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She R, Al-Sari NH, Mattila IM, Sejling AS, Pedersen J, Legido-Quigley C, Pedersen-Bjergaard U. Decreased branched-chain amino acids and elevated fatty acids during antecedent hypoglycemia in type 1 diabetes. BMJ Open Diabetes Res Care 2023; 11:e003327. [PMID: 37369531 PMCID: PMC10410980 DOI: 10.1136/bmjdrc-2023-003327] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/19/2023] [Accepted: 06/08/2023] [Indexed: 06/29/2023] Open
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Hypoglycemia is a major limiting factor in achieving recommended glycemic targets for people with type 1 diabetes. Exposure to recurrent hypoglycemia results in blunted hormonal counter-regulatory and symptomatic responses to hypoglycemia. Limited data on metabolic adaptation to recurrent hypoglycemia are available. This study examined the acute metabolic responses to hypoglycemia and the effect of antecedent hypoglycemia on these responses in type 1 diabetes. RESEARCH DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-one outpatients with type 1 diabetes with normal or impaired awareness of hypoglycemia participated in a study assessing the response to hypoglycemia on 2 consecutive days by a hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp. Participants underwent a period of normoglycemia and a period of hypoglycemia during the hyperinsulinemic glucose clamp. Plasma samples were taken during normoglycemia and at the beginning and the end of the hypoglycemic period. Metabolomic analysis of the plasma samples was conducted using comprehensive two-dimensional gas chromatography with time-of-flight mass spectrometry. RESULTS In total, 68 metabolites were studied. On day 1, concentrations of the branched-chain amino acids, leucine (p=3.8×10-3) and isoleucine (p=2.2×10-3), decreased during hypoglycemia. On day 2, during hypoglycemia, five amino acids (including leucine and isoleucine) significantly decreased, and two fatty acids (tetradecanoic and oleic acids) significantly increased (p<0.05). Although more metabolites responded to hypoglycemia on day 2, the responses of the single metabolites were not statistically significant between the 2 days. CONCLUSIONS In individuals with type 1 diabetes, one episode of hypoglycemia decreases leucine and isoleucine concentrations. Antecedent hypoglycemia results in the decrement of five amino acids and increases the concentrations of two fatty acids, suggesting an alteration between the two hypoglycemic episodes, which could indicate a possible adaptation. However, more studies are needed to gain a comprehensive understanding of the consequences of these alterations. TRIAL REGISTRATION NUMBER NCT01337362.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rui She
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kobenhavn, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Naba Hassan Al-Sari
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Ismo Matias Mattila
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Anne-Sophie Sejling
- Boston Global Development, Novo Nordisk, Søborg, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Jens Pedersen
- Department of Internal Medicine, Herlev Hospital, Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
| | - Cristina Legido-Quigley
- Clinical Research, Steno Diabetes Center Copenhagen, Herlev, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
- Institute of Pharmaceutical Science, King's College London, London, UK
| | - Ulrik Pedersen-Bjergaard
- Department of Endocrinology and Nephrology, Nordsjællands Hospital, Hillerød, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, University of Copenhagen Faculty of Health and Medical Sciences, Kobenhavn, Capital Region of Denmark, Denmark
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Biagetti B, Puig-Domingo M. Age-Related Hormones Changes and Its Impact on Health Status and Lifespan. Aging Dis 2023; 14:605-620. [PMID: 37191429 PMCID: PMC10187696 DOI: 10.14336/ad.2022.1109] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/11/2022] [Accepted: 11/09/2022] [Indexed: 05/17/2023] Open
Abstract
The increase in life expectancy is accompanied with an increased consultation of age-related pathologies including endocrine disorders. Two main areas are focusing the attention of medical and social research in older population: the diagnosis and care of this heterogeneous population, and the interventional measures potentially useful to mitigate age-related functional declines and to increase health and quality of lifespan. Thus, better understanding the physiopathology of aging and establishing accurate diagnostic and personalized approaches are a priority and currently an unmet need of the medical community. The endocrine system plays a major role in survival and lifespan through regulating vital processes such as energy consumption and optimizing the stress response among others. The aim of this paper is to review the physiological evolution of the main hormonal functions in aging and its clinical translation to improve our approach to the aging patient.
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Affiliation(s)
- Betina Biagetti
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Service, Vall d’Hebron University Hospital and Vall d'Hebron Research Institute (VHIR), Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Barcelona, Spain.
| | - Manel Puig-Domingo
- Endocrinology & Nutrition Service, Germans Trias Hospital and Research Institute, Badalona, Department of Medicine, Autonomous University of Barcelona, Badalona, Spain.
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53
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Al-Samerria S, Radovick S. Exploring the Therapeutic Potential of Targeting GH and IGF-1 in the Management of Obesity: Insights from the Interplay between These Hormones and Metabolism. Int J Mol Sci 2023; 24:ijms24119556. [PMID: 37298507 DOI: 10.3390/ijms24119556] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/27/2023] [Revised: 05/23/2023] [Accepted: 05/29/2023] [Indexed: 06/12/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity is a growing public health problem worldwide, and GH and IGF-1 have been studied as potential therapeutic targets for managing this condition. This review article aims to provide a comprehensive view of the interplay between GH and IGF-1 and metabolism within the context of obesity. We conducted a systematic review of the literature that was published from 1993 to 2023, using MEDLINE, Embase, and Cochrane databases. We included studies that investigated the effects of GH and IGF-1 on adipose tissue metabolism, energy balance, and weight regulation in humans and animals. Our review highlights the physiological functions of GH and IGF-1 in adipose tissue metabolism, including lipolysis and adipogenesis. We also discuss the potential mechanisms underlying the effects of these hormones on energy balance, such as their influence on insulin sensitivity and appetite regulation. Additionally, we summarize the current evidence regarding the efficacy and safety of GH and IGF-1 as therapeutic targets for managing obesity, including in pharmacological interventions and hormone replacement therapy. Finally, we address the challenges and limitations of targeting GH and IGF-1 in obesity management.
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Affiliation(s)
- Sarmed Al-Samerria
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
| | - Sally Radovick
- Laboratory of Human Growth and Reproductive Development, Department of Pediatrics, Robert Wood Johnson Medical School, Rutgers, The State University of New Jersey, New Brunswick, NJ 08901, USA
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54
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Zhao L, Jia D, Tan Z, Jiang H. Association of growth hormone deficiency with an increased number of preadipocytes in subcutaneous fat. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1199589. [PMID: 37305046 PMCID: PMC10250704 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1199589] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 04/03/2023] [Accepted: 05/10/2023] [Indexed: 06/13/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of growth hormone (GH) on adipose tissue growth is well known, but the underlying mechanism is not fully understood. In this study, we determined the possibility that GH inhibits adipose tissue growth by inhibiting adipogenesis, the process of formation of adipocytes from stem cells, in the lit/lit mice. The lit/lit mice are GH deficient because of a spontaneous mutation to the GH releasing hormone receptor (ghrhr) gene, and they have more subcutaneous fat despite being smaller than the lit/+ mice at the same age. We found that cells of the stromal vascular fraction (SVF) of subcutaneous fat from the lit/lit mice had greater adipogenic potential than those from the lit/+ mice, as evidenced by forming greater numbers of lipid droplets-containing adipocytes and having greater expression of adipocyte marker genes during induced adipocyte differentiation in culture. However, addition of GH to the culture did not reverse the superior adipogenic potential of subcutaneous SVF from the lit/lit mice. Through florescence-activated cell sorting and quantification of mRNAs of preadipocyte markers, including CD34, CD29, Sca-1, CD24, Pref-1, and PPARγ, we found that subcutaneous SVF from the lit/lit mice contained more preadipocytes than that from the lit/+ mice. These results support the notion that GH inhibits adipose tissue growth in mice at least in part by inhibiting adipogenesis. Furthermore, these results suggest that GH inhibits adipogenesis in mice not by inhibiting the terminal differentiation of preadipocytes into adipocytes, rather by inhibiting the formation of preadipocytes from stem cells or the recruitment of stem cells to the fat depot.
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van Schaik J, Kormelink E, Kabak E, van Dalen EC, Schouten-van Meeteren AYN, de Vos-Kerkhof E, Bakker B, Fiocco M, Hoving EW, Tissing WJE, van Santen HM. Safety of Growth Hormone Replacement Therapy in Childhood-Onset Craniopharyngioma: A Systematic Review and Cohort Study. Neuroendocrinology 2023; 113:987-1007. [PMID: 37231961 DOI: 10.1159/000531226] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/15/2023] [Accepted: 05/17/2023] [Indexed: 05/27/2023]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Survival of childhood-onset craniopharyngioma (cCP) is excellent; however, many survivors suffer from hypothalamic-pituitary dysfunction. Growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) is of high importance for linear growth and metabolic outcome. Optimal timing for initiation of GHRT in cCP is on debate because of concerns regarding tumor progression or recurrence. METHODS A systematic review and cohort studys were performed for the effect and timing of GHRT on overall mortality, tumor progression/recurrence, and secondary tumors in cCP. Within the cohort, cCP receiving GHRT ≤1 year after diagnosis were compared to those receiving GHRT >1 year after diagnosis. RESULTS Evidence of 18 included studies, reporting on 6,603 cCP with GHRT, suggests that GHRT does not increase the risk for overall mortality, progression, or recurrent disease. One study evaluated timing of GHRT and progression/recurrence-free survival and found no increased risk with earlier initiation. One study reported a higher than expected prevalence of secondary intracranial tumors compared to a healthy population, possibly confounded by radiotherapy. In our cohort, 75 of 87 cCP (86.2%) received GHRT for median of 4.9 years [0.0-17.1]. No effect of timing of GHRT was found on mortality, progression/recurrence-free survival, or secondary tumors. CONCLUSION Although the quality of the evidence is low, the available evidence suggests no effect of GHRT or its timing on mortality, tumor progression/recurrence, or secondary neoplasms in cCP. These results support early initiation of GHRT in cCP aiming to optimize linear growth and metabolic outcome. Prospective studies are needed to increase the level of evidence upon the optimal timing to start GHRT in cCP patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jiska van Schaik
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eline Kormelink
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Eda Kabak
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | | | | | | | - Boudewijn Bakker
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Marta Fiocco
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Institute of Mathematics, Leiden University, Leiden, The Netherlands
| | - Eelco W Hoving
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
| | - Wim J E Tissing
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Department of Pediatric Oncology/Hematology, University of Groningen, University Medical Center Groningen, Groningen, The Netherlands
| | - Hanneke M van Santen
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Wilhelmina Children's Hospital, University Medical Center Utrecht, Utrecht, The Netherlands
- Princess Máxima Center for Pediatric Oncology, Utrecht, The Netherlands
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Khan J, Pernicova I, Nisar K, Korbonits M. Mechanisms of ageing: growth hormone, dietary restriction, and metformin. Lancet Diabetes Endocrinol 2023; 11:261-281. [PMID: 36848915 DOI: 10.1016/s2213-8587(23)00001-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/14/2022] [Revised: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 12/22/2022] [Indexed: 03/01/2023]
Abstract
Tackling the mechanisms underlying ageing is desirable to help to extend the duration and improve the quality of life. Life extension has been achieved in animal models by suppressing the growth hormone-insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis and also via dietary restriction. Metformin has become the focus of increased interest as a possible anti-ageing drug. There is some overlap in the postulated mechanisms of how these three approaches could produce anti-ageing effects, with convergence on common downstream pathways. In this Review, we draw on evidence from both animal models and human studies to assess the effects of suppression of the growth hormone-IGF-1 axis, dietary restriction, and metformin on ageing.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jansher Khan
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Ida Pernicova
- Endocrinology and Metabolic Medicine, Sheffield Teaching Hospitals NHS Foundation Trust, Sheffield, UK
| | - Kiran Nisar
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK
| | - Márta Korbonits
- Centre for Endocrinology, William Harvey Research Institute, Barts and the London School of Medicine and Dentistry, Queen Mary University of London, London, UK.
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Zaina A, Prencipe N, Golden E, Berton AM, Arad E, Abid A, Shehadeh J, Kassem S, Ghigo E. How to position sodium-glucose co-transporter 2 inhibitors in the management of diabetes in acromegaly patients. Endocrine 2023; 80:491-499. [PMID: 37000406 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03352-4] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/10/2022] [Accepted: 03/07/2023] [Indexed: 04/01/2023]
Affiliation(s)
- Adnan Zaina
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clalit Medical Health Care Services, Tel Aviv, Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel.
