID: 33430890 PMCID: PMC7798249 DOI: 10.1186/s12964-020-00691-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.7] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/04/2020] [Accepted: 12/01/2020] [Indexed: 12/24/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Androgen receptor (AR) and polycomb repressive complex 2 (PRC2) are known to co-occupy the loci of genes that are downregulated by androgen-stimulus. Long intergenic non-coding RNA (lincRNA) PVT1 is an overexpressed oncogene that is associated with AR in LNCaP prostate cancer cells, and with PRC2 in HeLa and many other types of cancer cells. The possible involvement of PVT1 in mediating androgen-induced gene expression downregulation in prostate cancer has not been explored. METHODS LNCaP cell line was used. Native RNA-binding-protein immunoprecipitation with anti-AR or anti-EZH2 was followed by RT-qPCR with primers for PVT1. Knockdown of PVT1 with specific GapmeRs (or a control with scrambled GapmeR) was followed by differentially expressed genes (DEGs) determination with Agilent microarrays and with Significance Analysis of Microarrays statistical test. DEGs were tested as a tumor risk classifier with a machine learning Random Forest algorithm run with gene expression data from all TCGA-PRAD (prostate adenocarcinoma) tumors as input. ChIP-qPCR was performed for histone marks at the promoter of one DEG. RESULTS We show that PVT1 knockdown in androgen-stimulated LNCaP cells caused statistically significant expression upregulation/downregulation of hundreds of genes. Interestingly, PVT1 knockdown caused upregulation of 160 genes that were repressed by androgen, including a significantly enriched set of tumor suppressor genes, and among them FAS, NOV/CCN3, BMF, HRK, IFIT2, AJUBA, DRAIC and TNFRSF21. A 121-gene-set (out of the 160) was able to correctly predict the classification of all 293 intermediate- and high-risk TCGA-PRAD tumors, with a mean ROC area under the curve AUC = 0.89 ± 0.04, pointing to the relevance of these genes in cancer aggressiveness. Native RIP-qPCR in LNCaP showed that PVT1 was associated with EZH2, a component of PRC2. PVT1 knockdown followed by ChIP-qPCR showed significant epigenetic remodeling at the enhancer and promoter regions of tumor suppressor gene NOV, one of the androgen-repressed genes that were upregulated upon PVT1 silencing. CONCLUSIONS Overall, we provide first evidence that PVT1 was involved in signaling a genome-wide androgen-dependent transcriptional repressive program of tumor suppressor protein-coding genes in prostate cancer cells. Identification of transcriptional inhibition of tumor suppressor genes by PVT1 highlights the pathway to the investigation of mechanisms that lie behind the oncogenic role of PVT1 in cancer. Video Abstract.
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Affiliation(s)
- Alexandre Videira
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica Em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
| | - Felipe C. Beckedorff
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica Em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
- Present Address: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Lucas F. daSilva
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica Em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
- Present Address: Sylvester Comprehensive Cancer Center, University of Miami Miller School of Medicine, Miami, FL USA
| | - Sergio Verjovski-Almeida
- Laboratório de Expressão Gênica Em Eucariotos, Instituto Butantan, Av. Vital Brasil 1500, São Paulo, SP 05503-900 Brazil
- Departamento de Bioquímica, Instituto de Química, Universidade de São Paulo, São Paulo, SP 05508-900 Brazil
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88
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Rehman S, Aatif M, Rafi Z, Khan MY, Shahab U, Ahmad S, Farhan M. Effect of non-enzymatic glycosylation in the epigenetics of cancer. Semin Cancer Biol 2020; 83:543-555. [DOI: 10.1016/j.semcancer.2020.11.019] [Citation(s) in RCA: 7] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.8] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/14/2020] [Revised: 11/24/2020] [Accepted: 11/25/2020] [Indexed: 02/09/2023]
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89
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Compérat E, Wasinger G, Oszwald A, Kain R, Cancel-Tassin G, Cussenot O. The Genetic Complexity of Prostate Cancer. Genes (Basel) 2020; 11:E1396. [PMID: 33255593 PMCID: PMC7760266 DOI: 10.3390/genes11121396] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/28/2020] [Revised: 11/20/2020] [Accepted: 11/23/2020] [Indexed: 01/09/2023] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is a major concern in public health, with many genetically distinct subsets. Genomic alterations in PCa are extraordinarily complex, and both germline and somatic mutations are of great importance in the development of this tumor. The aim of this review is to provide an overview of genetic changes that can occur in the development of PCa and their role in potential therapeutic approaches. Various pathways and mechanisms proposed to play major roles in PCa are described in detail to provide an overview of current knowledge.
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Affiliation(s)
- Eva Compérat
- CeRePP/GRC5 Predictive Onco-Urology, Sorbonne University, 75020 Paris, France; (G.C.-T.); (O.C.)
- Department of Pathology, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne University, 75020 Paris, France
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.W.); (A.O.); (R.K.)
| | - Gabriel Wasinger
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.W.); (A.O.); (R.K.)
| | - André Oszwald
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.W.); (A.O.); (R.K.)
| | - Renate Kain
- Department of Pathology, Medical University of Vienna, 1090 Vienna, Austria; (G.W.); (A.O.); (R.K.)
| | - Geraldine Cancel-Tassin
- CeRePP/GRC5 Predictive Onco-Urology, Sorbonne University, 75020 Paris, France; (G.C.-T.); (O.C.)
| | - Olivier Cussenot
- CeRePP/GRC5 Predictive Onco-Urology, Sorbonne University, 75020 Paris, France; (G.C.-T.); (O.C.)
- Department of Urology, Hôpital Tenon, Sorbonne University, 75020 Paris, France
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90
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McCoy J, Wambier CG, Herrera S, Vaño-Galván S, Gioia F, Comeche B, Ron R, Serrano-Villar S, Iwasiow RM, Tayeb MA, Cadegiani FA, Mesinkovska NA, Shapiro J, Sinclair R, Goren A. Androgen receptor genetic variant predicts COVID-19 disease severity: a prospective longitudinal study of hospitalized COVID-19 male patients. J Eur Acad Dermatol Venereol 2020; 35:e15-e17. [PMID: 32977355 PMCID: PMC7536899 DOI: 10.1111/jdv.16956] [Citation(s) in RCA: 22] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 02/07/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- J McCoy
- Applied Biology, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
| | - C G Wambier
- Department of Dermatology, Alpert Medical School of Brown University, Providence, RI, USA
| | - S Herrera
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - S Vaño-Galván
- Dermatology Department, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - F Gioia
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - B Comeche
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | - R Ron
- Infectious Diseases Unit, Ramón y Cajal Hospital, Madrid, Spain
| | | | | | - M A Tayeb
- DNA Genotek Inc., Ottawa, ON, Canada
| | - F A Cadegiani
- Department of Clinical Endocrinology, Federal University of São Paulo Medical School, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - N A Mesinkovska
- Department of Dermatology, University of Claifornia, Irvine, CA, USA
| | - J Shapiro
- Ronald O. Perelman Department of Dermatology, New York University School of Medicine, NY, USA
| | - R Sinclair
- Sinclair Dermatology, Melbourne, VIC, Australia
| | - A Goren
- Applied Biology, Inc., Irvine, CA, USA
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91
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The Androgen Receptor in Prostate Cancer: Effect of Structure, Ligands and Spliced Variants on Therapy. Biomedicines 2020; 8:biomedicines8100422. [PMID: 33076388 PMCID: PMC7602609 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines8100422] [Citation(s) in RCA: 40] [Impact Index Per Article: 10.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/08/2020] [Revised: 10/08/2020] [Accepted: 10/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/16/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a predominant role in prostate cancer (PCa) pathology. It consists of an N-terminal domain (NTD), a DNA-binding domain (DBD), a hinge region (HR), and a ligand-binding domain (LBD) that binds androgens, including testosterone (T) and dihydrotestosterone (DHT). Ligand binding at the LBD promotes AR dimerization and translocation to the nucleus where the DBD binds target DNA. In PCa, AR signaling is perturbed by excessive androgen synthesis, AR amplification, mutation, or the formation of AR alternatively spliced variants (AR-V) that lack the LBD. Current therapies for advanced PCa include androgen synthesis inhibitors that suppress T and/or DHT synthesis, and AR inhibitors that prevent ligand binding at the LBD. However, AR mutations and AR-Vs render LBD-specific therapeutics ineffective. The DBD and NTD are novel targets for inhibition as both perform necessary roles in AR transcriptional activity and are less susceptible to AR alternative splicing compared to the LBD. DBD and NTD inhibition can potentially extend patient survival, improve quality of life, and overcome predominant mechanisms of resistance to current therapies. This review discusses various small molecule and other inhibitors developed against the DBD and NTD—and the current state of the available compounds in clinical development.