- Bar-Ilan Faculty of Medicine, Safed, Israel.
| | - Nunzia Prencipe
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Elena Golden
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clalit Medical Health Care Services, Tel Aviv, Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel
| | - Alessandro Maria Berton
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
| | - Eldad Arad
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clalit Medical Health Care Services, Tel Aviv, Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel
| | - Ali Abid
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Clalit Medical Health Care Services, Tel Aviv, Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel
| | - Jeryes Shehadeh
- Division of Cardiology, Zvulon Medical Center, Clalit Medical Health Care, Services, Tel Aviv, Haifa and Western Galilee District, Israel
| | - Sameer Kassem
- Department of Internal Medicine, Carmel Medical Center, Haifa, Israel
- Technion, Faculty of Medicine, Haifa, Israel
| | - Ezio Ghigo
- Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, Department of Medical Sciences, City of Health and Science University Hospital, University of Turin, Turin, Italy
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Likitnukul S, Thammacharoen S, Sriwatananukulkit O, Duangtha C, Hemstapat R, Sunrat C, Mangmool S, Pinthong D. Short-Term Growth Hormone Administration Mediates Hepatic Fatty Acid Uptake and De Novo Lipogenesis Gene Expression in Obese Rats. Biomedicines 2023; 11:biomedicines11041050. [PMID: 37189668 DOI: 10.3390/biomedicines11041050] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/20/2023] [Revised: 03/22/2023] [Accepted: 03/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Obesity has been linked to metabolic syndrome, type 2 diabetes, and non-alcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). Obesity causes a decrease in growth hormone (GH) levels and an increase in insulin levels. Long-term GH treatment increased lipolytic activity as opposed to decreasing insulin sensitivity. Nonetheless, it is possible that short-term GH administration had no impact on insulin sensitivity. In this study, the effect of short-term GH administration on liver lipid metabolism and the effector molecules of GH and insulin receptors were investigated in diet-induced obesity (DIO) rats. Recombinant human GH (1 mg/kg) was then administered for 3 days. Livers were collected to determine the hepatic mRNA expression and protein levels involved in lipid metabolism. The expression of GH and insulin receptor effector proteins was investigated. In DIO rats, short-term GH administration significantly reduced hepatic fatty acid synthase (FASN) and cluster of differentiation 36 (CD36) mRNA expression while increasing carnitine palmitoyltransferase 1A (CPT1A) mRNA expression. Short-term GH administration reduced hepatic FAS protein levels and downregulated gene transcription of hepatic fatty acid uptake and lipogenesis, while increasing fatty acid oxidation in DIO rats. DIO rats had lower hepatic JAK2 protein levels but higher IRS-1 levels than control rats due to hyperinsulinemia. Our findings suggest that short-term GH supplementation improves liver lipid metabolism and may slow the progression of NAFLD, where GH acts as the transcriptional regulator of related genes.
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Pei LL, Guo Y, Chen H, Zhong LY. Benefits and risks evaluation of recombinant human growth hormone replacement therapy in children with GHD after craniopharyngioma surgery. J Pediatr Endocrinol Metab 2023; 36:484-491. [PMID: 36935568 DOI: 10.1515/jpem-2022-0605] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/28/2022] [Accepted: 02/23/2023] [Indexed: 03/21/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Childhood-onset craniopharyngiomas (CPs) have a high incidence of growth hormone deficiency (GHD) leading to growth failure and metabolic disorders. We aim to evaluate the benefits and risks of recombinant human growth hormone replacement therapy (GHRT) in postoperative children. METHODS We retrospectively analyzed auxological and metabolic parameters and adverse events before and after GHRT of 44 children after CP surgery. RESULTS The median duration of GHRT was 24 months (IQR, 12.5-36). Growth velocity (GV) increased significantly after different treatment duration (TD) compared with baseline (p<0.001) and attained the greatest GV of 12.06 ± 4.16 cm/year at TD6. The mean height standard deviation score (HtSDS) from -3.20 ± 1.16 at baseline improved significantly to -1.51 ± 1.32 at TD36 (p<0.001). There were significant increases in insulin-like growth factor-1 SDS (IGF-1SDS), insulin-like growth factor binding protein 3 SDS (IGFBP-3SDS), bone age (BA), and BA/chronological age (CA) (p<0.05). There was a significant reduction in waist-to-hip ratio (WHR), but there were no significant changes in weight SDS (WtSDS) or BMISDS. Low-density lipoprotein-cholesterol (LDL-C) levels and the incidence of hypercholesterolemia decreased (p<0.05). Three patients (6.8%) had tumor recurrence after 15, 30, and 42 months, respectively. A patient had residual tumor enlargement after 3 months. There was no adverse influence on glucose metabolism or any severe adverse events. CONCLUSIONS GHRT effectively accelerates GV, increases HtSDS, and improves lipid profiles without unfavorable effects on glucose metabolism. The benefits are clear and the risks of adverse events are low.
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Affiliation(s)
- Li-Li Pei
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Ying Guo
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Han Chen
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
| | - Li-Yong Zhong
- Department of Endocrinology, Beijing Tiantan Hospital, Capital Medical University, Beijing, P.R. China
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Moustaki M, Paschou SA, Xekouki P, Kotsa K, Peppa M, Psaltopoulou T, Kalantaridou S, Vryonidou A. Secondary diabetes mellitus in acromegaly. Endocrine 2023:10.1007/s12020-023-03339-1. [PMID: 36882643 PMCID: PMC10239382 DOI: 10.1007/s12020-023-03339-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/21/2022] [Accepted: 02/21/2023] [Indexed: 03/09/2023]
Abstract
Secondary diabetes mellitus (DM) is a common complication of acromegaly, encountered in up to 55% of cases. Vice versa, the prevalence of acromegaly is markedly higher in cohorts of patients with type 2 DM (T2DM). The presence of secondary DM depends primarily on acromegaly status and is associated with increased cardiovascular morbidity, malignancy rate and overall mortality. The principal pathophysiologic mechanism is increased insulin resistance due to excessive lipolysis and altered fat distribution, reflected at the presence of intermuscular fat and attenuated, dysfunctional adipose tissue. Insulin resistance is ascribed to the direct, diabetogenic effects of growth hormone (GH), which prevail over the insulin-sensitizing effects of insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1), probably due to higher glucometabolic potency of GH, IGF-1 resistance, or both. Inversely, GH and IGF-1 act synergistically in increasing insulin secretion. Hyperinsulinemia in portal vein leads to enhanced responsiveness of liver GH receptors and IGF-1 production, pointing towards a mutually amplifying loop between GH-IGF-1 axis and insulin. Secondary DM occurs upon beta cell exhaustion, principally due to gluco-lipo-toxicity. Somatostatin analogues inhibit insulin secretion; especially pasireotide (PASI) impairs glycaemic profile in up to 75% of cases, establishing a separate pathophysiologic entity, PASI-induced DM. In contrast, pegvisomant and dopamine agonizts improve insulin sensitivity. In turn, metformin, pioglitazone and sodium-glucose transporters 2 inhibitors might be disease-modifying by counteracting hyperinsulinemia or acting pleiotropically. Large, prospective cohort studies are needed to validate the above notions and define optimal DM management in acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Melpomeni Moustaki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
| | - Stavroula A Paschou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece.
| | - Paraskevi Xekouki
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes, University General Hospital of Heraklion, School of Medicine, University of Crete, Heraklion, Greece
| | - Kalliopi Kotsa
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, First Department of Internal Medicine, AHEPA University Hospital, School of Medicine, Aristotle University of Thessaloniki, Thessaloniki, Greece
| | - Melpomeni Peppa
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Second Department of Internal Medicine, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Theodora Psaltopoulou
- Endocrine Unit and Diabetes Center, Department of Clinical Therapeutics, Alexandra Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Sophia Kalantaridou
- 3rd Department of Obstetrics and Gynecology, Attikon University Hospital, School of Medicine, National and Kapodistrian University of Athens, Athens, Greece
| | - Andromachi Vryonidou
- Department of Endocrinology and Diabetes Center, Hellenic Red Cross Hospital, Athens, Greece
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Suzuki H, Yamamoto T. CXCL14-like immunoreactivity in somatostatin-producing cells of the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) pancreas. Anat Histol Embryol 2023; 52:158-162. [PMID: 36148519 DOI: 10.1111/ahe.12864] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Revised: 08/03/2022] [Accepted: 09/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/29/2022]
Abstract
This study examines chemokine CXCL14-like peptide distribution in the Japanese quail (Coturnix japonica) pancreas using a specific anti-human CXCL14 antibody. CXCL14-immunoreactive cells were observed in the pancreatic islet peripheral region. The staining was abolished after pre-absorbing the antibody with recombinant human CXCL14. CXCL14-immunoreactive cells were immuno-positive for somatostatin, but not glucagon and insulin. CXCL14 secreted from somatostatin-producing cells might participate in insulin secretion modulation together with somatostatin. In addition, CXCL14 might participate in glucose homeostasis in co-operation with somatostatin and growth hormone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Hirohumi Suzuki
- Department of Biology, University of Teacher Education Fukuoka, Munakata, Japan
| | - Toshiharu Yamamoto
- Brain Functions and Neuroscience Unit, Department of Oral Science, Graduate School of Dentistry, Kanagawa Dental University, Yokosuka, Japan
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van Wilpe R, Hulst AH, Siegelaar SE, DeVries JH, Preckel B, Hermanides J. Type 1 and other types of diabetes mellitus in the perioperative period. What the anaesthetist should know. J Clin Anesth 2023; 84:111012. [PMID: 36427486 DOI: 10.1016/j.jclinane.2022.111012] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/09/2022] [Revised: 10/31/2022] [Accepted: 11/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes mellitus is often treated as a uniform disease in the perioperative period. Type 2 diabetes is most commonly encountered, and only a minority of surgical patients have been diagnosed with another type of diabetes. Patients with a specific type of diabetes can be particularly prone to perioperative glycaemic dysregulation. In addition, certain type-related features and pitfalls should be taken into account in the operating theatre. In this narrative review, we discuss characteristics of types of diabetes other than type 2 diabetes relevant to the anaesthetist, based on available literature and data from our clinic.
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Affiliation(s)
- Robert van Wilpe
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Postbus 22660, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Abraham H Hulst
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Postbus 22660, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Sarah E Siegelaar
- Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Postbus 22660, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - J Hans DeVries
- Department of Endocrinology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Postbus 22660, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
| | - Benedikt Preckel
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Postbus 22660, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands.
| | - Jeroen Hermanides
- Department of Anaesthesiology, Amsterdam UMC location AMC, University of Amsterdam, Meibergdreef 9, Postbus 22660, 1105 AZ Amsterdam, the Netherlands
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Oxley M, Francis H, Sato K. Growth Hormone Signaling in Liver Diseases: Therapeutic Potentials and Controversies. Semin Liver Dis 2023; 43:24-30. [PMID: 36652958 DOI: 10.1055/a-2015-1359] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 01/20/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and downstream insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) signaling mediate growth and metabolism. GH deficiency causes short stature or dwarfism, and excess GH causes acromegaly. Although the association of GH/IGF1 signaling with liver diseases has been suggested previously, current studies are controversial and the functional roles of GH/IGF1 signaling are still undefined. GH supplementation therapy showed promising therapeutic effects in some patients, such as non-alcoholic fatty liver disease, but inhibition of GH signaling may be beneficial for other liver diseases, such as hepatocellular carcinoma. The functional roles of GH/IGF1 signaling and the effects of agonists/antagonists targeting this signaling may differ depending on the liver injury or animal models. This review summarizes current controversial studies of GH/IGF1 signaling in liver diseases and discusses therapeutic potentials of GH therapy.