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92
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Al-Othman N, Ahram M, Alqaraleh M. Role of androgen and microRNA in triple-negative breast cancer. Breast Dis 2020; 39:15-27. [PMID: 31839601 DOI: 10.3233/bd-190416] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/13/2022]
Abstract
Breast cancer (BC) is the most frequent type of malignancy affecting females worldwide. Molecular-based studies resulted in an identification of at least four subtypes of breast carcinoma, including luminal A and luminal B, Human growth factor receptor (HER-2)-enriched and triple-negative tumors (basal-like and normal breast-like). A proportion of BC cases are of the triple-negative breast cancer (TNBC) type. TNBC lacks the expression of estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and HER-2, and is known to express androgen receptor (AR) at considerable levels. AR has been shown to promote the progression of TNBC. However, the exact mechanisms have yet to be unraveled. One of these mechanisms could be through regulating the expression of microRNA (miRNA) molecules, which play an important regulatory role in BC through post-transcriptional gene silencing. Activation of AR controls the expression of miRNA molecules, which target selective mRNAs, consequently, affecting protein expression. In this review we attempt to elucidate the relations between AR and miRNA in TNBC.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nihad Al-Othman
- Division of Anatomy, Biochemistry and Genetic, Faculty of Medicine and Health Sciences, An-Najah National University, Nablus, Palestine
| | - Mamoun Ahram
- Department of Physiology and Biochemistry, School of Medicine, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
| | - Moath Alqaraleh
- Department of Biological Sciences, School of Science, The University of Jordan, Amman, Jordan
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93
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Vellky JE, Ricke WA. Development and prevalence of castration-resistant prostate cancer subtypes. Neoplasia 2020; 22:566-575. [PMID: 32980775 PMCID: PMC7522286 DOI: 10.1016/j.neo.2020.09.002] [Citation(s) in RCA: 66] [Impact Index Per Article: 16.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/27/2020] [Revised: 09/01/2020] [Accepted: 09/03/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
BACKGROUND Castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC) occurs when prostate cancer (CaP) progresses under therapy-induced castrate conditions. Several mechanisms have been proposed to explain this acquired resistance, many of which are driven by androgen receptor (AR). Recent findings, however, sub-classified CRPC by downregulation/absence of AR in certain subtypes that consequently do not respond to anti-androgen therapies. To highlight the significance of CRPC sub-classification, we reviewed the development and treatment of CRPC, AR downregulation in CRPC, and summarized recent reports on the prevalence of CRPC subtypes. METHODS Using a medline-based literature search, we reviewed mechanisms of CRPC development, current treatment schemes, and assessed the prevalence of AR low/negative subtypes of CRPC. Additionally, we performed immunohistochemical staining on human CRPC specimens to quantify AR expression across CRPC subtypes. RESULTS In the majority of cases, CRPC continues to rely on AR signaling, which can be augmented in castrate-conditions through a variety of mechanisms. However, recently low/negative AR expression patterns were identified in a significant proportion of patient samples from a multitude of independent studies. In these AR low/negative cases, we postulated that AR protein may be downregulated by (1) promoter methylation, (2) transcriptional regulation, (3) post-transcriptional regulation by microRNA or RNA-binding-proteins, or (4) post-translational ubiquitination-mediated degradation. CONCLUSIONS Here, we discussed mechanisms of CRPC development and summarized the overall prevalence of CRPC subtypes; interestingly, AR low/negative CRPC represented a considerable proportion of diagnoses. Because these subtypes cannot be effectively treated with AR-targeted therapeutics, a better understanding of AR low/negative subtypes could lead to better treatment strategies and increased survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jordan E Vellky