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Affiliation(s)
- Madisyn Oxley
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Heather Francis
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
- Department of Research, Richard L. Roudebush VA Medical Center, Indianapolis, Indiana
| | - Keisaku Sato
- Division of Gastroenterology and Hepatology, Department of Medicine, Indiana University School of Medicine, Indianapolis, Indiana
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Takahashi Y, Biller BMK, Fukuoka H, Ho KKY, Rasmussen MH, Nedjatian N, Sværke C, Yuen KCJ, Johannsson G. Weekly somapacitan had no adverse effects on glucose metabolism in adults with growth hormone deficiency. Pituitary 2023; 26:57-72. [PMID: 36380045 PMCID: PMC9908671 DOI: 10.1007/s11102-022-01283-3] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 10/07/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE The long-term effects of long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) analogues on glucose metabolism in adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) are not known. We investigated the impact of LAGH somapacitan, administered once-weekly, on glucose metabolism in patients with AGHD. METHODS In post hoc-defined analyses, we compared the effects of somapacitan with daily growth hormone (GH) and placebo on fasting plasma glucose (FPG), glycated hemoglobin (HbA1c), fasting insulin, homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and beta-cell function (HOMA-β) in patients with AGHD across a unique data set from three phase 3 randomized controlled trials (REAL 1, REAL 2 and REAL Japan). RESULTS No new cases of diabetes mellitus were reported with somapacitan. Among GH-naïve patients (n = 120 somapacitan, n = 119 daily GH), higher changes from baseline in FPG, HOMA-IR and fasting insulin levels were observed with daily GH versus somapacitan at 34 weeks, but not at 86 weeks. HbA1c and HOMA-β did not differ between groups at either timepoint. Among treatment-naïve patients, sex, age, fasting insulin, glucose tolerance status and body mass index did not influence changes in glucose metabolism. In previously treated patients (REAL 1 extension: n = 51 somapacitan, n = 52 daily GH; REAL 2: n = 61 and n = 31, respectively; REAL Japan: n = 46 and n = 16, respectively), the difference in changes from baseline were not statistically significant between somapacitan and daily GH for any glucose metabolism parameters. CONCLUSIONS Somapacitan, compared with daily GH, did not adversely affect glucose metabolism up to 86 weeks in a large cohort of treatment-naïve or previously treated patients with AGHD. Trial registrations (date of registration): NCT02229851 (2 September 2014), NCT02382939 (3 March 2015), NCT03075644 (7 March 2017).
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Affiliation(s)
- Yutaka Takahashi
- Department of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Nara Medical University, 840 Shijo-Cho, Kashihara, Nara, 634-8522, Japan.
| | - Beverly M K Biller
- Neuroendocrine & Pituitary Tumor Clinical Center, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Hidenori Fukuoka
- Division of Diabetes and Endocrinology, Kobe University Hospital, Kobe, Japan
| | - Ken K Y Ho
- Garvan Institute of Medical Research, St. Vincent's Hospital, Sydney, Australia
- UNSW Sydney, Sydney, Australia
| | | | - Navid Nedjatian
- Global Medical Affairs-Rare Endocrine Disorders, Novo Nordisk Health Care AG, Zurich, Switzerland
| | - Claus Sværke
- Global Development, Novo Nordisk A/S, Søborg, Denmark
| | - Kevin C J Yuen
- Barrow Pituitary Center, Barrow Neurological Institute and St. Joseph's Hospital and Medical Center, University of Arizona College of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
- Creighton School of Medicine, Phoenix, AZ, USA
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Institute of Medicine, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Göteborg, Sweden
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Göteborg, Sweden
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Growth Hormone Alters Circulating Levels of Glycine and Hydroxyproline in Mice. Metabolites 2023; 13:metabo13020191. [PMID: 36837810 PMCID: PMC9959592 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13020191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/30/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/24/2023] [Indexed: 01/31/2023] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) has established effects on protein metabolism, such as increasing protein synthesis and decreasing amino acid degradation, but its effects on circulating amino acid levels are less studied. To investigate this relationship, metabolomic analyses were used to measure amino acid concentrations in plasma and feces of mice with alterations to the GH axis, namely bovine GH transgenic (bGH; increased GH action) and GH receptor knockout (GHRKO; GH resistant) mice. To determine the effects of acute GH treatment, GH-injected GH knockout (GHKO) mice were used to measure serum glycine. Furthermore, liver gene expression of glycine metabolism genes was assessed in bGH, GHRKO, and GH-injected GHKO mice. bGH mice had significantly decreased plasma glycine and increased hydroxyproline in both sexes, while GHRKO mice had increased plasma glycine in both sexes and decreased hydroxyproline in males. Glycine synthesis gene expression was decreased in bGH mice (Shmt1 in females and Shmt2 in males) and increased in GHRKO mice (Shmt2 in males). Acute GH treatment of GHKO mice caused decreased liver Shmt1 and Shmt2 expression and decreased serum glycine. In conclusion, GH alters circulating glycine and hydroxyproline levels in opposing directions, with the glycine changes at least partially driven by decreased glycine synthesis.
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Jiang S, Fu L, Zhang W, Zuo N, Guan W, Sun H, Wang X. The Advantage of Growth Hormone Alone as an Adjuvant Therapy in Advanced Age and BMI ≥ 24 kg/m 2 with In Vitro Fertilization Failure Due to Poor Embryo Quality. J Clin Med 2023; 12:jcm12030955. [PMID: 36769605 PMCID: PMC9918017 DOI: 10.3390/jcm12030955] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/01/2022] [Revised: 01/20/2023] [Accepted: 01/22/2023] [Indexed: 01/28/2023] Open
Abstract
This study aimed to assess the effects of GH adjuvant therapy on the cumulative live birth rate in patients with poor embryo quality and to determine the characteristics of patients who are more responsive to GH. A retrospective cohort study was carried out in patients who have suffered from previous IVF failure due to poor embryonic development and underwent IVF with or without a 6-week pretreatment with GH in the subsequent cycle from January 2018 to December 2020. Clinical parameters including the cumulative live birth rate between the (-) GH and (+) GH groups were compared. Multivariate analysis was performed to ascertain associations between clinical parameters and cumulative live birth rate. Upon analysis of the clinical data from 236 IVF cycles, 84 patients received GH and 152 did not receive GH. In frozen embryo transfer cycles, compared with the (-) GH group, the implantation rate and live birth rate were significantly higher in the (+) GH group (p < 0.05). After adjusting for possible confounding factors, GH improved cumulative live birth per oocyte retrieval cycle by 1.96 folds (p = 0.032). Furthermore, when patients were subdivided based on age and BMI, a significant increase in the cumulative live birth rate was found in the (+) GH group of patients between 35 and 42 years old and BMI ≥ 24 kg/m2, respectively (p < 0.05). GH may increase the live birth rate in women who experienced IVF failure because of poor embryonic development, particularly in obese patients and women with advanced age.
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Affiliation(s)
- Shuyi Jiang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 SanHao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Lingjie Fu
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 SanHao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Wei Zhang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 SanHao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Na Zuo
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 SanHao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Wenzheng Guan
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 SanHao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
| | - Hao Sun
- Department of Clinical Epidemiology and Evidence-Based Medicine, the First Hospital of China Medical University, 155 Nanjing North Street, Shenyang 110001, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-189-4025-1898 (X.W.)
| | - Xiuxia Wang
- Center of Reproductive Medicine, Shengjing Hospital of China Medical University, 36 SanHao Street, Shenyang 110004, China
- Correspondence: (H.S.); (X.W.); Tel.: +86-189-4025-1898 (X.W.)
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67
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The role of exercise and hypoxia on glucose transport and regulation. Eur J Appl Physiol 2023; 123:1147-1165. [PMID: 36690907 DOI: 10.1007/s00421-023-05135-1] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 3.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/24/2022] [Accepted: 01/06/2023] [Indexed: 01/25/2023]
Abstract
Muscle glucose transport activity increases with an acute bout of exercise, a process that is accomplished by the translocation of glucose transporters to the plasma membrane. This process remains intact in the skeletal muscle of individuals with insulin resistance and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM). Exercise training is, therefore, an important cornerstone in the management of individuals with T2DM. However, the acute systemic glucose responses to carbohydrate ingestion are often augmented during the early recovery period from exercise, despite increased glucose uptake into skeletal muscle. Accordingly, the first aim of this review is to summarize the knowledge associated with insulin action and glucose uptake in skeletal muscle and apply these to explain the disparate responses between systemic and localized glucose responses post-exercise. Herein, the importance of muscle glycogen depletion and the key glucoregulatory hormones will be discussed. Glucose uptake can also be stimulated independently by hypoxia; therefore, hypoxic training presents as an emerging method for enhancing the effects of exercise on glucose regulation. Thus, the second aim of this review is to discuss the potential for systemic hypoxia to enhance the effects of exercise on glucose regulation.
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68
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Arlien-Søborg MC, Madsen MA, Dal J, Krusenstjerna-Hafstrøm T, Ringgaard S, Skou N, Høgild M, Jørgensen JOL. Ectopic lipid deposition and insulin resistance in patients with GH disorders before and after treatment. Eur J Endocrinol 2023; 188:6984866. [PMID: 36651164 DOI: 10.1093/ejendo/lvac014] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 07/16/2022] [Revised: 12/02/2022] [Accepted: 12/08/2022] [Indexed: 01/13/2023]
Abstract
OBJECTIVES Insulin resistance is associated with ectopic lipid deposition. Growth hormone (GH) status also modulates ectopic lipid accumulation, but how this associates with insulin resistance in patients with GH disorders is not well established. DESIGN AND METHODS Twenty-one patients diagnosed with acromegaly and 12 patients with adult GH deficiency (GHD) were studied at diagnosis and after treatment. A reference group of 12 subjects was included. Each study day comprised assessment of body composition with dual-energy X-ray absorptiometry, ectopic lipid deposition in the liver by MR spectroscopy, and Homeostatic Model Assessment for Insulin Resistance (HOMA-IR). RESULTS Disease control of acromegaly decreased lean body mass (LBM) (P < .000) and increased the percentage of total body fat (TBF) (P < .000). GH replacement increased LBM in the GHD patients (P = .007) and decreased the percentage of TBF (P = .010). The intrahepatic lipid (IHL) content increased after disease control in acromegaly (P = .004), whereas IHL did not change significantly after GH replacement in GHD (P = .34). Insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) improved after disease control of acromegaly (P < .000) and remained unaltered after GH replacement in the GHD patients (P = .829). CONCLUSIONS GH status is a significant modulator of body composition and insulin sensitivity.GH excess reduces total fat mass and intrahepatic lipid content together with induction of insulin resistance.The data support the notion that GH-induced insulin resistance is unassociated with hepatic lipid accumulation.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mai C Arlien-Søborg
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Michael Alle Madsen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Nuclear Medicine & PET Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jakob Dal
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Endocrinology, Aalborg University Hospital, Aalborg, Denmark
| | | | - Steffen Ringgaard
- Department of Clinical Medicine, The MR Research Centre, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Nickolaj Skou
- Department of Radiology, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Morten Høgild
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Jens Otto Lunde Jørgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
- Department of Clinical Medicine, Medical Research Laboratory, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
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69
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Zhao L, Jiang H. Growth hormone stimulates lipolysis in mice but not in adipose tissue or adipocyte culture. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 13:1028191. [PMID: 36686475 PMCID: PMC9846043 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2022.1028191] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Accepted: 12/14/2022] [Indexed: 01/06/2023] Open
Abstract
The inhibitory effect of growth hormone (GH) on adipose tissue growth and the stimulatory effect of GH on lipolysis are well known, but the mechanisms underlying these effects are not completely understood. In this study, we revisited the effects of GH on adipose tissue growth and lipolysis in the lit/lit mouse model. The lit/lit mice are GH deficient because of a mutation in the GH releasing hormone receptor gene. We found that the lit/lit mice had more subcutaneous fat and larger adipocytes than their heterozygous lit/+ littermates and that these differences were partially reversed by 4-week GH injection. We also found that GH injection to the lit/lit mice caused the mature adipose tissue and adipocytes to reduce in size. These results demonstrate that GH inhibits adipose tissue growth at least in part by stimulating lipolysis. To determine the mechanism by which GH stimulates lipolysis, we cultured adipose tissue explants and adipocytes derived from lit/lit mice with GH and/or isoproterenol, an agonist of the beta-adrenergic receptors. These experiments showed that whereas isoproterenol, expectedly, stimulated potent lipolysis, GH, surprisingly, had no effect on basal lipolysis or isoproterenol-induced lipolysis in adipose tissue explants or adipocytes. We also found that both isoproterenol-induced lipolysis and phosphorylation of hormone-sensitive lipase were not different between lit/lit and lit/+ mice. Taken together, these results support the conclusion that GH has lipolytic effect in mice but argue against the notion that GH stimulates lipolysis by directly acting on adipocytes or by enhancing β-adrenergic receptors-mediated lipolysis.
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Affiliation(s)
| | - Honglin Jiang
- School of Animal Sciences, Virginia Tech, Blacksburg, VA, United States
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Li M, Zhang J, Yang G, Zhang J, Han M, Zhang Y, Liu Y. Effects of Anterior Pituitary Adenomas' Hormones on Glucose Metabolism and Its Clinical Implications. Diabetes Metab Syndr Obes 2023; 16:409-424. [PMID: 36816815 PMCID: PMC9937076 DOI: 10.2147/dmso.s397445] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 11/18/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Pituitary adenomas have recently become more common and their incidence is increasing yearly. Functional pituitary tumors commonly secrete prolactin, growth hormones, and adrenocorticotropic hormones, which cause diseases such as prolactinoma, acromegaly, and Cushing's disease, but rarely secrete luteinizing, follicle-stimulating, thyroid-stimulating, and melanocyte-stimulating hormones. In addition to the typical clinical manifestations of functional pituitary tumors caused by excessive hormone levels, some pituitary tumors are also accompanied by abnormal glucose metabolism. The effects of these seven hormones on glucose metabolism are important for the treatment of diabetes secondary to pituitary tumors. This review focuses on the effects of hormones on glucose metabolism, providing important clues for the diagnosis and treatment of related diseases.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mengnan Li
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jian Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Guimei Yang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Jiaxin Zhang
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Minmin Han
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- First Clinical Medical College, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
| | - Yi Zhang
- Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Correspondence: Yi Zhang, Department of Pharmacology, Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China, Email
| | - Yunfeng Liu
- Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China
- Yunfeng Liu, Department of Endocrinology, First Hospital of Shanxi Medical University, Taiyuan, People’s Republic of China, Tel +86 18703416196, Email
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Tavares MR, Frazao R, Donato J. Understanding the role of growth hormone in situations of metabolic stress. J Endocrinol 2023; 256:JOE-22-0159. [PMID: 36327147 DOI: 10.1530/joe-22-0159] [Citation(s) in RCA: 6] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Accepted: 11/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/06/2022]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by the anterior pituitary gland and plays a key role in controlling tissue and body growth. While basal GH secretion is considerably reduced along adulthood and aging, several situations of metabolic stress can lead to robust increases in circulating GH levels. The objective of the present review is to summarize and discuss the importance of GH regulating different physiological functions in situations of metabolic stress, including prolonged food restriction, hypoglycemia, exercise, pregnancy, and obesity. The presented data indicate that GH increases hunger perception/food intake, fat mobilization, blood glucose levels, and insulin resistance and produces changes in energy expenditure and neuroendocrine responses during metabolic challenges. When all these effects are considered in the context of situations of metabolic stress, they contribute to restore homeostasis by (1) helping the organism to use appropriate energy substrates, (2) preventing hypoglycemia or increasing the availability of glucose, (3) stimulating feeding to provide nutrients in response to energy-demanding activities or to accelerate the recovery of energy stores, and (4) affecting the activity of neuronal populations involved in the control of metabolism and stress response. Thus, the central and peripheral effects of GH coordinate multiple adaptations during situations of metabolic stress that ultimately help the organism restore homeostasis, increasing the chances of survival.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mariana Rosolen Tavares
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Renata Frazao
- Department of Anatomy, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
| | - Jose Donato
- Department of Physiology and Biophysics, Instituto de Ciencias Biomedicas, Universidade de Sao Paulo, Sao Paulo, Brazil
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Baumgartner C, Krššák M, Vila G, Krebs M, Wolf P. Ectopic lipid metabolism in anterior pituitary dysfunction. Front Endocrinol (Lausanne) 2023; 14:1075776. [PMID: 36860364 PMCID: PMC9968795 DOI: 10.3389/fendo.2023.1075776] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 10/20/2022] [Accepted: 02/02/2023] [Indexed: 02/17/2023] Open
Abstract
Over the past decades, adapted lifestyle and dietary habits in industrialized countries have led to a progress of obesity and associated metabolic disorders. Concomitant insulin resistance and derangements in lipid metabolism foster the deposition of excess lipids in organs and tissues with limited capacity of physiologic lipid storage. In organs pivotal for systemic metabolic homeostasis, this ectopic lipid content disturbs metabolic action, thereby promotes the progression of metabolic disease, and inherits a risk for cardiometabolic complications. Pituitary hormone syndromes are commonly associated with metabolic diseases. However, the impact on subcutaneous, visceral, and ectopic fat stores between disorders and their underlying hormonal axes is rather different, and the underlying pathophysiological pathways remain largely unknown. Pituitary disorders might influence ectopic lipid deposition indirectly by modulating lipid metabolism and insulin sensitivity, but also directly by organ specific hormonal effects on energy metabolism. In this review, we aim to I) provide information about the impact of pituitary disorders on ectopic fat stores, II) and to present up-to-date knowledge on potential pathophysiological mechanisms of hormone action in ectopic lipid metabolism.
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Obstructive Sleep Apnea, Circadian Clock Disruption, and Metabolic Consequences. Metabolites 2022; 13:metabo13010060. [PMID: 36676985 PMCID: PMC9863434 DOI: 10.3390/metabo13010060] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/12/2022] [Revised: 12/26/2022] [Accepted: 12/27/2022] [Indexed: 01/03/2023] Open
Abstract
Obstructive sleep apnea (OSA) is a chronic disorder characterized by recurrent episodes of apnea and hypopnea during sleep. It is associated with various cardiovascular and metabolic complications, including type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) and obesity. Many pathways can be responsible for T2DM development in OSA patients, e.g., those related to HIF-1 and SIRT1 expression. Moreover, epigenetic mechanisms, such as miRNA181a or miRNA199, are postulated to play a pivotal role in this link. It has been proven that OSA increases the occurrence of circadian clock disruption, which is also a risk factor for metabolic disease development. Circadian clock disruption impairs the metabolism of glucose, lipids, and the secretion of bile acids. Therefore, OSA-induced circadian clock disruption may be a potential, complex, underlying pathway involved in developing and exacerbating metabolic diseases among OSA patients. The current paper summarizes the available information pertaining to the relationship between OSA and circadian clock disruption in the context of potential mechanisms leading to metabolic disorders.
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Wolf P, Dormoy A, Maione L, Salenave S, Young J, Kamenický P, Chanson P. Impairment in insulin secretion without changes in insulin resistance explains hyperglycemia in patients with acromegaly treated with pasireotide LAR. Endocr Connect 2022; 11:e220296. [PMID: 36269605 PMCID: PMC9716376 DOI: 10.1530/ec-22-0296] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 09/22/2022] [Accepted: 10/21/2022] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
Abstract
Objective Pasireotide is a second-generation somatostatin receptor ligand (SRL) used for treating acromegaly. Its clinical use is limited by adverse effects on glucose homeostasis. The aim of this study was to evaluate longitudinal changes in beta-cell function and insulin sensitivity associated with pasireotide in patients not controlled by first-generation SRLs. Design We performed a retrospective study. Methods The efficacy (growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor (IGF-1) concentrations; tumor size) and effect on glucose homeostasis were analyzed in 33 patients. Longitudinal data on oral glucose tolerance tests were available before, shortly (mean ± s.d., 6.1 ± 3.8 months) and long term (24.4 ± 11.1 months) after initiation of pasireotide in 14 patients. Insulin secretion (insulinogenic index; disposition index) and insulin sensitivity were calculated by validated indices. Results Pasireotide-induced diabetes occurred in 12 patients (36%). It was mediated by impaired insulin secretion, which occurred shortly after initiation of treatment and then remained stable on long term (insulinogenic index, median (min; max), 80 (12; 542) vs 16 (6.4; 101) vs 25 (3.7; 396) pmol/mmol, respectively; P = 0.028; disposition index, 1.45 (0.42; 4.88) vs 0.53 (0.17; 2.63) vs 0.60 (0.22; 1.71), respectively; P = 0.024). No significant changes in insulin sensitivity were observed, despite a marked reduction of GH/IGF-1 concentrations. Older age and a worse glycemic control at baseline were the strongest predictors for hyperglycemia and the need for antidiabetic treatment. Conclusion Worsening of glycemic control during pasireotide therapy is caused by an impaired insulin secretion, whereas insulin sensitivity is not affected. These findings might be important for the choice of antidiabetic treatment for pasireotide-induced hyperglycemia. Significance statement Pasireotide, a second-generation SRL used for treating acromegaly, may be associated with glucose metabolism impairment. In a retrospective study of 33 patients, we observed that treatment with pasireotide was associated with normalization of serum IGF-1 in almost 60% of patients, but one-third of patients developed diabetes. In the patients who stopped pasireotide because of hyperglycemia, HbA1c promptly decreased. Longitudinal data in 14 patients show that diabetes is mediated by impaired insulin secretion, which occurred shortly and then remained stable on long term, while no significant changes in insulin sensitivity were observed, despite a marked reduction of GH/IGF-1 concentrations. Older age and a worse glycemic control at baseline were the strongest predictors for hyperglycemia.
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Affiliation(s)
- Peter Wolf
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
- Division of Endocrinology and Metabolism, Department of Internal Medicine III, Medical University of Vienna, Vienna, Austria
| | - Alexandre Dormoy
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Luigi Maione
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Sylvie Salenave
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Jacques Young
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Peter Kamenický
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
| | - Philippe Chanson
- Université Paris-Saclay, Inserm, Physiologie et Physiopathologie Endocriniennes, Assistance Publique-Hôpitaux de Paris, Hôpital Bicêtre, Service d’Endocrinologie et des Maladies de la Reproduction, Centre de Référence des Maladies Rares de l’Hypophyse, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre, France
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75
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Nishad R, Mukhi D, Kethavath S, Raviraj S, Paturi ASV, Motrapu M, Kurukuti S, Pasupulati AK. Podocyte derived TNF-α mediates monocyte differentiation and contributes to glomerular injury. FASEB J 2022; 36:e22622. [PMID: 36421039 DOI: 10.1096/fj.202200923r] [Citation(s) in RCA: 8] [Impact Index Per Article: 4.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 06/22/2022] [Revised: 08/31/2022] [Accepted: 10/10/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
Diabetes shortens the life expectancy by more than a decade, and the excess mortality in diabetes is correlated with the incidence of kidney disease. Diabetic kidney disease (DKD) is the leading cause of end-stage kidney disease. Macrophage accumulation predicts the severity of kidney injury in human biopsies and experimental models of DKD. However, the mechanism underlying macrophage recruitment in diabetes glomeruli is unclear. Elevated plasma growth hormone (GH) levels in type I diabetes and acromegalic individuals impaired glomerular biology. In this study, we examined whether GH-stimulated podocytes contribute to macrophage accumulation. RNA-seq analysis revealed elevated TNF-α signaling in GH-treated human podocytes. Conditioned media from GH-treated podocytes (GH-CM) induced differentiation of monocytes to macrophages. On the other hand, neutralization of GH-CM with the TNF-α antibody diminished GH-CM's action on monocytes. The treatment of mice with GH resulted in increased macrophage recruitment, podocyte injury, and proteinuria. Furthermore, we noticed the activation of TNF-α signaling, macrophage accumulation, and fibrosis in DKD patients' kidney biopsies. Our findings suggest that podocytes could secrete TNF-α and contribute to macrophage migration, resulting in DKD-related renal inflammation. Inhibition of either GH action or TNF-α expression in podocytes could be a novel therapeutic approach for DKD treatment.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rajkishor Nishad
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Dhanunjay Mukhi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Srinivas Kethavath
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sumathi Raviraj
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Atreya S V Paturi
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Manga Motrapu
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Sreenivasulu Kurukuti
- Department of Animal Biology, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
| | - Anil Kumar Pasupulati
- Department of Biochemistry, School of Life Sciences, University of Hyderabad, Hyderabad, India
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76
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Laron Z. Increase of serum lipoprotein (a), an adverse effect of growth hormone treatment. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 67:101503. [PMID: 36115257 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101503] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/14/2022] [Accepted: 09/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022]
Abstract
A number of reports show that high endogenous, or therapeutic administration of human growth hormone (hGH) cause an increase of serum lipoprotein a, Lp(a). Being thrombogenic Lp(a) is an independent risk factor of atherosclerotic cardiovascular disease (ASCVD). Hence, it is hypothesized that the recently reported association between childhood hGH treatment and cardiovascular morbidity is probably due to the GH effect on Lp(a) synthesis. It is therefore suggested to determine serum Lp(a) levels before and during hGH treatment in children and adults.
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Affiliation(s)
- Zvi Laron
- Endocrinology & Diabetes Research Unit, Schneider Children's Medical Center, Tel Aviv University. Israel.