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Cancer Biology Graduate Program, University of Wisconsin-Madison, Wisconsin Institute for Medical Research, 1111 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA
| | - William A Ricke
- Department of Urology, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; Carbone Cancer Center, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 600 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA; George M. O'Brien Research Center of Excellence, University of Wisconsin School of Medicine and Public Health, 1685 Highland Ave., Madison, WI 53705, USA.
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94
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Jiang G, Su Z, Liang X, Huang Y, Lan Z, Jiang X. Long non-coding RNAs in prostate tumorigenesis and therapy (Review). Mol Clin Oncol 2020; 13:76. [PMID: 33005410 DOI: 10.3892/mco.2020.2146] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/14/2019] [Accepted: 06/18/2020] [Indexed: 12/19/2022] Open
Abstract
Prostate cancer (PCa) is one of the most frequently diagnosed malignancy. Although there have been many advances in PCa diagnosis and therapy, the concrete mechanism remains unknown. Long non-coding RNAs (lncRNAs) are novel biomarkers associated with PCa, and their dysregulated expression is closely associated with risk stratification, diagnosis and carcinogenesis. Accumulating evidence has suggested that lncRNAs play important roles in prostate tumorigenesis through relevant pathways, such as androgen receptor interaction and PI3K/Akt. The present review systematically summarized the potential clinical utility of lncRNAs and provided a novel guide for their function in PCa.
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Affiliation(s)
- Ganggang Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China.,Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Zhengming Su
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China.,Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Xue Liang
- Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Yiqiao Huang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Ziquan Lan
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
| | - Xianhan Jiang
- Department of Urology, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China.,Department of Center Laboratory, The Fifth Affiliated Hospital of Guangzhou Medical University, Guangzhou, Guangdong 510700, P.R. China
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95
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Bungaro M, Buttigliero C, Tucci M. Overcoming the mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to new generation hormonal therapies in advanced prostate cancer: focus on androgen receptor independent pathways. CANCER DRUG RESISTANCE (ALHAMBRA, CALIF.) 2020; 3:726-741. [PMID: 35582226 PMCID: PMC8992570 DOI: 10.20517/cdr.2020.42] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/16/2020] [Revised: 07/28/2020] [Accepted: 08/18/2020] [Indexed: 11/25/2022]
Abstract
In recent years, many therapeutic advances have been made in the management of castration-resistant prostate cancer, with the development and approval of many new drugs. The androgen receptor (AR) is the main driver in prostate cancer growth and progression and the most effective therapeutic agents are still directed against this pathway. Among these, new generation hormonal agents (NHA) including enzalutamide, abiraterone acetate, apalutamide, and darolutamide have shown to improve overall survival and quality of life of prostate cancer patients. Unfortunately, despite the demonstrated benefit, not all patients respond to treatment and almost all are destined to develop a resistant phenotype. Although the resistance mechanisms are not fully understood, the most studied ones include the activation of both dependent and independent AR signalling pathways. Recent findings about multiple growth-promoting and survival pathways in advanced prostate cancer suggest the presence of alternative mechanisms involved in disease progression, and an interplay between these pathways and AR signalling. In this review we discuss the possible mechanisms of primary and acquired resistance to NHA with a focus on AR independent pathways.