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77
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Choi HS, Kwon A, Suh J, Song K, Chae HW, Kim HS. Effect of long-acting growth hormone treatment on endogenous growth hormone secretion in prepubertal patients with idiopathic short stature: A preliminary study. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 66:101486. [PMID: 35868146 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101486] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/03/2022] [Revised: 06/26/2022] [Accepted: 07/05/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
Long-acting growth hormone (LAGH) is emerging to be a new preparation for treatment of short stature. We aimed to determine whether 12-month treatment with LAGH in patients with idiopathic short stature has an effect on the nocturnal endogenous growth hormone (GH) secretion and metabolic consequences and efficacy. Participants included 10 GH-naïve prepubertal children with idiopathic short stature (ISS). One patient was withdrawn due to own decline during study. Participants were randomized on a 1:1 ratio to receive either a daily GH (0.37 mg/kg/week) or once-weekly LAGH (0.7 mg/kg/week) over a 12-month period. Nocturnal endogenous GH secretory profiles obtained from 12-h blood samplings at 30-min interval were assessed at baseline and 2 weeks after the completion of GH treatment. Post-treatment changes in height velocity, height standard deviation score (SDS), metabolic parameters, and adverse events were measured. A total of 4 patients received LAGH, and 5 patients received daily GH. Nocturnal endogenous GH secretory profiles, such as mean serum GH concentrations, frequency, amplitude, interpulse interval of spontaneous GH secretory bursts, and mass of GH released per secretory burst were similar at baseline and after 12-month treatment in both groups. The efficacy and safety after LAGH treatment for 12 months were similar to those of daily GH. In conclusions, these findings indicated that LAGH does not suppress endogenous GH secretion, and can be used for treatment of non-GH deficient short stature with similar efficacy and safety compared to daily GH. These may contribute to define and develop treatment and follow-up protocols for LAGH use in ISS patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Han Saem Choi
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ahreum Kwon
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Junghwan Suh
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Kyungchul Song
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Hyun Wook Chae
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea
| | - Ho-Seong Kim
- Department of Pediatrics, Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, Severance Children's Hospital, Endocrine Research Institute, Yonsei University College of Medicine, Seoul, Republic of Korea.
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78
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Li T, Bai H, Fang H, Yang L, Yan P. Growth hormone inhibits adipogenic differentiation and induces browning in bovine subcutaneous adipocytes. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 66:101498. [PMID: 36007464 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101498] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 05/15/2022] [Revised: 08/12/2022] [Accepted: 08/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022]
Abstract
OBJECTIVE It is well established that growth hormone (GH) has the ability to stimulate lipolysis. The effects of GH on adipocyte differentiation and browning have not been clearly described. Therefore, the present study aimed to elucidate the role of GH in the differentiation and browning of bovine subcutaneous adipocytes as well as its underlying molecular mechanisms. METHODS We first treated bovine subcutaneous preadipocytes with different concentrations (0, 10, 100, and 500 ng/mL) of GH for 8 days and measured lipid accumulation and gene expression. Afterward, we treated preadipocytes and mature adipocytes with 500 ng/mL GH and determined differentiation and browning-related indicators. Finally, we investigated the expression of STAT5B in both preadipocytes and mature adipocytes after GH treatment. RESULTS We demonstrated that GH inhibited lipid accumulation and decreased the expression levels of adipogenic key genes (SCD1, SREBP1, PPARγ, and CEBPα) during adipocyte differentiation. Moreover, we observed that the inhibitory effect of GH on the early stage of adipocyte differentiation (0-2 days) was stronger than that on the later stage of adipocyte differentiation (2-8 days). We also found that GH promoted the expression levels of browning-related genes such as uncoupling protein 1 (UCP1) in mature adipocytes. Concurrently, GH promoted mitochondrial biogenesis and increased the expression levels of mitochondrial biogenesis-related genes. In addition, GH promoted phosphorylation of signal transducers and activator of transcription 5 b (STAT5B) and contributed to translocation of STAT5B to nucleus. After blocking the expression of STAT5B protein, GH weakened the inhibition of adipogenic key genes and reduced the promotion of browning-related genes in bovine subcutaneous adipocytes. CONCLUSIONS GH can inhibit adipocyte differentiation and promote adipocyte browning by regulating STAT5B in bovine subcutaneous adipocytes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tingting Li
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Hui Bai
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Haoyuan Fang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Liang Yang
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China
| | - Peishi Yan
- College of Animal Science and Technology, Nanjing Agricultural University, Nanjing 210095, China.
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79
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Dong X, Su L, Patti ME. Growth Hormone and Counterregulation in the Pathogenesis of Diabetes. Curr Diab Rep 2022; 22:511-524. [PMID: 36001217 PMCID: PMC9484610 DOI: 10.1007/s11892-022-01488-7] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/12/2022] [Indexed: 11/30/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE OF REVIEW Canonical growth hormone (GH)-dependent signaling is essential for growth and counterregulatory responses to hypoglycemia, but also may contribute to glucose homeostasis (even in the absence of hypoglycemia) via its impact on metabolism of carbohydrates, lipids and proteins, body composition, and cardiovascular risk profile. The aim of this review is to summarize recent data implicating GH action in metabolic control, including both IGF-1-dependent and -independent pathways, and its potential role as target for T2D therapy. RECENT FINDINGS Experimental blockade of the GHR can modulate glucose metabolism. Moreover, the soluble form of the GH receptor (GHR, or GHBP) was recently identified as a mediator of improvement in glycemic control in patients with T2D randomized to bariatric surgery vs. medical therapy. Reductions in GHR were accompanied by increases in plasma GH, but unchanged levels of both total and free IGF-1. Likewise, hepatic GHR expression is reduced following both RYGB and VSG in rodents. Emerging data indicate that GH signaling is important for regulation of long-term glucose metabolism in T2D. Future studies will be required to dissect tissue-specific GH signaling and sensitivity and their contributions to systemic glucose metabolism.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xuehong Dong
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Endocrinology, Diabetes & Metabolism, Sir Run Run Shaw Hospital, Zhejiang University School of Medicine, Hangzhou, China
| | - Lei Su
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
- Department of Geriatrics, The First Affiliated Hospital, Sun Yat-Sen University, Guangzhou, China
| | - Mary-Elizabeth Patti
- Integrative Physiology and Metabolism, Research Division, Joslin Diabetes Center, Boston, MA, USA.
- Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA.
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80
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Sulu C, Bektas AB, Guzel SS, Tay K, Sahin S, Durcan E, Ozkaya HM, Kadioglu P. Effect of metformin on thyroid cancer risk in patients with acromegaly: A preliminary observational study. Growth Horm IGF Res 2022; 66:101484. [PMID: 35870256 DOI: 10.1016/j.ghir.2022.101484] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/19/2022] [Revised: 05/01/2022] [Accepted: 06/26/2022] [Indexed: 11/04/2022]
Abstract
PURPOSE To evaluate the role of metformin on thyroid cancer risk in patients with acromegaly. METHODS Medical charts of 534 patients with acromegaly that were followed-up between 1983 and 2019 were reviewed. Patients with follow-up duration at least 6 months were included. Cohort entry was defined as first visit date. The date of each case's thyroid cancer diagnosis was defined as index date. Patients were followed until the index date, death, or last visit date, whichever came first. Nested case-control study design was selected to evaluate the association between metformin and the thyroid cancer risk in patients with acromegaly. RESULTS 291 patients with acromegaly were included into final analysis. The mean age at acromegaly diagnosis was 42.3 ± 1.3 years. The median follow-up duration was 76 [34-132] months. Among 291 patients, 13 patients (4.5%) had thyroid cancer. Thirty-one percent (n = 92) of the patients used metformin for 6 months or longer. One standard deviation (SD) increase in average growth hormone increased the odds of having thyroid cancer by 1.164 folds (p = 0.017). One SD increase of the average insulin-like growth factor 1 to upper limit of normal ratio increased the odds of having thyroid cancer by 1.201 folds (p = 0.004). If a patient used metformin for at least 6 months, the odds to have thyroid cancer was decreased, multiplied by 0.62 with a 95% confidence interval of [0.47, 0.83] (p = 0.0013). The risk of thyroid cancer decreased with increasing duration of metformin use. CONCLUSION Metformin may decrease the thyroid cancer risk in patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Cem Sulu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes-Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Ayyuce Begum Bektas
- Graduate School of Sciences and Engineering, Koç University, Istanbul 34450, Turkey
| | - Suleyman Sami Guzel
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Kubilay Tay
- Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Serdar Sahin
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes-Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Emre Durcan
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes-Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Hande Mefkure Ozkaya
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes-Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey
| | - Pinar Kadioglu
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism, and Diabetes-Department of Internal Medicine, Cerrahpasa Medical School, Istanbul University-Cerrahpasa, Istanbul 34098, Turkey.
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81
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Smyczyńska J, Pawelak N, Hilczer M, Lewiński A. Delayed Diagnosis of Congenital Combined Pituitary Hormone Deficiency including Severe Growth Hormone Deficiency in Children with Persistent Neonatal Hypoglycemia—Case Reports and Review. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231911069. [PMID: 36232371 PMCID: PMC9570002 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231911069] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/15/2022] [Revised: 09/11/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/27/2022] Open
Abstract
Apart from stimulation of human growth and cell proliferation, growth hormone (GH) has pleiotropic metabolic effects in all periods of life. Severe GH deficiency is a common component of combined pituitary hormone deficiency (CPHD). CPHD may be caused by mutations in the genes encoding transcription factors and signaling molecules involved in normal pituitary development; however, often its genetic cause remains unknown. Symptoms depend on which hormone is deficient. The first symptom of GH or adrenocorticotropic hormone (ACTH) deficiency may be persistent hypoglycemia in apparently healthy newborns, which is often neglected. Diagnosing CPHD is based on decreased concentrations of hormones secreted by the anterior pituitary and peripheral endocrine glands. Findings in magnetic resonance imaging vary widely, including anterior pituitary hypoplasia/aplasia or pituitary stalk interruption syndrome (PSIS). Delayed diagnosis and treatment can be life-threatening. GH therapy is necessary to recover hypoglycemia and to improve auxological and psychomotor development. We present two girls, diagnosed and treated in our departments, in whom the diagnosis of CPHD was delayed, despite persistent neonatal hypoglycemia; and a review of similar cases, with attention paid to progress in the genetic assessments of such patients, since the introduction of whole exome sequencing that is especially important for PSIS.
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Affiliation(s)
- Joanna Smyczyńska
- Department of Pediatrics, Endocrinology, Diabetology and Nephrology, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
- Correspondence:
| | - Natalia Pawelak
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Maciej Hilczer
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
| | - Andrzej Lewiński
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Polish Mother’s Memorial Hospital—Research Institute, 93-338 Lodz, Poland
- Department of Endocrinology and Metabolic Diseases, Medical University of Lodz, 90-419 Lodz, Poland
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Effects of Long-Term Low-Protein Diets Supplemented with Sodium Dichloroacetate and Glucose on Metabolic Biomarkers and Intestinal Microbiota of Finishing Pigs. Animals (Basel) 2022; 12:ani12192522. [PMID: 36230260 PMCID: PMC9558518 DOI: 10.3390/ani12192522] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/25/2022] [Revised: 09/09/2022] [Accepted: 09/19/2022] [Indexed: 11/25/2022] Open
Abstract
The objective of this study was to evaluate the effects of low-protein (LP) diets supplemented with sodium dichloroacetate (DCA) and glucose (GLUC) on metabolic markers and intestinal microbiota of finishing pigs. A total of 80 crossbred growing barrows were allocated randomly to one of the five treatments, including the normal protein level diet (CON), the LP diets, LP with 120 mg/kg DCA (LP + DCA) or 1.8% glucose (LP + GLUC), and LP with 120 mg/kg DCA and 1.8% glucose (LP + DCA + GLUC). The LP diet increased the plasma HDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and reduced the bile acid, urea nitrogen, albumin, and total protein concentrations compared to the CON diet (p < 0.05). The LP + DCA + GLUC diet reduced the plasma VLDL, triglyceride, and cholesterol concentrations and increased the bile acid concentration compared with the LP diet (p < 0.05). Pigs fed the LP + DCA and LP + GLUC diets showed reduced 3-Hydroxy-3-Methylglutaryl-CoA Reductase content and increased Cytochrome P450 Family 7 Subfamily A Member 1 activity of liver compared that of the CON diet (p < 0.05). Moreover, the LP diets with or without DCA and GLUC supplementation increased the relative abundance of colonic microbiota related to carbohydrate fermentation in finishing pigs. In conclusion, 120 mg/kg DCA or 1.8% GLUC supplementation in an LP diet modulated the hepatic lipid metabolism of pigs, while the DCA along with GLUC supplementation likely improved the lipid metabolism by stimulating bile acid secretion.
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83
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Glycyrrhizic Acid and Its Derivatives: Promising Candidates for the Management of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus and Its Complications. Int J Mol Sci 2022; 23:ijms231910988. [PMID: 36232291 PMCID: PMC9569462 DOI: 10.3390/ijms231910988] [Citation(s) in RCA: 10] [Impact Index Per Article: 5.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 08/30/2022] [Revised: 09/13/2022] [Accepted: 09/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/16/2022] Open
Abstract
Type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) is a chronic metabolic disease, which is characterized by hyperglycemia, chronic insulin resistance, progressive decline in β-cell function, and defect in insulin secretion. It has become one of the leading causes of death worldwide. At present, there is no cure for T2DM, but it can be treated, and blood glucose levels can be controlled. It has been reported that diabetic patients may suffer from the adverse effects of conventional medicine. Therefore, alternative therapy, such as traditional Chinese medicine (TCM), can be used to manage and treat diabetes. In this review, glycyrrhizic acid (GL) and its derivatives are suggested to be promising candidates for the treatment of T2DM and its complications. It is the principal bioactive constituent in licorice, one type of TCM. This review comprehensively summarized the therapeutic effects and related mechanisms of GL and its derivatives in managing blood glucose levels and treating T2DM and its complications. In addition, it also discusses existing clinical trials and highlights the research gap in clinical research. In summary, this review can provide a further understanding of GL and its derivatives in T2DM as well as its complications and recent progress in the development of potential drugs targeting T2DM.
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84
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Wettersten N, Mital R, Cushman M, Howard G, Judd SE, Howard VJ, Safford MM, Hartmann O, Bergmann A, Struck J, Maisel A. Growth hormone concentration and risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality: The REasons for Geographic And Racial Disparities in Stroke (REGARDS) study. Atherosclerosis 2022; 359:20-26. [PMID: 36155327 DOI: 10.1016/j.atherosclerosis.2022.09.004] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/20/2022] [Revised: 08/23/2022] [Accepted: 09/09/2022] [Indexed: 11/26/2022]
Abstract
BACKGROUND AND AIMS Identifying individuals at elevated risk for mortality, especially from cardiovascular disease, may help guide testing and treatment. Risk factors for mortality differ by sex and race. We investigated the association of growth hormone (GH) with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality in a racially diverse cohort in the United States. METHODS Among an age, sex and race stratified subgroup of 1046 Black and White participants from the REasons for Geographic And Racial Disparities in Stroke (REGARDS) study, 881 had GH available; values were log2 transformed. Associations with all-cause and cardiovascular mortality were assessed in the whole subgroup, and by sex and race, using multivariable Cox-proportional hazard models and C-index. RESULTS The mean age was 67.4 years, 51.1% were women, and 50.2% were Black participants. The median GH was 280 (interquartile range 79-838) ng/L. There were 237 deaths and 74 cardiovascular deaths over a mean of 8.0 years. In multivariable Cox analysis, GH was associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality per doubling (hazard ratio [HR] 1.17, 95% confidence interval [CI] 1.09-1.25) and cardiovascular mortality (HR 1.21, 95% CI 1.06-1.37). The association did not differ by sex or race (interaction p > 0.05). The addition of GH to a model of clinical variables significantly improved the C-index compared to clinical model alone for all-cause and cardiovascular death. CONCLUSIONS Higher fasting GH was associated with higher risk of all-cause and cardiovascular mortality and improved risk prediction, regardless of sex or race.
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Affiliation(s)
- Nicholas Wettersten
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, Veterans Affairs San Diego Healthcare System, San Diego, CA, USA; Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA.
| | - Rohit Mital
- Department of Cardiovascular Diseases, Mayo Clinic, Scottsdale, AZ, USA
| | - Mary Cushman
- Departments of Medicine and Pathology & Laboratory Medicine, Larner College of Medicine at the University of Vermont, Burlington, VT, USA
| | - George Howard
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Suzanne E Judd
- Department of Biostatistics, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Virginia J Howard
- Department of Epidemiology, School of Public Health, University of Alabama at Birmingham, Birmingham, AL, USA
| | - Monika M Safford
- Division of General Internal Medicine, Weill Cornell Medicine, New York, NY, USA
| | - Oliver Hartmann
- SphingoTec GmbH, Neuendorfstr. 15 A, 16761 Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | | | - Joachim Struck
- SphingoTec GmbH, Neuendorfstr. 15 A, 16761 Hennigsdorf, Germany
| | - Alan Maisel
- Division of Cardiovascular Medicine, University of California, San Diego, La Jolla, CA, USA
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Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) are essential to normal growth, metabolism, and body composition, but in acromegaly, excesses of these hormones strikingly alter them. In recent years, the use of modern methodologies to assess body composition in patients with acromegaly has revealed novel aspects of the acromegaly phenotype. In particular, acromegaly presents a unique pattern of body composition changes in the setting of insulin resistance that we propose herein to be considered an acromegaly-specific lipodystrophy. The lipodystrophy, initiated by a distinctive GH-driven adipose tissue dysregulation, features insulin resistance in the setting of reduced visceral adipose tissue (VAT) mass and intra-hepatic lipid (IHL) but with lipid redistribution, resulting in ectopic lipid deposition in muscle. With recovery of the lipodystrophy, adipose tissue mass, especially that of VAT and IHL, rises, but insulin resistance is lessened. Abnormalities of adipose tissue adipokines may play a role in the disordered adipose tissue metabolism and insulin resistance of the lipodystrophy. The orexigenic hormone ghrelin and peptide Agouti-related peptide may also be affected by active acromegaly as well as variably by acromegaly therapies, which may contribute to the lipodystrophy. Understanding the pathophysiology of the lipodystrophy and how acromegaly therapies differentially reverse its features may be important to optimizing the long-term outcome for patients with this disease. This perspective describes evidence in support of this acromegaly lipodystrophy model and its relevance to acromegaly pathophysiology and the treatment of patients with acromegaly.
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Affiliation(s)
- Pamela U. Freda
- Department of Medicine, Vagelos College of Physicians and Surgeons, Columbia University, New York, NY, United States
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86
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Kopchick JJ, Basu R, Berryman DE, Jorgensen JOL, Johannsson G, Puri V. Covert actions of growth hormone: fibrosis, cardiovascular diseases and cancer. Nat Rev Endocrinol 2022; 18:558-573. [PMID: 35750929 PMCID: PMC9703363 DOI: 10.1038/s41574-022-00702-6] [Citation(s) in RCA: 13] [Impact Index Per Article: 6.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Accepted: 05/19/2022] [Indexed: 12/20/2022]
Abstract
Since its discovery nearly a century ago, over 100,000 studies of growth hormone (GH) have investigated its structure, how it interacts with the GH receptor and its multiple actions. These include effects on growth, substrate metabolism, body composition, bone mineral density, the cardiovascular system and brain function, among many others. Recombinant human GH is approved for use to promote growth in children with GH deficiency (GHD), along with several additional clinical indications. Studies of humans and animals with altered levels of GH, from complete or partial GHD to GH excess, have revealed several covert or hidden actions of GH, such as effects on fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer. In this Review, we do not concentrate on the classic and controversial indications for GH therapy, nor do we cover all covert actions of GH. Instead, we stress the importance of the relationship between GH and fibrosis, and how fibrosis (or lack thereof) might be an emerging factor in both cardiovascular and cancer pathologies. We highlight clinical data from patients with acromegaly or GHD, alongside data from cellular and animal studies, to reveal novel phenotypes and molecular pathways responsible for these actions of GH in fibrosis, cardiovascular function and cancer.
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Affiliation(s)
- John J Kopchick
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA.
| | - Reetobrata Basu
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Darlene E Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
| | - Jens O L Jorgensen
- Department of Endocrinology and Internal Medicine, Aarhus University Hospital, Aarhus, Denmark
| | - Gudmundur Johannsson
- Department of Endocrinology, Sahlgrenska University Hospital, Sahlgrenska Academy, University of Göteborg, Gothenburg, Sweden
| | - Vishwajeet Puri
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
- The Diabetes Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, USA
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87
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IAROSESKI J, GROSSI JV, ROSSI LF. Acromegaly and bariatric surgery: are they a solution for comorbidities? Chirurgia (Bucur) 2022. [DOI: 10.23736/s0394-9508.21.05302-x] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/08/2022]
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88
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Hollstein T, Basolo A, Unlu Y, Ando T, Walter M, Krakoff J, Piaggi P. Effects of Short-term Fasting on Ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 Axis in Healthy Humans: The Role of Ghrelin in the Thrifty Phenotype. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3769-e3780. [PMID: 35678263 PMCID: PMC9387714 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac353] [Citation(s) in RCA: 5] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/14/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT A greater decrease in 24-hour energy expenditure (24hEE) during short-term fasting is indicative of a thrifty phenotype. OBJECTIVE As ghrelin and the growth hormone (GH)/insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) axis are implicated in the regulation of energy intake and metabolism, we investigated whether ghrelin, GH, and IGF-1 concentrations mediate the fasting-induced decrease in 24hEE that characterizes thriftiness. METHODS In 47 healthy individuals, 24hEE was measured in a whole-room indirect calorimeter both during 24-hour eucaloric and fasting conditions. Plasma total ghrelin, GH, and IGF-1 concentrations were measured by enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay after an overnight fast the morning before and after each 24-hour session. RESULTS During 24-hour fasting, on average 24hEE decreased by 8.0% (P < .001), GH increased by ~5-fold (P < .001), whereas ghrelin (mean +23 pg/mL) and IGF-1 were unchanged (both P ≥ .19) despite a large interindividual variability in ghrelin change (SD 150 pg/mL). Greater fasting-induced increase in ghrelin was associated with a greater decrease in 24hEE during 24-hour fasting (r = -0.42, P = .003), such that individuals who increased ghrelin by 200 pg/mL showed an average decrease in 24hEE by 55 kcal/day. CONCLUSION Short-term fasting induced selective changes in the ghrelin/GH/IGF-1 axis, specifically a ghrelin-independent GH hypersecretion that did not translate into increased IGF-1 concentrations. Greater increase in ghrelin after 24-hour fasting was associated with greater decrease in 24hEE, indicating ghrelin as a novel biomarker of increased energy efficiency of the thrifty phenotype.
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Affiliation(s)
- Tim Hollstein
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
- Institute of Diabetes and Clinical Metabolic Research, 24195 Kiel, Germany
| | - Alessio Basolo
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Yigit Unlu
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Takafumi Ando
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Mary Walter
- Clinical Core Lab, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, Bethesda, MD 20892, USA
| | - Jonathan Krakoff
- Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA
| | - Paolo Piaggi
- Correspondence: Paolo Piaggi, PhD, FTOS, Phoenix Epidemiology and Clinical Research Branch, National Institute of Diabetes and Digestive and Kidney Diseases, National Institutes of Health, 4212 N 16th Street, Phoenix, AZ 85016, USA. or
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89
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Hampton GS, Bartlette K, Nadeau KJ, Cree-Green M, Diniz Behn C. Mathematical modeling reveals differential dynamics of insulin action models on glycerol and glucose in adolescent girls with obesity. Front Physiol 2022; 13:895118. [PMID: 35991189 PMCID: PMC9388790 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.895118] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/13/2022] [Accepted: 07/08/2022] [Indexed: 12/30/2022] Open
Abstract
Under healthy conditions, the pancreas responds to a glucose challenge by releasing insulin. Insulin suppresses lipolysis in adipose tissue, thereby decreasing plasma glycerol concentration, and it regulates plasma glucose concentration through action in muscle and liver. Insulin resistance (IR) occurs when more insulin is required to achieve the same effects, and IR may be tissue-specific. IR emerges during puberty as a result of high concentrations of growth hormone and is worsened by youth-onset obesity. Adipose, liver, and muscle tissue exhibit distinct dose-dependent responses to insulin in multi-phase hyperinsulinemic-euglycemic (HE) clamps, but the HE clamp protocol does not address potential differences in the dynamics of tissue-specific insulin responses. Changes to the dynamics of insulin responses would alter glycemic control in response to a glucose challenge. To investigate the dynamics of insulin acting on adipose tissue, we developed a novel differential-equations based model that describes the coupled dynamics of glycerol concentrations and insulin action during an oral glucose tolerance test in female adolescents with obesity and IR. We compared these dynamics to the dynamics of insulin acting on muscle and liver as assessed with the oral minimal model applied to glucose and insulin data collected under the same protocol. We found that the action of insulin on glycerol peaks approximately 67 min earlier (p < 0.001) and follows the dynamics of plasma insulin more closely compared to insulin action on glucose as assessed by the parameters representing the time constants for insulin action on glucose and glycerol (p < 0.001). These findings suggest that the dynamics of insulin action show tissue-specific differences in our IR adolescent population, with adipose tissue responding to insulin more quickly compared to muscle and liver. Improved understanding of the tissue-specific dynamics of insulin action may provide novel insights into the progression of metabolic disease in patient populations with diverse metabolic phenotypes.