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Affiliation(s)
- Maristella Bungaro
- Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
| | - Consuelo Buttigliero
- Medical Oncology, University of Turin, San Luigi Gonzaga Hospital, Orbassano, Turin 10043, Italy
| | - Marcello Tucci
- Medical Oncology, Cardinal Massaia Hospital, Asti 14100, Italy
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96
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Zhang J, Wu D, He Y, Li L, Liu S, Lu J, Gui H, Wang Y, Tao Y, Wang H, Kaushik D, Rodriguez R, Wang Z. Rapamycin inhibits AR signaling pathway in prostate cancer by interacting with the FK1 domain of FKBP51. Biochem Biophys Rep 2020; 23:100778. [PMID: 32695889 PMCID: PMC7365970 DOI: 10.1016/j.bbrep.2020.100778] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/13/2020] [Revised: 05/31/2020] [Accepted: 07/01/2020] [Indexed: 01/08/2023] Open
Abstract
Reactivation of the androgen receptor signaling pathway in the emasculated environment is the main reason for the occurrence of castration-resistant prostate cancer (CRPC). The immunophilin FKBP51, as a co-chaperone protein, together with Hsp90 help the correct folding of AR. Rapamycin is a known small-molecule inhibitor of FKBP51, but its effect on the FKBP51/AR signaling pathway is not clear. In this study, the interaction mechanism between FKBP51 and rapamycin was investigated using steady-state fluorescence quenching, X-ray crystallization, MTT assay, and qRT-PCR. Steady-state fluorescence quenching assay showed that rapamycin could interact with FKBP51. The crystal of the rapamycin-FKBP51 complex indicated that rapamycin occupies the hydrophobic binding pocket of FK1 domain which is vital for AR activity. The residues involving rapamycin binding are mainly hydrophobic and may overlap with the AR interaction site. Further assays showed that rapamycin could inhibit the androgen-dependent growth of human prostate cancer cells by down-regulating the expression levels of AR activated downstream genes. Taken together, our study demonstrates that rapamycin suppresses AR signaling pathway by interfering with the interaction between AR and FKBP51. The results of this study not only can provide useful information about the interaction mechanism between rapamycin and FKBP51, but also can provide new clues for the treatment of prostate cancer and castration-resistant prostate cancer. Rapamycin occupies the hydrophobic binding pocket of FK1 domain of FKBP51. Rapamycin suppresses the AR signaling pathway by interacting with FKBP51. Rapamycin inhibits the growth of prostate cancer cells via the AR signaling pathway.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jing Zhang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Dan Wu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China.,School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Yongxing He
- School of Life Sciences, Lanzhou University, Lanzhou, 730000, PR China
| | - Lanlan Li
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Shanhui Liu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Jianzhong Lu
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Huiming Gui
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yuhan Wang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Yan Tao
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
| | - Hanzhang Wang
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Dharam Kaushik
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Ronald Rodriguez
- Department of Urology, University of Texas Health Science Center San Antonio, 7703 Floyd Curl Drive, San Antonio, TX, USA
| | - Zhiping Wang
- Institute of Urology, Lanzhou University Second Hospital, Key Laboratory of Urological Diseases in Gansu Province, Gansu Nephro-Urological Clinical Center, Lanzhou, Gansu, 730000, PR China
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97
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Kokal M, Mirzakhani K, Pungsrinont T, Baniahmad A. Mechanisms of Androgen Receptor Agonist- and Antagonist-Mediated Cellular Senescence in Prostate Cancer. Cancers (Basel) 2020; 12:cancers12071833. [PMID: 32650419 PMCID: PMC7408918 DOI: 10.3390/cancers12071833] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/19/2020] [Revised: 06/30/2020] [Accepted: 07/03/2020] [Indexed: 02/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) plays a leading role in the control of prostate cancer (PCa) growth. Interestingly, structurally different AR antagonists with distinct mechanisms of antagonism induce cell senescence, a mechanism that inhibits cell cycle progression, and thus seems to be a key cellular response for the treatment of PCa. Surprisingly, while physiological levels of androgens promote growth, supraphysiological androgen levels (SAL) inhibit PCa growth in an AR-dependent manner by inducing cell senescence in cancer cells. Thus, oppositional acting ligands, AR antagonists, and agonists are able to induce cellular senescence in PCa cells, as shown in cell culture model as well as ex vivo in patient tumor samples. This suggests a dual AR-signaling dependent on androgen levels that leads to the paradox of the rational to keep the AR constantly inactivated in order to treat PCa. These observations however opened the option to treat PCa patients with AR antagonists and/or with androgens at supraphysiological levels. The latter is currently used in clinical trials in so-called bipolar androgen therapy (BAT). Notably, cellular senescence is induced by AR antagonists or agonist in both androgen-dependent and castration-resistant PCa (CRPC). Pathway analysis suggests a crosstalk between AR and the non-receptor tyrosine kinase Src-Akt/PKB and the PI3K-mTOR-autophagy signaling in mediating AR-induced cellular senescence in PCa. In this review, we summarize the current knowledge of therapeutic induction and intracellular pathways of AR-mediated cellular senescence.
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Affiliation(s)
| | | | | | - Aria Baniahmad
- Correspondence: ; Tel.: +49-3641-9396820; Fax: +49-3641-99396822
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98
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Ben-Batalla I, Vargas-Delgado ME, von Amsberg G, Janning M, Loges S. Influence of Androgens on Immunity to Self and Foreign: Effects on Immunity and Cancer. Front Immunol 2020; 11:1184. [PMID: 32714315 PMCID: PMC7346249 DOI: 10.3389/fimmu.2020.01184] [Citation(s) in RCA: 60] [Impact Index Per Article: 15.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/03/2020] [Accepted: 05/13/2020] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
It is well-known that sex hormones can directly and indirectly influence immune cell function. Different studies support a suppressive role of androgens on different components of the immune system by decreasing antibody production, T cell proliferation, NK cytotoxicity, and stimulating the production of anti-inflammatory cytokines. Androgen receptors have also been detected in many different cells of hematopoietic origin leading to direct effects of their ligands on the development and function of the immune system. The immunosuppressive properties of androgens could contribute to gender dimorphisms in autoimmune and infectious disease and thereby also hamper immune surveillance of tumors. Consistently, females generally are more prone to autoimmunity, while relatively less susceptible to infections, and have lower incidence and mortality of the majority of cancers compared to males. Some studies show that androgen deprivation therapy (ADT) can induce expansion of naïve T cells and increase T-cell responses. Emerging clinical data also reveal that ADT might enhance the efficacy of various immunotherapies including immune checkpoint blockade. In this review, we will discuss the potential role of androgens and their receptors in the immune responses in the context of different diseases. A particular focus will be on cancer, highlighting the effect of androgens on immune surveillance, tumor biology and on the efficacy of anti-cancer therapies including emerging immune therapies.