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Affiliation(s)
- Griffin S. Hampton
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Kai Bartlette
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States
| | - Kristen J. Nadeau
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,Ludeman Center for Women’s Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Melanie Cree-Green
- Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,Ludeman Center for Women’s Health Research, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States
| | - Cecilia Diniz Behn
- Department of Applied Mathematics and Statistics, Colorado School of Mines, Golden, CO, United States,Division of Pediatric Endocrinology, University of Colorado Anschutz Medical Campus, Aurora, CO, United States,*Correspondence: Cecilia Diniz Behn,
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90
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James H, Gonsalves WI, Manjunatha S, Dasari S, Lanza IR, Klaus KA, Vella A, Andrews JC, Nair KS. The Effect of Glucagon on Protein Catabolism During Insulin Deficiency: Exchange of Amino Acids Across Skeletal Muscle and the Splanchnic Bed. Diabetes 2022; 71:1636-1648. [PMID: 35621914 PMCID: PMC9490357 DOI: 10.2337/db22-0079] [Citation(s) in RCA: 3] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/25/2022] [Accepted: 05/11/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022]
Abstract
Transient insulin deprivation with concurrent hyperglucagonemia is a catabolic state that can occur in type 1 diabetes. To evaluate glucagon's catabolic effect in the setting of its glucogenic effect, we measured the regional exchanges of amino acid metabolites (amino-metabolites) across muscle and splanchnic beds in 16 healthy humans during either somatostatin followed by glucagon or saline infusion alone. Despite a twofold or greater increase in the regional exchange of amino-metabolites by glucagon, whole-body kinetics and concentrations of amino acids (AA) remained stable. Glucagon increased the splanchnic uptake of not only gluconeogenic but also essential (EAA) AA while increasing their release from the muscle bed. Regional tracer-based kinetics and 3-methylhistidine release indicate that EAA release from muscle is likely caused by reduced protein synthesis rather than increased protein degradation. Furthermore, many metabolites known to affect insulin action and metabolism were altered by hyperglucagonemia including increase in branched-chain AA and keto acids of leucine and isoleucine in arterial plasma. Further, an increase in arterial concentrations of α-aminoadipic acid arising from increased conversion from lysine in the splanchnic bed was noted. These results demonstrate that hyperglucagonemia during hypoinsulinemia increases net muscle protein catabolism and substantially increases the exchange of amino metabolites across splanchnic and muscle beds.
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Affiliation(s)
- Haleigh James
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | | | - Surendra Dasari
- Division of Biomedical Statistics and Informatics, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | - Ian R. Lanza
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - Adrian Vella
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
| | | | - K. Sreekumaran Nair
- Division of Endocrinology, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, MN
- Corresponding author: K. Sreekumaran Nair,
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91
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Standart diyet ile beslenen ratlarda aralıklı beslenmenin büyüme ve ghrelin hormonu üzerine etkisi. JOURNAL OF CONTEMPORARY MEDICINE 2022. [DOI: 10.16899/jcm.1123443] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 11/20/2022] Open
Abstract
Aim: In this study, the effect of intermittent fasting on growth hormone (GH) and ghrelin was examined in rats that fed on a standard diet without any application that may cause the values to decrease or increase in order to see the net effect of intermittent fasting.
Materials and Methods: 12 Wistar albino male rats were divided into the 1st group as Control (standard diet 2.8% crude fat. 23.1% crude protein. 5% crude fiber. 7.1% crude ash and 12.8% moisture) and the 2nd group as the intermittent fasting together with the diet group (with a 24-hour break from the non-consecutive diet for 2 days a week and all food restricted except water).
Results: As a result of the analysis, it was found that the growth hormone in the intermittent fasting together with the standard diet group tended to increase compared to the control group, and while this value difference was not statistically significant, the ghrelin level was found to be statistically lower than the control group.
Conclusion: As a result, it was found that intermittent fasting tends to increase the level of growth hormone, and to have a decreasing effect on ghrelin level, and it was concluded that it can be considered among the methods to be used to treat obesity and prevent its occurrence.
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92
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Grant LK, Coborn JE, Cohn A, Nathan MD, Scheer FAJL, Klerman EB, Kaiser UB, Harder J, Abramson M, Elguenaoui E, Russell JA, Wiley A, Rahman SA, Joffe H. Sleep Fragmentation and Estradiol Suppression Decrease Fat Oxidation in Premenopausal Women. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:e3167-e3176. [PMID: 35569055 PMCID: PMC9282266 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac313] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/23/2022] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
CONTEXT Body fat gain associated with menopause has been attributed to estradiol (E2) withdrawal. Hypoestrogenism is unlikely to be the only contributing factor, however. OBJECTIVE Given the links between sleep and metabolic health, we examined the effects of an experimental menopausal model of sleep fragmentation on energy metabolism. METHODS Twenty premenopausal women (age 21-45 years) underwent a 5-night inpatient study during the mid-to-late follicular phase (estrogenized; n = 20) and the same protocol was repeated in a subset of the participants (n = 9) following leuprolide-induced E2 suppression (hypo-estrogenized). During each 5-night study, there were 2 nights of unfragmented sleep followed by 3 nights of fragmented sleep. Indirect calorimetry was used to assess fasted resting energy expenditure (REE) and substrate oxidation. RESULTS Sleep fragmentation in the estrogenized state increased the respiratory exchange ratio (RER) and carbohydrate oxidation while decreasing fat oxidation (all P < 0.01). Similarly, in the hypo-estrogenized state without sleep fragmentation, RER and carbohydrate oxidation increased and fat oxidation decreased (all P < 0.01); addition of sleep fragmentation to the hypo-estrogenized state did not produce further effects beyond that observed for either intervention alone (P < 0.05). There were no effects of either sleep fragmentation or E2 state on REE. CONCLUSION Sleep fragmentation and hypoestrogenism each independently alter fasting substrate oxidation in a manner that may contribute to body fat gain. These findings are important for understanding mechanisms underlying propensity to body fat gain in women across the menopause transition.
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Affiliation(s)
- Leilah K Grant
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jamie E Coborn
- Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Women’s Hormones and Aging Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aviva Cohn
- Women’s Hormones and Aging Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Margo D Nathan
- Women’s Hormones and Aging Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Frank A J L Scheer
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elizabeth B Klerman
- Division of Sleep and Circadian Disorders, Departments of Medicine and Neurology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Division of Sleep Medicine, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Department of Neurology, Massachusetts General Hospital, Boston, MA 02114,USA
| | - Ursula B Kaiser
- Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Hypertension, Department of Medicine, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Jessica Harder
- Women’s Hormones and Aging Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Mathena Abramson
- Women’s Hormones and Aging Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Elkhansaa Elguenaoui
- Women’s Hormones and Aging Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Julia A Russell
- Women’s Hormones and Aging Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | - Aleta Wiley
- Mary Horrigan Connors Center for Women’s Health and Gender Biology, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
- Women’s Hormones and Aging Research Program, Department of Psychiatry, Brigham and Women’s Hospital, Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA 02115, USA
| | | | - Hadine Joffe
- Correspondence: Dr. Hadine Joffe, MD, MSc, Brigham and Women’s Hospital Harvard Medical School, 75 Francis Street, Thorn 1111, Boston, MA 02115, USA. Email
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93
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Genty JX, Amin MR, Shaw ND, Klerman EB, Faghih RT. Sparse Deconvolution of Pulsatile Growth Hormone Secretion in Adolescents. IEEE/ACM TRANSACTIONS ON COMPUTATIONAL BIOLOGY AND BIOINFORMATICS 2022; 19:2463-2470. [PMID: 34110999 PMCID: PMC9555389 DOI: 10.1109/tcbb.2021.3088437] [Citation(s) in RCA: 4] [Impact Index Per Article: 2.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Indexed: 06/12/2023]
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is secreted by cells in the anterior pituitary on two time scales: discrete pulses over minutes that occur within a 24-hr pattern. Secretion reflects the balance of stimulatory and inhibitory inputs from the hypothalamus and is influenced by gonadal steroids, stress, nutrition, and sleep/wake states. We propose a novel approach for the analysis of GH data and use this approach to quantify (i) the timing, amplitude and the number of GH pulses and (ii) GH infusion, clearance and basal secretion (i.e., time invariant) rates, using serum GH sampled every 10 minutes during an 8-hour sleep study in 18 adolescents. In our method, we approximate hormonal secretory events by deconvolving GH data via a two-step coordinate descent approach. The first step utilizes a sparse-recovery approach to estimate the timing and amplitude of GH secretory events. The second step estimates physiological parameters. Our method identifies the timing and amplitude of GH pulses and system parameters from experimental and simulated data, with a median R2 of 0.93, among experimental data. Recovering GH pulses and model parameters using this approach may improve the quantification of GH parameters under different physiological and pathological conditions and the design and monitoring of interventions.
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94
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Doycheva I, Erickson D, Watt KD. Growth hormone deficiency and NAFLD: An overlooked and underrecognized link. Hepatol Commun 2022; 6:2227-2237. [PMID: 35765700 PMCID: PMC9426379 DOI: 10.1002/hep4.1953] [Citation(s) in RCA: 15] [Impact Index Per Article: 7.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/30/2021] [Revised: 02/07/2022] [Accepted: 03/13/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone and its mediator insulin‐like growth factor‐1 exert their effect on different organs and control various physiologic metabolic processes. Adult growth hormone deficiency (AGHD) presents with one or more components of metabolic syndrome and can be associated with nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD). AGHD is present in spectrum of hypothalamic/pituitary disorders as well as cranial radiation of brain tumors and often remains underdiagnosed or untreated due to its nonspecific symptoms, relatively difficult diagnosis in some clinical scenarios, and various barriers to treatment. NAFLD usually develops soon after diagnosis of AGHD and might progress rapidly to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH) with advanced fibrosis, eventually requiring liver transplantation. A timely initiation of growth hormone replacement therapy might be important, although studies so far have demonstrated controversial results on NAFLD, primarily due to small sample size and different diagnostic methods of NAFLD. Increased awareness of the association between AGHD and NAFLD would facilitate early diagnosis of NAFLD and NASH if present. Therefore, a multidisciplinary approach involving hepatology and endocrinology should become a standard of care for these patients.
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Affiliation(s)
- Iliana Doycheva
- Section of Endocrinology, Diabetes, and Metabolism, University of Chicago, Chicago, Illinois, USA
| | - Dana Erickson
- Division of Endocrinology, Metabolism and Nutrition, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
| | - Kymberly D Watt
- Gastroenterology and Hepatology Department, Mayo Clinic, Rochester, Minnesota, USA
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95
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Dichtel LE, Cordoba-Chacon J, Kineman RD. Growth Hormone and Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Regulation of Nonalcoholic Fatty Liver Disease. J Clin Endocrinol Metab 2022; 107:1812-1824. [PMID: 35172328 PMCID: PMC9202731 DOI: 10.1210/clinem/dgac088] [Citation(s) in RCA: 29] [Impact Index Per Article: 14.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/06/2021] [Indexed: 11/19/2022]
Abstract
Patients with obesity have a high prevalence of nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD), representing a spectrum of simple steatosis to nonalcoholic steatohepatitis (NASH), without and with fibrosis. Understanding the etiology of NAFLD is clinically relevant since NAFLD is an independent risk factor for diabetes and cardiovascular disease. In addition, NASH predisposes patients to the development of cirrhosis and hepatocellular carcinoma, and NASH cirrhosis represents the fastest growing indication for liver transplantation in the United States. It is appreciated that multiple factors are involved in the development and progression of NAFLD. Growth hormone (GH) and insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF1) regulate metabolic, immune, and hepatic stellate cell function, and alterations in the production and function of GH is associated with obesity and NAFLD/NASH. Therefore, this review will focus on the potential role of GH and IGF1 in the regulation of hepatic steatosis, inflammation, and fibrosis.
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Affiliation(s)
- Laura E Dichtel
- Neuroendocrine Unit, Department of Medicine, Massachusetts General Hospital and Harvard Medical School, Boston, MA, USA
| | - Jose Cordoba-Chacon
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
| | - Rhonda D Kineman
- Department of Medicine, Division of Endocrinology, Diabetes and Metabolism, University of Illinois at Chicago, Chicago, IL, USA
- Jesse Brown VA Medical Center, Research and Development Division, Chicago, IL, USA
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96
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Hale MD, Robinson CD, Cox CL, Cox RM. Ontogenetic Change in Male Expression of Testosterone-Responsive Genes Contributes to the Emergence of Sex-Biased Gene Expression in Anolis sagrei. Front Physiol 2022; 13:886973. [PMID: 35721538 PMCID: PMC9203151 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.886973] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/01/2022] [Accepted: 05/03/2022] [Indexed: 11/13/2022] Open
Abstract
Sex differences in gene expression tend to increase with age across a variety of species, often coincident with the development of sexual dimorphism and maturational changes in hormone levels. However, because most transcriptome-wide characterizations of sexual divergence are framed as comparisons of sex-biased gene expression across ages, it can be difficult to determine the extent to which age-biased gene expression within each sex contributes to the emergence of sex-biased gene expression. Using RNAseq in the liver of the sexually dimorphic brown anole lizard (Anolis sagrei), we found that a pronounced increase in sex-biased gene expression with age was associated with a much greater degree of age-biased gene expression in males than in females. This pattern suggests that developmental changes in males, such as maturational increases in circulating testosterone, contribute disproportionately to the ontogenetic emergence of sex-biased gene expression. To test this hypothesis, we used four different experimental contrasts to independently characterize sets of genes whose expression differed as a function of castration and/or treatment with exogenous testosterone. We found that genes that were significantly male-biased in expression or upregulated as males matured tended to be upregulated by testosterone, whereas genes that were female-biased or downregulated as males matured tended to be downregulated by testosterone. Moreover, the first two principal components describing multivariate gene expression indicated that exogenous testosterone reversed many of the feminizing effects of castration on the liver transcriptome of maturing males. Collectively, our results suggest that developmental changes that occur in males contribute disproportionately to the emergence of sex-biased gene expression in the Anolis liver, and that many of these changes are orchestrated by androgens such as testosterone.
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Affiliation(s)
- Matthew D. Hale
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew D. Hale, ; Robert M. Cox,
| | | | - Christian L. Cox
- College of Arts, Sciences, and Education, Florida International University, Miami, FL, United States
| | - Robert M. Cox
- Department of Biology, University of Virginia, Charlottesville, VA, United States
- *Correspondence: Matthew D. Hale, ; Robert M. Cox,
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Habibullah MM, Mohan S, Syed NK, Makeen HA, Jamal QMS, Alothaid H, Bantun F, Alhazmi A, Hakamy A, Kaabi YA, Samlan G, Lohani M, Thangavel N, Al-Kasim MA. Human Growth Hormone Fragment 176–191 Peptide Enhances the Toxicity of Doxorubicin-Loaded Chitosan Nanoparticles Against MCF-7 Breast Cancer Cells. Drug Des Devel Ther 2022; 16:1963-1974. [PMID: 35783198 PMCID: PMC9249349 DOI: 10.2147/dddt.s367586] [Citation(s) in RCA: 2] [Impact Index Per Article: 1.0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [MESH Headings] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 03/23/2022] [Accepted: 06/15/2022] [Indexed: 11/23/2022] Open
Abstract
Introduction Numerous drugs with potent toxicity against cancer cells are available for treating malignancies, but therapeutic efficacies are limited due to their inefficient tumor targeting and deleterious effects on non-cancerous tissue. Therefore, two improvements are mandatory for improved chemotherapy 1) novel delivery techniques that can target cancer cells to deliver anticancer drugs and 2) methods to specifically enhance drug efficacy within tumors. The loading of inert drug carriers with anticancer agents and peptides which are able to bind (target) tumor-related proteins to enhance tumor drug accumulation and local cytotoxicity is a most promising approach. Objective To evaluate the anticancer efficacy of Chitosan nanoparticles loaded with human growth hormone hGH fragment 176–191 peptide plus the clinical chemotherapeutic doxorubicin in comparison with Chitosan loaded with doxorubicin alone. Methods Two sets of in silico experiments were performed using molecular docking simulations to determine the influence of hGH fragment 176–191 peptide on the anticancer efficacy of doxorubicin 1) the binding affinities of hGH fragment 176–191 peptide to the breast cancer receptors, 2) the effects of hGH fragment 176–191 peptide binding on doxorubicin binding to these same receptors. Further, the influence of hGH fragment 176–191 peptide on the anticancer efficacy of doxorubicin was validated using viability assay in Human MCF-7 breast cancer cells. Results In silico analysis suggested that addition of the hGH fragment to doxorubicin-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles can enhance doxorubicin binding to multiple breast cancer protein targets, while photon correlation spectroscopy revealed that the synthesized dual-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles possess clinically favorable particle size, polydispersity index, as well as zeta potential. Conclusion These dual-loaded Chitosan nanoparticles demonstrated greater anti-proliferative activity against a breast cancer cell line (MCF-7) than doxorubicin-loaded Chitosan. This dual-loading strategy may enhance the anticancer potency of doxorubicin and reduce the clinical side effects associated with non-target tissue exposure.
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Affiliation(s)
- Mahmoud M Habibullah
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Correspondence: Mahmoud M Habibullah, Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Al Maarefah Road, Jazan, Saudi Arabia, Tel +966 556644205, Email
| | - Syam Mohan
- Substance Abuse and Toxicology Research Center, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- School of Health Science, University of Petroleum and Energy Studies, Dehradun, Uttarakhand, India
| | - Nabeel Kashan Syed
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hafiz A Makeen
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Qazi Mohammad Sajid Jamal
- Department of Health Informatics, College of Public Health and Health Informatics, Qassim University, Al Bukayriyah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Hani Alothaid
- Department of Basic Sciences, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Al-Baha University, Al-Baha, Saudi Arabia
| | - Farkad Bantun
- Department of Microbiology, Faculty of Medicine, Umm Al-Qura University, Makkah, Saudi Arabia
| | - Alaa Alhazmi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ali Hakamy
- SMIRES for Consultation in Specialized Medical Laboratories, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
- Respiratory Therapy Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Yahia A Kaabi
- Department of Medical Laboratory Technology, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Ghalia Samlan
- Department of Food Science and Nutrition, College of Food and Agriculture Sciences, King Saud University, Riyadh, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohtashim Lohani
- Emergency Medical Services Department, Faculty of Applied Medical Sciences, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Neelaveni Thangavel
- Department of Pharmaceutical Chemistry, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
| | - Mohamed Ahmed Al-Kasim
- Pharmacy Practice Research Unit, Department of Clinical Pharmacy, Faculty of Pharmacy, Jazan University, Jazan, Saudi Arabia
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Young JA, Zhu S, List EO, Duran-Ortiz S, Slama Y, Berryman DE. Musculoskeletal Effects of Altered GH Action. Front Physiol 2022; 13:867921. [PMID: 35665221 PMCID: PMC9160929 DOI: 10.3389/fphys.2022.867921] [Citation(s) in RCA: 1] [Impact Index Per Article: 0.5] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Grants] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 02/01/2022] [Accepted: 04/25/2022] [Indexed: 12/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Growth hormone (GH) is a peptide hormone that can signal directly through its receptor or indirectly through insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) stimulation. GH draws its name from its anabolic effects on muscle and bone but also has distinct metabolic effects in multiple tissues. In addition to its metabolic and musculoskeletal effects, GH is closely associated with aging, with levels declining as individuals age but GH action negatively correlating with lifespan. GH’s effects have been studied in human conditions of GH alteration, such as acromegaly and Laron syndrome, and GH therapies have been suggested to combat aging-related musculoskeletal diseases, in part, because of the decline in GH levels with advanced age. While clinical data are inconclusive, animal models have been indispensable in understanding the underlying molecular mechanisms of GH action. This review will provide a brief overview of the musculoskeletal effects of GH, focusing on clinical and animal models.
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Affiliation(s)
- Jonathan A. Young
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Shouan Zhu
- Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Ohio Musculoskeletal and Neurological Institute, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Athens, OH, United States
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Edward O. List
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | | | - Yosri Slama
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
| | - Darlene E. Berryman
- Department of Biomedical Sciences, Heritage College of Osteopathic Medicine, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- Edison Biotechnology Institute, Ohio University, Athens, OH, United States
- *Correspondence: Darlene E. Berryman,
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Shao X, Le Stunff C, Cheung W, Kwan T, Lathrop M, Pastinen T, Bougnères P. Differentially methylated CpGs in response to growth hormone administration in children with idiopathic short stature. Clin Epigenetics 2022; 14:65. [PMID: 35585611 PMCID: PMC9118695 DOI: 10.1186/s13148-022-01281-z] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [Track Full Text] [Download PDF] [Figures] [Journal Information] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 01/09/2022] [Accepted: 04/17/2022] [Indexed: 11/17/2022] Open
Abstract
Background Recombinant human growth hormone (rhGH) has shown a great growth-promoting potential in children with idiopathic short stature (ISS). However, the response to rhGH differs across individuals, largely due to genetic and epigenetic heterogeneity. Since epigenetic marks on the methylome can be dynamically influenced by GH, we performed a comprehensive pharmacoepigenomics analysis of DNA methylation changes associated with long-term rhGH administration in children with ISS.
Results We measured DNA methylation profiles before and after GH treatment (with a duration of ~ 18 months in average) on 47 healthy children using customized methylC-seq capture sequencing. Their changes were compared and associated with changes in plasma IGF1 by adjusting sex, age, treatment duration and estimated blood proportions. We observed a considerable inter-individual heterogeneity of DNA methylation changes responding to GH treatment. We identified 267 response-associated differentially methylated cytosines (DMCs) that were enriched in promoter regions, CpG islands and blood cell-type-specific regulatory elements. Furthermore, the genes associated with these DMCs were enriched in the biology process of “cell development,” “neuron differentiation” and “developmental growth,” and in the TGF-beta signaling pathway, PPAR Alpha pathway, endoderm differentiation pathway, adipocytokine signaling pathway as well as PI3K-Akt signaling pathway, and cAMP signaling pathway. Conclusion Our study provides a first insight in DNA methylation changes associated with rhGH administration, which may help understand mechanisms of epigenetic regulation on GH-responsive genes. Supplementary Information The online version contains supplementary material available at 10.1186/s13148-022-01281-z.
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Affiliation(s)
- Xiaojian Shao
- Digital Technologies Research Center, National Research Council Canada, Ottawa, ON, K1A 0R6, Canada.
| | - Catherine Le Stunff
- UMR INSERM 1195 and Université Paris Saclay, Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France
| | - Warren Cheung
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy - Kansas City and Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA
| | - Tony Kwan
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill Genome Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Mark Lathrop
- Department of Human Genetics, McGill University and McGill Genome Center, Montreal, QC, H3A 0G1, Canada
| | - Tomi Pastinen
- Genomic Medicine Center, Children's Mercy - Kansas City and Children's Mercy Research Institute, Kansas City, MO, 64108, USA.
| | - Pierre Bougnères
- UMR INSERM 1195 and Université Paris Saclay, Endocrinologie Pédiatrique, Hôpital Bicêtre, 94276, Le Kremlin-Bicêtre Cedex, France.
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Paragliola RM, Carrozza C, Corsello SM, Salvatori R. The biochemical diagnosis of acromegaly: revising the role of measurement of IGF-I and GH after glucose load in 5 questions. Expert Rev Endocrinol Metab 2022; 17:205-224. [PMID: 35485763 DOI: 10.1080/17446651.2022.2069558] [Citation(s) in RCA: 0] [Impact Index Per Article: 0] [Reference Citation Analysis] [Abstract] [Key Words] [MESH Headings] [Track Full Text] [Journal Information] [Submit a Manuscript] [Subscribe] [Scholar Register] [Received: 12/13/2021] [Accepted: 04/20/2022] [Indexed: 10/18/2022]
Abstract
INTRODUCTION Acromegaly is a rare disorder characterized by the excessive secretion of growth hormone (GH), mostly caused by pituitary adenomas. While in full-blown cases the diagnosis is easy to establish, milder cases are more challenging. Additionally, establishing whether full cure after surgery is reached may be difficult. AREAS COVERED In this article, we will review the challenges posed by the variability in measurements of GH and its main effector insulin-like growth factor I (IGF-I) due to both biological changes, co-morbidities, and assays variability. EXPERT OPINION Interpretation of GH and IGF-I assays is important in establishing an early diagnosis of acromegaly, in avoiding misdiagnosis, and in establishing if cure is achieved by surgery. Physicians should be familiar with the variables that affect measurements of these 2 hormones, and with the performance of the assays available in their practice.
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Affiliation(s)
- Rosa Maria Paragliola
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery - Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico "Gemelli", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Cinzia Carrozza
- Unit of Chemistry, Biochemistry and Clinical Molecular Biology - Università Cattolica Del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico "Gemelli," IRCCS, Rome, Italy
| | - Salvatore M Corsello
- Unit of Endocrinology, Department of Translational Medicine and Surgery - Universita' Cattolica del Sacro Cuore, Fondazione Policlinico "Gemelli", IRCCS, Rome, Italy
- UniCamillus-Saint Camillus International University of Health Sciences, Rome, Italy
| | - Roberto Salvatori
- Division of Endocrinology Diabetes and Metabolism and Pituitary Center, Johns Hopkins University, Baltimore MD, USA
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