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Affiliation(s)
- Isabel Ben-Batalla
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - María Elena Vargas-Delgado
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Gunhild von Amsberg
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Martini-Clinic, Prostate Cancer Center, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany
| | - Melanie Janning
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
| | - Sonja Loges
- Department of Oncology, Hematology and Bone Marrow Transplantation with Section Pneumology, Hubertus Wald Comprehensive Cancer Center Hamburg, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Department of Tumor Biology, Center of Experimental Medicine, University Medical Center Hamburg-Eppendorf, Hamburg, Germany.,Division of Personalized Medical Oncology, German Cancer Research Center (DKFZ), Heidelberg, Germany.,Department of Personalized Oncology, University Hospital Mannheim, Mannheim, Germany
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99
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Coordinated AR and microRNA regulation in prostate cancer. Asian J Urol 2020; 7:233-250. [PMID: 32742925 PMCID: PMC7385519 DOI: 10.1016/j.ajur.2020.06.003] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/11/2019] [Revised: 03/22/2020] [Accepted: 04/17/2020] [Indexed: 12/26/2022] Open
Abstract
The androgen receptor (AR) remains a key driver of prostate cancer (PCa) progression, even in the advanced castrate-resistant stage, where testicular androgens are absent. It is therefore of critical importance to understand the molecular mechanisms governing its activity and regulation during prostate tumourigenesis. MicroRNAs (miRs) are small ∼22 nt non-coding RNAs that regulate target gene, often through association with 3′ untranslated regions (3′UTRs) of transcripts. They display dysregulation during cancer progression, can function as oncogenes or tumour suppressors, and are increasingly recognised as targets or regulators of hormonal action. Thus, understanding factors which modulate miRs synthesis is essential. There is increasing evidence for complex and dynamic bi-directional cross-talk between the multi-step miR biogenesis cascade and the AR signalling axis in PCa. This review summarises the wealth of mechanisms by which miRs are regulated by AR, and conversely, how miRs impact AR's transcriptional activity, including that of AR splice variants. In addition, we assess the implications of the convergence of these pathways on the clinical employment of miRs as PCa biomarkers and therapeutic targets.
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100
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Fonseca GWPD, Dworatzek E, Ebner N, Von Haehling S. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) as pharmacological treatment for muscle wasting in ongoing clinical trials. Expert Opin Investig Drugs 2020; 29:881-891. [PMID: 32476495 DOI: 10.1080/13543784.2020.1777275] [Citation(s) in RCA: 21] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.3] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 12/26/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Skeletal muscle wasting is a frequent clinical problem encountered in patients with chronic diseases. Increased levels of inflammatory markers play a role in the imbalance between muscle protein synthesis and degradation. Although testosterone has long been proposed as a treatment for patients with muscle wasting, undesirable side effects have raised concerns about prostatic hypertrophy in men as well as virilization in women. Selective androgen receptor modulators (SARMs) have demonstrated similar results like testosterone at improving lean body mass (LBM) with less side effects on androgen-dependent tissue. AREAS COVERED This review outlines the ongoing clinical development in the field of SARMs and their effectiveness in improving body composition and physical function. The included articles were collected at pubmed.gov and analyzed integrally. EXPERT OPINION There is an unmet clinical need for safe and effective anabolic compounds such as SARMs. Despite the effect on LBM shown by SARMs in phase II clinical trials, results on improved physical function and muscle strength are still lacking and long-term outcomes have to be assessed in these patients. Moreover, there is a need to determine the effect of resistance exercise training and protein intake associated with SARMs in the treatment of patients with muscle wasting.
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Affiliation(s)
- Guilherme Wesley Peixoto Da Fonseca
- Heart Institute (Incor), University of São Paulo Medical School , São Paulo, Brazil.,Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Elke Dworatzek
- Institute of Gender in Medicine, Charité - Universitaetsmedizin Berlin, Corporate Member of Freie Universität Berlin, and Berlin Institute of Health , Berlin, Germany.,Departement of Muscle Physiology, Max-Delbrueck-Center for Molecular Medicine (MDC) in the Helmholtz Association , Berlin, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Berlin , Berlin, Germany
| | - Nicole Ebner
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center , Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
| | - Stephan Von Haehling
- Department of Cardiology and Pneumology, University of Göttingen Medical Center , Göttingen, Germany.,German Center for Cardiovascular Research (DZHK), Partner Site Göttingen , Göttingen, Germany
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